英国文学选读知识总结

英国文学选读知识总结（精选4篇）

1.英国文学选读知识总结 篇一

英语专业《英国文学》复习要点

教材名称：英国文学史主编：刘炳善出版社：上海外语教育出版社

第一章 古英语和中古英语时期

1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。

2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。

3、最重要的诗人是被称为“英国诗歌之父”的乔叟，代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》，取得了很高的艺术成就。他首创了诗歌的双韵体—每两行压韵的五步抑扬格，后被许多英国诗人采用。乔叟用伦敦方言写作，奠定了用英语语言进行文学创作的基础，促进了英语语言文学的发展。

第二章 文艺复兴时期

1.文艺复兴运动源于14世纪的意大利，后遍及欧洲各国，在英国兴起较晚。“文艺复兴”一词原意是指古希腊，罗马文学艺术的复苏，但事实上决不是简单的对古希腊罗马文学艺术的学习模仿。文艺复兴运动的核心思想是人文主义思想，表现为尊重人的尊严和力量，关注现世生活，鼓励人们对幸福生活的追求。代表的是新兴资产阶级反封建，反教会的思想和要求。文艺复兴运动的思想家，人文主义者是托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More），他的作品《乌托邦》描绘了一个理想的未来社会，他因此被认为是空想社会主义的先驱。

2.文艺复兴时期的英国文学得到了空前的发展，在诗歌，散文和戏剧方面尤其兴盛。

诗歌方面，新的诗体形式如十四行诗，无韵体诗被介绍到英国。重要的诗人有Philip Sidney，他不仅写了许多优美的十四行诗，还创作了最早的诗歌理论作品之一《诗辩》。Edmund Spenser用斯宾塞诗节创作了著名长诗《仙后》。莎士比亚除了戏剧创作之外也是一位伟大诗人，著有两部叙事诗，两部长诗和154首十四行诗。

英文的《圣经钦定本》作成于1611年，不仅具有重大的宗教意义，也是一部伟大的文学作品，并且对英国的语言文化产生了深远的影响。它的纯朴，平易，明晰的散文风格奠定了英国散文的传统。一个著名的哲学家兼散文家是Francis Bacon，他的文学著作主要有《随笔》，收录了他在各个时期发表的58篇随笔，思想深刻，文笔简洁，富有警句格言。

3.戏剧代表文艺复兴时期英国文学的最高成就。主要戏剧家有马洛（Christopher Marlowe）, 莎士比亚（W.Shakespeare）。

4.分析莎士比亚的喜剧作品〈威尼斯商人〉中鲍西亚这一人物形象；分析哈姆雷特的人物性格特点及其所代表的人文主义思想。

第三章 17世纪的英国文学

1． 17世纪是英国社会剧烈动荡的时期之一，由于君主专制和资产阶级之间的矛盾，爆发了1642年的内战并导致了1688年的“光荣革命”。与政治斗争和资产阶级革命思想紧密相连的是宗教斗争和清教徒思想。因此这一时期的文学和艺术多展示革命思想的发展与成长，并带有浓厚的清教主义倾向。两个代表作家是弥尔顿和班扬。弥尔顿的代表作〈失乐园〉和班扬的代表作〈天路历程〉都取材于〈圣经〉。〈天路历程〉是一部寓言作品，用“基督徒”到达天国的历程象征人类追求美好未来的进程。

2． 讲述〈失乐园〉的故事梗概，分析撒旦的形象及其所表现的作者思想的双重性。

第四章 18世纪的英国文学

1． 18世纪产生了一种进步思潮—启蒙运动，这一时期的思想家和作家们崇尚理性，认为启蒙教化是改造社会的基本手段，因此18世纪又被称为“理性的时代”。在文学领域体现为18世纪上半期的新古典主义，代表作家有诗人蒲伯（A.Pope）和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔(R.Steele)和艾迪生(J.Addison)。

2． 18中期兴起了英国现代小说，出现了大批有影响的小说家。理查逊(Samuel Richardson)的小说

〈帕美拉〉(Pamela)采用书信体形式对人物的心理活动进行细致的描写，大大丰富了小说的创作方法。哥尔德史密斯(Oliver Goldsmith)的〈威克菲牧师传〉(The Vicar of Wakefield)是英国文学史上著名的感伤小说之一。劳伦斯斯特恩(Laurence Sterne)打破传统的叙事方法，创作了〈项迪传〉，而被认为是英国现代派文学的先驱。

3． 迪福（Daniel Defoe）是英国文学史上第一个现实主义小说家，代表作是〈鲁滨逊漂流记〉。讲述

故事情节并分析鲁滨逊这一人物形象。

4． 斯威夫特是英国文学史上著名的讽刺小说家，以犀利的文笔对教会和社会的虚伪腐败进行了辛辣的讽刺。代表作是〈格列佛游记〉，讲述故事情节并分析作品的主题。

5． 菲尔丁是英国最杰出的小说家之一，在理论与实践上都为英国小说的发展作出了贡献。在他的代

表作〈汤姆·琼斯〉中，他塑造了众多栩栩如生的人物，展示了错综复杂的社会矛盾。讲述故事情节，分析主题和主要人物形象

第五章 19世纪的英国文学

19世纪英国文学主要包括上半期的浪漫主义时期和中后期的批判现实主义小说。

1． 布来克和罗伯特·彭斯属于前浪漫主义诗人。布来克的代表作品有〈天真之歌〉和〈经验之歌〉。

彭斯是著名的苏格兰民族诗人，写了很多脍炙人口的歌颂友谊，爱情，自由，平等的诗歌，其中〈一朵红红的玫瑰〉广为流传。

2． 浪漫主义全盛时期以华滋华斯与柯律维治联合发表〈抒情歌谣集〉为开始，到瓦尔特斯各特的逝

世为止，主要文学成就为诗歌，涌现了华滋华斯为代表的“湖畔派”诗人和拜伦，雪莱，济慈等富有革命理想，颂扬自由与解放的诗人。

3． 以〈抒情歌谣集〉序言为例，分析总结浪漫主义诗歌的艺术特点与原则。

4． 讲述〈被缚的普罗米修斯〉的故事情节并分析主题思想。

5． 19世纪中后期的批判现实主义作家真实地描写了英国资产阶级的社会生活，暴露和批判了资产阶

级社会的罪恶，对人民群众寄予了深刻的同情。狄更斯是英国最杰出的批判现实主义小说家，善于描写社会底层人们的生活和思想，作品题材广泛，思想深刻；萨克雷则善于描写上层社会形形色色的人物。

