陶渊明的作文素材

陶渊明的作文素材（精选6篇）

1.陶渊明的作文素材 篇一

高考阅读与作文材料精备（之十）

陶渊明：孤标傲世偕谁隐

独向田园觅超然

一、作家简介 ◆人物导语

提到“魏晋风度”，古代士人那高旷雅逸的风采的确令人心驰神往。陶渊明是“田园诗人之祖”、“隐逸诗人之宗”。他的身上，充盈着古代知识分子追求个性价值的信念，激荡着儒、道思想交融的厚重内涵。他是“达则兼济天下，穷则独善其身”信条的最彻底的实践者，是文人高洁品行的万世楷模。带着“猛志逸四海，骞翮思远翥”的大志抑或“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”的情怀，认识陶渊明，才能真正理解中国文人，体悟其“清高”之三味。● 作家档案

陶渊明：365年——427年

字号：字元亮，别号五柳先生，晚年更名潜，卒后亲友私谥“靖节”

时代：东晋

籍贯：浔阳柴桑（今江西九江）人

仕途：陶渊明少有“猛志逸四海，骞翮思远翥”的大志，孝武帝太元十八年（393年），他怀着“大济苍生”的愿望，任江州祭酒。当时门阀制度森严，他出身庶族，受人轻视，感到不堪吏职，少日自解归。他辞职回家后，州里又来召他作主簿，他也辞谢了。安帝隆安四年（400年），他到荆州，投入桓玄门下作属吏。隆安五年冬天，他因母丧辞职回家。元兴三年（404年），他离家投入刘裕幕下任镇军参军。但是入幕不久，诸多黑暗现象，使他感到失望。于是就辞职隐居，后又于义熙元年（405年）转入建威将军、江州刺史刘敬宣部任建威参军。同年三月，他奉命赴建康替刘敬宣上表辞职。刘敬宣离职后，他也随着去职了。同年秋，叔父陶逵介绍他任彭泽县令，到任八十一天，便愤然辞职。陶渊明十三年的仕宦生活，至此结束。这十三年，是他为实现“大济苍生”的理想抱负而不断尝试、不断失望、终至绝望的十三年。

作品：著作有《闲情赋》、《晋故征西大将军长史孟府君传》、《归去来兮辞》《归园田居五首》、《饮酒二十首》、《桃花源诗并记》、《咏荆轲》、《有会而作》、《挽歌诗三首》、《感士不遇赋》、《自祭文》等。

名望：他是中国文学史上地位崇高的大诗人、大辞赋家和大散文家，被后世称作“田园诗人之祖”、“隐逸诗人之宗”。

二、成名缘由 ▲贡献概述

（一）陶渊明的文学创作。

在诗歌、散文、辞赋诸多方面都有很高的成就，但对后代影响最大的是诗歌。在其诗歌中，最有代表性的是田园诗。这种田园诗的艺术魅力，与其说在于它是田园生活的真实写照，不如说在于其中寄托了陶渊明的人生理想。田园被其用诗的构造手段高度纯化、美化了，变成了痛苦世界中的一座精神避难所。

（二）陶渊明的思想内涵。

陶渊明的思想是以老庄哲学为核心，对儒、道两家取舍调和而形成的一种特殊的“自然”。他常常把儒家虚构的淳朴无争的上古之世与道家宣扬的小国寡民的社会模式结合成一体，作为理想社会来歌颂。同样的思想，又借助虚构，在《桃

花源记》中，描绘了一种人人自耕自食，真诚相处，无竞逐无欺诈，甚至无君无臣的理想社会。

（三）陶渊明的精神气节。

在陶渊明深层心理中，存在着二重人格：一是理想人格，一是现实人格。理想人格主要源于家庭血统积淀和东晋士人矫前代士风之失而形成的人格理想。现实人格主要源于陶氏家族的沦落和诗人疾患所形成的以自我为中心的性格倾向和自卑情结。以自我为中心性格倾向决定了诗人一生无论出仕与归隐，都摆脱不了人生孤独困境，迫使诗人从精神上寻找一个守节固穷的理想归宿。自卑情结使诗人一生始终贯穿着自我拯救、不断超越的过程，这一过程便化作在人生优越感驱动下的自我理想化和生活诗意化。

在他的作品中，充分表现出诗人鄙夷功名利禄的高远志趣和守志不阿的高尚节操；表现出诗人对黑暗官场的极端憎恶和彻底决裂；表现出诗人对淳朴的田园生活的热爱，对劳动的认识和对劳动人民的友好感情；表现出诗人对理想世界的追求和向往。▲突出成就

1．恬淡自然、醇厚隽永的艺术风格。陶渊明的诗歌题材和内容贴近平淡的日常生活，诗歌的形象也往往取自于习见常闻的事物，而且是直写其事，不假雕琢，不尚辞采，陶渊明田园诗深厚的意蕴只以淡淡的白描和真情实感，托出诗的艺术形象和意境，然平淡之中见神奇，朴素之中见绮丽。

2．高远拔俗、天然浑成的艺术境界。陶渊明的诗歌意象看似平淡无奇，然而却创造了高远拔俗的艺术境界。陶诗的许多作品达到了物我合—、主客融合的浑然天成的艺术境界，做到情、景、理的交融统一。

3．天然本色、精练传神的语言。陶渊明的诗歌不尚藻饰，不事雕琢，而是惯用朴素自然的语言和疏淡的笔法精练地勾勒出生动的形象，传达出深厚的意蕴，达到了写意传神的艺术效果。

▲评论资料

梁代钟嵘《诗品》说：“宋征士陶潜，其源出于应璩，又协左思风力。文体省净，殆无长语。笃意真古，辞兴婉惬。每观其文，想其人德。世叹其质直。至如‘欢言酌春酒’，‘日暮天无云’，风华清靡，岂直为田家语耶，古今隐逸诗人之宗也。”

萧统说“其文章不群，词采精拔，跌宕昭彰，独超众类。抑扬爽朗，莫之与京。横素波而傍流，干青云而直上。语时事则指而可想，论怀抱则旷而且真。”

黄庭坚说他的诗“不烦绳削而自合。”

朱熹说他的诗“平淡出于自然”。

苏东坡说：“渊明诗初视若散缓,熟视有奇趣。”

苏东坡还说他的诗“质而实绮，癯而实腴。”

欧阳修说：“晋无文章，惟陶渊明《归去来兮辞》一篇而已。”

沈德潜说：“陶诗胸次浩然，其中有一段渊深根茂不可到处。唐人祖述者，王右丞有其清腴，孟山人有其闲远，储太祝有其朴实，韦左司有其冲和，柳仪曹有其峻洁，皆学焉而得其性之所近。”

三、作品在线 ◆作品概述

陶渊明今存诗歌共125首，计四言诗9首，五言诗116首；存文12篇，计辞赋3篇，韵文5篇，散文4篇。

（一）从创作时期，可以分为两个阶段。

羡慕荣华利禄。喜欢读书，但不执着于对一字一句的琐细解释；每当读书有所领悟的时候，就会高兴得忘了吃饭。生性嗜好喝酒，但因为家贫就不能经常得到。亲朋好友知道他这种境况，有时备酒招待他。他前去饮酒时总是开怀畅饮，直到大醉方休；醉后就向主人告辞，从不以去留为意。他的住室四壁空空荡荡，破旧得连风和太阳都无法遮挡，穿的粗布短衣打满了补丁，饮食简陋而且经常短缺，而他却能安然自得。常常以写诗作文章当娱乐，抒发自己的志趣。他能够忘掉世俗的得失，只愿这样度过自己的一生。

