合作原则礼貌原则（精选8篇）
1.合作原则礼貌原则 篇一
国外有不少学者对跨文化交际中礼貌用语的使用有过研究。在20世纪70年代后期，首先由Brown&Levinson发表《语言运用中的普遍问题：礼貌现象》。80年代，英国语言学家利奇对交际活动中的礼貌原则进行了归纳和分类
中国学者中，礼貌研究的代表人物主要是徐盛桓和顾曰国。徐盛桓提出礼貌原则的新构想。1992年，顾曰国总结了中国文化礼貌中的四个基本要素，即尊敬他人、谦虚、态度热情和温文尔雅；归纳了与汉语言文化有关的五条礼貌准则。1997年，蒋玉新提出，正是文化差异导致了行为举止、问候语、社会价值观等方面的差异。2002年，戈玲玲认为语用失误主要源自不同的文化背景。
本选题在以往研究范围的基础上，基于礼貌原则的理论研究，将英汉礼貌用语进行对比研究，旨在探究跨文化交际中礼貌用语使用失误的内在原因，以礼貌原则的视角探究中西方礼貌用语的文化差异和语用差异，这样即可以更透彻的了解中国文化，也有助于跨文化交际的顺利进行。
本选题侧重对礼貌用语的概念，分类和使用不当的原因进行阐述、对比，以英汉礼貌用语为主要研究对象，运用对比分析的研究方法，具体分析英汉礼貌用语在内涵，使用方法，文化背景上的差异，结合Grice的合作原则，Leech的礼貌原则和顾曰国的中国礼貌研究等相关理论，和一些跨文化交际双方礼貌用语使用失误进行典型案例分析。重点在于运用语言学和语用学理论以及礼貌原则的视角来解决跨文化交际中的实际问题。
本选题的难点在于相关资料过多，礼貌用语产生的背景过于复杂，交际失败案例过于零散，归纳总结时稍有难度。本选题注重实用性，但是理论到实际是有一定的差距和难度。相关理论相对抽象，用来指导实践并不具备直观性。
2.合作原则礼貌原则 篇二
求职信是社交信函的一种, 是择业人员向用人单位推销自己以求获得面试机会的语用书信。它主要介绍求职者的学习经历、工作经历、实绩、个人特点等。求职信的交际目的具有双重性:一是获得面试机会的直接、初步的交际目的, 二是获得工作机会的间接、最终的交际目的。
二、合作原则概述
Grice认为在所有的言语交际活动中为了达到特定的目标, 说话人和听话人之间存在着一种默契, 双方都应遵守一种原则, 他称这种原则为合作原则 (Cooperative Principle, 简称CP) 。 (何兆熊, 2000:154) 合作原则包含四条准则: (1) 数量准则 (Quantity Maxim) ; (2) 质量准则 (Quality Maxim) ; (3) 关联准则 (Relation Maxim) ; (4) 方式准则 (Manner Maxim) (Grice, 1975:307-308) 。
三、礼貌原则概述
在言语交际中, 双方为了达到特定的目的, 都要共同遵守相互合作的基本原则, 相互配合, 相互理解, 即会话合作原则。为了解释违反合作原则的最终意图是什么, Leech等人提出了礼貌原则, 他认为为了成功地进行语言交际, 交际双方都必须遵守礼貌原则, 减少不礼貌的表达。换句话说, 礼貌原则是对合作原则的补充和完善。它包括六项准则: (1) 得体准则 (Maxim of Tact) ; (2) 赞扬准则 (Maxim of Approbation) ; (3) 一致准则 (Maxim of Agreement) ; (4) 同情准则 (Maxim of Sympathy) ; (5) 慷慨准则 (Maxim of Generosity) ; (6) 谦逊准则 (Maxim of Modesty) 。
四、合作原则在英文求职信的运用
(1) 违反数量准则
数量准则要求提供一定量的信息, 但信息量不能过多, 事实上在英文求职信中, 求职信提供的信息往往较多或较少, 因此违反了违反数量准则。例如:
[1]I am a fully bilingual, team-oriented individual with over three years of experience in sales and management.