6． 概述Oliver Twist的故事情节并分析主题思想。

7． 概述〈名利场〉的故事梗概，分析主题思想并对比两个主要的女性人物形象。

8． 批判现实主义女性小说家及她们的代表作品：Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Mrs.Gaskell,George Eliot。分析简·爱这一人物形象并分析小说的主题思想。

9． 托马斯·哈代是19世纪末20世纪初英国最伟大的现实主义小说家，他称自己的作品是“性格与

环境的小说”。代表作品是〈德伯家的苔丝〉。概述故事情节并分析主题思想。

第六章 20世纪的现代派作家

人们对西方文明的危机感和第二次世界大战的恶果促成了西方现代派文学的形成。主要表现为意识流小说，代表作家有詹姆斯乔伊斯和弗洁尼亚沃尔夫。乔伊斯的小说〈尤利西斯〉描写的是现代都市居民庸俗，猥琐的精神生活。弗洁尼亚的〈到灯塔去〉则运用了娴熟的象征手法和意识流技巧。

2.英国文学选读知识总结 篇二

1.This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.由于对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣，产生了新的创作灵感。

2.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯，亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。

3.In short, they set the example and charted the future course for the subjects, themes, techniques and styles of fiction we still call modern.总之，他们为后来的现实文学在题材，技巧和风格上都树立了典范。

4.Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories.豪威尔斯讨论上升的中产阶级及其生活方式，而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。

5.In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.总之，自然主义产生现实主义，只是在创作上更富讽刺，更加悲观。自然主义只有另一种哲学途径的现实主义。

(I)Mark Twain马克.吐温

6.Mark Twain is considered as “the true father of American national literature.”马克.吐温被认为是“我们真正的民族文学之父”。

7.Two of the best books during this period are The adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.The former is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys, while the latter, being a boy’s book specially written for the adults, is Twain’s most representative work, describing a journey down the Mississippi undertaken by two fugitives, Huck and Jim.这一期间他最伟大的作品是《汤姆.索亚历险记》和《哈克贝里.芬历险记》。前者是就儿童的恐惧和高兴的事儿写的一部儿童经典。而后者虽然是儿童故事，却为大人而写。这是马克.吐温最有代表性的小说，描写两个流浪儿童哈克和吉姆沿密西西比河而下历险的旅程。

8.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and, especially, its sequence Adventures of Huckleberry Finn proved themselves to be the mile stone in American literature.《汤姆.索亚历险记》，尤其是《哈克贝里.芬历险记》是美国文学的里程碑。

9.The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished way of life in the pre-Civil War Mississippi valley and it has moved millions of people of different ages and conditions all over the world;and the books are noted for their unpretentious, colloquial yet poetic style, their wide-ranging humor, and their universally shared dream of perfect innocence and freedom.汤姆.索亚和哈克.芬在密西西比河上度过的童年是内战前该条河谷生活方式的实录，感动了数以万计的各种年龄的人。书中的率直，口语化而又不失诗意的语言风格，广泛的幽默，天真和自由的梦想都是令人难忘的。

10.Hemingway once described the novel the one book from which “all modern American literature comes.” The profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature.《哈克贝里.芬历险记》----海明威曾把该书看作是”所有现代美国文学之源”.。哈克贝里的深刻形象是该书给美国文学做出的又一贡献。

11.The climax arises with Huck’s inner struggle on the Mississippi, when Huck is polarized by the two opposing and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escapes哈克在密西西比河的内心争斗室小说的高潮。哈克在理想与现实，对吉姆的感情与社会反对奴隶逃跑的法律之间被抛到了巅峰。

12.Huck’s final decision---to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality.哈克最后决定：遵循自己内心的良知，而非世俗的道德。

13.Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on.马克.吐温善于描绘地方风物，包括地方任务，风光，风俗，方言和服饰等等。

14.Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular.His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language.马克.吐温独特的另一个方面是他乡土气息的语言风格。他的用词口语化，具体可感，直率有力。句子结构简单，不合语法。

15.Mark Twain’s humor is remarkable.马克.吐温的幽默是突出的。

16.Twain’s works, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall tales.他的作品生动有趣，充盈着实用的笑话，喜剧情节，智慧的语言以及动听的故事。

17.His humor is a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.他的幽默是对社会不公正和沦丧的浪漫主义的讽刺和批判。

18.Adventures of Huckleberry: “Huck”, a typical American can Boy whom its creator described as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”.Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark Twain’s thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.《哈克贝里.芬历险记》---该小说最精彩的形象是哈克，他是被作者称为一个“有正常心理和畸形良知”的美国男孩。通过天真又叛逆的哈克的眼睛，我们看到内战的美国社会的真正面目，同时，通过马克.吐温对比性的描写，我们还看到了率真与世故，自然与文化，野蛮与文明的对立。

（II）Henry James亨利.詹姆斯

19.While Mark Twain and William Dean Howells satirized European manners at times, Henry James was an admirer of ancient European civilization.马克.吐温和豪威尔斯不时的讽刺欧洲传统，而詹姆斯却羡慕欧洲文明。