赞曰：黔娄的妻子曾经这样述说自己的丈夫：“不因为处境贫困而终日忧心忡忡，不为了追求富贵而到处奔走钻营。”推究她所说的话，五柳先生不就是黔娄那样的人物吗？饮酒赋诗，满足自己的志趣，这不是成了生活在无怀氏、葛天氏时代里的人了吗？ 【整体感知】

本文是作者托言为五柳先生写的传记，实为自传，沈约《宋书·隐逸传》和萧统的《陶渊明传》都认为是“实录”。文章从思想性格、爱好、生活状况等方面塑造了一位独立于世俗之外的隐士形象，赞美了他安贫乐道的精神。

文章在讲述了“五柳先生”这个名号的来历之后，便以一句“闲静少言，不慕荣利”点出了五柳先生的隐者心境。接着作者便开始讲述自己在隐居生活中的乐趣：“好读书，不求甚解。”展现了一个在读书中得到精神愉悦的五柳先生；“性嗜酒”、“期在必醉”展示了一个率真放达的五柳先生；“环堵萧然”、“晏如也”，描绘了一个安贫乐道的五柳先生；“常著文章自娱”、“忘怀得失”描述了一个自得其乐、淡泊名利的五柳先生。这种种叙述，把一个虽处于贫困之中却悠闲自适的隐士形象活灵活现地刻画了出来。文末的“赞”中称五柳先生好像是上古的无怀氏、葛天氏之民，是对他高洁人格的再度赞扬。【读思牵手】

陶渊明“好读书”，为什么“不求甚解”呢？ 【释疑参考】

这与他“不慕荣利”有关。他读书的目的，是一种求知的满足，精神享受，所以“每有会意，便欣然忘食”。他既不求名，也不求利，只求精神上得到安慰，他的不求甚解是他率真自然性格的反映。

选文二：《桃花源记》

【导读】

有人认为，桃花源位于湖南省常德市境内。那里南倚巍巍武陵，北临滔滔沅水，史称“黔川咽喉，云贵门户”，要居衡山、君山、岳麓山、张家界、猛洞河诸风景名胜中枢，特殊的地理位置使桃花源得以吞洞庭湖色，纳湘西灵秀，沐五溪奇照，揽武陵风光。桃花源原为潇湘八景之一，集陶潜文化、秦楚文化、道教文化于一体。桃源县种植的桃花品种达三十多种，春天花开时节，桃红柳绿，繁花似锦。每年都有六十多万海内外游人到桃花源赏花观景，领略令人神往的“世外桃源”。这种盛况恐怕有陶渊明不少的功劳吧？ 【正文】

桃花源记

晋太元中，武陵人，捕鱼为业，缘溪行，忘路之远近，忽逢桃花林。夹岸数百步，中无杂树，芳草鲜美，落英缤纷。渔人甚异之。复前行，欲穷其林。林尽水源，便得一山。山有小口，彷佛若有光。便舍船，从口入。

初极狭，才通人；复行数十步，豁然开朗。土地平旷，屋舍俨然。有良田美

池桑竹之属，阡陌交通，鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作，男女衣著，悉如外人；黄发垂髫，并怡然自乐。见渔人，乃大惊，问所从来，具答之。便要还家，设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人，咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱，率妻子邑人来此绝境，不复出焉；遂与外人间隔。问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻，皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家，皆出酒食。停数日，辞去。此中人语云：“不足为外人道也。”

既出，得其船，便扶向路，处处志之。及郡下，诣太守，说如此。太守即遣人随其往，寻向所志，遂迷不复得路。南阳刘子骥，高尚士也，闻之，欣然规往。未果，寻病终。后遂无问津者。【整体感悟】

《桃花源记》的故事和其他仙境故事有相似之处，描写了一个美好的世外仙界。

不过应当强调的是，陶渊明所提供的理想模式有其特殊之处：在那里生活着的其实是普普通通的人，一群避难的人，而不是神仙，只是比世人多保留了天性的真淳而已；他们的和平、宁静、幸福，都是通过自己的劳动取得的。

古代的许多仙话，描绘的是长生和财宝，桃花源里既没有长生也没有财宝，只有一片农耕的景象。陶渊明归隐之初想到的还只是个人的进退清浊，写《桃花源记》时已经不限于个人，而想到整个社会的出路和广大人民的幸福。陶渊明迈出这一步与多年的躬耕和贫困的生活体验有关。

虽然桃花源只是空想，但能提出这个空想是十分可贵的。【读思牵手】

您认为真正的“桃花源”在那里？ 【释疑参考】

这个《桃花源记》写出来之后，可以说一直被人们关注一个问题就是“桃花源”在哪里。特别是到了现在旅游热的兴起，这个“桃花源”如果真的存在，那一定是非常宝贵的旅游资源了。那么，“桃花源”究竟在那里呢？还得从《桃花源记》中去分析。

陶渊明写出《桃花源记》，实际上是有四个因素在起作用：

方面因素混合发酵，最后酿出的一杯美酒，它是人们精神荒漠里的一种甘露，给人们心灵以一种慰籍。

选文三：《归去来兮辞 并序 》

【导读】

晨光朦胧，微风吹拂，诗人长发飘逸，衣袂翻飞，伫立在一叶扁舟上。此刻的他，心里也如这飘荡的小舟，既惆怅，又欢快„„ 【正文】

归去来兮辞并序

余家贫，耕植不足以自给。幼稚盈室，瓶无储粟，生生所资，未见其术。亲故多劝余为长吏，脱然有怀，求之靡途。会有四方之事，诸侯以惠爱为德，家叔以余贫苦，遂见用为小邑。于时**未静，心惮远役，彭泽去家百里，公田之利，足以为酒，故便求之。及少日，眷然有归欤之情。何则？质性自然，非矫励所得。饥冻虽切，违己交病。尝从人事，皆口腹自役。于是怅然慷慨，深愧平生之志。犹望一稔，当敛裳宵逝。寻程氏妹丧于武昌，情在骏奔，自免去职。仲秋至冬，在官八十馀日。因事顺心，命篇曰《归去来兮》。乙巳岁十一月也。

归去来兮，田园将芜，胡不归？既自以心为形役，奚惆怅而独悲！悟已往之不谏，知来者之可追；实迷途其未远，觉今是而昨非。舟遥遥以轻飏，风飘飘而吹衣。问征夫以前路，恨晨光之熹微。

乃瞻衡宇，载欣载奔。僮仆欢迎，稚子候门。三径就荒，松菊犹存。携幼入室，有酒盈樽。引壶觞以自酌，眄庭柯以怡颜。倚南窗以寄傲，审容膝之易安。园日涉以成趣，门虽设而常关。策扶老以流憩，时矫首而遐观。云无心以出岫，鸟倦飞而知还。景翳翳以将入，扶孤松而盘垣。

