高三英语复习与训练六--动名词 (人教版高三英语必修二教学论文)

高三英语复习与训练六--动名词 (人教版高三英语必修二教学论文)（7篇）

1.高三英语复习与训练六--动名词 (人教版高三英语必修二教学论文) 篇一

高三人教版地理必修二复习提纲

第一章 人口的变化

1.1人口的数量变化

1[记忆]

2、几个重要的人口日：“世界60亿人口日”(/10/12);;中国13亿人口(/1/6)。

过去100多年，伴随着生产工具和社会生产力等方面的进步，人类对自然环境开发利用和改造的范围不断扩大，对各种灾害和疾病的防御能力也不断提高，使人类对自然环境的利用和适应性不断增强，死亡率进一步降低。

5(理解记忆)

7(记忆)

公式：自然增长率=出生率-死亡率

人口增长模式是由原始型向传统型，继而向现代型转变。转变的因素：生产力水平、国家政策、社会福利、自然环境、文化观念

10、大部分发达国家(欧洲、北美为代表)为现代型，大多数发展中国家为传统型，中国为现代型，世界为由传统型转向现代型的过渡阶段。[记忆]

1.2人口的空间变化

1、人口迁移：人的居住地在国际或本国范围内发生改变。[记忆]

人口迁移的判断：是否发生了地域上的移动(行政区位的改变);是否有居住地的改变;时间的改变(通常为一年)

2、人口迁移的类型(按是否跨越国界)：国际迁移、国内迁移

5、人口迁移的意义[理解]

调节人口空间分布和人才余缺，加强民族融合和文化交流，促进经济发展和缩小地区差异。

6、人口迁移对迁入地和迁出地的影响[理解记忆]

对人口迁出地：好的影响有减少迁出地人口密度、缓解人口对环境的压力;不好的影响有人才、劳动力的流失

对人口迁入地：好的影响有人才的流入和提供廉价劳动力，有利于经济发展;不好的影响有人口密度增加，人口对环境的压力增加7、影响人口迁移的因素：[记忆]

1自然环境和社会经济环境的变化 ○2个人对生活或职业需求的变化 ○

影响人口迁移的因素中，经济因素往往起重要作用。

1.3人口的合理容量

1、环境承载力和人口容量的关系[理解]

环境承载力是指环境能持续供养的人口数量。衡量环境承载力的重要指标是就是环境人口数量。

2、环境人口容量概念及制约因素[记忆]

环境人口容量是一个国家或地区在可预见的时期内，利用本地区资源及其他资源、智力和技术等条件，在保证符合社会文化准则的物质生活水平条件下，该国货地区所能持续供养的人口数量。(所能容纳的人口数)

制约因素：资源(成正比)、科技发展水平(成正比)、生活和文化消费水平(成反比)。

3、合理人口容量概念：[记忆]

按照合理的生活方式，保障健康的生活水平，同时又不妨碍未来人口生活质量的前提下，一个国家或地区最适宜的人口数量。 4、保持合理人口容量的紧迫性表现：[记忆]

日益严峻的人口过快增长问题、人口城市化问题、城市人口老龄化问题 5、保持合理人口容量的措施：[记忆]

1国际社会倡导尽可能把人口控制在合理规模内○2建立公平秩序保证大多数人拥有○

不断追求高水平生活质量的平等权利第二章 城市与城市化

2.1城市内部空间结构

1、城市土地利用的集聚效应[理解]

同一种土地利用方式对用地空间和位置需求往往是相同的，这会导致同一种活动在城市空间上的集聚。

2、功能区之间并无明确的界线，某一种功能区以某种土地利用方式为主，可能兼有其他类型的用地。[记忆]

3、功能区比较[理解记忆]

注1：高级住宅区分布城市外缘，多与高坡、文化区相邻;低级住宅区多分布城市内城和工业区附近。

注2：中心商务区特征(建筑物高大密集、人口数量昼夜差别很大、是城市经济活动最频繁的地方。

4、城市地域结构模式：[记忆]

同心圆模式、多核心模式、扇形模式

5租能力高低的因素主要有：交通的便捷程度，距离市中心的距离。[理解记忆]

6、各类土地利用付租能力随距离递减示意图[理解]

OA——商业区(距市中心近，交通便利、有大量的

消费人口)

AB——居民区(介于商业区和工业区之间，便于购

物和上下班)

BC——工业区(远离市中心，土租低而工业占地面

积大，可降低成本)

7、影响城市内部空间结构的其他因素：[记忆]

收入的高低，导致住宅区的分化

历史文化或经济方面的声誉

种族或宗教团体(唐人街等)

早期土地的利用方式影响

8、城市内部空间结构随城市发展而逐渐形成和变化[理解]

早期：功能区分异不明显，市中心以市场、交通等优势吸引工业聚集

一定规模后：由于用地紧张、交通拥挤、环境污染等问题，工厂企业向外搬迁，城市内部空间结构发生变化。

第二章：

2.2不同等级城市的服务功能

1、城市等级划分及依据：[记忆]

城市等级一般分为：集镇、城市、大城市、特大城市

我国的划分：特大城市(100万以上)、大城市(50~100万)、中等城市(20~50万)、小城市(20万以下)、以下为县城、建制镇等

依据：城市人口规模

2、城市等级与服务范围的关系[理解]

城市等级低，服务种类少，服务范围比较小;城市等级高，服务种类多，服务范围比较大。

3、上海城市等级和服务范围变化的影响因素[理解记忆]

上海位于我国南北海岸线的中点以及长江的出海口

上海市有发达的铁路网，使得上海有充足的原材料、劳动力、农产品以及巨大的市场

上海位于长江三角洲，地形平坦开阔。

4、城市等级体系：[记忆]

城市的服务种类、服务范围是与城市的等级相对应的，在同一个区域中，城市的空间分布也与城市的等级密切相关，这些不同级别的城市空间组合，构成了一个地区的城市等级系统。

5、城市等级与城市数目、相互距离的关系[理解]

等级较高的城市数目较少，相距较远;等级较低的城市数目较多，相距较近。(德国南部为例)

6、中心地理论[理解]

理想状态下城市的服务范围呈正六边形，同一等级城市的服务范围相互排斥，不同等级的城市的服务范围的相互重叠、层层嵌套。

2.3城市化

1、城市化的含义[理解]

土地的城市化(乡村用地变为城市用地)

人口的城市化(乡村人口变为城市人口)

2、人口向城市迁移的动力：[记忆]

推力：人口增长快对土地压力大，自然灾害，收入低、社会服务短缺

拉力：就业机会多，社会福利保障程度高，文化设施全，交通便利

3、衡量城市化水平的标志：城市人口占总人口的比重[记忆]

4、城市化的意义：[记忆]

1城市市区域发展的经济中心，能够带动区域经济发展，而区域经济水平的提高又促进○

城市的发展

2促使聚落形态、生产方式、生活方式、价值观念等的变化

发达国家：起步早(第一次产业革命后);水平高(平均70%);出现逆城市化现象;处于后期阶段

发展中国家：起步晚(二战后)，发展快;水平低(平均33%);发展不合理(出现畸形发展);处于初期和中期阶段

7、城市化对地理环境的影响[记忆]

生物圈：生物多样性减少;岩石圈：城市土地质量下降;水圈：水质、水量和地下水运动发生变化;大气圈：城市热岛。同时使城市环境质量下降：大气污染、水污染、噪声8、如何建设“生态城市”：[记忆]