20.In the first period of his, James took great interest in international themes.James treated with great care the clashes between two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America.The works include “The American”, “Daisy miller”, “The Europeans”, “The Portrait of Lady”.在詹姆斯的早期作品中，他对国际主题很感兴趣。这一时期几乎他的每一部小说都有关欧美在文化，情感和道德方面的冲突，每篇作品都处理了重要的问题。著作有《美国人》，《黛西.米勒》，《欧洲人》，《贵妇人的画像》。

21.In his middle period, the works contain “The Bostonians”, “The Princess Casamassima”, and so on.中期创作包括《波士顿人》，《卡撒玛西玛公主》等等。

22.In his last and major period, James returned to his “international theme”.后期他又回到了“国际主题”。

23.These novels are always set against a larger international background, usually between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.（国际主题的小说）这些小说以国际，主要是欧美为大背景，集中表现两种人群的两种价值观在两种文化制度中的冲突。

24.The theme of his essay “The Art of Fiction” clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life.《小说的艺术》一文明确指出，小说的目的是现实生活。

25.The artist should be able to “feel” the life, to understand human nature, and then to record them in his own art form.艺术家应能够“感受”生活，理解人性，然后忠实地将这些录入作品。

26.James’s realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matter.詹姆斯的现实主义还具有分析方法的倾向。

27.One of James’s literary techniques innovated to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative “point of view”.詹姆斯文学创作技巧的一个方面就是强调这种心理分析，以叙述着的视角为线索。

28.As to his language, James is not so easy to understand.He is often highly refined and insightful.詹姆斯的文学语言不易读懂。

29.“Daisy Miller”: Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World.《黛西.米勒》---黛西.米勒从此成为在欧洲的美国姑娘的形象，是美国精神的代表。

(III).Emily Dickinson艾米莉.狄金森

30.Dickinson’s poems are usually based on her own experience, her sorrows and joys.狄金森的诗都是根据自己的经历和悲欢而创作的。

31.Within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature.In some of her poems she wrote about her double and belief about religious subjects.在她的短篇抒情诗里所涉及到的问题却是有关人类的，包括宗教，死亡，不朽，爱情和自然。她的一些诗还怀疑宗教信仰。

32.Although she believed in God, she sometimes doubted His benevolence.Closely related to Dickinson’s religious poetry are her poems concerning death and immortality, ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death.虽然她相信上帝但有时却怀疑它的善。狄金森与宗教有关的诗是关于死亡和不朽，包括身体，心理和情感三个方面。

33.One group of her love poems are clearly the reflection of her own unhappy experience.她的一组爱情诗明确地反映了她自己不幸的经历。

34.More than five hundred poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed.狄金森有500多首诗是关于自然的，诗中表达了作者对人与自然关系得怀疑。

35.her acute observations, her concern for precise details and her interest in nature are pervasive.她对自然的观察敏锐，描写细致，兴趣丰饶。

36.Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines.In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern.eg.Capital letters as a means of emphasis.The form of her poetry is more or less like that of the hymns in community churches, familiar, communal, and sometimes, irregular.她的诗大多无题，常以首句引用，诗中节奏特别，例如用大写表示强调。她的诗形式上多少有点像教堂的圣歌，不讲规则，为人喜闻乐见。

37.Her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness.她用词简洁，直率，平易。

38.Dickinson’s poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness.狄金森的诗虽然表面浅显，但内容多样化，微妙而又深刻。

(IV)Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞

39.In 1911, Jennie Gerhardt came out, followed by two volumes of his “Trilogy of Desire”, The Financier and The Titan, the third, The Stoic, being published posthumously in 1947.1911年，Jennie Gerhardt出版，随后他的《欲望》三部曲头两部《金融家》，《巨头》相继出版，第三部《斯多葛》是死后出版。

40.In his words, man is a “victim of forces over which he has no control”.用他的话来说，人类是“各种力量交织在一起得受害者，这些力量人类是无法控制的”。

41.From the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be---materialistic to the core.在第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》出版过后，德莱塞一直把美国的价值观推向彻底的物质享受主义。

42.For lack of concision, his writings appear more inclusive and less selective, and the readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters and events.由于不够简洁，他的作品包容有余，选择不足。读者深受他冗繁的描写之累。

3.美国文学选读期末试卷 篇三

(10 points in all, 2 point for each)

Group 1

Column A Column B

( )1. Benjamin Franklin a. Moby Dick

( )2.Edgar Allan Poe b. The Cast of Amontillado

( )3. Ralph Waldo Emerson c. The Scarlet letter

( )4. Nathaniel Hawthorne d. Self-Reliance

( )5. Herman Melville e. The Autobiography

Part ⅠⅠ: Gap filling (10 points in all, 1 point for each).

1.

2.

3.

4. ?The Old Man and the Sea? is written by _______ . Samuel Langhorne Clemens is better known by the pen name ______ _______ . ?the remains of my relations? means __________________ in Chinese. ?I must not only punish but punish with impunity? means ___________________________in Chinese.

5. _________ is regarded as the first person to write the detective novel in the west.

6. Ralph Waldo Emerson is the supporter of _________.

7. Herman Melville is the famous _________and poet of America.

8. In 1836, a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. It was entitled _________ by Emerson.

9. The historical novel ?Scarlet Letter? describes the17th century?s life style of the___________________________ in North America.

10. In Herman Melville?s Moby Dick?, as the opposite of the human being, the whale stands for __________________.

Part ⅠⅠⅠ: Reading Comprehension (40 points in all, 2 points for each).

A

I travel a lot, and I find out different “styles” (风格) of directions every time 1 ask “How can I get to the post office?”

Foreign tourists are often confused (困惑) in Japan because most streets there don?t have names; in Japan, people use landmarks (地标) in their directions instead of street names. For example, the Japanese will say to travelers, “Go straight down to the corner. Turn left at the big hotel and go past a fruit market. The post office is across from the bus stop.”

