奥巴马关于气候变化的演讲词(4篇)
1.奥巴马关于气候变化的演讲词 篇一
Remarks of President Barack Obama As Prepared for Delivery The White House Saturday, February 25, 2012
Hello, everybody.In the State of the Union, I laid out three areas we need to focus on if we’re going to build an economy that lasts: new American manufacturing, new skills and education for American workers, and new sources of American-made energy.These days, we’re getting another painful reminder why developing new energy is so important to our future.Just like they did last year, gas prices are starting to climb.Only this time, it’s happening earlier.And that hurts everyone – everyone who owns a car;everyone who owns a business.It means you have to stretch your paycheck even further.Some folks have no choice but to drive a long way to work, and high gas prices are like a tax straight out of their paychecks.Now, some politicians always see this as a political opportunity.And since it’s an election year, they’re already dusting off their three-point plans for $2 gas.I’ll save you the suspense: Step one is drill, step two is drill, and step three is keep drilling.We hear the same thing every year.Well the American people aren’t stupid.You know that’s not a plan – especially since we’re already drilling.It’s a bumper sticker.It’s not a strategy to solve our energy challenge.It’s a strategy to get politicians through an election.You know there are no quick fixes to this problem, and you know we can’t just drill our way to lower gas prices.If we’re going to take control of our energy future and avoid these gas price spikes down the line, then we need a sustained, all-of-the-above strategy that develops every available source of American energy – oil, gas, wind, solar, nuclear, biofuels, and more.We need to keep developing the technology that allows us to use less oil in our cars and trucks;in our buildings and plants.That’s the strategy we’re pursuing, and that’s the only real solution to this challenge.Now, we absolutely need safe, responsible oil production here in America.That’s why under my Administration, America is producing more oil today than at any time in the last eight years.In 2010, our dependence on foreign oil was under 50% for the first time in more than a decade.And while there are no short-term silver bullets when it comes to gas prices, I’ve directed my administration to look for every single area where we can make an impact and help consumers in the months ahead, from permitting to delivery bottlenecks to what’s going on in the oil markets.But over the long term, an all-of-the-above energy strategy means we have to do more.It means we have to make some choices.Here’s one example.Right now, four billion of your tax dollars subsidize the oil industry every year.Four billion dollars.Imagine that.Maybe some of you are listening to this in your car right now, pulling into a gas station to fill up.As you watch those numbers rise, know that oil company profits have never been higher.Yet somehow, Congress is still giving those same companies another four billion dollars of your money.That’s outrageous.It’s inexcusable.And it has to stop.A century of subsidies to the oil companies is long enough.It’s time to end taxpayer giveaways to an industry that’s never been more profitable, and use that money to reduce our deficit and double-down on a clean energy industry that’s never been more promising.Because of the investments we’ve already made, the use of wind and solar energy in this country has nearly doubled – and thousands of Americans have jobs because of it.And because we put in place the toughest fuel economy standards in history, our cars will average nearly 55 miles per gallon by the middle of the next decade – something that, over time, will save the typical family more than $8,000 at the pump.Now Congress needs to keep that momentum going by renewing the clean energy tax credits that will lead to more jobs and less dependence on foreign oil.Look, we know there’s no silver bullet that will bring down gas prices or reduce our dependence on foreign oil overnight.But what we can do is get our priorities straight, and make a sustained, serious effort to tackle this problem.That’s the commitment we need right now.And with your help, it’s a commitment we can make.Thank you.Remarks of President Barack Obama Weekly Address Honolulu, HI Saturday, December 31, 2011
Hello, everybody.As 2011 comes to an end and we look ahead to 2012, I want to wish everyone a happy and healthy New Year.The last year has been a time of great challenge and great progress for our country.We ended one war and began to wind down another.We dealt a crippling blow to al-Qaeda and made