1在城市建设中，要发展低污染的节能建筑和绿色交通，减少环境污染 ○

2使城市景观尽可能与山、河、湖、海、植被等自然景观保持协调，建立一种良性循环○(“天人合一”)

第三章 农业地域的形成与发展

3.1农业的区位选择

1、农业的概念：[记忆]

人类利用土地的自然生产力，栽培植物或饲养动物，以获得所需要的产品。

2、农业区位的含义：[理解记忆]

1农业生产的位置 ○2农业与地理环境各因素的联系 ○

3、农业的主要区位因素：[记忆]

自然因素：气候、地形、土壤、水源

社会经济因素：市场、劳动力、交通、政策、机械、科技

决定农业活动的类型和规模的重要因素是市场因素。

4、农业区位选择的实质：对农业土地的合理利用[记忆]

5、对农业活动主导区位因素的判断[理解]

水稻主要分布在季风区、“橘生淮南则为橘，生于淮北则为枳”(气候因素)

千烟洲立体农业(地形因素)

改革开放以来，我国亚热带沿海农业景观的变迁(市场和政策)

茶叶宜在南方酸性红壤种植(土壤因素)

大城市公路边的乳畜业、园艺业(交通因素)

6、农业区位因素的变化[理解记忆]

自然因素比较稳定，社会经济因素发展变化较快。

利用科技改造自然因素例子：培育良种促进农业发展(袁隆平杂交水稻、橡胶树种植范围的扩大);改善局部自然条件发展农业(大棚农业生产反季节蔬菜) 交通运输的发展和冷藏技术的进步使世界农业出现专业化和地域化

7、农业地域的含义：[记忆]

在一定的历史发展阶段，在社会、经济、科技、文化和自然条件的综合作用下，形成的农业生产地区。农业地域的形成，是因地制宜发展农业、合理利用农业土地的结果。

8、澳大利亚混合农业的区位条件：[记忆]

自然区位条件：气候温和，光热充足，降水适中;土壤肥沃;地形平坦;水源充足

社会经济条件：市场广阔(世界主要小麦、畜产品产地);地广人稀;交通便利;生产方式、技术先进;政策支持。

9、澳大利亚混合农业的主要特征：[记忆]

生产结构：种植业与畜牧业结合的混合农业(小麦—牧羊)

经营方式：家庭大农场

科技应用：划区轮牧、种植优质牧草、轮作制

农业专业化、地域化水平较高

发展措施：东水西调

3.2以种植业为主的农业地域类型

1、季风水田农业分布及作物[记忆]

分布：亚洲的季风区(东亚、东南亚、南亚都有分布)

作物：水稻为主(水稻的习性：好暖喜湿)

2、季风水田农业的区位条件：[记忆]

1气候以季风为主，高温多雨适合水稻生长 ○2地势平坦，适宜水田管理 ○3人口稠密，○

4稻米是当地人们喜爱的主要食粮 ○5水稻生产的历史悠久劳动力丰富 ○(70历史)

传统经验丰富。3、季风水田农业的特点[记忆] 1小农经营(生产规模小) ○2单产高，商品率低(精耕细作，人多地少，消费量大) ○

3机械化和科学水平低 ○4水利工程量大(季风气候区，水旱灾害频繁) ○

4、措施：适度规模经营、提高机械化水平，加大科技投入、提高商品率。 4、商品谷物农业分布及作物[记忆]

分布：美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、阿根廷、俄罗斯、乌克兰 作物：小麦、玉米

5、商品谷物农业的区位条件[记忆]

1自然条件优越(气候温和、降水丰富、地形平坦开阔、土壤肥沃) ○2交通运输便利 ○

3市场广阔 ○4地广人稀 ○5机械化程度高 ○6农业科技先进 ○

6、商品谷物农业的主要特点[记忆]

生产规模大，商品率高，机械化和科技水平高，专业化程度高

3.3以畜牧业为主的农业地域类型

1、大牧场放牧业分布及生产对象[记忆]

分布：美国、澳大利亚、新西兰、阿根廷、南非(干旱、半干旱气候区) 生产对象：牛、羊

2、大牧场放牧业区位条件[记忆] 1气候温暖，草类茂盛 ○2地广人稀，地价低 ○3距离海港近，交通便利 ○

3、大牧场放牧业特点[记忆]

生产规模大，商品率高，专业化程度高 4、阿根廷大牧场放牧业的发展措施[记忆] 1围栏放牧、划区轮牧、种植饲料、开辟水源 ○2培育良种牛，加强对牛群病害研究 ○

5、乳畜业的分布及农产品[记忆]

分布：北美洲五大湖地区、西欧、中欧、澳大利亚、新西兰 农产品：牛奶及乳制品

6、乳畜业的区位条件[记忆]

1气候温凉、潮湿，适合多汁牧草的生长 ○2城市化水平高，生活习惯影响，对乳畜产○

品需求量大

7、乳畜业的主要特点[记忆]

商品率高;机械化程度高;集约化程度高;多分布在大城市周围

第四章 工业地域的形成与发展

4.1工业的区位因素与区位选择

一、经济效益

从经济利益看工厂应选择在具有明显区位优势的地方，以花费最低的生产成本获得利润。

二、社会效益

国家政策变化的影响：从20世纪80年代我国沿海地区工业的大发展，到21世纪初我国

对西部地区的大开发。

国防的需要：20世纪50—70年代，我国在内地建立了一些大型工业基地，主要是重工业

和军事工业。

个人偏好的影响：大批华侨和海外华人在家乡投资办厂。

工业惯性的影响：可能由于工厂搬迁的费用太高，政府的影响，出于对当地经济的考虑

等，常常可以看到，某个工厂的区位不合理，但仍然留在那里，这称为工业惯性

三.环境效益

读课本P61《污染严重的工业的区位选择图》，分析污染严重的工业的区位应如何选择?

分析过程：某工厂——污染类型——如何治理 四.一个工厂的区位选择整体分析思路： 经济效益 社会效益 环境效益

4.2工业地域的形成

一、工业联系——工业集聚——工业地域 1.工业联系

(1)投入——产出的联系

第一种是甲企业的产出是乙企业的投入。如纺纱——织布——印染——服装制造。同一

(

有些工厂相互之间并没有生产工序上的联系，却在地理空间上联系在一起，工厂之间这种空间联系有的为了共同利用基础设施，有的为了共同利用廉价劳动力等，如某些经济技术开发区中的不同工业企业

2、工业集聚

在工业发展中，具有工业联系的一些工厂往往发生工业集聚现象。

工业的集聚的优点，可以充分利用基础设施，加强彼此之间的信息交流和技术协作，降低中间产品的运输费用和能源消耗，等，最终降低生产成本，提高利润，获得规模效益。

3.工业地域

(1)工业地域的概念

工业集聚而形成的地域，我们称之为工业地域。 (2)工业地域的形成

工业地域按照不同的形成过程，可分为两类： ①自发形成的工业地域

主要是在生产上有投入—产出联系的工业企业自发集聚形成的; ②规划建设的工业地域

既有与前者相同的类型，也有在共同的基础设施条件吸收下，不同工业集聚而形成的。

(3)工业地域的性质

工业地域按照发育程度的不同，分为两类： ①发育程度较低的工业地域

(如食品工业)，以当地农副产品加工工业为主，工业联系简单、规模小、工厂少。 ②发育程度较高的工业地域

(如钢铁工业区)，工业联系复杂、面积大、协作企业多、生产规模大，往往能够形成专业化很强的工业城市。我国和世界许多的“钢城”“石油城”“汽车城” 二、工业分散与工业的地域联系