归去来兮，请息交以绝游。世与我而相违，复驾言兮焉求？悦亲戚之情话，乐琴书以消忧。农人告余以春及，将有事于西畴。或命巾车，或棹孤舟。既窈窕以寻壑，亦崎岖而经丘。木欣欣以向荣，泉涓涓而始流。善万物之得时，感吾生之行休。

已矣乎！寓形宇内复几时，曷不委心任去留？胡为乎遑遑欲何之？富贵非吾愿，帝乡不可期。怀良辰以孤往，或植杖而耘耔。登东皋以舒啸，临清流而赋诗。聊乘化以归尽，乐夫天命复奚疑！【参考译文】

我的家境贫困，耕种田地不能维持自己的生活。家中孩子很多，米缸里经常没有存粮，找不到维持生计的办法。亲戚朋友多劝我出去做个小官，自己心里也产生了这种念头，但苦于没有门路。刚巧碰上有出使到外地去的事情，各地州郡长官都以爱惜人才为美德，叔父因为看到我贫苦就加以推荐，于是被任命为小城的官吏。这时战乱没有平息，心里害怕远地的差使。彭泽县离开家乡只有一百里路程，公田收获的粮食足够酿酒之用，因此就要了下来。但过了没几天，思念田园，归乡的念头就产生了。为什么呢？因为我的本性坦率自然，不会勉强做作；饥冻虽是急迫之事，但违背自己本心就会使人感到十分痛苦。虽然自己曾经做过官，但都是为生活所驱使；于是感到烦恼，激动不已，有愧于平生的志愿。但还是想等到秋收以后，就收拾行装连夜离去。不久，嫁给程家的妹妹在武昌去世，要急着前去奔丧，就自己弃官离职了。从秋八月到冬季，做了八十多天的官。就针对这件事情来抒发自己心里的情意，给这篇文章命名为《归去来兮》。时在乙巳年十一月。

回去吧，田园快要荒芜了，为什么还不回！既然自认为心志被形体所役使，又为什么惆怅而独自伤悲？认识到过去的错误已不可挽救，知道了未来的事情尚可追回。实在是误入迷途还不算太远，已经觉悟到今天对而昨天错。归舟轻快地飘荡前进，微风徐徐地吹动着上衣。向行人打听前面的道路，恨晨光还是这样微弱迷离。

望见家乡的陋屋，我高兴得往前直奔。童仆欢喜地前来迎接，幼儿迎候在家门。庭院小路虽将荒芜，却喜园中松菊还存。我拉着幼儿走进内室，屋里摆着盛满酒的酒樽。拿过酒壶酒杯来自斟自饮，看着庭院里的树枝真使我开颜。靠着南窗寄托着我的傲世情怀，觉得身居陋室反而容易心安。天天在园子里散步自成乐趣，尽管设有园门却常常闭关。拄着手杖或漫步或悠闲地随处休息，不时地抬起头来向远处看看。云烟自然而然地从山洞飘出，鸟儿飞倦了也知道回还。日光渐暗太阳将快要下山，我抚摸着孤松而流连忘返。

回去吧，我要断绝与外人的交游。既然世俗与我乖违相悖，我还驾车出游有什么可求？亲戚间说说知心话儿叫人心情欢悦，抚琴读书可藉以解闷消愁。农人们告诉我春天已经来临，我将要到西边去耕耘田亩。有的人驾着篷布小车，有的人划着一叶小舟。时而沿着婉蜒的溪水进入山谷，时而循着崎岖的小路走过山丘。树木长得欣欣向荣，泉水开始涓涓奔流。我羡慕物得逢天时，感叹自己的一生行将罢休。

算了吧！寄身于天地间还有多少时日！何不放下心来听凭生死？为什么还要遑遑不安想去哪里？企求富贵不是我的心愿，寻觅仙境不可期冀。只盼好天气我独自外出，或将手杖插在田边除草培苗。登上东边的高岗放声长啸，面对清的流水吟诵诗篇。姑且随着大自然的变化走向生命尽头，乐天安命还有什么值得怀疑！【读思牵手】

《归去来兮辞》是我国古代“隐逸诗人之宗”陶渊明的传世名篇，北宋文学家欧阳修曾对这篇作品评价甚高：“晋无文章，惟陶渊明《归去来兮辞》一篇而已。”我们若穿越其田园诗清新、淳朴的狭巷，扑面而来的则是一缕中国古代圣洁、飘逸、浪漫、悠游的隐士遗风。思考一下，从这篇文章中，我们可以看到中国古代隐士怎样的传统情怀？ 【释疑参考】

所谓隐士文化，是古代正直文人因失意仕途或不满浊世等，而采取消极避世的一种人生态度，它是古代知识分子“独善其身”的高洁人格体现。从传说中的许由，先秦时代的接舆、庄周到清代的随园主人袁枚等，隐士文化延续几千年，从陶渊明《归去来兮辞》中，我们就可以窥斑见豹地透视到中国古代隐士的传统情怀。

一、厌恶官场，鄙弃功名。

陶渊明“厌恶官场，鄙弃功名”的价值取向有一个形成过程。他在年轻的时候有过“大济苍生”之志，决意不肯老死穷庐，曾多方谋求一种实现“猛志”的途径，也就是出仕。但当时等级森严的门阀制度和其“不为五斗米折腰”的傲骨严重地阻碍了陶渊明的仕途发展。所以，他五次出仕，也只任过祭酒、参军、县令等一些小职，前后13年时间大部分在家赋闲。这样的勉强出仕不仅对他的大志无济于事，而且使他见识了官场的龌龊和阴暗，充分地加强了他“深愧平生之志”的生命悲剧意识。于是，爱慕自然、企羡隐逸的天性点燃了他归隐山林的决心。在辞去彭泽县令后，他就断然走上与仕途生活决裂的道路，真正解甲归田了。

二、娱情诗酒、崇尚自然。

饮酒赋诗是隐士生活的主要内容之一，隐逸文学关涉诗酒是隐士文学的一个

重要表征。苏轼说：“渊明之诗，篇篇有酒”，虽然不失夸张，但是陶渊明题为“饮酒”的组诗就有二十首之多。这是不争的事实。他归隐后的

使他能够放其言，吐其意，纵心任情，无所顾虑。《饮酒二十首》，作于似醉非醉之中，尽露酒中隐士之心迹，一展酒中隐士的风采。

（二）陶渊明劝学诗联

一天，邻家少男向陶渊明请教：“陶老先生，我非常敬佩你渊博的学识，但不知你少年时期读书有无妙法？敬请传授，晚辈不胜感激。”

陶渊明哈哈大笑，随即说道：“天下哪有什么学习妙法？只有笨法，全凭下功夫，勤学则进，辍学则退。”

陶渊明见少年并不十分懂它的意思，便拉着他的手来到亲手耕种的那块稻田旁，指着一颗稻苗说：“你蹲在这里，仔细认真看一看，告诉我他现在是不是在长高？”那少年依陶渊明所说，目不转睛看了很久，把眼睛都看酸了，仍不见稻苗往上长，便站起来对陶渊明说：“没见长啊！”