America more secure.We stood by our friends and allies around the world through natural disasters and revolutions.And we began to see signs of economic recovery here at home, even as too many Americans are still struggling to get ahead.There’s no doubt that 2012 will bring even more change.And as we head into the New Year, I’m hopeful that we have what it takes to face that change and come out even stronger – to grow our economy, create more jobs, and strengthen the middle class.I’m hopeful because of what we saw right before Christmas, when Members of Congress came together to prevent a tax hike for 160 million Americans – saving a typical family about $40 in every paycheck.They also made sure Americans looking for work won’t see their unemployment insurance cut off.And I expect Congress to finish the job by extending these provisions through the end of 2012.It was good to see Members of Congress do the right thing for millions of working Americans.But it was only possible because you added your voices to the debate.Through email and Twitter and over the phone, you let your representatives know what was at stake.Your lives.Your families.Your well-being.You had the courage to believe that your voices could make a difference.And at the end of the day, they made all the difference.More than anything else, you are the ones who make me hopeful about 2012.Because we’ve got some difficult debates and some tough fights to come.As I’ve said before, we are at a make-or-break moment for the middle class.And in many ways, the actions we take in the months ahead will help determine what kind of country we want to be, and what kind of world we want our children and grandchildren to grow up in.As President, I promise to do everything I can to make America a place where hard work and responsibility are rewarded – one where everyone has a fair shot and everyone does their fair share.That’s the America I believe in.That’s the America we’ve always known.And I’m confident that if we work together, and if you keep reminding folks in Washington what’s at stake, then we will move this country forward and guarantee every American the opportunities they deserve.Thanks for watching, and from Michelle, Malia, Sasha, Bo and myself, Happy New Year.President Barack Obama has officially begun his campaign to win a second term in the White
House, six months before Election Day.The president kicked off the campaign Saturday on college campuses in two key states.Mr.Obama’s first campaign rally was at Ohio State University in Columbus.He urged those who supported him four years ago to do so again.“We will finish what we started.We are still fired up.We are still ready to go,“ he said.Next, a similar rally at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond.Ohio and Virginia are two of the states where analysts believe this year’s election may be decided.The U.S.economy could be the deciding issue, especially in manufacturing-heavy states like Ohio, where the president defended his record.“Exports surged.And over four million jobs were created in the last two years, more of one million of those in the last six months alone,” he said.Mr.Obama repeatedly accused his likely Republican opponent, Mitt Romney, of favoring policies that benefit the rich and hurt the middle class.“Republicans in Congress have found a nominee for president who has promised to rubber-stamp(endorse entirely)this agenda if he gets the chance,“ he said.Romney says the president is to blame for the sluggish economic recovery.The former Massachusetts governor says the Obama administration is over-regulating business and hampering efforts to turn the economy around.He has also been sharply critical of Mr.Obama’s 2010 health care law.At a campaign rally in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on Friday, Romney said the program must be repealed.“First of all, I would take away one of the things that frightens entrepreneurs and innovators and businesses of all kinds from hiring.I will get rid of Obamacare,” he said.The president defended his policy and accused Romney of wanting to move the country backward.“America does not need to re-fight the battles we just had over Wall Street reform and health care reform,“ he said.The Obama campaign slogan is “Forward,” and the president portrayed himself as someone who understands the struggles of middle-class Americans.In Columbus, Michelle Obama introduced her husband, as she is expected to do frequently during the campaign.Polls show that the First Lady is more popular than the president.“I will admit, I am a little biased, because I think our president is awesome,” she said.The two rallies on college campuses Saturday are expected to be the first of many for the Obama campaign.Young voters were an essential part of the coalition that helped elect Mr.Obama in 2008, and he will need their help again this year.
2.奥巴马关于气候变化的演讲词 篇二
Remarks of President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama
Weekly Address
December 24,2009
PRESIDENT: Hello everyone,and Merry Christmas. As you and your families gather to celebrate the holidays,we wanted to take a moment to send greetings from our family—from me,from Michelle,from Malia and Sasha—and from Bo.