近些年来，一些科技含量高、工序复杂的工业(如飞机、汽车制造工业和电子工业等)开始出现分散的趋势。跨国企业在全球范围内寻找区位条件，降低成本，以最终获得的综合经济效益。

4.3传统工业区和新工业区

一、传统工业区

1、主要分布：德国鲁尔区、英国中部区、美国东北部工业区、我国辽中南工业区等。 2、传统工业区的特征

⑴一般是在丰富煤、铁资源基础上，以纺织、煤炭、钢铁、机械、化工等传统工业为主; ⑵以大型企业为轴心，逐渐发展起来的;工业分布高度集中。 3、历史：

20世纪50年代，尤其是70年代以后开始衰落，之后许多国家对此进行了长期的改造。 二、鲁尔区的发展、衰落与整治(读课本图) 1.发展的区位特点

(1)丰富的煤炭资源(2)离铁矿较近(3)充沛的水源 (4)便捷的交通(5)广阔的市场

鲁尔区以煤炭工业为基础，以钢铁工业为主导，少数重工业部门高度集中。 1. 衰落的主要原因

20世纪50年代以后，经济开始衰落，其原因是：(1)生产结构单一 鲁尔区的五大传统工业部门：煤炭、电力、钢铁、机械、化工

(2)煤炭的能源地位下降 (3)世界性钢铁过剩

(4)新技术革命的冲击 (5)用地紧张、环境污染严重 3.综合整治措施

20世纪60年代，鲁尔区开始实施综合整治的总体规则，主要从五个方面进行综合整治。A、调整工业结构 B、调整工业布局 C、发展第三产业 D、优化环境 三、新兴工业区的概念、分布

概念：新兴工业区是指20世纪50年代之后，在发达国家的一些乡村地区，逐渐形成了以灵活多变的中小企业为主的工业地域。 主要分布：在意大利东北部和中部地区，德国南部地区，以及美国“硅谷”等,日本的“硅岛”(九州岛)

四、意大利新兴工业区(读课本图) 1.意大利新兴工业区发展的主要条件 ①大批廉价劳动力是发展的当地条件;

②20世纪70年代 原料 和能源大幅度涨价是发展的国际条件; ③发达的信贷体系

国内条件 ⑤ 政府的大力支持 2.发展特点

3(1)概念

指一个地区的中小企业(生产企业和生产企业之间、生产企业和非生产企业之间)以一项经营活动为中心，根据现代经营需要，逐步建立起来的一种相互信赖 、比较稳固的 协作关系和产供销体系。

(2)作用

有助于加强专业化，提高生产效率，降低生产成本，增强在国内外市场上的竞争力。 五、美国“硅谷”(读课本图) 1.特点

20世纪中、后期以来，在新技术革命的推动下，一些科技含量很高的新兴工业迅速发展起来。

(1)人才：从业人员水平高 (2)产品：研发费用高; (3)增长和更新速度快; (4)产品面向国际市场 2.崛起原因

(1)位置优越，环境优美 (2)气候宜人。这里属于地中海气候，温暖湿润。

(3)高等院校。斯坦福大学(4)便捷的交通，通达速度快。主要是高速公路和航空运输。

(5)军事订货：特殊的条件!

第五章 交通运输布局及其影响

一、主要运输方式及其特点：

二、交通运输网的形成与发展趋势：

分一种运输方式形成的运输网、两种以上运输方式形成的运输网及不同地域的综合运输网。(见课本P80图)

海线)，而且日益高速化、大型化和专业化(集装箱运输节省包装费用，便于实现装卸作业机械化，且货物运输安全)。

三、交通运输线、站的区位因素：

a. 影响铁路的建设的区位因素：经济、社会因素成为决定性因素。以南昆铁路为例

(1、带动沿线地区经济发展，促进西南地区经济发展，2。促进少数民族地区的繁荣和稳定，3。地形地势条件复杂，依靠先进的科学技术作保证，) b.影响公路的建设的区位因素：修筑公路，1、要充分利用有利的自然条件，避开那

些地形、地质、水文条件复杂的地段。2、尽量少占农田耕地，处理好与城镇发展的关系。

e.港口建设的条件：港口的区位不仅要受到水域条件(如航行条件、停泊条件)的影响，还要受到陆域条件(如筑港条件、腹地条件)的影响。上海港的主要区位因素主要有：一是上海港是长江三角洲的一个河口港，兼作海港，主要港区沿黄浦江分布，三角洲地势平坦开阔，为港口建设提供了条件，长江一方面为港口提供了淡水，另一方面保证了船舶航行的空间，但是三角洲坡度小，泥沙容易沉积淤塞河道;二是上海港的经济腹地是中国经济最发达的地区。三是上海港以上海市为依托。

第六章 人类与地理环境的协调发展

§1 人地关系思想的演变

1、人地关系演变：

崇拜自然(原始时期)→改造自然(农业时期)→征服自然(工业时期)→人地和谐(即人口、资源、环境和发展相协调)(现在)

2、人类不断通过生产活动从环境中获取物质和能量;人类不断通过新陈代谢和消费活动向环境中排放废弃物和能量;人类对待环境的态度和行为，会得到环境不同的响应(环境的反馈作用)。

3、人类向环境索取资源的速度超过了资源本身及其替代品的再生速度，会造成资源短缺和生态破坏等问题;人类向环境排放废弃物的数量超过了环境的自净能力，会造成环境污染等问题。生态破坏包括荒漠化、水土流失、森林锐减、生物多样性减少等;环境污染包括水污染、土壤污染、大气污染、固体废弃物污染、海洋污染、噪声污染等)

4、环境问题主要分为环境污染和生态破坏。从其分布来看，①城市以环境污染为主，乡村以生态破坏为主;②发达国家以环境污染为主，发展中国家，由于承受人口和发展的双重压力，而且发达国家将许多污染严重的工业转移到发展中国家，其环境污染和生态破坏均较严重。

5、产生环境问题的根本原因是片面追求经济效益，忽略了生态效益、社会效益，即环境问题的实质是发展问题。

6、可持续发展的内涵：生态可持续、经济可持续、社会可持续，其中生态可持续是基础，经济可持续是条件，社会可持续是目的。

7、可持续发展的原则：公平性原则、持续性原则、共同性原则。

§2 中国的可持续发展实践

1、中国走可持续发展道路的原因主要是：①人口基数大，每年净增人口多，人口素质相对较低;②资源利用效率低，人均占有量少，经济发展需求量大;③各种环境问题不断加剧。

2、实施可持续发展的最重要的途径是发展循环经济，其基本原则是：资源输入减量化、资源再利用、废弃物再生资源化。

3、实现循环经济的关键：工业实行清洁生产，农业发展生态农业，日常生活中注意适度消费。

2.高三英语复习与训练六--动名词 (人教版高三英语必修二教学论文) 篇二

在英语中, 名词的性（gender）分为阳性(masculine gender)，阴性(feminine gender)，通性(common gender)和中性(neuter). 为了系统地掌握它,下面我谈谈它的表示方法及用法.

