初中英语语法宝典

初中英语语法宝典（精选8篇）

1.初中英语语法宝典 篇一

Summary of

Grammar

1.宾语从句：1.主句若是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况用适当时态。He says(that)he will have a walk soon.The teacherasks who is the cleverest in the school.I． want to know who came here late this morning.2.主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时。

He wondered if I would come.She told me that her son had got well.She said that she liked watching TV.We thought Jim was wrong.3.无论主句是何时态，从句若表客观真理，要用一般现在时。

Mr.Li said the moon is smaller than the earth.4宾语从句无论有何引导词，都要用陈述句语序。

Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan?（不是will you）

Do you know which sweater she is wearing?(不是is she)2.状语从句：1主句若是一般将来时、祈使句或含不表过去的情态动词等，则if(如果), unless(除非)，when(当„的时候), as soon as(一„就„)，before, after, until, till, as(当„的时候)所引导的状语从句用一般现在时。

You may take a rest when you finish doing your work.I will call you up if I leave for Shanghai next week.Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives.2而主句若是一般过去时，从句也要用过去时，如：

I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars.When he got to the park, his classmates had left.My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street.3.定语从句：关系代词who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 后必须跟有名词，既指人，也可指物。关系词作主语时，不可省略，作宾语时可省略。whom只指人，只作宾语。关系副词where指“在那里”，when指“在那时”。

She is a girl who/that is beauti l and kind-hearted.She is a girl(who/whom/that)I know very well.That boy whosehair is very long is my brother.(所属)

The girl whois tall is my sister./ I own a bike whoseprice is high.I bought a watch(which/that)I paid 100 yuan for.（指物）

I prefer a place which/thatis clean and quiet.I prefer a place whereI can live a quiet life.（在这儿）

I shall never forget the day whena boy helped me find my dog.4.wish和hope:1wish可接to do sth./sb to do sth./that从句.I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qingdao.I wish youto join my flowers smell beauti l.The sweets taste sweet.The silk feels soft.I felt tired.这些动词不用于被动语态。The sweets are tasted sweet.是错误的。

注意：如果加介词like, 则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词：

He looks like his mother.That sounds like a good idea.It smells like a flower.It tastes like salt.8.find和think部分用法: + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。(代替宾从)

宾补有以下情况：1.名词短语，John found his son a clever boy.2.形容词短语，Mrs.Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy.3.有时宾补后可接带to不定式，I found it hard to fool the girl.9.would like/want/feel like: 1 would like，和want类似：◇都可接名词短语：I would like/ want another three desks.◇都可接带to 不定式：I would like/ want to go out for a walk.◇都可接sb,然后再跟带to 不定式: I would like you to give me a hand.2 feel like: ◇后也可接名词短语：Do you feel like some tea? ◇后若接动词，须用动词ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk? I don’t feel like drinking tea.【feel like常用于疑问句或否定句中。】

10.词序易错的短语：1 形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。Is there anything delicious in the fridge?

Nothing serious.There is something wrong with the computer.I want to go somewhere warm.else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。

What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room?

Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it? enough修饰形容词和副词，enough 放在后面。

This sweater is cheap enough.Nemo is old enough to work.He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog.11.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别：1What do you think of „?=

How do you like „? “你对„怎么看？”(How„?句中有like，是动词。)2What’s the weather like in„? = How is the weather in„?“„的天气什么样?”(What„?句中有like，是介词“像”。)

12.take, cost, pay, spend区别： It + take + sb + some time + to do sth.It took us half an hour to cut down the tree.物+cost+sb+钱: The bag cost me thirty yuan.(cost, cost, cost)

若cost后无sb, 则译作“价钱是”：The bag costs 30 Yuan.人+ pay +sb + 钱+ for sth: I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike.(pay, paid, paid).(pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。)人 + spend + 时间/ 钱 + on sth /(in)doing sth.The girl spent two hours(in)searching the Internet.The girl always spends much money on her clothes.spend 有时可指“度过”：spend holiday/ weekends/ winter 13.双宾结构：pass/ give/ teach/ offer/ lend/ send/ sell/ call/ show/buy/

ask/ tell/ build等可加双宾结构。即后接sb + sth.其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等可接sth + to sb.buy, build等可接sth + for sb.另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Please pass it to me.14.部分词作连词与介词：（连词接句子，介词接名词或代词）

Keep care l when you are listening to the teacher.（连词）

Keep care l when listening to the teacher.（介词）

类似的，while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。

如：I’ll wait until I hear from her.（连词）

I’ll wait until next Friday.（介词）

那个叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。划线部分起修饰作用，下同。

He’s eating fried chicken.他在吃炸鸡。There is no time left.I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun.我读了一部鲁迅写的小说。

He lives in a house builttwenty years ago.2.动词ing作形容词：表示正进行或功能，常作定语。

the ing boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road, the boy ing in the corner(正进行)

a sitting room, the sleeping car, the bathing suit(功能)16.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法之二：和心理感受有关，但ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。I felt surprised at his words.How exciting the film is!/ I want to go to a place which is relaxing.17.动词ing和带to不定式作主语：

To be a teacher is my dream.Working hard brings you success.Taking care of our environment is very important.To plant trees makes me happy.（谓语用单数）

Reading books gives you knowledge.(谓语用单数)

Listening and writing are both difficult.(谓语用复数)18.later / after / ago /before: 1later“„时间后”结构：时间段+later

常用于一般过去时。They went to Beijing five days later.(later单独在句尾，常用于将来时：I’ll see you later.)

2after“„时间后”结构：after+时间段，常用于一般过去时，和1相同。They went to Beijing after five days.(after也可加句子：I’ll send you an e-mail after I get home.He found out the information after he had searched the Internet for thirty minutes.)

3ago“„时间前”结构：时间段+ago, 用于一般过去时。The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago.(since +时间段+ago，主句用现在完成时)

4before 单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前”

I have been to London before.He has seen the film before.(若是时间段+before, 则常用过去完成时，译为“„时间前”：

I had seen the film two weeks before.We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before.)19.四季

20.月份

21.星期 22.“也”：either, 用于否定句的末尾。also, 通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too, 通常在句尾，前常有逗号。as well, 只用于句尾。注意：后三个词都不用于否定句

23.带to不定式用法之一：带to不定式有逻辑宾语在前时，to后动词用及物动词，不及物时需加介词。The apples are too tall for the boy to reach./The zoo is not a good place for animals to live in.24.(a)little /(a)few: 1few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数, little加不可数名词。2a few“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数;a little“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。3另外，在too, very, so等词后用few, little;在only, just, still等词后用a few, a little.而quite a few/ a little译为“很多”

25.及物动词+副词：put on/off/away/up/down/out;break off/down;

turn on/off/up/down;get back;use up;give away/out/up/back;try out/on;ring/call up;let down;clean up/out;set up;think up;hand in/out;fix up;work out;;dress up;pick up;help out;

keep off/out/down cut down;write down;wake up(叫醒);

take off/away;sell out;look up/over;eat up;throw away/off

宾语是名词时，可放在中间或后边，是代词时只放在中间。26.as„„as用法：1和„一样„ His room is as big as mine.He runs as fast as I /me.2as„as possible/sb can “尽可能„”

We went there as soon as possible.我们尽可能快地去了那儿。Listen to the teacher as carefully you can.3有些短语有几个意思：as soon as 和„一样快；一„就„；as much as和„一样多；多达；as long as和„一样长；长达；只要；as well as和„一样好；和„一样；as far as远达；就„来说；

27.prefer用法：prefer sth/doing sth to sth/doing sth比起„更喜欢„

prefer to do sth rather than do sth宁愿„也不愿„

prefer to do sth / prefer doing sth 更喜欢做某事 28.some-, any-, every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陈述句中。I have something to tell you.Maybe somebody has taken it.若用于疑问句中表示期待对方肯定的回答或表示请求或建议.Why not ask somebody to help you? Shall we give him something to eat? What about some milk? Could you please lend me some chairs? 2any-, 在疑问句中仍译为“某～，一些～”Do you have anything to say？Is anybody in the house？在肯定句和否定句中译为“任何～”You may put the box anywhere in the room.He is taller than any other student in the class.We don’t have anything to eat this morning.3every-“每～”，强调所有，既包括此也包括彼。Is everybody here？-No，Tom and Lucy have asked for leave.The glass was broken, and the water went everywhere.29.动词时态和形式：八个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时(am/is/are + v.ing)、一般将来时(will/shall/be going to+动词原形)、一般过去时、过去进行时(was/were +v.ing)、现在完成时(have/has + v.过去分词)、过去完成时(had + v.过去分词)、过去将来时(would + v.原形)六个形式：原形；过去式；过去分词；第三人称单数(加s/es)；现在分词(v.ing)；带to不定式。