FIRST LADY: This is our first Christmas in the White House,and we are so grateful for this extraordinary experience. Not far from here,in the Blue Room,is the official White House Christmas Tree. It’s an 18-foot tall Douglas-fir from West Virginia and it’s decorated with hundreds of ornaments designed by people and children from all over the country. Each one is a reminder of the traditions we cherish as Americans and the blessings we’re thankful for this holiday season.
PRESIDENT: That’s right,especially as we continue to recover from an extraordinary recession that still has so many Americans hurting: parents without a job who struggled to put presents under the Christmas tree; families and neighbors who’ve seen their home foreclosed; folks wondering what the new year will bring.
But even in these tough times,there’s still so much to celebrate this Christmas. A message of peace and brotherhood that continues to inspire more than 2,000 after Jesus’ birth. The love of family and friends. The bonds of community and country. And the character and courage of our men and women in uniform who are far from home for the holidays,away from their families,risking their lives to protect ours.
To all our soldiers,sailors,airmen,Marines and Coast Guardsmen—I have no greater honor than serving as your Commander in Chief. I’ve been awed by your selfless spirit,your eagerness to serve—at the Naval Academy and West Point. I’ve been energized by your dedication to duty—from Baghdad to the Korean Peninsula. Michelle and I have been moved by your determination—wounded warriors at Walter Reed and Bethesda,fighting to recover,to get back to your units.
And I’ve been humbled,profoundly,by patriots who have made the ultimate sacrifice for our freedom. In flag-draped caskets coming home at Dover. In the quiet solitude of Arlington. And after years of multiple tours of duty,as you carry on with our missions in Iraq and Afghanistan,your service,your readiness to make that same sacrifice,is an inspiration to us and to every American.
FIRST LADY: And so are your families. As First Lady,one of my greatest privileges is to visit with military families across the country. I’ve met military spouses doing the parenting of two—keeping the household together,juggling play dates and soccer games,helping with homework,doing everything they can to make the kids feel OK even as they try to hide their own fears and worries.
I’ve met kids who wonder when mom or dad is coming home; grandparents and relatives who step in to care for our wounded warriors; and folks trying to carry on after losing the person they loved most in the world.
And through it all,these families somehow still find the time and energy to serve their communities as well—coaching Little League,running the PTA,raising money to help those less fortunate than they are,and more.
But even these strong military families can use a hand,especially during the holidays. If you live near a military base,you can reach out through your workplaces,your schools,your churches. There are so many ways to help—with child care,with errands,or by just bringing over a home-cooked meal. Even if you don’t know a military family nearby,your family can still help by donating or volunteering at organizations that support military families.
PRESIDENT: You can also reach out directly to our forces around the world. Kids can make a card that will bring a smile to an American far from home. Adults can send a care package or a pre-paid phone card that makes the tour at little easier. Every American can do something to support our troops,even if it’s as simple as just saying thank you. For more ways to let our troops know you care,go to e home safe to your families.
FIRST LADY: And to all Americans,from our family to yours,Merry Christmas.
3.关于全球气候变化的调查问卷 篇三
全球气候变化已经深刻影响人类生活、生产,本调查是文化素质课程《环境保护概论》的课程作业,调查目的是了解重庆大学大学生对全球气候变化(GCC)的看法。请允许我们占用您的几分钟时间,以了解您对全球气候变化问题的认识及感知程度。您的回答无所谓对错,只要能真正反映您的想法就达到我们这次调查目的。希望您能够积极参与,我们将对您的回答完全保密。谢谢您的配合和支持!