陶渊明反问道：“真的没见长吗？那么，原先矮小的稻秧，是如何变得这么高的呢？”陶渊明见少年低头不语，便进一步引导说：“它每时每刻都在滋长，只是我们肉眼看不到罢了。读书学习也是同样道理，知识是一点一滴的积累的，有时连自己也不易觉擦到，只要勤学不辍，就会积少成多。”

陶渊明又指着西边的一块大磨刀石问少年：“那块磨刀石为什么会有像马鞍一样的凹面呢？”

“那时磨成这样的。”少年随口答道。

“那它究竟是哪天磨成这样的呢？”

少年摇摇头。

陶渊明说：“这是我们大家天天在上面磨刀、磨镰，日积月累，年复一年，才成这样的，不可能是一天之功啊！学习也是这个道理，要是不坚持读书，每天都有所亏欠啊！”少年恍然大悟，连忙再向陶渊明行了大礼，说：“多谢先生指教，学生再也不敢讨教什么妙法了！请先生为我留几句话，我当放在心上。”

陶渊明欣然同意，脱口面出：“勤学如春起之苗，不见其增，日有所长；辍学如磨刀之石，不见其损，日有所亏。”

（三）不为五斗米折腰

公元405年秋，为了养家糊口，陶渊明来到离家乡不远的彭泽当县令。这年冬天，郡的太守派出一名督邮，到彭泽县来督察。督邮，品位很低，却有些权势，在太守面前说话好歹就凭他那张嘴。这次派来的督邮，是个粗俗而又傲慢的人，他一到彭泽的旅舍，就差县吏去叫县令来见他。陶渊明平时蔑视功名富贵，不肯趋炎附势，对这种假借上司名义发号施令的人很瞧不起，但也不得不去见一见，于是他马上动身。

不料县吏拦住陶渊明说：“大人，参见督邮要穿官服，并且束上大带，不然有失体统，督邮要乘机大做文章，会对大人不利的！”

这一下，陶渊明再也忍受不下去了。他长叹一声，道：“我不能为五斗米向乡里小人折腰啊！” 说罢，索性取出官印，把它封好，并且马上写了一封辞职信，随即离开只当了八十一天县令的彭泽。

五、精彩语录

1、方宅十馀亩，草屋八九间。榆柳荫後檐，桃李罗堂前。暧暧远人村，依依墟里烟。狗吠深巷中，鸡鸣桑树颠。

2、种豆南山下，草盛豆苗稀。晨兴理荒秽，带月荷锄归。

3、奇文共欣赏，疑义相与析。

4、春秋多佳日，登高赋新诗。过门更相呼，有酒斟酌之。农务各自归，闲暇辄相思。相思则披衣，言笑无厌时。

5、人生无根蒂，飘如陌上尘。分散逐风转，此已非常身。落地为兄弟，何必骨肉亲！得欢当作乐，斗酒聚比邻。盛年不重来，一日难再晨。及时当勉励，岁月不待人。

6、采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还。

7、亲戚或馀悲，他人亦已歌。死去何所道，托体同山阿。六．学生佳作

隐者颂

山西阳城一中267班 何 燕 掬一捧月色，凝成暗夜的菊香 引两怀清风，拂醒南山的曙光

穿过东篱的栏栅，你认清斗米中的昏浊 背负荷月的草锄，你遗忘沾露后的衣裳

踏着落英缤纷，你寻寻觅觅桃源梦境 追着尧舜足迹，你隐隐匿匿南山菊影

没了罗绮华服，你披起晚霞织就的布衣更显高贵 没了轻车香马，你踩着泪光延伸的路途更觉舒畅

勇于放弃 敢于清高

于是你笑了，笑声中你双眸闪亮，眼神滑过一丝哀伤 隐者，不就是一个隐匿疼痛，愿意被遗忘的勇者吗

舞一曲淡泊，遗万世芬芳 山西阳城一中266班 李 珊

一位老者，在落英缤纷的桃源深处，用人生舞着一曲淡泊，却在进退间遗万世芬芳。

依稀记得，有这样一位老者，无奈望着家徒四壁，望着操劳的妻，望着渴求的儿，迫于生活，他怀抱满腹经纶，依依惜别了故乡的青山，故乡的绿水，奔走仕途……

他曾在满朝文武勾心斗角的风口浪尖，舞着一曲对名利地位的淡泊，以坚守的步伐，踏出清高的旋律，遗万世的芬芳。

依稀记得，有这样一位老者，愤怒地望着钱财万贯，望着昏暗的官场，望着佳肴美人的颓废，迫于不满，他怀抱满心厌恶，毅然告别了江城的深府，江城的大殿，上任参军……

他曾在市俗纷乱歌舞升平的纸醉金迷里，舞着一曲对荣华享乐的淡泊，以轻蔑的步伐，踏出桀傲的旋律，遗万世以芬芳。

依稀记得，有这样一位老者，满足地望着春色满园，望着倦飞知返的鸟，望着涓涓细流的泉，为免于玷污，他怀抱满心悔恨，匆匆回到了故乡的田园，故乡的山水，远离尘市……

他曾在硕果累累田间丰收的满目金色中，舞着对谷物满仓的淡泊，以轻盈的步伐，踏出悠然的旋律，遗万世以芬芳。

“田园将芜胡不归！既自以心为形役，奚惆怅而独悲？”一位老者感慨着，田园都将荒芜了，以心为形役的自己怎能不归？

“晨兴理荒秽，戴月荷锄归”，一位老者决然脱掉华丽的官袍，那些华丽如何比得上朴素？那些贪图如何比得上淡泊？

“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。”一位老者就这样断绝了世俗，归居田园，以山为钵，以水为酒，饮着归真返璞，饮尽一生。

历史的诗坛多少次风起云涌，诗坛的天空多少次云卷云舒，天空又多少次变幻无穷……

然而，灯火阑珊蓦然回首时，我依然可以看到这样一位老者舞着一曲淡泊，桃花在他身边纷纷落下，遗留万世芬芳。

评析：

这两篇文章分别侧重从“清高”和“淡泊”的角度，歌颂和怀念着伟大的田园诗人陶渊明，其实，在写作过程中，又有哪个话题不能运用陶渊明这个材料呢？象苏轼、陶渊明这样的大家，在话题作文中，几乎是放之四海而皆准的写作素材。

2.陶渊明的作文素材 篇二

With the particular sensibility of nature, writers are especially apt at appreciating nature‘s beauty and resorting to literary works to depict it.Having similar experiences of living in isolation, both Tao Yuanming and Thoreau have a particular love of nature.They both appreciate nature’s beauty, sanctity and spirituality, and share the same view of“Oneness of heaven and human”, which is an ancient philosophical teaching yet in which we can still find its post-modernism vitality.

1.1 Nature Aesthetics

1) Observation of Nature:“Transparent Eyes”.

Instead of using fleshly physical eyes, transcendentalists believe in a deeper observation of nature—the“transparent eyeballs” (1) , only with which can human truly appreciate and understand nature.Both Thoreau and Tao Yuanming have this form of observation of nature since they depicted nature as if they felt what nature felt and knew every creature, non-creature, and weather’s deeds and feelings.