In the countryside of the American Midwest, there are not usually many landmarks. There are no mountains, so the land is very flat; in many places there are no towns or buildings within miles. Instead of landmarks, people will tell you directions and distances. In Kansas or Iowa, for example, people will say, “Go north two miles. Turn east, and then go another mile.”

People in Los Angeles, California, have no idea of distance on the map; they measure distance in time, not miles. “How far away is the post office?” you ask. “Oh,” they answer, “it?s

about five minutes from here.” You say, “Yes, but how many miles away is it?” They don?t know. It?s true that a person doesn?t know the answer to your question sometimes. What happens in such a situation? A New Yorker might say, ?Sorry, I have no idea.” But in Yucatan, Mexico, no one answers “I don?t know.” People in Yucatan believe that “I don?t know” is impolite, they usually give an answer, often a wrong one. A tourist can get very, very lost in Yucatan!

1. When a tourist asks the Japanese the way to a certain place they usually _________

A. describe the place carefully

B. show him a map of the place

C. tell him the names of the streets

D. refer to recognizable buildings and places

2. What is the place where people measure distance in time? _________

A. New York. B. Los Angeles. C. Kansas. D. Iowa.

3. People in Yucatan may give a tourist a wrong answer ________

A. in order to save time B. as a test C. so as to be polite D. for fun

4. What can we infer from the text? _________

A. It?s important for travelers to understand cultural differences.

B. It?s useful for travelers to know how to ask the way properly.

C. People have similar understandings of politeness.

D. New Yorkers are generally friendly to visitors.

B

Heroes of Our Time

A good heart

Dikembe Mutombo grew up in Africa among great poverty and disease. He came to Georgetown University on a scholarshipto study medicine ― but Coach John Thompson got a look at Dikembe and had a different idea. Dikembe became a star in the NBA, and a citizen of the United States. But he never forgot the land of his birth, or the duty to share his fortune with others. He built a new hospital in his old hometown in the Congo. A friend has said of this good-hearted man: “Mutombo believes that God has given him this chance to do great things.”

Success and kindness

After her daughter was born, Julie Aigner-Clark searched for ways to share her love of music and art with her child. So she borrowed some equipment, and began filming children?s videos in her own house. The Baby Einstein Company was born, and in just five years her business grew to more than $20 million in sales. And she is using her success to help others ― producing child safety videos with John Walsh of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Julie says of her new program: “I believe it?s the most important thing that I have ever done. I believe that children have the right to live in a world that is safe.”

Bravery and courage

A few weeks ago, Wesley Autrey was waiting at a Harlem subway station with his two little girls when he saw a man fall into the path of a train. With seconds to act, Wesley jumped onto the tracks, pulled the man into the space between the rails, and held him as the train passed right above their heads. He insists he?s not a hero. He says: “We have got to show each other some love.”

A. Being a star in the NBA. B. Being a student of medicine.

C. His work in the church. D. His willingness to help the needy.

.

A. helpful to his personal development

B. something he should do for his homeland

C. a chance for his friends to share his money

D. a way of showing his respect to the NBA

A. Produce safety equipment for children.

B. Make videos to help protect children.

C. Sell children?s music and artwork.

D. Look for missing and exploited children.

A. He helped a man get across the rails.

B. He stopped a man from destroying the rails.

C. He protected two little girls from getting hurt.

D. He saved a person without considering his own safety.

C

Tom was one of the brightest boys in the year, with supportive parents. But when he was 15 he suddenly stopped trying. He left school at 16 with only two scores for secondary school subjects. One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer group.

The lack of right male role models in many of their lives ― at home and particularly in the school environment ― means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against.

They don?t see men succeeding in society so it doesn?t occur to them that they could make something of themselves. Without male teachers as a role model, the effect of peer actions and street culture is all powerful. Boys want to be part of a club. However, schools can provide the environment for change, and provide the right role models for them. Teachers need to be trained to stop that but not in front of a child?s peers. You have to do it one to one, because that is when you see the real child.

It?s pointless sending a child home if he or she has done wrong. They see it as a welcome day off to watch television or play computer games. Instead, schools should have a special unit where a child who has done wrong goes for the day and gets advice about his problems ― somewhere he can work away from his peers and go home after the other children.

A. He disliked his teachers.

B. His parents no longer supported him.

C. It?s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.

D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.

.

A. Peer groups. B. A special unit. C. The student judges. D. The home environment.

A. Wait for their change patiently. B. Train leaders of their peer groups.

C. Stop the development of street culture. D. Give them lessons in a separate area.

12. A teacher?s work is most effective with a schoolboy when heA. is with the boy alone B. teaches the boy a lesson

C. sends the boy home as punishment D. works together with another teacher

D

Far from the land of Antarctica, a huge shelf of ice meets the ocean. At the underside of the shelf there lives a small fish, the Antarctic cod.

For forty years scientists have been curious about that fish. How does it live where most fish would freeze to death? It must have some secret. The Antarctic is not a comfortable place to work and research has been slow. Now it seems we have an answer.

Research was begun by cutting holes in the ice and catching the fish. Scientists studied the fish?s blood and measured its freezing point.

The fish were taken from seawater that had a temperature of-1.88°C and many tiny pieces of ice floating in it. The blood of the fish did not begin to freeze until its temperature was lowered to -2.05°C. That small difference is enough for the fish to live at the freezing temperature of the ice-salt mixture.

The scientists? next research job was clear: Find out what in the fish?s blood kept it from freezing. Their search led to some really strange thing made up of a protein never before seen in put back, the blood again had its antifreeze quality and a lowered freezing point.

Study showed that it is an unusual kind of protein. It has many small sugar molecules(分子)held in special positions within each big protein molecule. Because of its sugar content, it is called a glycoprotein. So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein, or AFGP.

.

A. The terrible conditions in the Antarctic.

B. A special fish living in freezing waters.

C. The ice shelf around Antarctica.

D. Protection of the Antarctic cod.

.