在例句1中, 求职者无法提供足够的信息来证明他的语言能力, 也没有详细地说明他在销售方面工作的具体时间, 因此他用fully和over传递了自己提供的信息不足的含义。不足的信息看似没有意义, 其实却能给用工单位留下良好的印象, 具有一定的说服力。
(2) 违反质量准则 (Quality Maxim)
质量准则要求说话人要说真话, 不要说自己认为是不真实的话。然而在英文求职信中, 求职者有时会违背自己的说话意图, 从而达到一定的交际目的。例如:
[2]According to the advertisement, your position requires excellent communication skills.
在例句2中, 求职者用according to来减轻以后有可能担任的责任, 这样使得他的话语更好地让用工单位接受。
(3) 违反关联准则
关系准则要求说话要相关、贴切, 交谈时不涉及不相关的话题。在英文求职信中, 求职者往往提供一些看似不相关的信息, 违背了关联准则但是却遵守了质量准则或者数量准则。例如:
[3]I think probably I will be abroad to get a self improvement in the near future.
在例句3中, I think和probably两个词和句子主题并不相关, 违反了关联准则, 同时也产生了会话含义, 即求职者对这个工作并不是很在意, 如果应聘不成功, 他还有其他打算。
(4) 违反方式准则
方式准则要求说话人直截了当地表明自己的意图, 如果言语含糊其词, 曲折达意, 就违背了方式原则。例如:
[4]According to the advertisement, your position requires that the staff can communicate excellently, not shoddily.
excellently和not shoddily两次同时出现在例句4中, 使整个句子含义模糊, 因为用工单位在阅读求职信时很难弄清什么程度才是excellent, not shoddily所涉及的范围到底有多大。
五、礼貌原则在英文求职信中的运用
Leech (1983) 强调, 唯有通过礼貌原则, 才能更好地解释会话含义和间接言语行为问题。为了获取面试机会及成功地应聘到理想职位, 求职者的求职信中都要采用一些委婉、间接、礼貌的言辞。例如:
[5]I am confident that I can perform the job effectively, an I am excited about the idea of working for a dynamic, nationall recognized investment management firm.
在例句5中, 求职者遵守了赞扬准则, 他肯定了自己的能力同时也赞扬该公司取得的成绩, dynamic和nationally两词营造了友好和谐的交际氛围, 用工单位人员在阅读该求职信时, 内心会产生愉悦的感受, 对求职者印象颇佳。
六、结束语
本文通过对合作原则和礼貌原则在英文求职信中的运用, 揭示了隐藏在英文求职信中的语言奥秘。作者对英文求职信中的语用策略进行了探析, 以期对写英文求职信的求职者在运用交际策略时有一定的帮助。
摘要：求职信是社交信函的一种, 是择业人员向用人单位推销自己以求获得面试机会的语用书信, 为了获取面试机会及成功地应聘到理想职位, 求职者的求职信中都要采用一些交际策略使其话语更加得体。本文以Grice的合作原则和Leech的礼貌原则为理论基础, 探究其在英文求职信中的运用。
关键词：英文求职信,合作原则,礼貌原则
参考文献
[1]Grice, P.Logic and Conversation.In Cole and Morgan, op.Cite.41-45.1975.
[2]Leech, G.Principles of Pragmatics.London:Longman.1983.
[3]Yule, G.Pragmatics.Oxford:Oxford University Press.1996.