Thoreau has romantic imaginations, sensitive feelings and infinite enthusiasm in nature.During his dwelling beside the Walden, Thoreau lies on the frozen pond in winter, watching the pickerel beneath in zero distance, and then wrote in Walden:

“Ah, the pickerel of Walden!When I see them lying on the ice...I am always surprised by their rare beauty, as if they were fabulous fishes, they are so foreign to the streets, even to the woods...They possess a quite dazzling and transcendent beauty...They are not green like the pines, nor gray like the stones nor blue like the sky;but they have...yet rarer colors, like flowers and precious stones, as if they were the pearls, the animalized nuclei or crystals of the Walden water.They, of course, are Walden all over and all through;are themselves small Waldens” (Thoreau 160) .

In Thoreau’s eyes, every being in nature is unique and precious.The pickerel fish possesses its individual color, shape and meaning of existence, transcending over others’.A casual winter fish’s“rare beauty”, involving its unique colors, transcendent state of being, pearl-like grace, and its identity of a crystallized nature, cannot be appreciated without“transparent eyes”which enables Thoreau to sympathize with creatures, to feel as they do, to maximize a creature’s world and to nuclearize the whole nature into a minimized niche—the pond.

Likewise, Tao Yuanming has also been commonly recognized as the very poet who loves nature most and depicts nature best.Beautiful lines about nature observed by his“transparent eyes”are extensive in Tao’s poems:

“The freezing winds roar at the close of year;

A day’s snow makes the weather more severe.

While snowflakes fall without the slightest sound,

The world becomes a stretch of snowy ground” (2) (Wang 198) .

Liang Qichao once said:“Nature is his beloved spouse who smiles at him.” (3) Tao’s Poetry, featuring the absence of observer, is often focused on scenery itself.

2) “Me”, “Oblivious me”and“No-me”

Chinese cultural giant Wang Guowei brings up an aesthetic concept of“3 extents”—“Me”, “Oblivious me”and“No-me”.In terms of appreciating nature, both Thoreau and Tao Yuanming attain“Oblivious me”, even“No-me”.That is, to break the boundary between human and nature.Nature can be personified, or even become the observer itself.

Thoreau pays the highest praise to nature, to the level of selflessness, so that his pictures of nature demonstrate aesthetic values of“Oblivious me”.

“All our Concord waters have two colors at least;one when viewed at a distance, and another, more proper, close at hand.The first depends more on the light, and follows the sky.In clear weather, in summer, they appear blue at a little distance, especially if agitated, and at a great distance all appear alike.In stormy weather they are sometimes of a dark slate-color.The sea, however, is said to be blue one day and green another without any perceptible change in the atmosphere.I have seen our river, when, the landscape being covered with snow, both water and ice were almost as green as grass” (Thoreau 100) .

In Tao’s poetry, “oblivious me”and“no-me”are demonstrated even more apparently.Influenced by Lao Tzu’s Taoism, Tao Yuanming writes pastoral poems that seldom involve man’s presence.The speaker, or the poet, usually appears as a hidden way, as“no-me”;while the hill, moon, plants and animals are almost melted into“me”:

“Behind the west hill sinks the broad daylight;

Above the eastern peak the moon shines bright.

The moon sheds light o’er ten thousand li,

Visible its glow o’er land and sea” (4) (Wang 194) .

“The orchids flourish in the yard ahead,

Whose fragrance are yet waiting for the wind to spread” (5) (Wang 159) .

1.2 Human-nature Relation

The common ground of Thoreau and Tao Yuanming’s view on human-nature relation is oneness of heaven and human.One prominent embodiment of this relationship is that nature always provides inspiration and energy, whilst human should always appreciate that.

1) Oneness of Heaven and Human:Taoism and Transcendentalism

Tao Yuanming is largely influenced by Lao Tzu’s Taoism, one of whose ideas is oneness of heaven and human.Thoreau’s transcendentalism also advocates oneness of heaven and human, which is sharply against the western mainstream idea of dichotomy between the matter and me.Both Taoism philosophy and Transcendentalism refer the religious word“heaven”to nature, which makes nature more than a physical surrounding, but also spiritual presence.Thus, man souls are able to communicate with this spiritual presence and share its bounty:beauty, energy, and wisdom.

“In Thoreau’s transcendental sense, the ultimate connectedness of God, man and nature is a great oneness, and the absolutes and the working of the universe can be grasped by the human mind” (Chang 57) .In Walden, Thoreau appreciates every single part of the niche.He depicts Walden Pond’s limpidity, colorfulness and creatures and plants around in detail, with deep affections:

“A lake is the landscape's most beautiful and expressive feature.It is Earth's eye;looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature.The fluviatile trees next the shore are the slender eyelashes which fringe it, and the wooded hills and cliffs around are its overhanging brows” (Thoreau 105) .

Tao’s poetry consistently presents oneness of setting and feeling.Scenery is more than a physical presence, but an externalized mood.A notable example is“Matching a Poem by Secretary Guo”.By writing the happiness of reading with the company of pleasant wind, he describes his elation of fleeing from official circles and melting into nature:

“In the yard before my house, thick trees

Provide midsummer with refreshed cool breeze.

When in due time the south wind comes apace,

A gust of swirling wind blows loose my lace” (6) (Wang 130) .

2) Home to Spirituality, Source of Energy

This is a reflection of the rapport between man and nature.In both Thoreau and Tao’s works, the emphasis is that nature is home to spirituality and source of energy.Firstly, people gain enjoyments and inspirations from nature;secondly, it relieves personal loneliness in nature.

1) People Gain Enjoyments and Inspirations from Nature

Thoreau regards natural phenomenon as holy and thus a spiritual bounty.For example, he compares the winds to ethereal music:“The winds which passed over my dwelling were such as sweep over the ridges of mountains, bearing the broken strains, or celestial parts only, of terrestrial music...but few are the ears that hear it” (Thoreau 48) .It is as if man, if able to understand nature heart and soul, can gain baptism through enjoying the music of nature.Another example is that he saw the pond as both natural resource and source of wisdom and inspirations:“Who knows in how many unremembered nations’literatures this has been the Castalian Fountain?Or what nymphs presided over it in the Golden Age?It is a gem of the first water which Concord wears in her corenet” (Thoreau 102) .

Tao’s poetry also records how nature gave literary inspirations and pleasure.For example, poem“Reading of The Book of Mountains and Seas”accounts Tao Yuanming’s leisure time to read and write during the spare time from farming.In reading history and myths, pleasant weather and natural sceneries inspire philosophical thinking:

“In early summer, grass and trees grow tall

With profuse foliage sheltering the hall.

...

When I have ploughed the field and sown the seed

I, now and then, find time to write and read.

...

When gentle showers from the east draw near,

Now a pleasant breeze approaches here.

On such occasions, I leaf through King of Zhou

And Maps of Hills and Seas of long ago.

Since I can tour the whole world at a glance,

What can be better pastime than this chance?” (7) (Wang 228-229)

2) It Relieves Personal Loneliness in Nature

Living alone in nature does not imprison people in an absolute singularity.According to Liubava Moreva, “Art attempts to overcome the boundaries of personal loneliness and demonstrate the individual’s connections to the world” (Liubava 6) .By creating a satisfying life solely by their hands’labor, Thoreau and Tao’s reclusion in nature involves artistic communication with nature and their literary work that records these experiences.This process would never be lonely:

“In the act of artistic creation, the lonely human voice is saved by the world’s fundamental simplicity and openness:sky and wind, rain and grass, a stone or a bird become symbols of humanity in general.A fugitive, transitory experience and insight is given an eternal dimension by the artist” (Liubava 5) .