一.名词区分阳性与阴性的方法

1.使用不同的词表示阳性和阴性: 常用的有以下一些例子

阳性 阴性

man 男人 woman 女人

boy男孩 girl 女孩

father父亲 mamma 妈妈

son 儿子 daughter 女儿

brother 兄弟 sister 姐妹

2. 改变词尾区别阳性和阴性

a.)直接在阳性名词后加－ess, 变成阴性名词

阳性 阴性

author 作家 authoress 女作家

count 伯爵 countess 伯爵夫人

heir 继承人heiress 女继承人

host 主人 hostess 女主人

lion 公狮 lioness 母狮

b.)将阳性名词词尾略加改变后，再加－ess而变成阴性名词：

阳性 阴性

actor 演员 actress 女演员

duke 公爵 duchess 公爵夫人

emperor 皇帝 empress 皇后

god 神 goddess 女神

master 主人 mistress 女主人

c.)阳性名词加－温情脉脉，变成阴性名词：

阳性 阴性

hero 英雄 heroine 女英雄

Joseph 约瑟夫 Josephine 约瑟芬

3. 加表示性别的词区分阳性和阴性

a.)加在主要词的前面：

阳性 阴性

man-servant 男仆woman-servant 女仆

boy-student 男生girl-student 女生

he-goat 公山羊 she-goat 母山羊

dog-fox 牡熊 bitch-fox 牝熊

he-bear 牡熊 she-bear 牝熊

b.)加在主要词的后面

阳性 阴性

air-man 飞行家 air-woman 女飞行家

landlord 房东 landlady 女房东

washer-man 男洗衣匠 washerwoman 女洗衣匠

beggar-man 男乞丐beggar-woman 女乞丐

orphan-boy 孤儿 orphan-girl 孤女

二.名词的性的用法

1.通常用阳性代表阴阳两性的动物，但雌性较有用时，则用阴性代表：

The horse is a useful animal 马是有用的动物。包括mare

2.“man”指一般人时，包括woman在内；其代名词则用he来表示：

Man does what he can, God( does) what he wills =Man proposes , God disposes

谋事在天，成事在人

3.“baby” 婴孩和“child”小孩的性别不明时，则用中性氏名词“it”表示：

The child seems to have lost its way. 这孩子似乎迷了路

4.动物除按性别分别用he , she 等外，可视为中性概以it, its 表示：

A fox caught a hen and killed her (or it ) 一只狐狸捉到一只鸡，并将它咬死

注：cat常被认为是阴性名词。

5.中性名词“拟人化”的性别：

a.)在文学上或中语里将无生命的东西或抽象的概念予以人格化的时候，在都以一些强有力的，伟大的或恐怖的事物为阳性：

The sun drove away the clouds with his powerful rays. 太阳用他的强光驱散了乌云

其它的例子

summer夏 mountain 山 sleep 睡眠

murder 谋杀 winter 冬

b.)优美柔和的事物被看作阴性：

The moon shed her mild light upon the scene 月亮以她的柔和光辉照在那片土地

其它的例子

spring 春 truth 真理 country 国家

the earth 地球 justice 正义 night 夜

c.)交通工具在中语中常视为阴性：

The ship sank with her crew on board 船带着船上的水手沉入海底

d.)国名被看作阴性，但在地理上则为中性：

China is proud of her long history 中国以她的悠久历史为荣

China is a large country. It has high mountains and long rivers中国是个大国，它有高山大河。

3.高三英语复习与训练六--动名词 (人教版高三英语必修二教学论文) 篇三

状语从句

1.时间状语从句。

引导时间状语从句的有：when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, no sooner…than…, hardly…when…等。

(1) When, while和 as

When既可引导一个持续动作，也可引导一个短暂动作，可用与主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。while引导的从句中谓语动词必须是能够延续的动词，强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重动作的持续性和对比性。如：While I was sitting there, he told me an interesting story.as用于引导“在某行为的继续中发生某事”的“继续之行为”，所以多与过去进行时连用。并常用来表示两种发展变化中的情况。

When they came home, I was cooking dinner.

She watched TV while (she was) eating.

As I was walking down the street, an American asked me for directions to the nearest station.

As the day went on, the weather got worse.

(2) 时间状语从句还有几个特殊的引导词。

如：every time, each time, next time, the day, the year, the minute, the moment 和副词immediately, directly, instantly等.

a.Every time I saw him, I would like to listen to his songs.

b.I came to the house the moment he was about to leave.

c.I recognized her the minute I saw her.

d. He left Europe the year World War II broke out.

e. My sister came directly(=as soon as) she got my message.

f. The machine will start instantly you press the button.

(3) since 和 before 的用法异同。

It is/ has been + some time+ since+ sb did sth.

It was / is / will be + some time+ before sb did/ do sth

It is just a week since we arrived here.

It’s a long time since I met you last.

How long is it since you were in Ningbo ?

It was years before I came back from abroad. It will be five years before we meet again.

It wasn’t long before he came back..

since 其后的动词不同,起算的时间也不同.

since + 瞬间动词过去式 (从该动作发生时算起)

since + 持续性动词的过去式 ( 从该动作结束时算起)

He worked very hard since he entered the factory.

We haven’t seen each other since I worked in the factory.

(从我不在厂工作以来……)

She has never been to visit me since I was ill. (病愈以来)

(4)till& until意义相同，多数情况下可换用，但用以强调，句首多用until;在强调结构或与not连用时多用until。例如：Nothing can be done till/ until the boss returns.

I waited for him until he came back.

He didn’t go to bed until he had finished the work.

Until we know the facts, we can’t do anything about it.

(5) no sooner…than, hardly…when和scarcely… before相当于as soon as之意, 其引导的从句中谓语动词要用 had done。当 hardly, scarcely和 no sooner置于句首时,语气较强, 主句的谓语要部分倒装. 例如:

We had hardly begun when we were told to stop.

Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.

The spy had no sooner returned home than he was told to go to another country.

No sooner had the spy returned home than he was told to go to another country.

2. 地点状语从句由where或 wherever引导，在主句前，后均可.

where 表特指，wherever表泛指

I found the books where I left them.

Make a mark where you have any questions.

Wherever he happens to be, John can make himself at home.

(1) 地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。如：

Where there’s a will, there’s a way.

Wherever there’s plenty of sun and rain, the fields are green.

(2) where引导的状语从句和定语从句的区别。Where引导地点状语从句直接修饰动词,而在定语从句中 where作为关系副词要跟在表示地点的先行词后面。 如：

Go back where you came from

Go back to the village where you came from.

Bamboo grows best where it’s wet and rainy.

Bamboo grows best in places where it’s wet and rainy.

3. 原因状语从句because, since, as, for,

because表直接的原因,语气最强.

since “既然”:一般放在句首,表已知的原因,全句重在交代结果,语气比because弱.

as 放在句首或句末,说明因果关系,语气较弱,重点在主句,译作“由于”for表间接原因，用来补述内容.放在主句后.语气最弱.

Since (As) it was raining, you ‘d better take a taxi.

Because he is ill, he is absent today.

He must be ill, for he is absent today.

As he is from the south, he is unaccustomed to the dry weather in Beijing.

在强调句型中,引导从句只能用because, 不能用 since或as.

It was because he was ill that he didn’t go with us.

4. 条件状语从句

引导词: if, unless, so/ as long as用一般现在时表示一般将来时

In case anything important happens, please call me up.

I’ll lend it to you as long as you handle it with care.

if only(要是…就好了; 但愿) 常表示愿望或一未实现的条件,尤用于感叹句.

If only he arrives in time!

If only I had met him earlier!

If only it would stop raining!

on condition(that)=provided (that) =providing (that) ( 假若; 倘使)

supposing (that) =if

You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank.

I’ll go providing my wages are paid.

Supposing it rains tomorrow, what shall we do?

*在条件状语从句中,如果条件状语从句的主语同主句主语一致或是无人称代词, 从句的谓语动词或助动词 be, 可将从句的主语和动词 be一起省略.

If (it is) necessary, I’ll go with him.

If (it is) important, I’ll write this article.