A. The seawater has a temperature of -1.88°C.

B. it loves to live in the ice-salt mixture

C. A special protein keeps it from freezing.

D. Its blood has a temperature lower than -2.05°C.

15. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?A. A type of ice-salt mixture. B. A newly found protein.

C. Fish blood. D. Sugar molecule.

16. What does “glyco-” in the underlined word “glycoprotein” in the last paragraph

A. sugar B. ice C. blood D. molecule

E

If your boss asks you to work in Moscow this year, he?d better offer you more money to do

so ― or even double that depending on where you live now. That?s because Moscow has just been found to be the world?s most expensive city for the second year in a row by Mercer Human Resources Consulting.

Using the cost of living in New York as a base, Mercer determined Moscow is 34.4 percent more expensive including the cost of housing, transportation, food, clothing, household goods and entertainment.

A two-bedroom flat in Moscow now costs $4,000 a month; a CD $24.83, and an international newspaper $6.30, according to Mercer. By comparison, a fast food meal with a hamburger is London takes the No. 2 place, up from No. 5 a year ago, thanks to higher cost of housing and a stronger British pound relative to the dollar. Mercer estimates London is 26 percent more expensive than New York these days. Following London closely are Seoul and Tokyo, both of which are 22 percent more expensive than New York, while No. 5 Hong Kong is 19 percent more costly.

Among North American cities, New York and Los Angeles are the most expensive and are the only two listed in the top 50 of the world?s most expensive cities. But both have fallen since last year?s study ― New York came in 15th, down from 10th place, while Los Angeles fell to 42nd from 29th place a year ago. San Francisco came in a distant third at No. 54, down 20 places from a year earlier.

Toronto, meanwhile, is Canada?s most expensive city but fell 35 places to take 82nd place worldwide. In Australia, Sydney is the priciest place to live in and No. 21 worldwide.

17. What do the underlined words “a steal” in Paragraph 3 mean? _________

A. an act of stealing B. something delicious

C. something very cheap D. an act of buying

18. London has become the second most expensive city because of _________

A. the high cost of clothing B. the stronger pound against the dollar

C. its expensive transportation D. the high prices of fast food meals

19. Which city is the third most expensive on the list? _________

A. Tokyo. B. Hong Kong. C. Moscow. D. Sydney.

20. Which city has dropped most on the list in North America?

A. New York. B. Los Angeles. C. San Francisco. D. Toronto.

Part IV: Translation (40 points in all, 20 points for each).

1. When he found I would leave him, he took care to prevent me getting employment in any

other printing house of the town by going round and speaking to every master, who accordingly refused to give me work. I then thought of going to New York as the nearest place where there was a printer; and I was the rather inclined to leave Boston when I reflected that I had already made myself a little obnoxious to the governing party; and from the arbitrary proceeding of the Assembly in my brother?s case, it was likely I might if I stayed soon bring myself into scrapes, and further that my indiscreet disputations about religion began to make me pointed at with horror by good people as an infidel or atheist. I determined on the point, but my father now siding with my brother, I was sensible that if I attempted to go openly means would be used to prevent me.

4.文学作品选读辅导资料 篇四

辅导资料（2）

魏晋南北朝部分

一、建安诗赋

1、基本常识

（1）建安是魏晋南北朝诗歌创作最为辉煌的时期。建安诗歌的代表作家是“三曹”、“七子”，还有女诗人蔡琰，曹操是开建安文学风气之先的作家。曹操善于用乐府旧题写时事。最早出现的完整的文人七言诗是曹丕的《燕歌行》。建安时期最负盛名的作家是曹植。钟嵘《诗品》评价曹植诗“骨气奇高，词采华茂，情兼雅怨，体披文质”。建安“七子”中文学成就最高的是王粲。王粲被刘勰《文心雕龙》誉为“七子之冠冕”。蔡琰的代表作是五言《悲愤诗》。

（2）何谓“建安风骨”

建安是汉献帝的年号。当时的代表作家“三曹”、“七子”等都曾经历社会**，饱尝战争的忧患和颠沛。他们的创作继承了汉乐府叙事和《古诗十九首》抒情的传统，一方面反映社会灾难和人民痛苦，一方面表达建功立业、拯世济民的雄心壮志和实现国家安定统一的理想。作品词采壮丽，骨气奇高，形成了“慷慨悲凉”的独特风格。这种具有强烈的时代精神的创作原则和审美特征，后人称之为“建安风骨”。它是中国文学史上影响久远的优良传统之一。

2、重要作家及作品 ※曹操《短歌行》：

（1）解释：山不厌高，水不厌深。周公吐哺，天下归心。

厌：满足。周公：名姬旦，西周初政治家。吐哺：吐出口中的食物。传说周公为了接待天下人才而“一饭三吐哺”。归心：民心归附。

句意为：山不会满足于它的高，水不满足于它的深，我也不会满足于人才的多。我要像古代的周公那样虚心接纳人才，使天下民心都归向于我。

（2）分析本诗的艺术特色。①慷慨悲凉的艺术风格

本诗抒写了作者渴望招纳贤才以统一天下的急切心情表现了作者宽广的胸怀。作者的远大抱负和开阔胸襟奠定了本诗激越高昂的基调，但他是在对人生短暂的感伤和不得贤才的忧思中来表现自己的抱负和胸襟的，所以笔调显得沉郁顿挫，形成了慷慨悲凉的风格。

②曲折跌宕、反复咏叹的情感表现

本诗在谋篇构思上独具匠心。诗人一面饮酒听歌，一面凭空作想，想出诗中这许多曲曲折折，絮叨说来，似连贯，似不连贯，却围绕着一个中心——思得贤才。先写人生短暂的忧思，为什么忧思，因为没有贤才的辅助，不能在有生之年统一天下。次写思贤若渴的心情，反复抒写不得的忧思和即得的欢乐。最后写延揽人才的态度，还是思贤。一条线索，贯穿全诗，所以作者思绪的流动看似随意而毫不散乱。