1、您知道全球气候变化这一环境问题吗?()
A 完全不知道,也不关心;B 不太了解;C 知道,但不是很清楚;D 知道,我非常关心这个全球性的环境问题
2、您知道2009年12月在丹麦首都哥本哈根召开的史上最大规模的环保会议——哥本哈根全球气候峰会吗?()
A 完全不知道,也不关心;B 不太了解;C 知道,但不是很清楚;D 知道,我非常关心这个全球性的环境会议
3、“2009年12月哥本哈根全球气候峰会的召开,为改善全球问题带来了新的希望。”您觉得这种说法()
A我同意这种说法;B我不同意;C我觉得情况还会跟以前一样;D不好说
4、国际上通过了一些关于气候变化的国际公约,您是不是知道?()
A不知道;B听说过,但不完全清楚;C知道,请写出一个您所知道的国际公约名称:
5、请将以下几个问题按照重要程度进行排序,将最重要的排在前面。
A全球气候变化;B艾滋病的蔓延;C人口贩卖;D贫穷和饥饿;E国家和非国家支持的暴力顺序为:
6、您从哪些渠道获取气候变化的有关信息?(选最主要的二项)()
A电视节目;B报纸;C课堂;D互联网;E广播;F专题讲座;G街头宣传;H同伴议论;I其他
7、您个人对气候变化问题的了解程度()
A有比较深刻的了解;B知道一些;C听说过;D没听说过
8、在您看来,气候变化主要是指()
A(大气状态)气象变化;B空气变化(如污染);C大气组分变化;D包括上面所有;E不知道
9、在您看来,造成气候变化的最主要原因是什么?()
A自然变化(如太阳照射、火山爆发);B人类的工业生产活动; C人类的日常生活;D人为破坏活动;E不知道
10、下列气体中属于温室气体的有(可多选)()
A二氧化碳;B二氧化硫;C甲烷;D氮氧化物;E氟氯烃;F低空臭氧
11、您认为全球气候变化与二氧化碳排放过量有关系吗?()
A有直接关系;B没有关系;C不清楚
12、您个人对气候变化问题的关注程度()
A非常担心;B有点担心;C相信不会有大问题;D不关心这个问题(无所谓)
13、您认为您周围的人对气候变化是不是很关心?()
A很关心;B有点关心;C不很关心;D很不关心;E没有注意这个问题
14、以您的经验,近两年来您所居住地区的气候变化()
A越来越热; B越来越冷; C越来越没有规律; D夏天越来越热,冬天越来越冷;E正常
15、您所知道的,在全球范围内的气候变化状况是()
A越来越热; B越来越冷; C没有什么变化; D夏天越来越热,冬天越来越冷; E正常
16、您所担心的气候变化不好影响有哪些(选最主要的二项)()
A全球变暖;B极端气候(暴雪、暴雨、洪水、干旱、冰雹、雷电、台风);C影响人类健康;D对农业造成影响(粮食减产);E物种灭绝;F说不清楚
17、您认为气候变化可能给个人/家庭带来什么影响(选最主要的两项)()
A影响健康;B季节变化没有规律,适应困难;C能源/食品支出增加;D空气污染;E天气炎热引起身体不舒服;F说不清
18、您认为,气候变化在短时期内会不会影响人类生活?()
A有很大影响;B有一定影响;C没有什么影响;D说不清
19、你觉得以下几个全球气候变化带来的问题有可能在什么时候得以显现?