目的和结果状语从句

目的:so that… in order that… ( 情态动词)

结果: so that, so/ such… thatHe studied even harder so that he might catch up with the top students in a possible short period.

He studied even harder so that he caught up with the other students.

He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.There are so many people in the room that we could’t get in.

方式状语从句

方式状语从句放在主句之后，用as, just as, as if, as though 等引导。

注意:

1) as 表行为方式

2) as if 引导的从句表示与事实相反或不可能实现时,从句用虚拟语气。

比较状语从句

引导词: than, as… as,

the more… the more…He didn’t do as much as he had

promised.

Now we can produce much more

steel than Japan.

The higher you stand, The farther you will see.

注意被比较的内容应一致

The weather here is hotter than that( = the weather) in your hometown.The girls in your class are more active than those in our class.

4.高三英语复习与训练六--动名词 (人教版高三英语必修二教学论文) 篇四

(一)定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导

1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as

2、关系副词：when, where, why

关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用， 同时在从句中又充当句子成分。

e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.(关系代词who在从句中作主语)

The comrade with whom I came knows French.(whom在从句中作介词with的宾语)

3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1)当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语;2)当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ，可作主语或宾语;3)先行词为人、物时用that ，可作主语或宾语;4)whose用作定语，可指人或物;5)关系副词when(指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where(指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语)，why(指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语)。

(二)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。

e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.(去掉定语从句，意思就不完整)

2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。

e.g. Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.(who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译)

(三)使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题

1、that与which的区别。

1)用that而不用 which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, …;②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰;③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰;④先行词既有人又有物时。

e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。

The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。

This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。

Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。

2)用which而不用 that的情况：①引导非限制性定语从句;②代表整个主句的意思;③介词 + 关系代词。

e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。

This is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。

3)as引导定语从句时的用法

①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same … as, such … as结构中。

e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。

Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。

②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。

e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。

3)as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别

①当主句和从句语义一致时，用as;反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。

e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.

He made a long speech, which was unexpected.

②当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。

e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.

2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。

e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。

The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.

3. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。

e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.

4. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。

e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded.

5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。

e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.

6. 介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略;介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。

e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.

练习、定语从句

一、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句：

1. The fan is on the desk. You want it.

2. The man is in the next room. He brought our textbooks here yesterday.

3. The magazine is mine. He has taken it away.

4. The students will not pass the exam . They don’t study hard.

5. The woman is our geography teacher. You saw her in the park.

6. The letter is from my sister. I received it yesterday.

7. The play was wonderful. We saw it last night.

8. The train was late. It was going to Nanning.

9. The boy is my brother. He was here a minute ago.

10. The tree is quite tall. He is climbing it.

11. Here is the girl. Her brother works in this shop.

12. That’s the child. We were looking at his drawing just now.

13. This is the boy. His sister is a famous singer.

14. I want to talk to the boys. Their homework haven’t been handed in.

15. Is that the woman? Her daughter is in my class.

16. He used to live in a big house. In front of it grew many banana trees.

17. They passed a factory. At the back of the factory there were rice fields.

18. The soldier ran to the building. On the top of it flew a flag.

19. In the evening they arrived at a hill. At the foot of the hill there was a temple.

20. She came into a big room. In the middle of it stood a large table.

二、根据句子意思，在第一个空白处填入介词，在第二个填入关系代词whom或which:

1. The person ________ ________ I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.

2. The pencil ________ ________ he was writing broke.

3. Wu Dong, ________ ________ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.

4. The two things ________ ________ Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.

5. Her bag, ________ ________ she put all her books, has not been found.

6. The stories about the Long March, ________ ________ this is one example, are well written.

三、选择填空：

1. The man ____ visited our school yesterday is from London.

A. who B. which C. whom D. when

2. The woman ____ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.

A. whose B. who C. whom D. which

3. Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.

A. that B. which C. what D. as

4. Do you remember those days ____ we spent along the seashore very happily?

A. when B. where C. which D. who

5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera ____ he lost last week.

A. which B. that C. whom D. as

6. Those ____ want to go please sign their names here.

A. whom B. which C. who D. when

7. Where is the man ____ I met this morning?

A. when B. where C. which D. who

8. Who is the woman ____ is sweeping the floor over there?

A. who B. / C. that D. when

9. The man ____ you talked just now is a worker.

A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to who

10. The man ____ you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbour.

A. with whom B. when C. to whom D. which

11. The doctor ____ is leaving for Africa next month.

A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking

C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking

12. The man ____ around our school is from America.

A. which you showed B. you showed him C. you showed D. where you showed

13. He talked about a hero ____ no one had ever heard.

A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who

14. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions ____ were asked in French.

A. where B. who C. in which D. which

15. Have you read the book ____ I lent to you?

A. that B. whom C. when D. whose

16. Finally, the thief handed over everything ____ he had stolen to the police.

A. that B. which C. whatever D. all

17. The foreign guests, ____ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport.

A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those

18. This is the very letter ____came last night.

A. who B. which C. that D. as

19. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask ____ knows better than I.

A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. the one

20. This is the school ____ we visited three days ago.

A. where B. / C. when D. what

21. This is the factory ____ we worked a year ago.

A. where B. that C. which D. on which

22. Nearby were two canoes ____ they had come to the island.

A. which B. in which C. that D. /

23. Jack is pleased with ____ you have given him and all ____ you have told him.

A. that, what B. what, that C. which, what D. that, which

24. Do you work near the building ____ colour is yellow?

A. that B. which C. its D. whose

25. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help.

A. whom B. who C. to whom D. form whom

26. Is this school ____ we visited three years ago?

A. the one B. which C. that D. where

27. Is this the school ____ we visited three years ago?

A. the one B. where C. in which D. /

28, How many students are there in your class ____ homes are in the country?

A. whose B. who C. whom D. which

29. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ____ came as a surprise.

A. it B. which C. that D. he

30. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage ____ already seven other people.

A. when there were B. which there were C. that there were D. where there were

31. I live in the house ____ windows face south.

A. which B. whose C. where D. in that

32. ---- What game is popular with them? ---- The ____ most is tennis.

A. game they like it B. game they like C. best game they like D. best game they like it

33. They stayed with me three weeks, ____ they drank all the wine I had.

A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which

34. The room ____ Mr White lives is not very large.

A. that B. which C. where D. when

35. Don’t forget the day ____ you were received into the Youth League.

A. when B. that C. at which D. where

36. I’ve finished writing the novel, ____ is to be published next month.

A. that B. what C. which D. when

37. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, ____ was unexpected.

A. which B. as C. that D. it

38. ____ we is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn.

A. What B. As C. That D. Which

39. The old man had three sons, all of ____ died during World War Ⅱ.

A. whose B. that C. whom D. who

40. I have bought two pens, ____ write well.

A. none of which B. neither of which C. both of which D. all of which

41. Do you know the reason ____ she has changed her mind?

A. why B. which C. for that D. of which

42. He failed in the exam, ____ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.

A. which B. what C. it D. that

43. During the week ____ he tried to collect materials for his article.

A. following B. followed C. to follow D. that followed

44. ____ was expected, he succeeded in the exam.