③比兴手法

本诗继承《诗经》的优良传统，使用比兴手法相当成功。如“明明如月，何时可辍”，把贤才比作明亮的月轮，表达了尊贤爱贤之心；再如“月明星稀”四句，比喻还有贤才无所 依托，表达自己应广纳贤才的心意；又如“山不厌高，水不厌深”，比喻招纳贤才，多多益善。都起兴恰当，比喻贴切，使诗人思贤若渴的心情的表达更加曲折婉转，更有艺术感染力。

④语言形式特点

曹操的时代，《诗经》的四言形式早以衰落，而曹操却仍用四言形式写出卓越的作品，本诗就是一个突出的例子。诗中的“青青子衿，悠悠我心”和“呦呦鹿鸣”四句，是引用《诗经》成句，引得自然，与全诗融合无间，无剽窃之嫌，有借助之美。

※曹操《步出夏门行·龟虽寿》：

（1）解释：老骥伏枥，志在千里。烈士暮年。壮心不已。骥：千里马。枥：马槽。烈士：建功立业之人。不已：不止。

句意为：千里马即使老伏槽枥，仍怀着奔驰千里的志向。建功立业之人即使到了晚年，他的雄心壮志也不会休止。

※曹植《白马篇》塑造了一个练就一身高超武艺，一心报国而不顾家庭，视死如归的游侠少年形象。全诗感情激烈，斗志昂扬，表达了作者急于建功立业以拯世济民的思想感情。曹植“生于乱，长于军”，在父亲曹操的影响和时代的感召下，早就立下了拯世济民的雄心壮志。游侠少年的形象正是这种志趣和抱负的生动体现。本诗用丰富多彩的语言和铺叙手法，塑造了一个武艺高强、为国杀敌而不惜捐躯的游侠少年形象，以抒发作者要建功立业、拯世济民的雄心壮志和急切心情。

※曹植《洛神赋》这是三国时代文学名家曹植的浪漫主义爱情名篇《洛神赋》。《洛神赋》原名《感甄赋》。其写作牵涉到曹植与汉献帝曹丕之妃甄氏之间的一段错综复杂的感情。描绘对洛神的追求与幻灭过程，借以抒发作者个人政治上的失意和理想的破灭。它熔铸神话题材，通过梦幻境界，描写一个人神恋爱的悲剧。赋中先用大量篇幅描写洛神宓妃的容貌、姿态和装束，然后写到诗人的爱慕之情和洛神的感动：“于是洛灵感焉，徒倚旁徨，神光离合，乍阴乍阳。竦轻躯以鹤立，若将飞而未翔。践椒涂之郁烈，步蘅薄而流芳。超长吟以永慕兮，声哀厉而弥长。”通过这些动作的描绘把洛神多情的性格也刻划得十分突出。最后写到由于“人神之道殊”，洛神含恨赠珰而去，和诗人失意追恋的心情，有浓厚的悲剧气氛。这篇赋想象丰富，描写细腻，词采流丽，抒情意味和神话色采很浓，艺术的魅力很大。

二、正始诗文

正始诗歌的代表作家是嵇康和阮籍。嵇康和阮籍是著名文人群体“竹林七贤”的代表人物。阮籍的主要诗歌作品是《咏怀诗》82首。他处于魏晋易代之际，在统治阶级内部的残酷斗争中，不仅抱负无由施展，自身的安全也没有保障。于是转而崇尚老庄思想，对黑暗的现实采取了一种消极反抗的态度。他终日“饮酒昏酣，遗落世事”，作官只是“禄仕”而已，言谈交际更是“发言玄远，口不臧否人物”。阮籍尽管在行动上佯狂放诞，内心却十分痛苦。史载他“时率意独驾，不由径路，车迹所穷，辄恸哭而返”。他把这种寓藏在内心的、无由发泄的痛苦与愤懑都在诗歌中用隐约曲折的形式倾泻出来，这就是著名的八十二首五言《咏怀诗》。《咏怀诗》不是一时之作，它们真实地表现了诗人一生的复杂的思想感情。如“夜中不能寐”一诗表现了生活在黑暗现实里的诗人内心苦闷，末两句更充分表现出他那看不见任何希望和出路的忧思。“独坐空堂上”一首则典型地表现了诗人孤独索寞的感情。

在魏晋易代之际，最刺激诗人心灵的是政治的恐怖。“嘉树下成蹊”一首，诗人通过自然景物由繁华而零落憔悴的过程，形象地揭示出曹魏政权的由盛而衰，表现了自己生命难保的忧惧心情。“一日复一夕”一诗更表现了诗人处于这种险恶环境中“终身履薄冰，谁知我心焦”的战战兢兢的心理。

三、西晋诗歌

西晋最有成就的诗人是左思，《咏史》八首是他的代表作。这些诗并非一时写的，它反映了诗人由积极到消极的过程。左思妹芬为贵嫔，他一生仍不得志，这主要由于出身寒微而 得不到门阀社会的重视。正是这样，诗人把笔锋转向了对门阀制度的揭露和抨击。如《咏史》第二首，全诗前半以贴切而形象的比喻揭露了门阀社会的不合理。后半更指出这种现象的根深蒂固，连古人的牢骚都给发了。这就扩大了诗歌包含的内容，加强了诗的思想感染力量。

四、东晋诗文

1、基本常识

东晋最有成就的诗人陶渊明。陶渊明的诗歌依题材内容可分为田园诗和咏怀、咏史诗两大类，我国文学史上第一位田园诗人是陶渊明。被钟嵘《诗品》称为“古今隐逸诗人之宗”的是陶渊明。