3.合作原则礼貌原则 篇三
【关键词】合作原则和礼貌原则；《权力的游戏》；字幕翻译
前言
全球化带来影视文化跨国界的快速传播，我国有越来越多的观众喜爱国外的影视剧作，由此带来的影视字幕翻译就至关重要。《权力的游戏》出自乔治·R.R.马丁的原著小说《冰与火之歌》，受到全世界人们的热捧，在第67届艾美奖中破记录斩获12项大奖，近期第六季又开始热播。对其字幕翻译的研究能够帮助我们更好的理解这部影视作品。合作原则和礼貌原则是解释会话含义最主要的原则之一，因此，利用合作原则和礼貌原则来对《权力的游戏》中会话字幕进行研究能够判断其译作的成功性。
一、合作原则和礼貌原则
合作原则由美国语言哲学家格赖斯（Grice，H.P.）于1967年提出，从而对语言的研究有个全新的进步和发展。但是格赖斯最初提出的合作原则有或多或少的缺陷，对很多问题难以解释。后续的众多学者开始对其合作原则进行研究和补充。莱文森的QIM三原则是比较著名的改进理论，操作具体便捷，对后续合作原则研究产生很大的影响。它构成了“新格赖斯会话含义理论”的核心内容，莱文森也自称其为“新格赖斯语用学机制”[1]。
尽管不断对合作原则进行修整，对于现实社会实际交往中的很多会话含义还是无法解释。英国的著名学者Leech，G.N.结合合作原则中难以解决的问题，提出了礼貌原则，从而对合作原则形成了重要的补充，能够对会话中的含义进行解释。礼貌原则主要有六条准则，每条准则下面又各有两条次准则，包括：得体准则，慷慨准则，赞誉准则，谦逊准则，一致准则，同情准则[2]。
可以说，合作原则和礼貌原则的相互结合，从会话内外进行互相解释和补充，能够对于会话进行很好的解释和指导。
二、《权力的游戏》会话研究
《权力的游戏》剧作恢弘，剧情衔接完整，这其中很多人物的会话具有承前启后的涵义，从而影响故事的发展。《权力的游戏》中有两个重要的谋士，一个是八爪鱼，他从开始就具有非常庞大的信息网，具有独特的处事手段；另一个是小恶魔，博览群书的他智慧超群，而且具有很远大的见识，说话做事超人一等。通过对他们两个角色中某一会话的研究，能够印证合作原则和礼貌原则在影视字幕翻译中的应用。
三、实例分析
以第六季影视剧最初为背景，当龙母被俘虏，她所管辖的城市乱成一团，八爪蜘蛛瓦里斯和小恶魔提利昂两个谋士开始以各自的手段解决问题。
例1：
Varys ：How will poor Dom get on without his mother？And with his breathing problem.
瓦里斯：若东姆没了母亲该如何是好？他还有呼吸不顺的毛病。
Vala：：If I tell you anything，they'll kill me.So either you kill me or they do.
维拉：若我告密他们会杀了我，你们总有一方会杀我。
分析：
首先利用莱文森的合作原则进行分析
量原则 瓦里斯没有正面逼供维拉是奸细，只是说东姆的事情，但是受说话人即维拉已经明白和相信瓦里斯八爪蜘蛛提供的信息对她是致命的。
信息原则 对于说话人来说，即瓦里斯来说，他要尽量说的少来达到交际目的。显然这句话已经达到效果。而维拉从中遵循扩展原则，来理解其中所包含的内容。
方式原则 显然，单单从这段对话来说的话，很难理解双方隐晦的含义，双方都违背了方式原则。
通过合作原则我们可以看出，在影视字幕翻译过程中可以有效的达到翻译目的，但是少了礼貌原则的补充，很多内容就难以很好的理解。
瓦里斯通过维拉是一个母亲的身份来作为切入点，含蓄而晦涩的表达自己的同情，同时使得双方的观点达到一致。进而瓦解她的心理防线，只要供出给鹰身女妖，他就会提供船只让让她们母子远走高飞。
显然在翻译过程中要突出瓦里斯狡诈的隐晦的含义和维拉被威胁之后的无奈，poor这个词应当翻译出来而不应当无视，改为“若可怜的东姆没了母亲该如何是好？”对于维拉回答，以“告密”来简洁的表述情况，翻译效果符合需求。
例2：
Tyrion Lannister：A wise man once said the true history of the world is the history of great conversations in elegant rooms.
小恶魔：曾有个智者说“史实往往建构于别致房间中的长篇闲聊”
Missandei ：Who said this？
弥桑黛：是谁说的？
Tyrion Lannister：Me.Just now.