30.if/whether区别：if 如果(引导条件状从)/ 是否(引导宾从)

whether无论(引导让步状从)/ 是否(引导宾从)

都译为“是否”时，whether可接or not, 也可接带to不定式。

if 则不可。另外，if可接any-单词，常不接some-单词。

If you have any water, please give me some.31.因为：because, 常是对why的回答，语气最强。

since, 位置：Since„，„.Since it’s already late, I must go now.for, 位置：„，for„.语气最弱。I drove carefully, for it’s snowing.as有时也指“因为”，用法基本无限制。32.表推测：must, may, might, can, could, can’t

must“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。

There is the door bell, it must be Tom.may / might“也许”一般用于肯定句，may比might可能性大。

She is coming to us.She might be our new teacher.can / could“可能”could比can语气更委婉。但can多用于否定。

You could be right, but I don’t think you are.The light in the office is off.The teacher can’t be there now.33.so与such区别：so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，so tall/slowly„

such是形容词，后跟名词短语。such bad weather / good news„;

such a beautiful girl / an important lesson / a heavy stone„;

such kind boys / new desks / friendly people / amazing movies„;

若名词前形容词是many, much, few, little时，不用such, 而用so.so many flowers / much rain / few friends / little water„

也常有“so / such „that„”句型，译为“如此„以致于„”。34.so的另两个用法：1so + be/情态动词/助动词+主语，“„也”

上下文所指不是同一个人或物。The twins are working, so am I.I will stay up tonight, and so will Peter.以及对话形式：A: I woke up late this morning.B: So did I.so + 主语 + be/情态动词/助动词，“的确„是”上下文所指是同一个人或物。A: We have lunch at school.B: So you do.又如：A: Bruce can work out the problem.B: So he can.35.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+ be/情态动词/助动词+主语

“„也不”上文是否定句。She didn’t get well, nor did her brother.或对话形式：A: Jim hasn’t had breakfast.B: Neither have I.36.keep, make, get,have用法：

1keep + sb/sth doing sth “让„一直做„” I’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long.keep + doing sth “坚持做某事”

2make + sb/sth do sth让„做某事I’ll try to make you understand what I mean.I feel sorry that I have made him wait for long.3get + sb/sth to do sth.让„做某事。He got Peter to buy him a pen.4have + 宾语+ 动词原形 /ing /过去分词

Have him do it, please.让他做它吧。We had the machine working.我让那台机器一直工作着。We had the machine repaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让那台机器被修理了）。

5也都可接形容词：keep safe/busy, keep the door closed/open, make us happy, get the door closed, have everything ready.37.used短语：used to + 动原，“过去常常”He used to smoke.be used to 译为“被用来„”，后接动原。It is used to cut things.be used to 译为“习惯于„”，后接动词ing或名词/代词.如：He’s used to working late./ We are all used to following others.be used for + 目的（名词或动词ing）如：

English is used for business./Knives are used for cutting things.38.through/past/across: 都可作介词，“穿过”前常有位移动词。

He climbed through the window and saw what he could take away.He went past me without saying any words.He swam across the river.【through,内部;past,旁边;across,表面。】

位移动词+ past 相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于cross.39.the number of / a number of: 前者“„的数量”；后者“许多的”

都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。The number of the trees is two thousand.用单数is.A number of trees have been cut down.用复数have.40.延续性动词：How long，since，for，(以上见84）until/till等所在肯定句中的主句谓语要用延续性动词。

How long may I keep this novel? I’ve lived here since 2002.Let’s wait until he comes back..但否定句中可用短暂性动词：

I haven’t seen you for a long time.41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:

1All boys/All of the boys are from China.all 接可数复数，谓语也用复数。All of the water is polluted.若接不可数，谓语用单数。

2Each boy/Each of the boys has a different bag.each接名词单数或接of + 限定词+复数，后谓语都用单数。

3Both of the twins are clever.后面谓语用复数。

4None of the students has/have been there before.none +of +限定词+复数, 谓语用单、复数都可。另见88

5-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday?

-Either day is OK./ Either of the days is OK.谓语用单数。

6-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday?

-Sorry, I have to look after my mother these two days.That is, neither time is OK./ neither of the days is OK.谓语用单数。

all/each/none分别指三者或更多中的“都”/ “每一个”/“没有一个”。both/either/neither两者中“都”/“任何一个”/“没有一个” 42.计量表达法：数量+单位+形容词。

The building is twenty meters tall./ The street is forty meters wide.The fish is five kilos heavy./ This baby is only six months old.若计量表达的后面跟有名词，则要用连字符，单位不用复数。

They dug an eight-meter-deep hole./.I bought a 10-kilo-heavy fish.It’s a piece of 2-meter-thick ice./ They built a 50-meter-wide street.It’s a two-month holiday.(此处计量中的形容词long可省略。)43.Must I / May I / Need I „? 用法：1Must I „?我必须„吗？

A: Must I finish the work? B: Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t.2May I „?我可以„吗？A: May I go out for a walk now?

B: Yes, you can./ No, you mustn’t/can’t.3Need I„?我有必要„吗？

A: Need I clean the house? B: Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t.44.hundred/thousand/million/billion: 前有具体数字，不加s及of.否则加s, 加of.如：thousands of trees;many millions of people.nine hundred people, ten thousand students等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of：several million pounds 45.反意疑问句(QT)部分用法:1something, nothing, anything, everything作主语，QT主语用it.Something is wrong, isn’t it? / Nothing is difficult, is it? 2I think Lucy can do well in the exam, can’t she? I don’t think he will come here on time, will he?

QT要结合think后的从句而定。

3祈使句的QT一般用will you? 而Let’s „用shall we?

Get up now, will you? Don’t be noisy, will you?

Be quiet, will you? Please don’t talk, will you?

Let us do it now, will you? Let’s do it now, shall we?

4There be句型，QT主语用there.There is a man working in the field, isn’tthere?

There used to be a meeting on Friday, didn’tthere?

There won’t be a movie in the theatre, willthere? 46.put on, wear, dress, in: 1put on,“穿上”后接物。表行为，是短暂动词。You should put on your coat when you leave.2wear,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。He always wears the yellow sweater in winter./I like wearing beautiful clothes.3dress, “给„穿衣”后接人。You can dress yourself, baby.Lucy is dressing her little brother now.be dressed in后常接具有某种特征的衣物。

The lady is dressed in a white skirt / white.可直接加表颜色的词。

4in, “穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。The woman in a white skirt is my teacher.Do you know the girl in a red coat? I’ve seen the boy in yellow.47.虚拟语气部分用法：在非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气，即if 从句中用一般过去时，而主句动词用would/should+动词原形，表示与现在相反的主观设想，也可以表示在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。（注意：虚拟语气中的be动词都要用were.）

If there were no air, people would die.(与现在事实相反)

If I got rich, I would travel around the world.(可能性很小)48.other/others/the other/the others/another:

1如果不特定指出哪一个，是泛指，“另一个”要用another, 后加可数名词单数。If you are still thirsty, you may have another cup of tea.（没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是单数。）

another也可+数字+可数复数：The meeting will last another two hours./ We need another six desks.2如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另一个或另一部分是特指(other前有the.)，有如下用法：

第一种，所说内容只有两个：

Mrs.Green has two sons, one is interested in math, the other(one / son)is good at science.【只有两个，用the other, 不加s, 后面名词可省略。】 又如：This pair of shoes is strange.One is blue, yet the other is green.这双鞋子很怪，一只蓝色，而另一只绿色。

第二种，只有两部分：此种情况下the other后接可数名词复数，或不接名词而只在the other后加s.Two fifths of the students in our class are boys, the other students are girls / the others are girls.Two children went, but the others stayed.（其他孩子都留下了。）

3如果没有显示出只有两部分，未给出范围，则是泛指，不加the.Lei Feng liked helping other people / others.Have you any other questions?

Alice didn’t like that dress, so she asked to see some others.4other的另一用法：用比较级的形式，体现最高级的含义。

He is taller than any other boy in his class.(划线中boy用单数)=

He is taller than all the other boys in his class.(划线中boy用复数)

他比班里任何男孩都高（他是班里男孩中最高的）。

49.how long/how often/how soon/how far: 1how long 是对长度或时间段提问。How long is the river?-It’s 5,000 kilometers long.How long have you lived there?-For five months./ Since 2002.2how often是对频率提问，如：never, sometimes, often, usually, always, once a week, twice a day, three times a year, every day等。

How often do you watch TV?-Every two days./ Twice a week.【若只有次数，则用how many times 提问：

How many times do you watch TV a week?-Twice./ only once.】

3how soon 是对“in + 时间段”提问：

How soon will you return to Beijing?-In a week./ In two days.4how far是对时间段’s + walk/ride/drive或计量表达提问。

-How far is it from your home to the school?