A 5年内;B 10年后;C 20年后;D 50年后;E 100年后;F 不好说
1)影响全球水循环()
2)温度升高,灾害增多()
3)威胁生物多样性()
4)海平面上升()
5)增加健康风险()
6)对生态系统的破坏()
20、您对气候变化对人类生活影响的看法是()
A很乐观;B有点乐观;C有点悲观;D很悲观;E不会有什么影响;F说不清
21、对于现在的气候变化,您认为()
A发达国家责任更大;B发展中国家责任更大;C各国都一样;D说不清
22、您意识到遏制全球气化变化的迫切性吗?()
A.感觉很强烈;B.感觉一般 ;C.没什么感觉
23、在您看来,气候变化是否可以避免?()
A完全可以;B通过努力,可以减缓对人类的影响;C说不清;D不可以
24、您对于“低碳”和“低碳生活”概念的认识是()
A从未听过;B听过,但不了解;C知道含义和大概内容;D熟悉含义和内容;
25、您认为我们应该提倡并开始低碳经济和低碳生活吗?()
A无所谓,只要直接生活舒适就行;B见效太慢,另寻出路;C当然应该,从自己做起
26、您是否认为,每个人生活方式的选择,都能为节能减排,应对全球气候变暖而尽到努力?()
A是的,应对气候变化就在许多细节中,每个人都能做到;B我不这么认为,个人的努力
太弱小了;C我个人已经在努力了,每个人都努力,一定能改变现状;D 样做会牺牲现代生活质量与效率,我不愿意;E我想努力,但是不知道如何努力
27、如果有人号召,您是否愿意加入到应对全球变暖的实际努力中来?()
A愿意;B不愿意;C说不好
28、您是否愿意经常做如下事情(在每个答案后的是或否上打钩)
1)外出尽量骑自行车、步行(短程)或者坐公交车;是()否()
2)随手关灯,节约用水,生活用水循环利用;是()否()
3)选用节能电器;是()否()
4)少坐电梯;是()否()
5)关注气候变化,了解更多的气候变化科学知识;是()否()
6)多吃蔬菜,少吃肉;是()否()
7)在教室、寝室和家里摆放绿色植物;是()否()
8)远离一次性,拒绝塑料袋;是()否()
9)巧用废旧物品,交换、捐赠、改造多余废旧物品,将生活废弃物分类处理;是()否()
10)植树造林等;是()否()
29、您认为,我们大学生在参与环保上存在的主要问题是什么?()
A.缺乏足够的环保意识,对环保认识不足;B有“搭便车”心理,希望别人多出力;C当遇到可能会影响自己的切身利益时,会犹豫;D城市居民的生活方式已西化,习惯了大量消耗资源是所带来的便捷 ;E其他()
30、其它建议:
个人基本信息:
性别:□男□女;年龄:年级:所在学院和专业:□文史类□理工类;
家庭所在地:
属于:□直辖市或省会城市;□中小城市;□乡镇;□农村
您平均每月开支(单位:元):□<600□600-800□800-1000
□1000-1500□1500-2000□>2000
4.奥巴马关于气候变化的演讲词 篇四
摘要:在哥本哈根会议上,各国对于知识产权在技术转让中作用的认识存在巨大分歧。为积极应对气候变化中的知识产权问题,我们从战略高度提高认识,积极应对气候变化中的知识产权问题的重要性,重视绿色技术开发转让中的知识产权因素,加强绿色技术的研发和知识产权部署,加速对绿色技术专利申请的审查,充分发挥知识产权在推动绿色技术转让中的积极作用,做好绿色技术的专利分析和预警,进行绿色技术专利强制许可研究。
2009年12月中旬,《联合国气候变化框架公约》第15次缔约方会议在丹麦首都哥本哈根召开。来自194个国家的一万多名代表参加了此次会议。会议旨在召集所有国家根据自身的经济、社会条件,履行“共同但有区别的责任”,广泛开展合作,有效应对气候变化挑战。哥本哈根会议召开前期,一些发展中国家就希望在会议的最后文件中明确阐述知识产权相关问题。但是,由于存在巨大利益分歧,“知识产权”并没有被明确列入会议最后达成的《哥本哈根决议》中。可以说,知识产权因素是导致哥本哈根会议最终未达成一致意见的主要原因之一。