2、陶渊明田园诗的主要思想内容

（1）陶渊明的田园诗是他脱离污浊的官场，走上归因道路后写下的。所以他在诗中尽情抒发了对淳朴幽美的田园风光和田园生活的喜爱，流露出一种悠然自得、自由恬静的心境。并通过对田园风光和田园生活的描写来映衬官场的黑暗。

（2）陶渊明的田园诗还大量地描写了农事劳动，将自己参加劳动的经历和感受以及在劳动中与农民建立的友谊形诸歌咏。

（3）基于对农民思想愿望的了解和对现实社会的强烈不满，陶渊明晚年创作了《桃花源诗并记》，是他的田园诗的一个新发展。这篇作品中的“桃花源”是一个人人劳动、没有剥削压迫的理想社会。它不仅概括了作者自己在长期田园生活中的感受和对封建社会的体认，而且也表达了广大农民希望用自己的劳动创造和平幸福生活的愿望。

3、主要作品

※（1）《归园田居（其一）》诗人把统治阶级的上层社会斥为“尘网”，把投身其中看成是做了“羁鸟”、“池鱼”，把退处田园说成是冲出“樊笼”，重返“自然”，表现了他对丑恶的社会的鄙视。诗人着重地细致地描写了纯洁、幽美的田园风光，字里行间流露了作者由衷的喜爱。在这里，淳朴、宁静的田园生活与虚伪、欺诈、互相倾轧的上层社会形成了鲜明的对比，具有格外吸引人的力量。《归园田居（其三）》我们可以清楚地看到一个带着月色，从草木丛生的小径上荷锄归来的劳动者的形象

※《饮酒（其五）》诗人避开了达官贵人的车马的喧扰，在悠然自得的生活中，获得了自由而恬静的心境。诗人的田园生活虽然是远离统治阶级，却更接近了下层文人和农民。

4、陶诗的艺术特色

（1）陶渊明的诗在艺术上具有独特的风格和极高的造诣。他的诗给人的突出印象是平淡自然。这是和他的诗歌内容以及表现上的特点分不开的。他的诗的主要内容是平淡的田园风光，农村的日常生活，以及处于这种生活中的恬静心境；而又是通过朴素的语言，白描的手法，直率自然地抒写出来，使人感到真好象是从“胸中自然流出”，没有一点斧凿痕迹。如《读山海经》第一首，完全是白描的手法，语言十分平淡，使人读来毫不吃力，只觉得接触到一片生活情景，而这些情景、生活，以及诗人的志趣和心情，无一不是诗人真实的感受，所以写来十分亲切。

（2）陶渊明的诗歌虽然平淡，却不浅薄，相反只使人感到淳厚有味。他的诗歌语言虽然只是极普通的“田家语”，却是经过高度艺术提炼的。而在这十分精粹的语言中又都含有丰富的形象，这些形象无论是自然风光，或是社会生活，都有着深厚的现实生活基础。

（3）陶渊明的一些诗歌还富有意境。这在他的田园诗中表现得最为突出。如《归园田居》第一首，我们不只看到榆柳桃李中的几间草房，村落中的几缕炊烟，所见深巷的犬吠，树头的鸡啼，所有这一切还构成一种境界，它宁静安谧、淳朴自然。这种特点的形成与诗人的创作方法密切相关。诗人写作田园诗，目的并不在于客观地描摹田园生活，而是要强调和表现这种生活中的情趣。因此，他在创作时并不是随意摄取田园生活的影象，而是把那些最能引起自己思想感情共鸣的东西摄取到诗中来，在平凡的生活素材中含有极不平凡的思想意 境，它潜移默化，使人们感到亲切，又感到崇高。

五、南朝乐府民歌

南朝民歌的代表作有《西洲曲》，这是一首“侬亦吐芳词”的闺情诗，一个少女倾诉了她的四季相思之情。诗中虽没有出现春夏秋冬等字样，但通过“折梅”、“采莲”、“望飞鸿”这类带有季节特征的人物活动，时序的变迁还是非常清楚的。此诗表情细腻，如：“单衫杏子红，双鬓鸦雏色”两句，结合眼前景色，作自我写照，言外便含有无限自怜自惜之意，不惟取喻新颖，属对自然。又如从“采莲”，更生出“弄莲”“怀莲”等事，便觉一往情深，无限低回。按《子夜夏歌》：“郎见欲采我，我心欲怀莲。”则此处“莲”字亦属双关，有望“怜”意。又此诗运用了民歌惯用的“接字”法，首尾相衔，蝉联而下，更加强了诗的节奏美，声情摇曳，语语动人。结句“南风知我意，吹梦到西洲”，更是涉想新奇，余味无穷。范云《闺思》诗：“几回明月夜，飞梦到郎边”，又李白的名句：“春风复无情，吹我梦魂散”、“我寄愁心与明月，随风直到夜郎西”，都是从此化出的。因此我们可以说《西洲曲》标志着南朝民歌在艺术发展上的最高成就。

六、北朝乐府民歌

北朝民歌的代表作有《木兰诗》、《敕勒歌》。

反映北方民族的游牧生活和北国风光的《杂歌谣辞》中的《敕勒歌》，二十七个字，便出色地画出了辽阔苍茫的草原景象，并反映了北方民族的生活面貌和精神面貌，具有无比的魅力，的确是“千古绝唱”。