-Five minutes’ walk./An hour’s ride./Thirteen minutes’ drive.或者说：It’s about 20 kilometers(far)away.（问和回答不同。）50.分数表达：二分之一: half a/an 或a half.如：

half an hour= a half hour半小时 It’s half past seven.(省略冠词)

以下情况中，分子(基数词)若超过一，分母(序数词)需加s：

三分之一: a /one third 三分之二: two thirds

四分之一: a/one fourth 或a/one quarter

四分之三: three fourths或three quarters.五分之一: a/one fifth 五分之二: two fifths 其它类推。

若分数所在of短语作主语，谓语依of后的名词而定：

Two fifths of the students are on time.(指名词复数时，谓用复)Two fifths of the land is polluted.（指不可数时，谓用单）

51.到达：1get to + 地点 get to Shanghai/London/ China

接地点副词时，不带to.get there/home/here.2arrive in+大地点(Beijing/Zhengzhou)，arrive at+小地点(school/hospital)，arrive只作不及物动词。所以也可单独用：Please ring me up when you arrive.reach只作及物动词，后直接加地点：reach Beijing/England

但常不说reach home/there/here.52.感叹句：What + 名词短语+主语+谓语！

What lazy boys(they are)!What hard work!What good news!

What a good idea!What bad weather(it is)!What a pity!

How +形容词 / 副词+ 主语+ 谓语！

How hard the work is!How fast he runs!How rude you are!

How carefully they are listening!How bad the weather is!

53.because/ instead / out等与加of的区别：

1because 后接句子，because of 接名词或代词。

He didn’t come because he was ill./ because of his illness.2instead是副词，单独在句尾。instead of 还要接名词或代词。

We didn’t have rice, we had noodles instead./ instead of it.3out 副词，可单独用，但若接地点，先加of.（也可作介词，“向„外”，可不加of.一般不要求掌握。)

He went out early.或He went out of the house early.54.too much, too many与much too:

much too“过于”，加形容词或副词原级。much too big/slowly等。

too much“太多的”，加不可数名词。too much work/rain等。

too many“太多的”，加可数复数。too many books/people等。55.alone / lonely: 1alone,“独自一人；单独”不含感情色彩。

可当形容词，但只在系动词后作表语：Jack is alone.杰克是单身。

The old woman is alone in the house.那位老妇一个人在屋里。

可当副词，修饰动词：She lives alone.她独居。

Can you move the stone alone? 你能独自搬动那块儿石头吗？

Dick is walking on the beach alone.狄克独自在海滩漫步。

（注意：不可说very alone.但可说very much alone.是特例）

2lonely, “孤独的；寂寞的”带有伤感色彩。只当形容词。

可在系动词后作表语：The old man is lonely.这位老人是孤独的。

He has many relatives, but he feels lonely.他有很多亲戚，但感到孤独。（lonely 和心理感受有关，而alone和心理感受无关。）

也可在名词前作定语：a lonely person一位孤独的人

a lonely village一个偏僻的村庄（alone不可作定语）56.belong to与be: This suit belongs to me /Lucy /my brother.(人)

This suit is mine /Lucy’s /my brother’s /hers.（某物是某人的）

57.by常见用法：1“通过”I study English by memorizing grammar.You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary.He travels by bike.2“截止到”Will you finish the task by tomorrow?

The train had left by the time he got there.3“被”This novel was written by Lu Xun.4“经过”He passed by me without noticing me.5“在„„旁边”Sit by me.They are playing by the river.58.部分用in的短语：in English, in a good way, in a hurry，in pen / ink(见105), in the day(见92), in different sizes，in different shapes, in a difficult situation，in good health，in a red coat / in red(见46), in style, in the open air(露天场所)59.比较级与最高级部分要点：1不规则形式或易错形式：

much/many→more→most bad/badly/ill→worse→worst

far→farther/further→farthest/furthest little→less→least

few→fewer→fewest old→older/elder→oldest/eldest

以ly结尾的形容词常把-ly换成-lier/-liest.2常见比较级/最高级句型：He runs faster than me.(有than)

He did better than any other student in the school.(参照48)

Tom is the cleverest boy in his class.(某个范围内)

He is the taller of the two(boys).(两者，此句型中加the)

He is the tallest of the three(boys).(三者)

Which is better, tea or milk?(两者选择)

Which is the best, tea, milk or water?(三者选择)

It’s the second longest river in China.（序数词后用最高级。）

3“越来越„”比较级+and +比较级

He cried harder and harder.She is getting taller and taller.类似：bigger and bigger / happier and happier / fatter and fatter

/ stronger and stronger / richer and richer / worse and worse„

另一种情况：more and more beautiful / slowly / carefully /„

4“越„, 越„”“the+比较级”分别置于两句的开头，倒装。

The more difficult English is, the harder you should study.The younger we are, the more energy we have.The more you eat, the fatter you will get.5“越来越多的„”more and more +名词

More and more people are getting richer and richer.We need more and more desks / paper / trees / water „.6“„得多”much + 形容词/副词比较级

This room is much bigger than that one.类似：much taller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better„

以及：much more careful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious„

7“另外的„(个)„”结构：数量+ more + 名词

one more towel, three more suits, many more tiles，much more ttruth, some more meat, a lot more wood，a little more experience, once more = one more time = again.这种结构有时也可用another + 数字 + 名词替代：

five more trees = another five trees(记住词的位置)60.talk, tell, say, speak: 1talk只作不及物动词。

Don’t talk in class.Shall we talk about our English study?

He is talking with his teacher.May I talk to you?

(talk with/to sb talk about sth)

2tell只作及物动词,“告诉；讲”。常接双宾结构。

Mr.Li told us an interesting story.Who told you the news?

3say必须接有内容。Please say it in English.He said nothing.“I disagree with you.” said Tom.What will you say?

say 若接sb, 则需先加to: I must say sorry to you.“I overslept this morning.” he said to me.4speak“说话”不及物动词。He spoke too fast for me to follow.接人时先加介词to.May I speak to Mr.Smith?

可表说话的能力。The baby can speak now.There is something wrong with his throat, he can’t speak.“演讲，发言”Who will speak in the meeting? “说”可作及物 动词。

61。sometimes/some times/sometime/some time:

sometimes: “有时”=at times.He is imes late for school.some times: “几次”I have been to Nanjing some times.sometime: “某一时刻”I bought it sometime last spring.We’ll meet again sometime next week.some time: “一段时间”We have to stay here for some time.62.need 的用法：1need可当情态动词（和can等用法类似，但need只用于疑问句或否定句中）：Need I go now?(need 在一般疑问句的开头)I needn’t tell you the answer.(否定句中直接在need后加not)【当情态动词时，need无时态变化。】

2need 可当行为动词（和want 等用法类似）：

He needs a bike.(后可直接加名词)

I need to go over my lessons.(后接带to不定式)

Do you need to have a rest?（一般疑问句中do, does, did在句首）

We don’t need to wait for her coming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)

【注：need 后接表被动的内容时，可表达为：

The TV needs to be repaired.= The TV needs repairing.】 63.do with 与deal with: 都译为“处理，对付，安排，应付”

What have you done with the milk? 用what提问。

How shall we deal with this problem? 用how提问。

下面两句由此而来：Could you tell me what to do with the milk? Could you tell me how to deal with this problem? 64.就近原则：常见的有：Either you or Lucyis wrong.There is a dog and two cats in the yard.(there be句型)

Not only you but(also)Iam strict in the work.Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before.65.主谓一致：One/Neither of you is right.（单数谓语）

Tom, with his friends, has gone.(主语是Tom, 单数谓语)

This pair of shoes looks beautiful.（主语是pair, 单数谓语）

The shoes look beautiful.（主语无pair, 复数谓语）

Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it.（单数谓语）

The old need to be looked after carefully.The young are energetic.(the 加形容词表一类人，谓语用复数)

Mr.and Mrs Green are from America.指格林夫妇(复数谓语)

The teacher and writer is an able man.指教师兼作家, 一个人，单数谓语。

Both you and I are excited about the news.（复数谓语）

the number of与a number of参见39.（分数表达见50）

66.quite/such/really用法之一：如果出现不定冠词时，常放在后面。

It’s quite an easy question.He is quite a clever boy.It’s such an important lesson.(另见33)Lily is really a lazy girl.67.部分用what 提问的句型：

What size do you want? What will you do with the problem?

What’s the population of China? What day is it today?