一、各方在哥本哈根会议前后涉及知识产权问题的观点
众所周知,应对全球气候变化的挑战,最终要依靠技术进步。而在现有条件下,跨国技术转让是促进知识共享、提高技术水平、提高??市场环境(准入),改善全球气候环境的有效手段。2007年的《巴厘行动计划》强调技术开发与转让、提供资金来源和投资是减缓与适应气候变化的重要手段。知识产权相关国际贸易规则,对于绿色技术转让发挥举足轻重的作用。发达国家与发展中国家在哥本哈根会议上关于知识产权问题的分歧早在会议的准备阶段就显现出来。
(一)美国:修改法律,拒绝绿色技术的强制许可
作为绿色技术专利大国的美国已经在2009年修改了相关的法律,加强了绿色技术转让和扩散的壁垒。美国众议院通过了《清洁能源和安全法案(2009)》、《对外业务和相关项目融资拨款法案(2010)》以及《2010和2011财政外交关系授权法案》。这些法律包含了对美国参加任何国际气候变化事务的限定条件,同时规定有关气候变化对外资金援助的条件以及严格执行现行国际知识产权法律制度的要求。国会的这些规定束缚了美国政府在气候变化谈判中的手脚,在一定程度上是通过知识产权来推行其贸易保护主义。因此,美国政府在知识产权问题上一直态度强硬。在2009年8月波恩气候变化筹备会议上,美国明确指出不承认与应对气候变化有关的强制许可,并要求取消知识产权议题。
在哥本哈根会议召开前期,美国专利商标局公布了一项新的规则,将加速绿色技术的专利授权程序。在哥本哈根会议上,美国声称会承担减排义务,但是资助资金不会流向中国。美国总统奥巴马在2010年1月初公布了一项总额23亿美元的税收优惠计划,旨在通过推动绿色能源来增加就业。该计划覆盖了183个项目,涉及太阳能、风能和其它节能项目,新增17,000个岗位。美国新近投资的能源领域都是具有高技术含量,从而不会被外包到国外的行业。可见,美国正在利用知识产权这把利剑,维护其在绿色经济中的技术优势,创造就业,占领新的制高点。
(二)欧盟:依靠绿色技术中的知识产权积极构筑经济优势
欧盟是减排最有力的支持者,也是气候变化谈判的推动者。在哥本哈根会议召开之际,欧盟首脑峰会召开。峰会讨论了“2020战略”的基本框架,提出要将欧盟建设成为更具竞争力及更加“绿色”的经济体。同时,欧盟决定在2010年至2012年向发展中国家提供24亿欧元援助资金,帮助其应对气候变化。欧盟承诺只要其他发达国家做出相应承诺,就将欧盟的减排目标从在1990年基础上的减排20%,提高到减排30%。欧洲专利局非常关注气候变化和知识产权的关系。2008年的欧洲专利峰会上,欧洲专利局将会议主题定为“创造更为清洁的未来:气候变化和知识产权的机会”。2009年4月,欧洲专利局又发布了绿色专利研究报告。该报告从实证研究的角度考察了专利技术对减缓气候变化的作用,介绍了发达国家一些部门在绿色技术开发和转让中的实践经验,从而促进绿色技术的有效开发和向发展中国家的转移和扩散。此外,欧洲专利局还获准以观察员的身份参加了哥本哈根会议。在哥本哈根会议上,欧盟代表表示“知识产权不会成为气候变化的障碍,只有对知识产权的不充分保护才会阻碍绿色技术的转移。”欧盟推动低碳绿色经济一方面是
为了带动劳动力市场的结构性调整,创造更加“绿色”的就业岗位;而另一方面,欧盟也希望促进发展中国家在减排中使用欧盟控制的新一代技术。
(三)发展中国家:坚持发达国家不得以知识产权为借口,逃避技术援助的国际义务。
发展中国家始终担心发达国家以绿色技术受到专利保护为由,严格按照世界贸易组织《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(简称TRIPs协定)的相关规定,以知识产权为借口逃避其应当承担的技术援助国际责任。在曼谷召开的应对气候变化筹备会议上,玻利维亚提交了一份非正式的会议文件。文件明确指出“知识产权已经成为环境友好型技术以及相关的技术秘密转移的障碍,必须采取紧急行动来克服这一障碍。”