2 Similarity in Understanding of Seclusion

Both as renowned hermits, Tao Yuanming and Thoreau have similar understandings of seclusion:to lead a simple life, while there are still slight differences.They both advocate limited materials and criticize pragmatics, while the motivations of the reclusive living are different.Also, much influenced by Chinese Agricultural civilization, Tao Yuanming displays more conservative values on this point.

2.1 Understanding of“Simple”

Both Thoreau and Tao Yuanming desire a simple life in which materials are limited while spirituality is enriched.They both see simplicity, truth and reclusion in nature as an effective approach against human alienation.In action, they make the same choice of reclusion;in idea, they unanimously linked“simplicity”to reclusion.

Tao Yuanming advocate a simple life.In his eyes, “Since man is totally a natural creation, gathering nimbus of nature and essence of universe, he ought to avoid social interference.It best serves humanity to retreat into nature (8) ” (Li 135) .One should not be disturbed by sophisticated surroundings.If keeping the mind clear and calm, one shall be welcomed by“veritable truth”, which is the ultimate form of simplicity.This model of retirement from society and reversion to an idyll is both idealized and practiced in his poems:

“My house is built amid the world of men,

Yet with no sound and fury do I ken.

To tell you how on earth I can keep blind,

Any place is calm for a peaceful mind.

...

The view provides some veritable truth,

But my defining words seem to me uncouth” (9) (Wang 41) .

Various problems are believed to be caused by worldly desires.Complexity burdens soul heavily.As Lao Tzu said, complexity makes confusion;desire makes devils:

“Color's five hues from th’eyes their sight will take;

Music's five notes the ears as deaf can make;

The flavors five deprive the mouth of taste;

The chariot course, and the wild hunting waste

Make mad the mind;and objects rare and strange,

Sought for, men's conduct will to evil change” (10) (Gu 154) .

Contrary to complexity, simplicity can resist material lures and maintain internal peace.The best way to lead a simple life is to retreat into nature, where man is purely free from the yoke of social sophistication and warmly welcomed by natural sceneries.

With common knowledge of“simplicity”, Thoreau expresses the same idea.Seeing the overwhelming materialism in the whole society, Thoreau writes this cynically:

“Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts of life, are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind.With respect to luxuries and comforts, the wisest have ever lived a more simple and meagre life than the poor.To be a philosopher is...to love wisdom as to live according to its dictates, a life of simplicity, independence, magnanimity, and trust” (Thoreau 7-8) .

By saying“Simplicity.Simplicity.Simplicity”, Thoreau advocates to reduce material desires and physical comfort to a minimum level, and to achieve spiritual richness.As he records in Walden, a self-sufficient life in nature is not infeasible:

“For more than five years I maintained myself thus solely by the labor of my hands, and I found that, by working about six weeks in a year, I could meet all the expenses of living.The whole of my winters, as well as my summers, I had free and clear for study” (Thoreau 39) .

Tao Yuanming has a similar statement about his self-sufficient life:

“My kitchen garden yields sufficient stuff;

My barn is storing more grain than enough.

There’s no trouble to meet my daily need;

It is against my hope to be obsessed by greed” (11) (Wang 92) .

2.2 Slight difference

While Thoreau and Tao Yuanming have similar experience of reclusive life, there are slight differences lying in the triggers and motivations of being a hermit.Although similarly, both seclusion lives are essentially caused by their preference of nature, Thoreau is a transcendentalism practitioner, while Tao Yuanming is a runaway from the bureaucratic system.Thoreau’s reclusion is rather an experiment, a model that he intends to popularize outward;while Tao Yuanming’s reclusion is a self affirmation, an inward extolment of his own life.

Thoreau leads a five-year reclusive life as an experiment in which transcendentalism is examined.His reclusion is purposeful and strategical.That is, to prove his ideas of simplicity, spirituality and being close to nature were feasible.As he writes:“I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if...when I came to die, discover that I had not lived” (Thoreau 51) .Thoreau intends to better explore himself and to further extend his view, standing on a level of freedom and reason.

Unlike Thoreau, Tao Yuanming turns into reclusion after resigning as magistrate of County Pengze, escaping from any socialization.Therefore Tao’s seclusion has a rather social reason.This is less a purposeful experiment, rather a self-chosen life style.We may well tell that his escape originates from his own preference of nature, while the immediate cause is the frustration in his official career.At this point, Tao is rather driven to escape, while Thoreau’s reclusion is of his own initiative;Tao’s life is rather inward self-approval, while Thoreau is to examine his theory and apply that to help society.

3 Similarity in Self-realization

Both Tao Yuanming and Thoreau believe in fulfillment in nature.Their values of self-realization share three characteristics in common:they resist worldly norms;they seem to escape from society, yet essentially still concerned about society;they put great emphasis on individual freedom.These attitudes have been approved by many post-modernism artists and philosophers.

3.1 Not limited by the worldly norms;emphasis on individual freedom

Escaping from the crowd, Thoreau and Tao Yuanming long for solitude and individuality.Freedom can be their lifelong pursuits.“According to Hegel, a human being satisfies his or her spiritual need for freedom through internal understanding of what exists and external embodiment of an inner world for him or herself and others” (Liubava 5) .For both Tao Yuanming and Thoreau, nature serves as the body of their soul.The experience and understanding of nature helps find their spiritual freedom.

Tao Yuanming feels sick and tired in official circles where the spirit is enslaved by the material (12) , thus chooses a reversion to his free spirit.For example, in poem“Back to Country Life”, Tao describes his elation of regaining freedom in idyll:

“I’ve loathed the madding crowd since I was a boy

While hills and mountains have filled me with joy.

By mistake I sought mundane careers

And got entrapped in them for thirty years.

Birds in the cage would long for wooded hills;

Fish in the pond would yearn for flowing rills.

So I reclaim the land in southern fields

To suit my bent for raping farmland yields.

When I escape from bitter strife with men,

I live a free and easy life again” (13) (Wang 142) .

Influenced by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thoreau believes in non-conformity, so what he chooses as his lifestyle is also sharply different from the crowd.Like Tao Yuanming, Thoreau abnegates any life style enforced by anyone or any mainstream norm.He does not own a curtain, not travel by train, nor but any commodities including even furniture, for he insists that solely by hands can man live a simple but sufficient life.Any social trends, including commercialism, industries and material possession, cannot impact him.

Escaping from the fancy, corrupted ideas enable Thoreau to realize an ultimate freedom.This freedom will be much more individually liberal, as the conclusion of Walden said:

“I learned by experiment that if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours.He will put some things behind, will pass an invisible boundary;new, universal, and more liberal laws will begin to establish themselves around and within him;or the old laws be expanded, and interpreted in his favor in a more liberal sense, and he will live with the license of a higher order of beings” (Thoreau 181) .

3.2 Essentially concerned about society

Hermits do seem to escape from everything involved in society, especially a corrupted one.However, quite a few in the history, such as Thoreau and Tao, are essentially concerned about society, longing for social justice.