What’s the date today? What’s the price of this one? 68.there be部分用法：1There is only a student taking notes now.There is no need to open the box.There are 20 trees to be planted.2常有以下结构: there may/will/must/is going to/used to/„be.„

3there be中不可再出现have/has/had(有)的词。另一用法见45。

69.常见表否定的词或短语:no, not, hardly, few, little, neither, nor, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere等.有些有时在某些句型中也相当于否定，如without, too„to„

without anything, too tired to go any further

但前缀如dis--, un--, in--或后缀如--less,并不表否定。

70.常见后接动词原形的词或短语: why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情态动词，等等。

【注意否定形式：had better/ would you please/ let直接加not + 动原；而please加don’t+动原】

71.常见后接动词ing的词或短语：finish /enjoy /practice /give up /

end up /put off /consider /keep /feel like /prefer„to„/can’t help /

be busy /be worth /take turns /miss(错过)/spend /have fun /介词等。

72.常见后接带to不定式的词或短语：want /hope /wish /allow /encourage /ask /tell /pretend /decide /plan/invite /urge/ advise/warn/ seem /in order(为了)/疑问词，等等。另外，it作形式主语，后也常有带to不定式。【否定：以上大多词 + not + to do sth】 73.被动语态(be +v.过去分词)用法：I did it.→It was done.双宾:He told us a story.→We were told a story.→A story was told to us.She passed me a pen.→I was passed a pen.→A pen was passed to me.情态动词:We can make a plan.→A plan can be made.进行时态:Tom is writing a letter.→A letter is being written by Tom.完成时态：I have finished the work.→The work has been finished.74.名词或所属格作定语：1强调性别时a man doctor / two men doctors ； a woman teacher / six women teachers 被修饰词是单数时，性别也用单数；被修饰词是复数时，性别也用复数。

2a girl actor / four girl actors a boy player / two boy players

a bus station / some bus stations 复数只变被修饰的词。

3a boys’ team / a gentlemen’s holiday / the Teachers’ Day /

the Children’s Day “复数 + ’s ”作定语，译为“„的„”

4Father’s Day / Mother’s Day 此处“单数 + ’s ”作定语。

（附：and连接的名词所属格：Lucy’s and Ann’s fathers are workers.分别是两个人的爸爸，所以应分别加“’s”

Lucy and Ann’s father is very interesting.两个人共有的爸爸，所以在两人后只加一个“’s”。）

75.win与beat区别：win后加物：I’m sure Jim will win the match.We won the first place in the sports meeting.而beat后加的是人：I’m afraid they will beat us.I hope we can beat the boys’ team.(男子队，相当于人。)76.it/that/one的部分用法：1it 指上文的某个事物，和上文是同一个。This book is very useful.I will take good care of it.it也可指上文所说的事：My son has lost himself in the computer games.I’m worried about it.2that与上文所说是同一类，但不是同一个，常指不可数名词。

The food in China is quite different from that in America.The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu.that也可指上文所说的事：A: I had an accident and broke my legs.B: I’m sorry to hear that.3one 指代上文所说的某类可数名词单数，但不是同一个物。This sweater is too expensive, do you have another one?(也指毛衣，但不是上文那个)77.at/by the end of, in the end 的区别：

1at the end of +时间点或地点，“在„的尽头，在„的末尾”

They will have a sports meeting at the end of March.(加时间)

He put some books at the end of the bed.(加地点)

2by the end of +时间点，“截止到„末”

若接过去的时间点，常用过去完成时：They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month.若接将来的时间，常用一般将来时：We shall finish the work by the end of next month.3in the end “最后”，后不加of 短语：They wanted to find a place to rest in, in the end, they saw a village.78.have gone to/have been to/have been in: 1have gone to+地点“已去了„（还未回来）”-I can’t find those children, where are they?

-They have gone to the farm.(去了农场，不在这儿)

2have been to+地点“去过„（原来去过，现在已回）”句尾常接次数或多个地点或before，或句中常有ever, never等。

She has been to Qingdao three times.I have been to two big cities.Have you been to Dalian before? I have never/ever been to Dalian.I have never been there before.(此短语省略了to)

3have been in+地点，“已在„（多久了）”句尾常接for+时间段，或since +时间点/一般过去时的句子。

Peter has been in China for a long time.I’ve been here for 2 hours/since 2 hours ago.(此短语省略了in)79.all/whole用法：all(of)the land / all(of)the class / all(of)the students„【all 在定冠词the 前】 the whole school / the whole country / the whole area„【whole 在定冠词the 后】 80.a bit / a little区别：都可作副词，后直接加形容词和副词。

I’m a bit / a little hungry.She feels a bit / a little tired.也可作代词或形容词，后接名词时有所不同：

I have only a little drink.She ate a little bread and went out.(a little 直接加名词)而下文：I have only a bit of drink.She ate a bit of bread and went out.(a bit 先加of再加名词)81.“擅长”与“不擅长”;“对„有利”与“对„有害”：

“擅长”：be good at / do well in

“不擅长”：be bad in / be poor in / be weak in / do badly in

“对„有利”：be good for “对„有害”：be bad for 82.表数量的词和短语的部分用法：1none / all / some / most / plenty of / a lot of(lots of)后既可接可数名词复数，也可接不可数名词。2many /(a)few / a number of / several只接可数名词复数。3much /(a)little / a bit of只接不可数名词。

83.易用错的副词：1really可修饰动词、副词和形容词，常在它们前面。I really love reading.I really miss you.(修饰动词)

Tom speaks really quickly.汤姆说得非常快。（修饰副词）

It’s really kind of you.你真好。(修饰形容词)

2very much常修饰动词want, miss, hate, love, like, dislike, enjoy, take after(长得像„), move(使„感动), excite(使„激动)等等。常在句尾。Jack wants to go there very much.杰克很想去那儿。

I hate reciting the words very much.我很讨厌背单词。

He enjoyed the film very much.他很喜欢这部电影。

He takes after his mother very much.他长得很像他妈妈。

(very much 不可修饰形容词和副词：I’m happy very much.He is lucky very much.都是错误的。)

3very修饰形容词和副词，放在它们前面：

She is very kind.I am very happy.Peter speaks very slowly.(very不可修饰动词：I very like English.He very misses you.等类似结构都是错误的。)84.常用于现在完成时的词或短语：for（后加时间段，句中谓语用延续性动词）；since（后加时间点或一般过去时的句子，主句谓语用延续性动词）；How long（对时间段或for与since引导的内容提问，句中谓语也用延续性动词）in/all one’s life（在某人一生）；in/during the past/last+时间段(在最近的„时间内)；so far（到目前为止）；yet（用于句尾，用在疑问句或否定句中）；already(用于句中或句尾，用在肯定的陈述句中)；ever；never；just；before(单独用在句子末尾，常用此时态。但若时间段加before, 常用过去完成时)以及recently等.85.形容词与副词区别：1形容词修饰名词，作定语（划线部分）：

She is a kind girl.What bad weather!I bought a new bike.形容词可在系动词后，作表语(划线部分)：

The girl is kind.His face turned red.It tastes sweet.2副词(划线部分)修饰动词、形容词、副词，也可修饰整个句子。

He ran quickly.Please speak loudly.Tim lives alone.修饰动词

She is very angry.He felt too tired.I’m so lucky.修饰形容词

He got up quite early.She did it very well.修饰副词

Unluckily, I failed the English exam.修饰整个句子 86.everyday与every day: everyday是形容词，后接名词，“日常的”。He is practicing everyday English.every day是副词，作时间状语，“每天”。We speak English every day.87.everyone与every one: 1everyone“每个人；大家；所有人”，只指人。后不接of短语。Everyone is here except Tom.2every one“每一个”既可指人，也可指物。后要接of短语。Every one of us has a dictionary.Every one of the trees is tall.88.none与no one: 1no one“没有一人”只指人,后不接of短语。

No one has been to Beihai Park.No one told us about it.(以上因后面无of短语，故不用none)

2none“没有人；没有任何东西”既可指人，也可指物；既可指可数名词，也可指不可数名词。后常接of短语。

None of the children has/have been to Beihai Park.（此处指人。因后有of短语，故不用no one）

A: How many elephants did you see there? B: None.（对话中none单独用，指物，不用no one.）

89.乘交通工具之表达:1by bike/ car/ sea(ship)/ air(plane)(无冠词)

2on a horseback /his bike /the plane /a ship(有冠词或限定词)

3in his/a car(car前用in)4on foot 5动词短语: ride a bike /a horse;drive a car;walk;take a plane/ taxi/ bus;fly 90.kind of 与kinds of:

1kind of 单独用，表示“有点”，后接形容词或副词：

He is kind of thin.”他有点瘦” I feel kind of hungry.”我有点饿”

Uncle Wang speaks kind of quickly.王叔叔说得有点快。

2若kind of前有a, this, that等，译为“一种，这种，那种” 后加名词。

That kind of question is difficult to answer.那类问题难回答。

3熟记一些短语：all kinds of...“各种各样的...”many kinds of“很多种类的”different kinds of“不同种类的” 后加名词。动词，后接语言。Do you speak English? 91.rain / snow / wind的常见修饰词：a strong wind“一阵强风”

a heavy rain“一场大雨”heavy snow“大雪”（以上是名词短语）

blow hard“猛烈地吹”snow heavily“下大雪”rain hard/heavily“下大雨”（以上是动词短语）

92.day的部分用法：1on Teachers’ Day表节日或周几前用“on”.2in the day / daytime“在白天”前加“in”。3in eight days“八天后”用“in”。4(in)those / these days“在过去 / 现在”