小恶魔：我说的 这不就是说了吗？
分析：
同作为龙母的下属，小恶魔想要联合灰虫子和弥桑黛来共同解决问题。这时候小恶魔想要想取方式来取得认同。这时他幽默的表明闲聊是一件很好的事情，但是弥桑黛很较真，由此他只能无奈而幽默的回答，同时选取玩游戏的方式换个方式来交流感情。
对于合作原则来说，弥桑黛不相信小恶魔说的理论，暗示没有智者说过，而小恶魔的回答违背合作原则，具有言下之意。利用礼貌原则来说，可以解释他的说话，这样的翻译符合礼貌原则，解释了他为什么不直接表达想要跟他们闲聊的意图，而是为了尊重他人，有利于沟通，而曲折的表达。这段翻译将conversations翻译为“闲聊”，将elegant rooms翻译为“别致的房间”，能够很好的表达会话含义。
四、结束语
国内外影视传播愈发频繁，传播过程中的字幕就至关重要，字幕翻译的优劣很大程度上影响人们对于影视作品的理解。《权力的游戏》是影视传播中的一部典型的作品，通过对其中几句典型的会话进行分析能够在某种程度判定字幕翻译的优劣。而翻译字幕的优劣需要一定的评判准则，合作原则和礼貌原则相结合能够很好的评判翻译字幕是否准确和符合会话需求，从而取得一定的效果。
参考文献：
[1] Levinson，S.C. Pragmatic Reduction of the Binding Conditions Revisited. Journal of Linguistics（ 27）， 1991， 108.
4.礼貌原则在口译中的应用 篇四
Along with the trend of economic globalization and cultural diversification, communication among people from different countries and different cultures is more frequent and important.Interpreters are enjoying a constantly improved position in international communication, acting as the bridge which make people of different languages and backgrounds connected.Gradually, more elements should be considered in interpretation, especially keeping the communications smooth by using polite expression.In this case, the study of application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation will bring enlightenment to the future work.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of hard and complex job.Politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it also can be applied into interpretation which can be seen as a special conversation.However, interpretation is a study with a short history, which needs more help from other fields.Nowadays, the study of interpretation is concentrated on language training, interpreting skills, exams and so on.Few people pay attention to the application of politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Thus, politeness communicative principle in interpretation is so important and deserves more attention.Except for the introduction and conclusion, this thesis is composed of three parts.Part one gives a view of related theories;Part two is main part of the paper, which includes preconditions for using politeness communicative principle and feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle;Part three is the enlightenment to interpretation after the research, including strategies for applying politeness 1
communicative principle in interpretation.2
1.Literature review of interpretation and politeness communicative principle In 1978, English scholars Brown & Levinson wrote an article “Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena”.Soon after that, Leech delivered his six criteria of politeness in 1983.Since then, there are some researches about the two fields of politeness communicative principle and interpretation respectively.1.1 General review of interpretation In order to identify the relationship between interpretation and politeness communicative principle, it is necessary to review related interpretation theory at home and abroad.1.1.1 Definition of interpretation Interpretation is a form of translation, converting one language to anther so that the target language could convey the intended message in source language.Interpretation essentially is “an oral translation of oral discourse”(Gile, 1995: 1)and “ an extempore oral reproduction, in one language of what is said in another language ”(Zhong, 1999: 1).Interpretation is a form of translation in which a first and final rendition in another language is produced on the basis of a one-time presentation of an utterance in a source language(Pochhacker 2004: 11).Compared to translation which is used when the immediate result of the work is a written text, interpretation has its outstanding characteristics as being used when the immediate result is a speech reproduced orally in a language other than that spoken by the original speaker.That is to say, interpretation is a communicative process which faithfully and orally transfer the information from one language to another.3
1.1.2 Type and development of interpretation Interpretation consists of consecutive interpretation, simultaneous interpretation and whispering interpretation, among which consecutive interpretation is the most popular and widely used.In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter listens to a speech segment and then delivers the whole segment in the target language.While in simultaneous interpretation, the interpreter conveys the meaning to the listeners while listening.In whispering interpretation, the interpreter is for speeches with one to two foreign listeners or as accompanying interpreter for your international guests outside the actual event programme.Lacking of historical record makes it difficult to find the exact date when interpretation got into shape.And interpretation came into being and developed gradually when people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other.In the past, there were middlemen, who helped people speaking different languages communicate with each other.They were usually immigrants who knew two or more languages and also called dragoman, but these people were not trained professionally.When people speaking different languages started to communicate with each other more frequently, quick and effective interpretation was in urgent.Interpreter becomes an international profession in the First World War.It is in the Paris Peace Conference interpreters who have been trained professionally to meet the requirements of the conference.After that, interpretation has become a popular profession in the world.4