A. It B. Which C. As D. That

45. He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, ____ his father expected.

A. that was what B. what was that C. and which was D. which was what

46. We should read such books ____ will make us better and wiser.

A. when B. as C. whose D. what

47. You must show my wife the same respect ____ you show me.

A. when B. as C. whose D. what

48. He is absent ____ is often the case.

A. what B. which C. who D. as

49. It is the first time ____ I have come to your city.

A. that B. which C. what D. when

50. Who ____ has the same idea as it will do it in this way.

A. who B. that C. whom D. which

51. I shall never forget those years ____ I lived in the country with the farmers, ____ has a great effect on my life.

A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who

52. This is the only book ____ I can find.

A. that B. which C. it D. with which

53. I don’t like ____ you speak to her.

A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which

54. That is one of those books that ____ worth reading.

A. is B. are C. has D. have

55. This is the only one of the students whose handwriting ____ the best.

A. is B. are C. has D. have

56. There was ____ to prevent the accident.

A. something could do B. anything we could do

C. nothing we couldn’t do D. nothing we could do

参考答案

语法复习四：定语从句

一、1. The fan that you want is on the desk. 2. The man who brought our textbooks here yesterday is in next room. 3. The magazine which he has taken away is mine. 4. The students who don’t study hard will not pass the exam. 5. The woman you saw in the park is our geography teacher. 6. The letter I received yesterday is from my sister. 7. The play that we saw last night was wonderful. 8. The train which was going to Nanning was late. 9. The boy who was here a minute ago is my brother. 10. The tree he is climbing is quite tall. 11. Here is the girl whose brother works in this shop. 12. That’s the child whose drawing we were looking at just now. 13. This is the boy whose sister is a favous singer. 14. I want to talk to the boy whose homework hasn’t been handed in. 15. Is that the woman whose daughter is in my class? 16. He used to live in a big house, in front of which grew many banana trees. 17. They passed a factory, at the back of which there were rice fields. 18. The soldier ran to the building, on the top of which flew a flag. 19. In the evening they arrived at a hill, at the foot of which there was a temple. 20. She came into a big room, in the middle of which stood a large table.

二、1. to whom; 2. wiht which; 3. with whom; 4. about which; 5. in which; 6. of which

三、1~5 ABACD 6~10 CDCCA 11~15 CCADA 16~20 ACCAB 21~25 ABBDC

26~30 ADABD 31~35 BBDCA 36~40 CABCC 41~45 AADCD 46~50 BBDAB

5.人教版高三英语语法复习主谓一致 篇五

句子的谓语动词和句子的主语应在数方面保持一致。主谓一致的基本原则是：主语是单数，谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数，谓语动词用复数形式。句子的主语有以下几种类型：

1.带后置定语型。其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定，与后置定语无关。

(together)with …

except / but …

S + besides … V

rather than …

as well as …

A library together with a lot of books has been given to our school as a gift.

Two pilots as well as all the passengers were killed in this plane crash.

两个飞行员连同所有旅客都死于这次空难。

2.部分-整体型。其谓语的单复数，由整体部分决定。

70 percent

two-thirds

part of the / one’s + n +V

half (整体)

all

the rest

1)About 70% of the surface of the earth is covered by water.

2)Part of the books are worth reading, but the rest(of them)are of no value.

※注：all单独作主语时，All指人谓语用复数。All指物或事情谓语用单数。

1)All are eager to reach an agreement. 所有的人都急于达成协议。

2)All is going well. 一切都进展顺利。

3.定语仅能修饰单数名词型，其谓语动词用单数。

Each / Every

Either / Neither

Another + n(单数)+ V

Many a

More than one

More than one graduate wants to go to work in Western China.

不止一个毕业生要求去中国西部工作。

Many a day has passed since the boy was lost. 那个男孩失踪已有许多天。

4.就近一致型。下列连词连接两个主语时，及there be句型有多个并列主语，谓语应与最靠近的主语保持一致。

A or B 1)Either you or I am to meet them at the station.

Either A or B 不是你就是我要去车站接他们。

Neither A nor B 2)Not only the teacher but also his students object to the plan.

Not only A but also B 3)There is an air-conditioner and two computers in his office.

There be A, B and C 在他办公室有一台空调和二台电脑。

5.需记住的其他规则

Either

1)Neither of + n 作主语，谓语用单数。

Each

None of + n(复数)作主语，谓语用单数或复数均可。

None of + n(单数)作主语，谓语用单数。

Either of the answers is right. 两个答案中有一个是对的。

None of the cars was / were damaged. 这些车都没有受损。

None of the food has gone bad. 食物没有变质。

2)a number of + n(复数)作主语，谓语用复数。

the number of + n(复数)作主语，谓语用单数。

A large number of students are from the south. 很多学生是南方人。

The number of students in our school has gone up to 3000.

我校学生数已上升到3000人。

3)关系代词作主语，定语从句谓语动词的形式取决于其先行词的单复数。

He is one of the few persons who have a good knowledge of Italian.

他是精通意大利语的少数人之一。

在以上句子中，persons是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用复数。

(比较)He is the only one of the boys who was given a prize.

他是这些孩子中唯一受到奖励的。

当one之前有the only修饰时，one是who的先行词，从句谓语动词用单数。

4)单个动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数。

两个并列的动名词，不定式或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用复数。

When and where to hold the meeting isn’t decided yet.(一个不定式作主语)

What I say and what I think are none of your business.

我说什么，想什么与你无关。(两个并列主语从句作主语)

5)each, any, every, no构成的复合代词都当作单数看待。

Someone is asking you on the phone. 有人在打电话找你。

注：复合代词作主语，反意疑问句的主语通常用they，也可用he。

Everyone was present at the meeting, weren’t they / wasn’t he ?

Someone has known the news, haven’t they / hasn’t he ?

6)以“s”结尾的书刊名、国名、机构名和学科名作主语，谓语用单数。

The United Nations was set up in 1942. 联合国建于1942年。

The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer. 《坎特伯雷故事集》是乔叟写的。

Economics is my major. 经济学是我的主修课程。

7)某些形容词或分词和定冠词the连用表示某类人作主语，谓语用复数。

The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.

病人得到医治，失踪的也已找回来了。

8)由and连接两个单数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。

English and Chinese are quite different languages.

若and并列的主语在意义上指同一个人，同一概念或对立统一的事物，谓语动词用单数。

The manager and secretary is as busy as a bee all day. 那位经理兼秘书整天忙忙碌碌。(两个名词共用一个冠词，指同一个人)

War and peace is a contant theme in history. 战争与和平是历史永恒的主题。(对立统一的一对事物)

9)单复数同形的名词如deer, means;集合名词如family作主语，如何决定谓语动词的单复数，请见第四章冠词。

Exercise 1 主谓一致

1.I, who your friend, will try my best to help you.

A.be B.am C.is D.are

2.The United States must look out of the rights of citizens.

A.its B.their C.ours D.us

3.So far as I know, more than one person connected with the accident.

A.is B.has C.are D.have

4.Maths as well as physics always me to much trouble.

A.causes B.puts C.cause D.put

5.Not only you and I but Peter, the top student in our grade, not able to solve the problem. A.are B.were C.is D.am

6.There one or two things that I have to mention.

A.is B.are C.has D.have

7. Either I or my accountant(会计) to blame for the loss ?

A.Is B.Are C.Am D.Does

8.So far 70% of the poor in this area out of poverty(贫困)with the help of the local government.

A.has got B.are getting C.have got D.had got

9.Collecting stamps as a hobby increasingly popular during the past ten years.

A.became B.becomes C.has become D.have become

10.Whether or not the new plan will produce any positive(积极的)results to be seen.

A.remain B.is remained C.remains D.have remained

11.Too much work and too little rest bad health.

A.lead to B.leads to C.result in D.result from

12.He is the only one of those speakers who ideas perfectly clear.

A.make their B.makes his C.express their D.express

13.Every possible means tried, but without much result.

A.has been B.have been C.are D.is

14.Ten minutes an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.