此外,发展中国家还担心应对气候变化将导致新形式贸易保护主义的滋长。长此以往,发展中国家将被阻挡在新的市场之外。因此,在曼谷会议上,发展中国家明确要求在会议文件中加入强制许可的规定,主张 “在与其国际义务保持一致的条件下,各方如果能够证明特定的专利和许可行为对相关技术的转让构成障碍,并阻碍该技术在该国的使用和扩散,则该国为了减缓和适应气候变化的目的,有权对该技术发布强制许可。”
(四)中国:坚持各国应承担共同但有区别的责任,在《哥本哈根决议》中阐明知识产权问题
在哥本哈根会议上,我国和广大其它发展中国家持同样的观点,主张在最后的会议文件中明确指出“保证知识产权将不会构成绿色技术转让的障碍”。
我国认为知识产权可能成为绿色技术转让的障碍,并不是完全将知识产权放在技术转让的对立面,反对绿色技术的专利保护。相反,明确可能的知识产权障碍是在坚持“共同但有区别的责任”的原则基础上,主张发达国家不得以绿色技术受到专利保护为由来逃避其应当承担的技术援助的国际责任。因此,我们在气候变化谈判中的立场不是要推翻TRIPs协定所创建的知识产权国际秩序,而是希望明确绿色技术可以满足TRIPs协定中的某些灵活的机制,积极争取相关的国际技术援助。同时,中国在会议上表示可以将技术援助给受气候变化威胁最严重的非洲国家优先使用。
二、应对气候变化中的知识产权问题分析
《联合国气候变化框架公约》认可技术开发与转让对应对气候变化的关键作用,也明确了发达国家以优惠条件向发展中国家转让绿色技术的义务。然而,在对技术转让至关重要的知识产权问题上,各国却很难达成共识。国家利益使得气候变化中的知识产权分歧短时期内难于消除。南北分歧仍然是导致二者在绿色技术转让的知识产权问题上难以达成一致的根本原因。发达国家不愿意也不可能将作为核心竞争力的绿色技术拱手让与发展中国家。同时,绿色经济有可能加剧南北分化。发达国家希望通过促进发展中国家减排使它们自动套上“紧箍咒”,通过向发展中国家输出“清洁型发电站”、“绿色家电”、“环保汽车”等发达国家控制的新一代技术,从而再次主导新的国际经济秩序。
主导未来绿色产业发展的关键在于知识产权。正像美国当年在信息产业发展初期注重创新并抢占知识产权,从而保证其在数十年全球经济发展中占据强大优势一样,谁能在战略性新兴产业上掌握核心技术和知识产权,谁就能把握先机,赢得发展主动权。据统计,受全球性金融危机的影响,2009年我国受理国外专利申请量同比降低10%,但太阳能光伏电池等领域相关专利申请量却呈增长态势。发达国家力图掌握这一新兴产业发展主导权的用意十分明显。可以预见,知识产权特别是专利权将成为绿色产业发展的竞争利器。具体而言,各国在哥本哈根会议上就知识产权的分歧主要表现在以下几个方面:
一是《联合国气候变化框架公约》与TRIPs协定的关系尚不清晰。TRIPs协定虽然明确了关于环境、公共健康和发展的目标,但是目前尚未明确成员国在什么时候可以基于这些目标,灵活适用本国知识产权制度,进而超越TRIPs协定的规定。尤其是尚未明确减缓和适应气候变化能否作为适用TRIPs协定的灵活机制。二是在TRIPs协定框架内,对强制许可制度的适用问题上各国存在分歧。专利是保护绿色技术最重要的知识产权形式,为了平衡利益,许多国家都在其本国专利制度中包含了限制权利人滥用知识产权的强制许可制度。《多哈宣言》作为对于TRIPs协定的修订,对TRIPS协定第31条对发生国家紧急事件的情况做了明确阐述,认为在医药和公众健康技术领域,政府可以实施强制许可。许多发展中国家主张在绿色技术转让的问题上类比医药产业适用强制许可制度。但是发达国家则明确主张,绿色技术相关产业与医药产业不同,不能适用强制许可。