1.2 An overview of politeness communicative principle theories Politeness as a social phenomenon can be observed in all languages and cultures, and it has long been an important object of study in linguistics.As a common social phenomenon, politeness is not only an universal virtue but also a popular way to realize effective communication.1.2.1 A general view of politeness communicative principle Politeness is an universal phenomenon in society.However, different linguists and scholars give different explanations of politeness.In western countries, Leech says that there exists a set of maxims that guide and constrain the conversation between people, he suggests that cooperative principle should be expanded because Gricean’s cooperative principle can not sufficiently explain why people so often convey meaning indirectly.It is for this reason that politeness principle can be seen not just as another principle to be added to cooperative principle, but as its necessary complement.Leech introduces the politeness principle which runs as follows: Minimize the expression of impolite beliefs, Maximize the expression of polite belief.1.2.2 Politeness theories at home and abroad
Many scholars have made great contribution to the study of politeness theories.Among them, Leech and Gu Yueguo play a significant role, which serves as the foundation of the politeness research for other scholars.Politeness communicative principle is proposed to explain how politeness operates in conversational exchange, which has a series of maxims.Leech defines politeness as forms of behavior that establish and maintain comity.That is the ability of participants in a social interaction 5
to engage in interaction in an atmosphere of relative harmony.Leech specifies degree of politeness principle which are the means required in a certain situation.(1)The Tact Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which imply cost to other, maximize the expression of beliefs which imply benefit to other.(2)The Approbation Maxim Minimize the expression of beliefs which express dispraise of other;Maximize the expression of beliefs which express approval of other.(3)The Generosity Maxim
Minimize the expression of benefit to itself;Maximize the expression of cost to itself.(4)The Modesty Maxim
Minimize the expression of praise of self;Maximize the expression of dispraise of self.(5)The Agreement Maxim
Minimize the expression of disagreement between self and other;Maximize the expression of agreement between self and other.(Leech, 1999:20-21)While in China, the real study of politeness principle only began in the 1980s when pragmatics was introduced into China.The most influential figure in this area is Gu Yueguo.He puts forward his own set of politeness maxims in two thesis “Politeness Pragmatics and Culture” and “Politeness phenomena in modern China”.His theory has distinctive characteristics of Chinese culture.He proposed four basic 6
notions: respectfulness, modesty, attitudinal warmth and refinement.According to Gu, politeness principle includes five maxims:“Self-denigration and Respecting Maxim, Addressing Maxim, Elegancy Maxim, Conforming Maxim, Virtue, Words and Behavior Maxim.”(Gu, 2005: 10)
1.3 The relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation
Interpretation is understood as the mental process and communicative act of reproducing orally in a target language what a speaker is expressing in a source language.(Zhong, 1999: 1)
From the above explanation, it is easy to find that interpretation is a kind of special conversation.The success of this conversation needs a media of interpreter.During interpretation, interpreters need to cooperate both with the speakers and the listeners, and they also need to control the atmosphere of this conversation and keep the conversation polite.Besides, politeness communicative principle is used to research communicative conversation, so it can be applied into interpretation.So far, there have been some studies related to relationship between politeness communicative principle and interpretation, especially in recent years.For instance, Guo Yingzhen has published the issue of “Politeness Principle and Interpreting” by analyzing politeness principle and nine types of politeness in interpretation.She says, “ Based on the politeness principle and the experience of the author’s practice during past years, the honorific expressions in the process of interpreting can be divided into and applied to in nine different situations, namely, greetings, request, inquiry, 7
complaint and regret, advice, apology, imperative, and agreement”(Guo, 2004: 15).She tries to encourage readers to use honorific expressions in interpretation so that his or her own interpreting ability could be reflected.Wang Xiaowen discusses the complementarily and contradiction between cooperative principle and politeness principle, she mentions about the importance of politeness communicative principle in interpretation, “As two important theories in the field of pragmatics, Grice’s cooperative principle and Leech’s politeness principle both have great insights on interpreting with latter complimentary to the former.The approbation of the two principles to interpreting can effectively promote the successful cooperation between the two parties of communication.”(Wang, 2006: 18)1.4 Previous studies on interpreter’s subjectivity