北朝乐府民歌的代表作《木兰诗》。《木兰诗》是一篇歌颂女英雄木兰乔装代父从军的叙事诗，也可以说是一出喜剧。它和《孔雀东南飞》是我国诗歌史上的“双璧”，异曲同工，后先辉映。木兰的英雄形象出现在文学史上是具有不平凡的意义的。她是一个勤劳织布的普通姑娘，但当战争到来的时候，竟自勇敢地承担起一般妇女所不能承担的代父从军的任务，买了“骏马”“长鞭”，经历黄河黑水，北到燕山朔野，万里长征，十年转战。凯旋归来后，功成不受赏，气概又表现得如此的磊落轩昂。回到家里，在爷娘姊弟一片热烈欢迎的气氛中，她“脱我战时袍，著我旧时裳”，同行的伙伴才惊讶地认出这个转战十年，功勋卓越的“壮士”，竟是一个“女郎”。扑朔迷离的传奇色彩，更使这个勇敢、坚毅、纯洁的姑娘显出了天真、活泼、机智的本来面目。《木兰诗》是现实主义和浪漫主义相结合的诗篇。木兰既是现实人物，又是人民理想的化身。在北朝，妇女中出现象木兰这样勇敢善战的人物是不足为奇的。在表现手法上，《木兰诗》也具有两结合的因素。繁则极繁，简则极简。如开头一段写木兰的问答和买马都很繁。但不如此夸张铺叙就无法渲染人物的紧张心情和战争气氛。十年征戍，艰苦备尝，事情原很多，但作者却写得极简，只用“万里赴戎机”六句三十个字就包举无遗。作为繁简的标准的是人物的特征。从全诗可以看出，作者始终是扣紧“木兰是女郎”这一特点来进行剪裁和描写的。《木兰诗》的语言，丰富多彩，有朴素自然的口语，也有精妙绝伦的律句。但它们在生动活泼的基调上取得统一和协调。此外，如句型的或整或散、长短错综，排句的反复咏叹，譬喻的新奇幽默等，也都加强了诗的音乐性和表现力，有助于人物形象的塑造。

七、南朝诗文

1、基本常识

南朝最有成就的诗人是谢灵运、鲍照和谢脁。第一位大量写山水诗的诗人是谢灵运。“池塘生春草，园柳变鸣禽”是谢灵运的写景名句。南朝宋代诗人中对七言诗体的发展作出重大贡献的是鲍照。鲍照诗歌的代表作是《拟行路难》18首。

2、主要作品

《拟行路难》最能显示鲍照反抗现实的精神和艺术上的独创性的，这是七言和杂言的乐府诗。《拟行路难》十八首，这一组诗，并非一时一地之作，内容非常丰富。首先，他在 这里对士族门阀的压迫表现了强烈的不满和反抗，其

三、其四两首中，前一首虽然没有说出他所愁叹的是什么，但是从他的吞声踯躅之中，我们已经深深感到他胸中的一股悲愤不平之气。在后一首里，这种悲愤不平之气，一开始就在对案不食、拔剑击柱之中爆发出来，他宁肯弃置罢官，也不愿碟躞垂翼，受人压抑，这就是他所以愤慨不平的内容。最后两句，更鲜明地表现了他孤直耿介的性格和对门阀社会傲岸不屈的态度。

八、北朝诗文

北朝最有成就的诗人是由南入北的庾信，《拟咏怀》27首是他后期诗歌的代表作，庾信诗歌以他出使西魏，被留不返为界分为前后两期。前期他是梁代的著名宫体诗人。留仕北朝后虽受优待，但内心却异常痛苦，常怀故国之思，作品从内容到风格也为之大变。《拟咏怀》27首是庾信后期的代表作。这组诗反复倾诉了对故国的深沉怀念，流露出屈仕北朝的深深内疚，对自己的屈辱境遇发出沉痛的悲叹。庾信后期的诗歌善于运用典故，贴切地表现思想感情，并且工于声律、句法而又重气质贞刚，以老到深沉的笔墨给荒凉的北朝诗坛带来了转机。他初步融合了南北诗风，是南北朝诗歌之集大成者，为唐诗的繁盛做了铺垫。

《拟咏怀》第十一首，追述了梁元帝在江陵败亡的悲剧。

三、四两句，写的是南朝人民在国破家亡后被西魏俘掳、屠杀的悲惨情景。《南史·元帝纪》说，江陵陷落后，西魏“乃选男女数万口为奴婢，小弱者俱杀之”。诗人虽然不敢明言，但是从杞梁妻哭倒长城的冤痛悲怆的哭声中，我们可以想见北朝统治者的残酷罪行。直虹、长星两句，写梁元帝的兵败情景，也有很强的暗示力量。最后两句，感慨梁朝君臣只顾眼前享乐，不顾国家安危，心情也极为沉痛。

九、魏晋南北朝小说

1、基本常识

魏晋南北朝是我国小说发展粗具规模的时期。魏晋南北朝小说按其内容可分为志怪小说和志人小说（又称轶事小说）两大类。志怪小说中成就最高的一部是晋代干宝的《搜神记》；志人小说的代表作是南朝宋刘义庆的《世说新语》，《世说新语》对后世笔记小说和小品文影响深远。

2、主要作品

※《搜神记·干将莫邪》（又名《三王墓》）：

（1）本篇写楚国巧匠干将莫邪为楚王造剑，剑成反而被杀，其子赤长大后为父报仇的悲壮故事，揭露了统治者的残暴罪行，表现了人民对暴君的憎恨和对侠义英雄的赞颂。故事中所表现出的人民对残暴统治者的强烈的复仇精神，是中国文学中少有的。

（2）故事以很短的篇幅，写出了一个震撼人心的复仇故事，得力于精练传神、极富表现力的语言，故事中两个复仇人物——赤和山中客，说话都很简短，却都生动地表现出了各人的性格特点。如第三段中写赤与客的对话，客一问赤为何而哭，赤就说出自己是谁，要为父报仇的秘密，这表现了赤一心只想着为父报仇，心地单纯的特点。而客对赤说：“闻王购子头千金，将子头与剑来，为子报之。”这样的话，非豪侠之士不能说出。赤听说后，只说了“幸甚”二字，即自刎。这同样表现了赤的心地单纯，同时也表现了他强烈的复仇精神，只要能为父报仇，需要死也毫不犹豫。而客见赤尸身不倒，只说了一句：“不负子也。”这同样是重然诺、轻生死、重行而不重言的豪侠气概。

《过江诸人》（选自《世说新语·言语》）