Thoreau is much concerned about social improvement.Once arrested for not paying poll tax as his way against black slavery, he writes Civil Disobedience afterward, discussing relationship between citizens and government.The idea of“non-violence”advocated by Thoreau greatly inspires Gandhi and Martin Luther King.Therefore, we can tell that Thoreau’s state of mind is rather proactive, focused on social advancement.He does not enclose himself with avoidance to the outside world;instead, he sets himself as a model and a guide, to awaken citizens and eventually improve the whole situation, as he wrote:“As I have said, I do not propose to write an ode to dejection, but to brag as lustily as chanticleer in the morning, standing on his roost, if only to wake my neighbors up” (Thoreau 48) .

In the year of 421, Tao writes a satirical poem“Stating Wine”, an ironical allusion to a political corruption case.As Lu Xun comments, “‘Stating Wine’in Tao’s collection refers to politics of the day.It is thus clear that he is not oblivious to, nor indifferent to contemporary affairs” (14) (Lu 97) .

From above, we can identify three similarities in Tao Yuanming and Thoreau’s view on nature:similarity in the love of nature, similarity in understanding of seclusion and the similarity in self-realization.

Today when human civilization has stepped into an advanced horizontal and humankind has in a large sense lost the ability to communicate with nature, Tao Yuanming and Thoreau may offer a helpful hand in saving the spiritual crisis.

摘要：陶渊明是中国一千六百年前久负盛名的归隐诗人, 亨利·大卫·梭罗则是美国十八世纪超验主义思想代表作家、哲学家。二人虽不同国别, 生逢不同时代, 但都以隐逸而被誉为千古名士。二人都钟情自然, 归隐世外, 又有着相似的生活观, 价值观和自然观, 这就激发了对二者作品的比较文学批评。该文试图从三个方面探讨陶渊明与梭罗在自然观上的共通点:对自然的热爱, 对归隐的理解, 以及自我实现的方式。

3.我眼中的陶渊明作文 篇三

这也是我对你的第一印象，田园，朴实，明朗。我对你印象，您也清楚，说也模糊，就像水中倒影，历史长河，我当然可以看到你洒脱的背影，伸手想要了解，你的身影，却破碎、荡漾了。

你并不想被禁锢在官职中，所以数次辞职。你对社会并不满意，却又无能为力。你失望，你离去;你又回，却亦将离去……数个官职，你都曾看过;人间百态，你也一一览尽。你盼着那个与世无争的桃花源的出现，却又一次次地失望。但梦想从未停止，《桃花源》一文中，那个捕鱼人，一定是梦想中的你了。悠闲，幸运，宁静。他在那桃龙源中欢笑，你却不得不在官场上奔波，多么讽刺。

旷野中读书的身影，已然成了浮沫。是社会，社会不洁哪!因此，你毅然入山，想在遭闹生活中寻求宁静……“采菊东篱下，悠然现南山。”这是一幅诗意之画，你应该感到美好吧?

你是幸运的，在田原中，找到了自己的天意，可以在里面放飞自我，不顾世上凡尘;你是不幸的，父亲早逝，家府沦落，在职场上也不受待见。

4.我心中的陶渊明作文 篇四

他不愿为五斗米折腰，却忘记了宫场的失意，忘记了仕途的不达，记住了世人的渴望，写出了心中的圣地。他心中的桃花源，远离尘世，隐归田园，看花开花落。

陶渊明解甲归田后，生活十分拮据，后来在叔父的引荐下，于彭泽县任了一个小职。年底，郡督邮来县巡查，县吏告诉他，应该穿戴整齐去恭迎都督邮。陶渊明叹息说：我岂能为五斗米，折腰向乡里小儿。即日便解印去职。

质性自然，非矫厉所得，饥冻虽切，违以交病。陶渊明宁可饿肚子，也不愿违心地逢迎上司而混迹官场，他洁身自好，拥有着不与世俗同流合污的那种洒脱。

少无适俗韵，性本爱丘山。误落尘网中，一去三十年。羁鸟念旧林，沉鱼思故渊。陶渊明从此结束了时隐时任，身不由己的生活，回归田园。

陶渊明爱酒，他的诗作中几乎篇篇有酒。他曾说：性嗜酒，而家贫不能常得。亲旧知其如此，或置酒而招之。造饮辄尽，期在必醉，既醉而退，曾不吝情去留。

除了酒，陶渊明此生最爱的便是菊花了，采菊东篱下，悠然见南山，秋菊有佳色，裛露掇其英，芳菊开林耀，青松冠岩列，幽幽香菊与他为伴，下地耕耘自给自足，他的生活自由自在，他的身上洋溢着清闲与旷达。

陶渊明，一个穷苦诗人，饥寒的生活境遇让他体验过环堵萧然，不蔽风日，短褐穿结，箪瓢屡空的困窘，他经历过这样的困厄，却十分清醒，既不相信是命运所致，也不后悔自己选择的错误。

面对南山，他似乎彻底忘记了那些不快，选择了坦然与淡泊态。他可以但识琴中趣，何劳弦上声，心境的欣赏与共鸣才是真正的天籁之声，琴上无弦又何妨?他能够采菊东篱下，悠然见南山，他能保持自己生活的闲适，而不必心为形役。

5.我心中的陶渊明作文 篇五

“先生不知何许人也，亦不详其姓字……”先生率真直爽，又不愿抛头露面。就算是自传也以第三人称来写自己，不愿让后世评头论足。

先生前期在官场打拼，对官场的黑暗，社会的腐败，憎恨不已。又向往着美好的生活，于是《桃花源记》顺利成章的出现了。这也许是先生的一场梦，或是连梦也无法达到的境界。先生为人淡泊名利，不愿再插手黑暗的`社会。退隐一山、一水、一草屋；一花、一木、一田园。这些就是后期的先生。

退隐后的先生不为形拘，不以物移、不慕荣利，与世俗格格不入的性格“焉能为五斗米而折腰。”

桑麻的长势让他忧心，豆苗的稀稠让他牵挂，家乡的秋山让他感受到生命的舒展，纯朴的乡情让他感受到人间的美好。他的身心融入了自然之中，这种田园牧歌式的虚静淡远，便是先生心性的写明。表明了他宁愿淡薄自处，甘于贫穷，不求宦达，安贫乐道，淡泊名利的生活情趣，也表现了先生对黑暗社会的厌恶，对功名利禄的鄙弃以及不愿与统治者同流合污的生活态度。

先生虽然不追求功名利禄，但酷爱文章。先生著文章的目的仅仅是自娱，先生内心的确有会意，是有话要说的，只是不愿对别人说，只能写文章给自己看。先生读书只能会意不能言传，因而闲静少言。理想与现实的矛盾使他陷入极度的苦闷之中。但只能从读书、饮酒、写文章三方面来宣泄自己内心的苦闷，他的内心并非一潭死水，但与谁诉说，告知与谁？