With the increasing attention paid on the role of interpreters, the subjectivity of which arouse interest of scholars.Qiu Jixin observes the translator’s subjectivity and its restrictions by introducing thought of foreign scholars and analysis of translation.He says, “As a subject, translators can carry out their subjectivity during the translating process.Yet, the subjectivity must be restricted by certain factors.The two are combined closely with each other.”(Qiu, 2004: 12)Later, Hon Linping and Jiang Siping write complete conclusion on the study of the issue, on the subjectivity studies over the past ten years.They talk about the root, developing stages, some limitations and problems of all the previous researches.In general, just as what they state in the review,“the concept of interpreter’s subjectivity has gained more and more attention in China’s translation 8
study over the last decades.Analyzing the studies of the translator’s subjectivity in China from 1996 to 2005, the scholars explore the positive roles and limitations that the new trend could play in translation, the authors maintain that the translator’s turn will prevail in the 21 century.”(Hon & Jiang, 2006)These people do some research on the interpreter’s subjectivity and leave some evidence for others.Lv Binghua, from the perspective of subjectivity, proposed three norms, self-restriction on expressions and arrangement of message.It is a generalization of the forms of interpreter’s subjectivity from a rather macro perspective.Few scholars concern about the subjectivity of interpreters although the issue of interpreter’s subjectivity has been studied for years.That’s the greatest regret in the study of the issue.2.Feasibility and strategies for interpreters to apply politeness communicative principle in interpreting
From the above analysis of the research conducted by many linguists and interpretation theorists, it is easy to find that politeness communicative principle plays an important role in interpretation.No matter whether politeness communicative principle in western countries or in China, the essence is similar only with different emphasis.This chapter, which is based on the analysis of politeness communicative principle, explains the feasibility for interpreters and explores the instructive function of the politeness communicative principle in interpretation.2.1 Possible steps to deal with subjectivity
When politeness communicative principle is used in interpretation, at least two 9
things should be noticed.Firstly, it is possible to deal with subjectivity when interpret.Secondly, it is possible to apply politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Actually the process of interpreting can be divided into two parts: preparation before real interpretation and the actual interpretation process.“Translation procedure involves far more than step-by-step procedures for producing a translation from a source text.”(Nida, 2004: 131)In the following part, the author will discuss when and how interpreters can manipulate with subjectivity.2.1.1 Preparation before interpreting
It is well-known that enough preparation work is a key factor of a successful interpretation.Many things can be done before interpretation and will be later used.Generally speaking, prepared knowledge includes the glossary items, background knowledge of a certain field, understanding of the speaker’s culture and so on.In order to specify the above statement and make it clear and easy to be understood, the author sets an example in the following part.For example, There is going to be an English speaker talking about technology in clone.Preparation work will be done differently.Interpreter A may know well about clone, he masters all the background information and latest researches in the field.But he has no idea about the speaker except that the speaker is from England.In this situation, interpreter A may prepare in following steps.Firstly, since he knows well about the issue, the preparation of background knowledge may be very simple.Secondly, since the speaker comes from England, which needs to know more 10
about clone in England.Therefore, A should review the clone in England.Thirdly, given that A knows nothing about the speaker, he should seek a way to get familiar with culture and courtesy in England.Last but not least, A should know more about the situation whether in a conference or casual dialogue.Imagine another quite different situation: If interpreter B knows the English speaker very well.However, he knows little about clone, let alone clone in England.In this case, B would seek for different methods to deal with, which is quite different from A.Instead of paying much attention to the background of the speaker, B has to spend much time learning about clone, especially in England.Therefore, he had better read some scientific books and surf the Internet to gain more information about clone.Above all, it is easy to find that different interpreters choose different ways to prepare based on their own conditions though given the same situation.That leads to the possibility of choosing for interpreters in this process.2.1.2 Understanding of original speech Understanding of Original Speech is a vital process during the interpretation.If one can’t grasp the original meaning, he may mislead the intention of the speaker, even worse, spoil the whole conversation.Basil Hatim and Ian Mason once wrote in their book Discourse and the Translator, “The less evaluative the text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more scope there may be for modification.The less culture-bound a text is, the less need there will be for its structure to be modified;Conversely, the more culture-bound a text is, the more 11