5today, next/last/this/that/every/all day等前面常不加介词。

同样，on Sunday/Monday/.../Saturday介词用的是on（有时可省略）, 若有next/last/this/that/every等时不再加on.93.个别名词的部分用法：1family“家庭；家庭成员”指整体时，表示单数，谓语动词用单数形式；指成员时，表示复数，谓语用复数形式：His family is going to move.My family is large.（以上指整体，谓语用单数）

My familyare very well.我全家人很健康。（指成员，谓语用复数）一般不再区分谓语的单复数形式。类似的还有：staff(职员)，class, team, public(公众)，government等.2有些名词只表复数，谓语只用复数。如people, police, cattle等：The police are searching for a man with a big nose.The cattle are eating grass in the field.3deer, fish，sheep等词的单数和复数形式相同：

a deer(一只鹿)/ two deer(两只鹿)a fish(一条鱼)/ two fish(两条鱼)

a sheep(一只羊)/ some sheep(一些羊)

另外fish若表示种类时，复数要在后加es: two fishes(两种鱼)

4有些名词单数变复数有特殊形式：

man→men;woman→women;foot→feet;tooth→teeth;

mouse→mice;child→children;ox→oxen(公牛)

5有些名词通常只有复数形式：

scissors(剪刀)clothes(衣服)trousers(裤子)glasses(眼镜)

6有些名词只是不可数名词： It’s such great fun.What fun!

What good news!I won’t do anything in such bad weather.Can you tell me some information? I like music which is popular.类似：a piece of chalk much knowledge learn a little English等

94.leave的用法：1leave可指“离开”leave Zhengzhou离开郑州

leave Zhengzhou for Wuhan离开郑州到武汉

leave for Wuhan动身到武汉(for后接目的地，而不是出发地)

2leave留下；忘记 I left my backpack at home.leave后接地点，而forget后无地点。Sorry, I forgot the money.95.ill与sick的区别：1都可译为“生病的”。ill只在系动词后作表语： Her mother was ill in bed.但sick既可作表语（在美语中），也可作定语：Her mother was sick in bed.Jane is taking care of her sick mother.(此处是定语，不可用ill, 见下文ill用法)

2若ill作定语，译为“坏的，恶劣的”an ill person一个坏人

sick作表语时也常译为“恶心的，想吐的“

The boy always feels sick when he travels by car.96.return用法：1“返回”，相当于“go back / get back / come back..如：Ann will visit you when he returns to London.（当“返回”时是不及物动词，先加to才可再加地点。另外，return已含有back的意思，后不可再跟back.）

2“归还”，相当于“give back”如：I have returned the dictionary.（当“归还”时是及物动词，后直接加物，若再接人时方可加to.同样不可再跟back.如：You should return the piano to Dick on time.）

97.favourite 与own的类似结构: 形容词性物主代词 + favorite +名词（某人最喜欢的...）或者 + own + 名词(某人自己的...)

如：My favorite animal is dog.He found hisown bike.98.stop / start(begin)/ forget(remember)/ like/go on等动词：

1stop doing sth.停止正在做的某事。stop to do sth.停下来做某事（stop后是将要做的事）He was tired, so he stopped working.He was tired, so he stopped to have a rest.要注意有时两种形式会同时出现：He was tired, so he stopped working to have a rest.2start/begin doing/to do 含义基本相同，但以下情况下start/begin后只接to do: ★若start / begin 已用进行时态时：He is just beginning / starting to write the letter.★主语是物而不是人时：The ice began / started to melt.★其后的动词与想法、感情有关时：He began / started to understand it.3forget/remember to do sth.忘记/想起将要做的事。

forget / remember doing sth.忘记/想起已经做过的事。

4like doing sth.(因爱好而喜欢，表示一种习惯)

Jack likes sleeping in the class.(在班睡觉虽不是好事，杰克却有这个爱好。有睡觉的习惯。)

like to do sth(认为明智或正确而喜欢)

She likes to help others.（助人是一件正确的事，所以喜欢。）

I don’t like to play in the street.(在大街上玩不明智，故不喜欢)

有时区别不明显，接两形式都可。He likes watching / to watch TV.5go on doing sth.继续做某事（上文所做的事）go on to do sth接下来做另一件事（不是上文所做之事）

99.普通代词形式：

主格 宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词

(作主语)(作宾语)(后要再接名词)(后不再接名词)(主宾一致)

I me my pen/house...mine myself

you(你)you your bag/car...yours yourself

he him his desk/coat...his himself

she her her hair/books...hers herself

it it its tail/face...its itself

we us our teacher/room...ours ourselves

you(你们)you your class/hometown...yours yourselves

they them their school/fathers...theirs themselves 100.基数词和序数词：基数词表示人或物的数量。序数词表示人或物的次序。注意以下几种形式：one→first two→second

three→third five→fifth eight→eighth nine→ninth twelve→twelfth twenty→twentieth thirty等类推

另外，“四十”forty;无字母u.“第九”ninth无字母e.101.room /space /place: 1room“房间”（可数）a room/ two rooms

“空间”（不可数）：指可以容纳东西或为其它目的而使用的空间。

Could you make room for me? 你能为我让一下空间吗？

Is there room for me in the car? 车里有我的位子吗？

2space“空间”普通用语，表示万物存在之处，与“时间”（time）为相对概念。in the dark space在黑暗的宇宙空间（太空）

time and space时间和空间

Is there any space for me in the car?(此处和room的含义相当)

3place“地方”（可数），指某一具体地点。

I want to live in a place which is warm in winter.Mount Chaya is a wonderful place.嵖岈山是一个奇妙之地。102.常见国籍、人与语言的对应：

1China“中国”Chinese（无复数形式）“中国人（的）/中文（的）/中国的” a Chinese/ two Chinese“一个/两个中国人”

Japan, Japanese 和此类似。

2England“英国（原义：英格兰）”(= Britain)

English（无复数形式）“英国人（的）/英语（的）/英国的”

He is English.(前无冠词)= He is an Englishman.(前有冠词)“他是英国人”

注意复数：They are English.= They are Englishmen.(变为men)

3France“法国” French(无复数形式)“法国人(的)/ 法语(的)/ 法国的”

The lady is French.(前无冠词)= The lady is a Frenchwoman.(前有冠词)

注意复数：The ladies are French.= The ladies are Frenchwomen.4Germany“德国”German“德国人(的)/ 德语(的)/ 德国的”

The boy is a German.(前有冠词)The boys are Germans.(复数加s.）

5America“美国” American“美国人（的）/ 美国的”

He is American.(前常无冠词）They are Americans.(复数加s)103.易写错词形:◆noise(名词)“噪音”;noisy(形容词);noisily(副词)◆health(名词)“健康”;healthy(形容词);healthily(副词)

◆luck(名词)“运气”;lucky(形容词)“幸运的”;luckily(副词)

◆succeed(动词)“成功”;success(名词);successful(形容词)successfully(副词)◆save(动词)“救，节省，存”;safe(形容词)“安全的”;safety(名词)“安全，安全场所”safely（副词）◆true（形容词）“真的，对的”;truly(副词“)真正地”;truth(名词“)真理,事实”◆terrible(形容词)“难受的，可怕的”;terribly(副词)104.job与work:1job, 可数：I have a job as a teacher.Jobs are not easy to get.He wants a job.2work, 不可数

I cannot find work in this town.Have you finished your work? 105.with和in表示“用”：1with用工具：write with a pen /a pencil/

a piece of chalk 2in用写字材料：write in ink / pen(前无冠词)106.时刻之表达：1分钟未过半点，如7:20→seven twenty→twenty

past seven: 2:02→two oh two→two past two 2分钟已过半点，如5:45→five forty-five→a quarter to six→fifteen to six 1:58→one fifty-eight→two to two 3刚好半点，如9:30→nine thirty→half past nine 4刚好整点，如11:00→eleven o’clock 107.be + 形 + of sb 与 for sb的区别：1It’s kind of you to help me.解释：kind, nice, good, clever, foolish，lazy等词表示的是人的特点或性格。此句相当于在说You are kind to help me.此情况下介词用的是of.2It’s easy for you to do the work.解释：easy，difficult, necessary, important, dangerous, interesting等词如果在句中不反映人的特点或性格，如此句中并不是在说You are easy.而是“做

这项工作”这件事是容易的。此情况下介词用的是for.又如：It’s dangerous for us to climb the mountain.“爬山”是危险的，不是说“我们”是“危险”的。for sb 是“就某人来说”之意。