三是在知识产权制度之外,寻求其他的形式来开发和转让绿色技术仍需讨论。知识产权制度是通过确认私权来鼓励技术创新的一种形式。面对全球性的气候变化,是否可以通过政府间公共机构的合作、补贴和其他形式的激励机制来鼓励绿色技术的开发和扩散也是各国正在探讨的问题。
三、中国应对气候变化中知识产权问题的建议
第一,重视绿色技术开发转让中的知识产权因素,从战略高度认识气候变化中的知识产权问题。开发绿色技术是应对气候变化的一剂良方。知识产权是开发绿色技术、推动绿色产业发展的动力。处理好绿色技术知识产权问题是破解应对气候变化难题的关键。建议从战略高度认识知识产权在应对气候变化中的关键作用,深入研究我国应对气候变化知识产权问题,制定我国应对气候变化的知识产权工作方案,并将其作为重要内容纳入国家整体部署中。充分发挥知识产权管理部门和知识产权专家在应对气候变化中的重要作用。将知识产权内容反映在《中国应对气候变化的政策与行动》白皮书等纲领性文件中。
第二,加大绿色技术研究开发力度,抓紧进行知识产权部署。发达国家有可能以应对气候变化为由推动新形式的贸易保护主义。技术是决定国家竞争力的关键因素,发达国家为了维持竞争优势,不愿意轻易将其拥有的技术拱手让人。因此,在知识产权问题上,发达国家不可能松口。解决应对气候变化中知识产权问题的关键还是要加强自主创新,掌握核心绿色技术和知识产权。建议在我国已经出台系列政策鼓励节能减排,扶持绿色产业发展的基础上,重点围绕国家科技重大专项和产业调整振兴规划,强化知识产权管理,进一步提升绿色技术的知识产权创造、保护与运用水平。
第三,加速绿色技术的专利审查,推动低碳产业的发展。近来,世界几大专利局相继推出了对于涉及绿色技术的专利加速审查的方案。2009年10月,韩国特许厅开始推行针对绿色技术的超快审查方式。11月,日本特许厅也开始试行将“绿色申请”纳入优先实审和优先复审的范围。12月,美国专利商标局将试行绿色技术专利申请加速审查项目。对我国而言,大力发展绿色技术符合我国宏观科技和经济政策的导向,也是对低碳产业发展的强有力支持。因此,为推动绿色技术的开发,建议以适当的方式加快对“涉及绿色技术的专利申请”的审查,以满足产业发展的需要。
第四,充分发挥知识产权在推动绿色技术转让中的积极作用。建议在绿色技术的开发转让过程中强化专利的重要作用。做好现有绿色技术的专利统计和分析,为国际谈判提供有价值的参考资料。搭建有效的公共信息平台,使企业在进口绿色技术以及实施国际并购时,能够及时获取准确、有价值的专利信息;在技术许可、转让的过程中发挥知识产权政策中的导向和指导作用,将环境影响作为一个重要的考核指标,为国内绿色企业的知识产权价值评估和知识产权管理提供有针对性的指导。
第五,做好绿色技术的专利分析和预警。通过专利数据分析,能够有效跟踪创新主体在绿色技术领域的创新趋势,了解国内企业掌握的绿色技术的优势和薄弱环节,分析相关技术的成熟程度以及国际合作的重点领域。据此,我们可以在国际谈判中提供适合我国需求的绿色技术清单,有针对性地支持重点领域的发展。同时在向更不发达的国家出口相关技术时处理好维持国家创新竞争实力与承担国际义务的关系。2008年法国曾对1978至2003年间减缓和适应气候变化技术相关专利进行了统计分析,涉及到建筑、生物能、固碳技术、废物处理等十三个领域的技术发明和转移。研究结果显示,日本拥有世界近一半的绿色技术,位居第一,并且在所有领域都处于领先地位。中国居第四位,但是主要的发明集中在技术难度相对较小的水泥、地热、太阳能等领域。目前,国内尚未系统开展应对气候变化技术领域的专利分析,总体上缺乏对于相关领域中最新技术发展动向的科学掌握。建议加大投入,全面开展绿色技术的专利分析和预警工作。
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