space there may be for modification.”(Hatim & Mason,1999: 3)In China, Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s understandings and opinions are always influenced by times, nation, language, history, custom, culture and so on.Thus, the subjectivity of translators is strongly needed because of the differences in these factors in source text, the disparity between source and target language, and the strong demonstration of times, national feature and culture capital in the source text”.(Qi, 2003)In the following, the author would show that interpreters may have different understandings towards the same original sentence.For example, It’s my great honor to be invited as your friend.Interpreter1: 作为朋友收到邀请，我十分荣幸。Interpreter2: 我十分荣幸以朋友的身份收到邀请。
In this case, the emphasis of the interpreter is different.Interpreter 1 strengthens the meaning of “great honor to be invited” with thanks.While interpreter 2 highlights the words “as your friend” to focus on the true friendship.Therefore, the hidden meaning of the sentence is “The friendship between us is precious to me and I really appreciate it”.Both of the understandings are right if the speaker expresses the sentence without the paragraph.Still, differences between two interpreters don’t influence the quality of interpretation.It can be concluded from the above example that one sentence may lead to different understandings and the interpreters can choose their own understanding according to the atmosphere of situation, the context or the relevant information.This clearly proves that interpreters are able to manipulate during the understanding 12
process and sometimes the subjective choosing may even be of great significance.2.1.3 Production of the interpreted version
As Qi Weiyan stated in her paper, “Translator’s subjectivity can be reflected not only from the comprehension of the source language, but also from the choosing ways of expressions.If we put it in another way, production of the translators gradually form their own translation styles, characteristics and features.There is a close relation between them.In a certain period and under certain historical and cultural background, translators form their own thoughts and senses of values, tastes and interests, as well as translation abilities, which are shown in his translation version.”(Qi, 2003)From the translation theory above, it is aware that translator’s subjectivity is what she talks about.It is the same with interpreters,too.Being an excellent interpreter requires abundant interpreting experiences, careful observation and daily practices.The author will give an example to illustrate this point.For example, Shenzhen today is quite different from what she looked like twenty years ago.Version1: 今日的深圳不同于20年前的深圳。
Version2: 今日的深圳比20年前不可同日而语。
When you talk about Shenzhen’s development and her achievement with a foreigner, such a sentence can be seen very often.In a real interpreting case, it is common that both of the translation versions are acceptable, with no mistake or misunderstanding between communicative parties.However, the two versions have obvious difference.Version 2 gives a more brief idea of difference in Shenzhen which 13
strikes the speaker most.While version 1 is close to literal meaning of the original sentence.The two versions have difference in ways of expression and the author believes that it can reflect the interpreter’s characteristics in some degree.Although the original sentence is a kind of praise of Shenzhen’s great development, the sentence itself does not show that Shenzhen becomes stronger or prosperous.It can be predicted that in terms of characteristics, version 2 is more direct than version 1 since he or she wishes to express the intended meaning in an obvious way.2.2 Feasibility of the adoption of politeness communicative principle in interpretation Since it has been proved that politeness communicative principle is one of the principles that should be adopted in our daily conversation.Adopting politeness communicative principle in interpretation will help create harmonious atmosphere and enable the exchange of words and thoughts to be smooth and successful.As we all know, interpretation is a kind of exchanging and talking since two communicative parties cannot communicate directly because of language and culture differences.Thus, an interpreter is needed to exchange words between the two communicative parties, which is a very important job in such kind of indirect interaction.During interpreting, a sense of being polite is badly needed.In this part, the author will talk about the application of politeness communicative principle and set examples to prove the feasibility to interpretation.The process of application of politeness communicative principle can be divided into three different forms, namely choosing of words, choosing of sentences and choosing 14
ways of expressions.2.2.1 Choosing of words Interpreters may have different words that can be used during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose proper words from them.Therefore, interpreters can find the most polite words under the direction of politeness communicative principle.First of all, some words that can help the interpreters are discussed.Firstly, application of model verbs in politeness communicative principle will be discussed.When we choose proper language form to express politely, some appropriate model verbs can make the sentence like an euphemism.In our conversations or dialogues, these model verbs are easy to find here and there, such as “should, shall, would, could”.In order to express the meaning more clearly, the author will set two examples in the following.When we put the model verb “could” ahead in a question sentence, it is a euphemistic expression.For example, “could you tell me about the story?” The word “would” can be used in a euphemistic expression, especially in the request and suggested sentence.For instance,“I would be a shame to disturb your dialogue.” “would you like to pass the book to me ?”and “wouldn’t it be better to stop it right now?” All the sentences above are more polite than those do not use model verb.Secondly, tense of verb deserves our attention.In a sentence, past tense is another way to express request politely, while past continuous tense is more polite than past tense.For instance,“Sorry, I did it again”.This sentence means this is not the first time he made mistake, and the intended meaning of which is he or she really feels 15