108.take, bring, fetch与carry: 都译为“拿”。◆take“拿走”，从说话人处带到另一处 ◆bring“带来”，从另一处带到说话人处。◆fetch“去拿来”，先到另一地拿东西，然后再返回到说话人处。◆carry“拿、搬、扛”，没有特定方向性。

109.条件与祈使: 有时条件句可以与祈使句有相同的意思。注意以下句子结构有何不同。

If you work hard, you will achieve your dream.相当于: Work hard, and you will achieve„

If you don’t listen to me carefully, you won’t understand it.相当于：Listen to me carefully, or you won’t understand it.110.in / on / at + 时间：1in three days(“„时间后”，常用于一般将来时)in September

in 1998;in the 1860s(在十九世纪六十年代)

in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night

2on Christmas Eve;on October 1st;

on Sunday evenings;on a cold morning;

on Fridays;on New Year’s Day;

on the morning / afternoon / evening / night of September 10th.(morning / afternoon / evening / night若是early / late 修饰时，仍用介词in)

3at 6:00;at Christmas;at noon;at night 112.one day与someday/some day的区别：

1one day“某一天，有一天”既可用于一般过去时，也可用于一般将来时。One day, a stranger came to my house.I will achieve my dream one day.2someday/some day“某一天”常用于一般将来时。可以和one day互换。I’m sure I can go to the Great Wall someday.113.missing与lost: 都可译为“丢失的，失踪的”

但用的分别是动词的现在分词和过去分词形式。My pen is lost / missing.(表语)

I’ve found the missing / lost book.（定语）114.常见部分名词及其修饰词：1price(价格)常用high 与low修饰。sell sth at a high / low price 以高 / 低价出售 The price of the shoes is high / low.2number(数量)常用big / large和small修饰 3quality(质量，品质)常用low / poor和high / good修饰。4population(人口)常 big / large和small修饰(以上词都不用many, much修饰。)

2.初中英语语法宝典 篇二

有些英语教师, 对课文中出现的语法现象讲解得详详细细, 认认真真, 学生也能背出那些语法规则, 但是实际运用起来却错漏百出, 没有真真正正地运用好语法, 掌握好语法。例如:九年义务教育英语教材初一下学期教到一般现在时态, 教师很容易讲清楚, 学生也很快记住了相关语法规则:一般现在时, 当主语是第三人称单数时, 谓语动词要加s或es;当主语是其他人称时, 谓语动词用原形。但是, 由于汉语没有这种变化, 学生很容易做错。

教师要使学生真正接受这种语言现象, 养成习惯, 做起题来万无一失, 就必须经过多次的反复的练习才行, 教师在课堂上也要多给出例子, 例如:他每天早上六点钟起床。He gets up at six every morning.他们 (你们) 经常在学校吃午餐。They (You) have lunch at school.等等, 老师还要指出动词加es或es的变化与名词的复数形式一样, 并注意把以上两句变为否定句和一般疑问句时的情况作讲解。变否定句时把doesn’t或don’t加在动词gets和have前, 第一句加了doesn’t以后gets要改为get, 第二句动词have照抄即可。把以上两句变为一般疑问句, 第一句在句子开头加Does, 动词gets变为原形get, 大写H要改变为小写h, 第二句在句子开头加Do, 大写T要改变为小写t, 其他照抄, 句末加问号即可。又如, 在教学现在进行时, 学生也很快记住了语法规则:现在进行时是由助动词be的现在式 (is, are, am) +动词现在分词 (动词+ing) 构成;现在分词构成有三种情况:一, 一般的动词直接加ing;二, 以不发音e结尾的动词去掉e再加ing;三, 以重读闭音节结尾的, 且末尾只有一个辅音字母, 应双写这一辅音字母再加ing。可是学生翻译或运用起来不是把助动词be丢掉, 就是把现在分词的ing丢掉。例如翻译:我正在读英语, 正确翻译是:“I am reading English.”而学生往往翻译为:“I am read English”或“I reading English”。再如学习了动词以后, 学生们学习了行为动词作谓语, 还是忘不了“be”, 例如翻泽“我每天学英语”, 正确的翻译是:“I study English everyday.”多数学生却翻译为:“I am study English every day”.

总之, 对于初学英语的学生来说, 犯这种或那种语法性错误的现象很多, 它的主要原因是东西方语言习惯的差异。要克服这种错误现象, 必须着重听说读写的训练, 着重于实践。反复实践, 反复训练, 才能得以巩固所学的语法知识, 才能做到正确地运用所学的语法知识。

那么, 对课文和句型中出现的一些新的语法现象怎么教?我认为不是当新的语法知识一出现就开始大讲, 特讲, 讲个不停。特别是一些比较难的语法项目, 很难在学生初次遇到时就能讲明白的。有些语法知识最好在学生积累了一定的语言材料以后再进行讲解。比如, 教到被动语态时, 先让学生理解了句子意思才讲解。The desk is made of wood.这书桌是木材做的。English is spoken by many people in the world.世界上大多数人讲英语。然后, 教师指出被动语态的结构是由be+动词过去分词构成, 不同的时态be的形式分别不同。举例一一讲解不同时态被动语态的句子。

对于一些还没有教到的语法知识, 可以先让学生了解其意义, 把它作为句型来记忆, 而暂不作其他要求, 等到学生积累了一定的语言材料以后再回过头来讲解, 这种方法可达到事半功倍的效果。否则学生听不懂, 做不对, 说不出, 很容易挫伤学生学习的积极性和兴趣。例如, 现在完成时是初中阶段很难学的一个时态, 内容多, 难理解, 与汉语习惯差异大, 只能一点一点地讲从九年义务教育新教材Book III里的unit 6开始, 课本里有四个单元, 在十六课中都逐渐出现现在完成时态, 先从对话Have you got...?入手, 指出现在完成时的结构, 及逐一举例讲解出现的各种情形。总之, 现在完成时只能慢慢地讲解, 等到学生有了一定的基础, 才能系统地加以归纳、比较、总结并用于指导实践。

3.初中英语的语法教学 篇三

“重知识,轻能力”是我国英语教学的一大缺陷,而英语教学界或多或少把问题归因于语法知识的学习,于是大力推广了交际法,一时间交际法成了最时髦的教法,讲解语法知识成了落后教法的同义语。

我们中国的中小学生学习英语不可能不学习语法,语法教学能让学生对英语语言规则有明确系统的认识,有利于帮助学生建立起语言规范。英语不仅是听和说的,也是读和写的,没有英语书面语的教学,学生的英语水平不可能有质的飞跃。所有最基础的语言现象在初中阶段大量出现,没有这些最基础的语法依托,学生的英语水平是不可能提高的。

二、如何教学语法

“语法隐形,功能为纲”是新课程英语的一大特点。在教学中既应突出语言的交际功能,又使语法知识内化成正确应用语言的能力。

其做法是“精讲多练,促进内化”。在教学过程中,教师应淡化对语法概念、定义的讲解和记忆要求,留更多的时间和精力用于实践和应用,开展一系列的教学活动,启发、诱导、点化学生在反复接触和应用语言的过程中,逐步体会和感知语言的规律性,培养学生探索、思考、创造的能力,使学生形成对语法知识自觉运用的习惯。

实际教学中,教师可以把语法项目的学习设计成一项项简单易行的口语练习活动,按照“为用而学,学了就用,在用中学”的教学过程,让学生把它们掌握下来。

(一)为学而用。如教学第三人称单数的疑问句和否定句。老师先安排学生学习生词:play basketball, play the piano, fly a kite, listen to music, swim, watch TV,然后讨论目标句型: Does he play basketball at the weekend? No, he doesn’t playbasketball.在探索问题时,老师充当陌生者,假装不知道,引发学生挑战、合作。在大家你一言,我一语的探讨中,学生得出结论。老师的作用就是肯定一下这个结论:肯定句中第三人称单数动词应该加s;疑问句和否定句中因为有了does和doesn’t表示第三人称单数,动词仍然是原形。

(二)学了就用。教师展示给学生图片:play basketball, play the piano, fly a kite, listen to music, swim, watch TV等,让学生成对地在课堂上操练目标句型:Does he play basketball at the weekend? No, he doesn’t play basketball.