A.seem B.look C.seems D.looks

15.All we have seen and heard our memory.

A.is deeply impressed on B.great impress

C.are strongly impressed in D.highly impresses

6.高三英语复习与训练六--动名词 (人教版高三英语必修二教学论文) 篇六

Learning to learn-L2

matter n. & v.

partner n.

peaceful a.

suppose v.

cartoon n.

switch v.

play v. & n.

portable a.

paperwork n.

alarm n. & v.

urgent a.

personal a.

document n.

midnight n.

bored a.

stress n. & v.

studio n.

expert n.

suffer v.

pressure n.

social a.

reduce v.

organise (Am organize) v.

diet n.

stand v.

prefer v.

L 3-- CW

volunteer n. & v.

graduate v.

minus prep. & a.

challenge n.

basin n.

challenge n.

dial v.

design v. & n.

advertisement n.

presentation n.

accountant n.

nearby a.

otherwise ad.

forecast n. & v.

crowd n. & v.

lung n.

distance n.

sickness n.

cigar n.

cycle v.

style n.

重点句型（你能熟练运用他们吗？）

1. I always take my portable TV and I sit on the stone wall while the dog walks around in a circle. P8

2. Of course, I couldn’t live this lifestyle without a good wife. P8

3. It takes me less than fifteen minutes to wash, get changed, have breakfast, leave home and get on a bus. P9

4. When I get home at about ten, I look at some documents that I bring back from the office so that I can be ready for the next day’s work. P9

5. I find painting or drawing very relaxing. P10

6. But it’s very stressful to wait for exam results. P10

7. I spend all morning checking numbers. P14

8. We don’t have the same work hours that office workers in the city have.

9. I am very interested in China and it’s my dream to see the Great Wall one day. P15

10. Unfortunately, my wife isn’t as fond of them as I am. P15

7.高三英语复习与训练六--动名词 (人教版高三英语必修二教学论文) 篇七

（一）并列句中的省略

在并列句中，第二分句（或第三、第四分句）往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。如：

Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested.

（二）简单句中的省略

1．省略主语

1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如：

(You) Be seated, please.

2）其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如：

(I)Thank you for your help. （谢谢你的帮助。）

(It)Doesn’t matter. （没关系。）

2．省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如：

(There is) No smoking. （禁止吸烟。）

(Is there) Anything else ?（还有其他事吗？）

(You come) This way, please. （请这边走）。

(Will you)Have a smoke ?（吸支烟？）

What (do you) think about a cup of tea ?（来一杯怎么样？）

Why（do you）not say hello to him ?（为什么不和他说声再见呢？）

3．省略宾语。如：

-Do you know Miss Gao ?（你认识高小姐吗？）

-I don’t know（her）. （我不认识。）

-Which of them is the better choice ?（他们中谁是更合适的人选？）

-Well, it’s hard to tell（it）. （哟，这很难说。）

4．省略表语。如：

-Are you thirsty ?（你渴吗？）

-Yes, I am（thirsty）. （是的，我渴。）

5．同时省略几个成分。如：

-Are you feeling better now ?（你觉得好些吗？）

-（I am feeling）Much better（now）. （好多了。）

-Have you finished your work ?（你完成工作了吗？）

-（I have）Not（finished my work）yet. （还没有。）

（I wish）Good luck（to you）！（祝你顺利！）

6．其他一些省略结构

1）名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：

We spent the weekend at the Blacks’.

2）what和how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语it和be动词。如：

What a wonderful victory（it is）for Wilma!

How wonderful（it was）to be treated like a normal child, even when I was bad.

3）不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to。

①代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，seem，try，wand，wish等后边。如：

I asked him to see the film, but he didn’t want to.

②在have，need，ought，be going，，used等后。如：

I didn’t want to go there, but I had to.

③在某些形容词glad，happy，pleased，delighted等后，如：

-Will you join in the game ?

-I’d be glad to.

④否定形式的省略用not to。如：

-Shall I go instead of him ?

-I prefer not to.

⑤如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be，have和have been。如：

-Are you a sailor ?

-No, but I used to be.

-He hasn’t finished yet.

-Well, he ought to have.

（三）复合句中的省略

1．定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that，which，whom常可以省略；当先行词是time，reason，place时作状语的关系副词when，why，where也可以省去。如：

This is the first time（when）he had trouble with the boss.

2．当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时，可以把重复的内容省去，而保留wh-疑问词。如：

Tom was sad, but I don’t know why（he was sad）.

3．状语从句中的省略现象

一般来说，省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中：

由when，while，as，before，after，till，until，once等引导的时间状语从句；由if，unless，whether等引导的条件状语从句；由though，although，even if，whatever等引导的让步状语从句，由as，than引导的让步状语从句；由as，as if，as though 方式状语从句。

上述状语从句在省略时，并不是任何成分都可以省略，而是遵循一定的原则：

1）当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：

①连词(as, as if, once) + 名词

Once（he was）a teacher, he now works in a government office.

②连词(though，whether，when) + 形容词

Work hard when（you are）young, or you’ll regret.

③连词(whether, as if, while) + 介词短语

He looked everywhere as if（he was）in search of something.

④连词(when，while，though) + 现在分词

While（I was）walking along the street, I heard my name called.

⑤连词（when，if，even if，unless，once，until，than，as） + 过去分词

The exhibition is more interesting than（it was）expected.

⑥连词（as if，as though） + 不定式

He opened his lips as if（he were）to speak.

注意：当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略：

Her father told her to be careful when（she was）crossing the street.

2）当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系统动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if，unless，when，whenever) + 形容词的结构。如：

Unless（it is）necessary, you’d better not refer to the dictionary.

另外，我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可有if + so/not省略句式。

Get up early tomorrow. If not（you don’t get up early），you will miss the first bus.

He may not be at home then, if so（he is not at home），leave him a note.

替 代

（一）so和not作替代词，代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子，一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用，作be afraid，believe，become，all，do，expect，fear，hope，imagine，say，see，speak，suppose，think等的宾语。Not代替否定的句子，还可放在perhaps，probably，absolutely等副词后。如：

She was not angry at first, but became so（=angry）after a while.

-Is he the best student in the class ?

-I think so（=He is best student in the class. ）

-I think not（=He is not the best student in the class）.

（二）替代的应用

1．So可以放在句首或句尾，但若谓语动词是see, notice, hear等，则只能放在句首。如：

I believe（say, think…）so. =So I believe（say, think…）.

-He is absent today.

-So I see（hear, notice）.

2．在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。如：

误：I doubt so.

正：I doubt it.

3．在ask和know之后也不用so。如：

误：Why do you ask so ?

正：Why do you ask that ?

4．do so一般只用替代动态动词，不替代静态动词。如：

She said she would go with me, but she didn’t do so.

-Alice feels better today.

-I think she does.

-So she does.

但不可说：I think she does so.

基础训练

1.(春季全国高考题)The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if________whether he was going in the right direction.

A.seeing B.having

C.to have seen D.to see

2.(全国高考题)Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment，________ I will always treasure.

A.that B.oneC.it D.what

3.I often think of my childhood,during________I lived on my uncle’s farm.

A.which B.when C.where D.who

4.-May I help you with some shoes，sir?

-Yes，I’d like to try on those white ________.

A.one B.ones C.two D.pair

5.Here are four choices，which do you think is the best________?

A.choices B.that C.ones D./

6.-What’s the difference between the first house and the second?

-The first one has a garage while the second has ________.

A.nothing B.none C.no one D.neither

7.-Have you ever been to Shanghai?