6.陶渊明诗歌的艺术特色 篇六

一、平淡自然与豪放爽朗

陶诗平淡自然的风格，主要体现在田园诗。陶渊明归隐以后，长期生活在民风淳厚的农村，所见的都是村落、山脉、溪水、飞鸟等一些自然景物，结交的人都是生活在社会下层的人。平淡之景，平凡的人和平静的、平凡的生活都是他所描写的对象。他从平凡的景物、平凡的生活中发现美及一种妙不可言的境界。如《归园田居(其一)》：“方宅十余亩，草屋八九间。榆柳荫后檐，桃李罗堂前。暧暧远人村，依依墟里烟。狗吠深巷中，鸡鸣桑树颠。”方宅、草屋、桃李、远人村、墟里烟、狗吠、鸡鸣，都是农村生活中极常见的，诗人用了平淡质朴的语言，把这些景物融合在一起，描绘了一副宁静安详的农村生活图画，反映了他归隐之后的平静生活及愉悦的心情。

陶渊明写诗，常用白描手法，比如《责子》：“白发被两鬓，肌肤不复实。虽有五男儿，总不好纸笔。阿舒已二八，懒惰故无匹。阿宣行志学，而不爱文术。雍、端年三十，不识六与七。通子垂九龄，但觅梨与粟。天运苟如此，且进杯中物。”议论中有描写，以平淡的语言，刻画出儿子们的形象，带有口语化，生动传神。

总之，陶渊明的诗歌，不管识写景还是写人，都是用很平淡、质朴的语言，白描的手法描绘图画和勾勒人物形象。

陶渊明的诗歌，主要的风格是平淡自然，但也有豪放爽朗的一面，颇有阮籍、左思诗歌的特征。萧统在《陶渊明集序》中说：“其文章不群，词采精拔，跌荡昭章，独起众类;抑扬爽朗，莫之与亲，横素波而傍流，干青云而直上，语时事则指而可想，论怀抱则旷而且真。”“抑扬爽朗”、“横素波”是说陶渊明诗歌也有豪放爽朗的一面。而提出陶诗“豪放”特征的则是宋代的朱熹，他说：“陶渊明诗，人皆说是平淡，据某看他自豪放，但豪放得来不觉耳。其露出本相者，是《咏荆轲》一篇，平淡底人，如何说得出这样言语出来。”其实，细读陶渊明的诗，的确会给人有一种豪放爽朗的感觉，主要是咏怀诗。例如《咏荆轲》，诗人把荆轲出京、易水送别、英雄入秦等场面写得慷慨悲壮，不乏惋惜，也不乏激情，特别是最后两句，感情流露于外表。

体现陶诗豪放爽朗风格的诗还有其他，如《读〈山海经〉》、《咏贫士》等。陶诗的豪放、爽朗风格，实际上是陶渊明人格的反映。

二、陶渊明诗歌的写意传神

陶渊明的诗歌以写意为主，注重物我合一，表现出整体性的自然美。以《饮酒(其二)》最能代表：“结庐在人境，而无车马喧。问君何能尔，心远地自偏。采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还。此中有真意，欲辨已忘言。”前四句讲了“心”与“境”的关系，只要心远就能不受世俗喧嚣的干扰。“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”，心与山相会，仿佛与南山融为一体，达到了物我合一的境界。没有刻意地描写景物，而是将叙事、写景、抒情、议论融合一起表现了自然美，也表现了诗人的情趣。《古今千金谱》说：“篱有菊则采之，采过则无，吾心无菊。忽悠然而见南山，日夕而见山气之佳，以悦鸟性，与之往还，山花人鸟，偶然相对，一片化机，天真自具。既无名象，不落言诠，其谁辩之。”

陶渊明的诗歌没有语言的雕饰，只是在写意传神而已。陶渊明诗歌的写意传神，往往诗通过写景表现出景物的情致。这是其一。如《时运》：“有风自南，翼彼新苗。”一个“翼”字，生动地写出了新苗的情致，好像新苗也有了生命，在南风中欣喜地舞着，使人的心情也是欣喜的。《癸卯岁始春怀古田舍(其一)》：“鸟弄欢新节，泠风送余善。”写的是去农田路上的景物，初春鸟儿欢唱，微风轻吹，好像鸟儿和风儿也因为春风的到来而欣喜无比，这就写出了春天，大自然的欣欣向荣，同时也流露出了诗人愉悦的心情。

其二，陶诗都是通过写意来表现自身的情趣。如《归园田居(其五)》，诗人以酒、鸡来招待邻居，夜里以柴来代替蜡烛，欢欣到天明。平凡的描写，却表达了诗人极高的情趣。《读山海经》，情景交融，“孟夏草木长，绕屋树扶疏。群鸟欣有托，吾亦爱我庐。既耕亦有种，时还读我书。穷巷隔深辙，颇回古人车。欢然酌春酒，摘我园中蔬。微雨从东来，好风与之俱。泛览周王传，流观山海图。俯仰终宇宙，不乐复如何”。夏天草木繁荣，鸟儿喜欢浓密的树荫，诗人也喜爱自己的草庐。这首诗反映了陶诗意与景的关系，景是为意作铺垫，意才是诗人要表达的情感。

三、陶渊明诗歌的语言特色

陶诗善用自然、质朴的语言写景抒情，虽然平淡，但在平淡中见精粹，朴素中见绮丽。陶诗描写的对象，往往都是日常生活中再平常不过的事物，如村舍、飞鸟、鸡犬、清溪、豆苗等，并没有什么奇特之处，而在诗人的笔下，所有的东西都仿佛有了生命。这说明了陶诗的语言不是没有经过锤炼，而是锤炼得不露任何痕迹。清人马位指出：“人知陶诗古淡，不言有诼句处，如‘微风洗高林，清飙矫云’，‘神渊泻时雨，晨色奏景风’，‘青松夹路生，白云宿檐端’。诗固不于字句求工，即如此等句，后人极意做作，不及况大体乎?”(《球窗随笔》)清人赵文哲指出陶诗纯粹自然，又认为：“体物抒情，傅色结响，并非率意出之者。”(《雅堂诗话》)如“饥来驱我去”，“严霜结野草”，“中夏贮清阴”，“日月掷人去”中的“驱”、“结”、“贮”、“掷”等字，都是平常易见的，看似平淡却很精彩，达到了高度凝练、准确，不可更易。因此，元好问说：“一语天然万古新，豪华落尽见真淳。”

陶诗善用叠字，叠字最早从《诗经》就开始了。陶渊明用叠字，显然是继承《诗经》的艺术传统。陶诗的简练与高妙，与叠字的大量使用有很大的关系。例如：

“暧暧远人村，依依墟里烟。”《归园田居(其一)》

“皎皎云间月，灼灼叶中华。”《拟古》

“遥遥万里辉，荡荡空中景。”《杂诗(其二)》

“萧萧爱风逝，淡淡寒波生。”《咏荆轲》

“荒草何茫茫，白杨亦萧萧。”《拟挽歌辞》

以上的叠字都是自然贴切的，更生动形象地描写了景物。如“暧暧”把荫蔽的、若隐若现的村庄写得好像亲眼看见了一般。“依依”写出了烟的轻柔，袅袅上升。这两个词把整个村庄的恬静祥和都描绘了出来。《咏荆轲》两句中“萧萧”、“淡淡”，衬托了整个送别画面的凄凉，易水的萧瑟，英雄一去不归的悲壮。陶诗的善用叠字，体现了陶诗语言的高度成就。