三、在用中学。用的过程中学生肯定会不断地出现Do he play…? Does he plays…? Do he plays…? 等错误,老师也不纠正,因为其他学生听了,会帮他纠正。当学生没能意识到错误时,老师就把错句子重复一遍,出错的学生可能自己都能改了,这时再给他一次机会。通过“在用中学”这一重要环节,不用老师使劲讲解,不需大量的练习题,学生就能轻轻松松地掌握目标句型中体现的语法内容。以后用的过程可能还会出现错误,但我们要相信认识规律是一个循环往复地向上发展的过程。

学生的语言能力强了,有些不易操练到的语法现象,例如so与such的区别,形容词与副词的区别等等,老师一点,学生就透。这个时候学生才不会把语法学习当成一个包袱。学生只有在有了一定的语言基础之后,谈起语法来才不抽象空洞,才容易接受语法知识。

三、教学语法应坚持用句子对比操练

我们只有做到词不离句,即把词汇和时态用于句子中来教学,在对语法的教学过程中,学生才不会因老是孤立地学习一项项语法会感到枯燥乏味,学生用起来也不会由于学得死板僵化,而老是出错。只有到这时语法才会真正活起来了。比如学习形容词short,long,fat,thin,tall,old和young,我们可以把它放在目标句型中操练:A:He was fat then.B:Now he’s thin.所展示的图片人物又有高、矮、胖、瘦、年轻的、年老的等特征上的区别,还有单数男性、单数女性、单数事物和复数的人物等数量上的区别。这样学生所表达的句子就会有he、she、it、they等人称的变化;was/were、is/are、等数的变化;was/is、were/are等一般过去时和一般现在时的变化;以及根据图片内容而选择不同的形容词。通过把这几个形容词放在句中来学习,学生不仅练习了它们的发音,熟悉了它们的含义,而且学会了形容词做表语的用法,即不会把be动词给丢掉;同时学生还操练到了人称、数、时态等语法项目。由此可见,这种通过用操练句子来立体化地学习语法的教学方式所达到的教学效果是任何教师的单一讲解所无法媲美的。

语法学习的教学设计不仅要遵循词不离句的原则,还要带有一定的对比性。

如复习名词。物品的设置要包含单数和复数,名词的发音既要有元音开头的,又要有辅音开头的。目标句型可以为:Can we eat a plane? 学生说出的句子就会有 Can we eat an elephant? Can we eat lions? 等。

如学习形容词。物品的特征要明显相反(如轻→重),并且既有单数又有复数。目标句型可以为:The green bag is heavy. 操练过程中,学生会根据情景设置表达出The white shoes are dirty.等复数句子。

如学习第三人称单数。展示的动作要注意s的读音变化。如:goes,plays,helps,reads,watches等。目标句型可以为:He/She…on Sundays.

如复习一般过去时。一是要将规则变化动词和不规则变化动词对比操练,目标词可以为:climbed,went,saw,ate,bought,目标句型可以为:They went to the…;二是要将肯定句和否定句对比操练,而要让学生说出肯定句或否定句的方法就是在每一副动作图片旁加上“√”“×”,目标句型可以为:I made a cake. I didn’t…;三是要将一般过去时和一般现在时对比操练,把动作图片分为两大类,时间为usually和last Monday,目标句型可以为:He usually walks to school. But last Monday he went to school by bike.

设计语法操练内容还应遵循循序渐进的原则,不要一次把所有的该项语法内容操练完,应该一次练习一两种情形,最后再综合。

4.初中英语语法总结 篇四

remember doing sth. 记住曾做过某事

forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事

forget doing sth. 忘记曾做过某事

regret to do sth. 后悔(遗憾)要做某事

regret doing sth. 后悔(遗憾)曾做过某事

try to do sth. 设法要做某事

try doing sth. 做某事试试看有何效果

mean to do sth. 打算做某事

mean doing sth. 意味着做某事

can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事

can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事

go on to do sth. 做完某事后接着做另一事

go on doing sth. 继续做一直在做的事

5.初中英语语法知识 篇五

Don’t be late for school.不要上学迟到。

2、play + 球类名词：打/踢„„球(注意：球类运动不用冠词)

play +the+ 乐器(西洋)

playping-pong/basketball/volleyball/tennis/soccer

3、sound

1)连系动词，“听起来”，后接形容词作表语。

That story sounds very interesting.那故事听起来很有趣。

2)名词“声音”(泛指自然界中的各种声音)。

The sound is too loud.声音太大了。

4、every day 每天

She plays sports every day. 她每天都做运动。

everyday日常的 everyday English 日常英语

5.after class 下课后 after school 放学后

6. 辨析interesting与interested

1) interesting可作表语，指某人/事/物本身有趣;也可作定语修饰人或物

① The book is interesting.这书很有趣。 (作表语)

②I have an interestingbook.我有本有趣的书。(作定语)

2) interested用于be/get/become interested in„(对„„感兴趣)这一结构中。

He is interested inplaying football.他对踢足球感兴趣。

7、like 喜欢

1)like sb. / sth.喜欢某人/某物

2) like to do sth.喜欢/想要做某事(表一次性或特指的某一具体的动作)

3) like doing sth喜欢做某事(表习惯性的动作或爱好)

①我喜欢每天打篮球。I like playing basketballevery day.

6.初中英语语法教学教案 篇六

教学思路:

本节课我教的是情态动词can和could作“能力”解时的区别。这节课我打算通过复习以前学过的情态动词can的用法，以及通过做游戏，让学生在轻松愉快的氛围中掌握can的用法，以及了解can和could的区别。

一、Teaching Content:

Topic:Unit5Can you play the guitar?

Grammar：Using “can”/ “could” to talk about ability

二、Teaching Aims:

1.Use can talk about the ability at present.2.Use could talk about ability in the past.三、Teaching KeyandDifficult Points:

How to use “can” and “could” to express ability in the present and past.四、Teaching Methods:

Task-Based Language Teaching Method

五、Teaching Procedures:

Step 1：Warming up Task 1: Revision

T: What can you do now? S1: I can sing.S2: I can draw S3: I can dance.T: Can you ride a bike / swim / fly a kite / play football / play chess? Ss:Yes, I can./ No, I can’t.Task 2: Playing a game

T: Now letusplay a game.Five students come to the front and perform for the class according to myinstructions.andgestures.Theothers answer my questions.T : What can she do?

Ss : She can ride a bike /swim/ fly a kite/ play football / play chess.T: Can she swim/ fly a kite/play football /play chess.Ss: Yes ,She can? No, she can’t.T: Say the whole sentences: eg: Acan ride a bike.He can’t / cannot swim.Step2:Presentation

T: Can you ride a bike now? S1:Yes.I can

T:Couldyou ride a bike five years ago ?

Yes, I could./ No, I couldn’t(Help him answer)S1:Yes, I could./ No, I couldn’t.T: we can use “could” t talk about the past

.e.gI can play computer now.But, last year I couldn’t play.T: Could you row a boat last year? S1:Yes I could.No, I couldn’t.T: Could she he row a boat last year?(Ask other students)Ss: Yes she he could.No she he couldn’t T:Yes, A could ride a bike five years ago.He couldn’t swim five years ago.(Teach the students to say the whole sentences): A could ride a bike five years ago.He couldn’t swim five years ago.)

(Ask other students in the same ways)Step3:Practice :work in pairs T: Ask your partner more questions eg:Could he / she …?

(Yes, he / she could./ No, he / she couldn’t.)...Step 4: Production Task 3: Explanation

T: Let’s work out the rule.①肯定句式: cancould

②否定句式: can’tcouldn’t

③疑问句式: Can„?Could„?

T:We can use “am(is , are)able to “ instead of “can”,and“was(were)able to “ instead of “could“.eg.①Mike can sing more than 20 English songs.Mike is able to …

②She could speak English when she was four.She was able to…

T: Please give moreexamples.topractice them.Step5:Summary

T:Inthis class,wehavelearnt the use of can and could about talking about abilities.Who knows the differences between “can” and “could”

Step 6:Homework

7.小议农村初中英语语法教学 篇七

“你可以在儿童时期学习一门语言。那时你会背会所有的语法, 而你甚至不知道这是语法。这就是你学第一门语言———母语的通常作法。” (Kenneth Rung———瑞士航天调度专家语) “语言天赋说”认为, “儿童生来就有一种习得母语的机制, 并且通过它就可以习得相当复杂的母语的语言能力”。人类语言习得的过程中, 环境和先天的条件占据了大部分的作用。

“当你长大了, 想学一门新的语言, 你使用的是大脑中的另一个中心。你通过以下的方法来学习。

(1) 听别人说, 然后一个短语一个短语地理解。

(2) 逐渐地你学会了越来越多的在日常生活中有用的短语。

如果你想真正学会使用一门语言, 你必须这亲样做。

(1) 学会一定数量的单词以便让别人弄懂你的意思。

(2) 学好所学语言的语法, 以便你能使用它, 能够做到应用自如, 使别人真正地理解你想要表达的意思。

在这个层次上, 为了不让自己说或写“洋泾浜”, (笔者注:洋泾浜, 原是上海的一条河浜。所谓“洋泾浜英语”, 是指那些没有受过正规英语教育的上海人说的蹩脚英语。它的特点一是不讲语法, 二是按中国话“字对字”地转成英语。) 语法就非常重要。

对于即将成年并且深受本民族语言影响的农村初中生来说, 感性认识不足以帮助他们面对如此之多的语言现象。在农村初中, 学生离开课堂之后并没有多少听说英语的机会, 他们十分缺少环境英语的反复刺激。那么, 抽象化的语法概念、词法和句法就是学生掌握一门新语言的最好办法。