-________.

A.Not yet B.Haven’t

C.Yet not D.Still not

8.-Don’t forget to come to my birthday party.

-________.

A.I don’t B.I won’t

C.I don’t forget D.I won’t forget

9.-Be sure to get up earlier tomorrow morning.

-________.I’ll be as early as a bird.

A.OK.I will B.I’m afraid 1 can

C.Of course not D.No，I will

10.-What’s the matter with you?

-I didn’t pass the test，but 1 still ________

A.hope so B.hope to

C.hope it D.hope that

11.-Is she really ill?

-________.She’s in hospital.

A.I hope so B.I’m sure

C.1 don’t think so D.I’m afraid so

12.I am happy if you ________.

A.happy B.are C.will D.be

13.-I say it is your turn to be on duty today.

-________?

A.Mine B.I C.Myself D.Me

14.Don’t come in unless ________.

A.inviting B.inviting to

C.invited to D.being invited to

15.-I usually go there by train.

-Why not ________by boat for a change?

A.to try going B.try to go

C.to try and go D.try going

16.The doctor did what he could ________the boy，but in vain.

A.save B.to save

C.saving D.saved

17.He spent most of his spare time________novels.

A.to read B.reading

C.to reading D.for reading

18.All the girl want ________do is________stay at home and study hard.

A./；to B.to；to

C.to；/ D.either B or C

19.-Why did you take a taxi?

-I ________.I was late.

A.have to B.have to do

C.had to D.had to do

20.-Why didn’t you do your homework yesterday?

-But ________，sir.

A.I did so B.I didn’t do it

C.I didn’t forget D.I did do it

21.He is very famous here，so we had no trouble________him yesterday.

A.to find B.finding

C.found D.in founding

22.-How often do they give the concert?

-________.

A.For twice a month B.In twice a month

C.Twice a month D.Twice month

23.He is not ________his sister，but ________.

A.taller than；stronger B.so tall as；strong

C.taller than；is stronger D.as tall as;stronger

24.-You look happy today，Mary.

-I like my new dress and Mother ________，too.

A.likes B.does C.is D.do

25.-What do you think made Mary so upset?

-________ her new bicycle.

A.As she lost B.Lost

C.Losing D.Because of losing

26.-Who’s got all my money?

-He ________.

A.does B.is C.was D.has

27.The children are made________twelve hours a day.

A.to work B.work C.working D.worked

28.We often hear him________English songs.

A.to sing B.sing

C.singing D.to be singing

29.I’m very busy preparing for the exam，so I can’t help________the house work.

A.doing B.do C.did D.done

30.What doctors can do is________ people’s life.

A.save B.saving C.to save D.A or C

31.Although________to stop，he kept on working.

A.tell B.told C.was told D.having told

32.Ask him to take you home________possible.

A.at B.while C.if D.if they

33.The English book for kids is the best of its kind ________.

A.that has ever been made B.ever made

C.ever been made D.has ever been made

34.-Will Susan win the Nobel Prize this time?

-It is likely that she ________.

A.will B.does C.will do D.wins it

35.I prefer the climate of Kunming to________of Wuhan.

A.it B.one C.this D.that

36.-Mr.Black has just arrived.

-Really? ________.He didn’t accept our invitation.

A.I can’t imagine it B.1 don’t think so

C.I hope so D.I don’t believe him

37.They live on a busy main road.________ must be very noisy.

A.There B.It C.That D.They

38.We don’t go to the cinema as much as ________.

A.we used to go B.we used to do

C.used to D.we used to

39.Canada has a large area than________China.

A.that of B.the one of

C.it of D./

40.________，I’ll have a letter sent to your company.

A.If necessary B.If it were necessary

C.As I’m necessary D.Unless it is necessary

41.-Shall I invite Mike to my party?

-Yes，it will be nice if you ________.

A.do B.do invite

C.are D.invite

42.-Have you been here long?

-________.

A.No，not very B.Not much

C.Yes，only little D.No，only yesterday

43.-Do you follow me?

-Yes，________.

A.it is good B.I will

C.perfectly D.very good

44.Look out for cars________the street.

A.when crossed B.when crossing

C.if you crossed D.while you are crossing

45.She worked very hard________still rather poor in health.

A.though she B.although she

C.though D.although was

46.-Is the stamp very unusual?

-________.

A.Yes，very much B.Yes，it is so

C.Yes，very D.Yes，not very

47.-Can you climb that tree，my boy?

-________?

A.I B.Mine C.Myself D.Me

48.-Will you waste your time and money on that?

-Certainly ________.

A.I not B.no

C.won’t D.not

49.-What happened to the boy? He’s making so much noise.

-He wanted to play football，but his mother warned him ________.

A.not B.to

C.not to D.不填

50.-Shall I wake you up tomorrow morning?

-Yes，________.

A.please do B.you shall

C.you will D.you may

51.You have three children，but I have only two ________.

A.one B.ones

C./ D.child

52.-Mary said the lecture was boring.

-Yes，I said ________.

A.that B.this

C.the kind D.the same

53.-Alice，why didn’t you do it the day before?

-I ________，but I had an unexpected visitor.

A.had B.would

C.was going to D.does

54.-Do you need a new tie to go with your new suit，Mr.Smith?

-No.________.

A.I’m having plenty of ties

B.I have lots of ties to do it

C.I think I have several that will do

D.There are lots of ties to do it

55.-Are you a film star?

-________.

A.Yes，I was B.I used to be

C.I used to D.I’m used to

56.-I’ll be away on a business trip.Would you mind looking after my cat?

-Not at all.________.

A.I’ve no time B.I’d rather not

C.I’d like it D.I’d be happy to

57.-I’m going to dig it up.

-What ________?

A.with B.by C.at D.from

58.Frightened by the noise in the night，the girl did not dare ________in her room.

A.sleeping B.to sleeping

C.sleep D.slept

59.-They have done a good job.

-________.Let’s go to congratulate them.

A.So they have done B.So they have

C.So have they D.So is it

60.He smokes a lot.Does his father ________?

A.smoke so B.smoke that

C.do so D.did that

基础训练18 省略与替代

1~5 DBABD 6~10 BABAB

11~15 DBACD 16~20 BBDCD

21~25 BCABC 26~30 DABBD

31~35 BCBAD 36~40 ABDDA

41~45 AACBC 46~50 CDDCA

51~55 CDCCB 56~60 DACBC

【解析】

1.根据上下文，空白处为he wanted to see之省略。

2.one在这里代替moment，以避免重复。

5.此处既可不填直接用形容词最高级表示替代，也可在其后加一个one表替代。

6.此处用none表示第二套房没有车库之类的设施；而nothing表示什么也没有，显然语意不合。

7.现在完成时否定式的省略回答。

10.hope to pass the test之省略。

11.根据下文的回答用I’m afraid so表示“恐怕如此”之意。

12.if you are happy的省略。

13.Is it my turn(=mine) to be on duty today?的省略。

18.当主语部分中含有do这个动词时，不定式作表语可省掉to，也可不省。

19.I had to take a taxi的省略。

20.I did do it表示“我确实做了”。

25.所做的回答要能替换What在句中所起的作用。

27.make sb.do sth.在主动语态中do前没有to，但如果变成被动语态则必须加to。

29.这里的can’t help是“不能帮忙(做某事)”的意思，所以跟带to或不带to的原形动词；如果can’t help是“禁不住；情不自禁”之意，则后跟动词的-ing形式。

32.if it is possible的省略。

58.dare用作实义动词时，在否定句中，其后的不定式符号to可以省略。