笔者通过观察和反思, 发现目前的初中英语教师对二期课改中关于语法教学的指导理解还不够全面, 在语法教学中还存在误区, 没有完全实现语法教学的有效性。现在很多教师由此认为语法教学只要进行模仿操练, 语法知识已不重要了。

目前初中语法教学所存在的问题包括以下几个方面。

1. 淡化语法, 机械操练

有些教师片面地理解了二期课改中关于语法教学的指导, 认为二期课改的理念就是淡化语法, 在课堂中不应直接讲解语法, 语法教学会减弱学生学习英语的兴趣, 会使学生产生厌学情绪。于是就出现了这样的现象:教师在语法教学中要求学生一味进行机械模仿操练, 不引导学生观察语言结构、归纳语法规律, 表面上学生通过操练能较流畅地表达, 但学生并没有真正理解掌握语法知识, 在实际交际中不能运用准确和得体的英语进行口头表达, 也写不出几句完整的句子, 难以实现语言高质量的输出。

2.直接讲解, 单向灌输

有些教师在让学生模仿操练后, 生怕学生不能记住语法知识, 于是采取“先操练后讲解”。在学生操练之后, 教师直接讲解语法知识, 单向灌输, 学生被动记忆。学生虽然在较短时间内似乎掌握了目标语法, 但没有经过思维, 被动获得的知识难以内化为语言能力。于是, 就出现了虽经多次讲解的语法, 学生仍不会准确运用的现象。

从教农村中学英语教学二十多年来, 我的英语语法教学也经历了两种情况。以前的情况是, 仍然沿用自己读中学时的旧教学模式解决语法部分, 结果发现要讲的内容太多, 课时不够, 以至课后还得抄语法知识, 学生掌握总是不理想等问题, 以至于有班主任单独私下跟我说:“不要讲太多太多的语法啦, 学生不愿意听。”而后来的情况是, 不再认为语法教学重要, 语法部分只要照本宣科地过一过, 从而导致学生由于基础语言知识和结构掌握不牢, 不仅不能用准确、得体的标准英语进行口头表达, 更写不出几句没有任何语法错误的完整英语句子。

笔者认为, 正确的做法应是以下两方面。

1.转变观念, 优化而非淡化

首先要了解《Go for it!》的语法编排体系, 它是按语言习得规律, 集中呈现语法现象, 让学生在运用中获得感受, 再通过逐步的学习习得语言, 使语法知识得到巩固和强化。新教材并不是要求放弃语法教学, 而是要求教师改变语法教学的方式, 将语言的形式与其意义、交际功能有机地结合起来, 通过在实际的语言运用中内化语言规则, 从而使学生达到能准确运用语言进行有效交际的目的。

2. 巧设语境, 归纳为主, 演绎为辅

根据农村学生的特点, 改变枯燥的、传统的语法分析教学, 把讲语法转变为让学生在有意义的情景中理解语法, 然后提供足够的机会让学生在较真实的语境中进行对话练习, 引导他们通过观察、比较、猜测, 自己去发现、归纳隐含在语言现象中的语法规则。

我总结出了英语的四种类型的句子的规律, 那就是“疑动主动”四字教学法。

(1) 祈使句———动

如Stand up!也就是说, 祈使句是:动词开头。

(2) 陈述句———主+动

如She is a student.也就是说, 陈述句是:主语+动词开头。

(3) 一般疑问句———动+主+动

如Do you know?也就是说, 一般疑问句是:助动词+主语+动词开头

(4) 特殊疑问句———疑+动+主+动

如What do you do in your spare time?也就是说, 特殊疑问句是:疑问词+助动词+主语+动词。

8.浅析初中英语语法教学 篇八

【关键词】英语语法 情境 趣味性 教学方法

语法是英语学习中较难的一项内容，尤其是在传统的英语语法教学过程中，教师为了让学生掌握更多的语法知识，对每个英语语法知识点不厌其烦的进行讲解。然而这种单调的语法教学方法，不仅不能够调动起学生英语语法学习的积极性，提高英语语法的教学效率，甚至会让学生对英语语法学习更加厌烦。

语法又是英语教学中的一项基础内容，只有学好英语语法，才能够帮助学生更好地进行英语阅读、写作等方面知识的学习，提高学生的英语综合素质。在初中英语教学中，如何进行英语语法教学，怎样激发学生英语语法学习的兴趣，是值得每一位初中英语教师深思的问题。

一、明确语法教学是初中英语教学中必不可少的组成部分

在培养学生的听、说、读、写能力的同时，不能忽视适当地传授学生必要的语法知识。因为必要的语法知识对听、说、读、写起促进作用。俗话说得好，词汇是珍珠，语法就是将珍珠串起来的绳子。两者完美组合才能展现美丽的珍珠项链。我们教学语法的目的是要学生掌握英语的运用能力，而不是要他们去做语法研究。所以，对初学者讲解语法时，没有必要讲解语法的系统性，而应根据课文内容和教学目标的实际情况，先讲授那些最基本，最使用的语法项目，解决那些急需解决的问题。例如，在七、八年级时，让学生知道名词有单复数形式；知道主要人称代词的区别；知道动词在不同情况下有形式的变化；了解表示事件、地点和位置的介词；了解简单句的基本形式和表意功能。到了九年级就要掌握更多的语法知识，如：理解和掌握6种基本事态的用法；语态；复合句；构词法；句子种类，更进一步掌握动词的用法；直接引语间接引语等语法知识。

二、借助真实的情境进行英语语法学习

英语是一门语言，任何语言的学习都离不开具体的语言环境。但是，我们平时使用英语进行交流的机会不多，对于初中生来说，在生活当中运用英语交谈的机会更是少之又少。而要学会英语语法知识，就需要多进行交谈，在实际运用中掌握语法，加强语法。作为一名初中英语教师，要想提高英语语法教学的质量，就要做到为学生创设情境，让学生在具体的情境当中进行语言交流，感受英语语法知识、掌握英语语法知识。在具体的情境当中，学生们有了身临其境之感，并且在自己的探究和参与中获得了语法知识，他们对知识的理解会更渗透，掌握和运用能力会更强。

例如：在学习“一般现在时态”时，教师可以为学生创设其一天活动的场景。在场景的创设上，教师可以借助多媒体教学手段。在课上，教师利用多媒体技术给学生展示一位学生一天的学习和生活。从起床、吃早餐开始，直至晚上写好作业后去休息。在展示每一幅画面时，都要有一个钟表的场景以显示时间。在展示这些场景时，教师还要在多媒体上展示相关的提示词汇。在开始的练习时，教师可以先和英语基础较好的学生进行简单的问答练习，为学生之间的练习做好示范。在学生都比较熟悉之后，开展学生之间的问答练习。然后，找学生描述所有的场景。

三、巧设话题运用趣味性教学方法调动学生英语学习的兴趣

在语法教学中巧妙地设计话题，可以使学生为用而学，在用中学，学了就用，可以使语法课充满活力。仍以上面的一般现在时的教学为例，借助刚才的情景教学，学生对一般现在时在口头表达这个层面上已经掌握得相当不错了，但是在书面表达这一层面涉及甚少。可以这样设计话题：

What do you do？

every day？ What does your friend do every day？ Can you write？

a short passage to tell me about your daily life？

借助于教师给出的提示词以及刚才的问答，学生以两人一组的方式，可以把自己和朋友一天的生活都写出来了。这样的写作，学生会觉得非常轻松自如，而且，也会注意到不同人称中动词的变化。“兴趣是最好的老师”，英语语法课堂的教学效率不高，和学生对英语语法学习不感兴趣有很大的关系。在英语语法教学中，由于教师长期采用单调、枯燥的教学方法进行教学，使得英语语法课堂更加沉闷。作为一名新时期的英语教师，要在教学方法的改进上下手，善于灵活运用多种教学手段，激发出学生的英语语法学习兴趣。

在英语语法教学中，教师可以引入游戏教学法、竞赛教学法等趣味性较强的教学手段，使枯燥、单调的英语语法学习变得生动、形象，从而帮助学生获得更多感性上的认识，进而通过理解、消化和吸收上升为理性认识，使英语语法教学达到良好的教学效果。初中生年龄还比较小，他们对游戏充满了兴趣，通过运用游戏教学法进行语法教学，学生的参与性能够被很好地调动，促使每一位学生都能够积极参与到语法教学活动当中。为了增加英语语法教学的趣味性，教师还可以运用一些英语格言、谚语等进行英语语法知识的教学。有很多英语格言、谚语都比较形象生动，在这些格言、谚语中包含了许多英语语法项目，通过学习和记忆这些英语格言、谚语在激发学生英语学习兴趣的同时，可以提高学生的英语语法能力。