regrettable about what he or she does.From above, it can be found that past tense can also express apologize.Thirdly, some words expressing possibility could also express politeness.when we talk something about suggestion, advice and criticism, we could use “maybe” “perhaps” and “possible”.”Possibly” mainly used in a request sentence, if it is used together with model verbs “can” and “could”, it would be more polite.When we give an invitation, suggestion, requirement and criticism, we can use the word “wonder”, because it is also a euphemism.Another example, the word “quite” can be used in the negative sentence to express politeness:“That’s not quite what I said, you know.” Some examples related to the three pairs of maxims will be discussed next.2.2.1.1 Tact maxim and generosity maxim
From the brief introduction of maxim before, it is easy to know that these two maxims are intended to maxim of benefit to others and cost to oneself.The typical case is as followed.“This is a brief introduction brochure of our school”
Version1: 这是我校的宣传册。
Version2: 这是美国某大学的宣传册。
According to Tack and Generosity Maxim, it is polite to maximize the listener’s benefit even cost the speaker more.In this situation, since the interpreter is the direct speaker to the Chinese students attending an exhibition, the interpreter has to interpret the complete meaning while maximize benefit for the listener.Based on the given situation, version2 is more proper than version1, not only for 16
sake of better advertisement of the school, but also help the listener leave a deep impression of this school, which is different from other schools they heard before.From this point of view, the choosing of version “美国某大学” rather than “我校” realizes the minimization of other’s cost.2.2.1.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim
These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.The following is an example:
“我们产品的质量比你方更好。”
Version1: Our product’s quality is better than yours.Version2: It seems that our product’s quality is better than yours.In this case, version2 doesn’t maximize praise of listeners and dispraise of him or her.The speaker states the meaning of “better than you”, which is going to cause unhappy feelings to the listeners.2.2.1.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim Agreement Maxim and Sympathy Maxim demand maximization of agreement between oneself and others.An example is as followed:
你同意我的想法吗？
Not really.Version1: Do you agree with me?
我不同意。
Version2: Do you agree with me?
我们的想法可能有些出入。
This is a kind of “agree-or-not” sentence.Agreement should be given based on the Agreement and Sympathy Maxim.Therefore, when the interpreter chooses the expression “有些出入” instead of “不同意”.The atmosphere is more polite and harmonious.2.2.2 Choosing of sentences
Interpreters may have different sentences that come into mind during interpretation, while they have possibility to choose the most suitable one from them.As a result, interpreters can find the most polite one under the direction of politeness communicative principle.2.2.2.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim Two conclusions can be drawn from these maxims.Firstly, offering is more polite than request in an imperative sentence.Secondly, politeness communicative principle in language can be classified into various degrees because more indirect expressions give listeners more freedom to choose what they want.If a sentence is delivered in a more indirect way, it would be more polite.Example1, Answer the phone.I want you to answer the phone.Will you answer the phone?
Can you answer the phone?
Would you mind answering the phone?
Could you possibly answer the phone?
Example 2, Call a taxi for me.18
I want you to call a taxi for me.Will you call a taxi for me?
Would you mind calling a taxi for me? In each example, the last one is the most polite because it gives the listener more opportunity to refuse.It is successful to minimize the cost to others and maximize benefit to others.More examples can be found at the beginning of a press conference.In order to keep the meeting going quietly, the host would say to the reporter just as “请各位与会人员关闭手机”.Under this circumstance, interpreters have these choices:“Turn off the cell phone.” “Can you turn off the cell phone?” or “Can I probably ask you to turn off the cell phone?”.Among them, the degree of being polite is deeper and deeper, then the last one is the most polite.In order to show politeness, interpreters usually express ideas in a mild and roundabout way.For example, when disagreeing with somebody, one would say,“I don’t think you are right” rather than“you are wrong”.Another example“You don’t seem to understand” instead of “You don’t know” so directly.2.2.2.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim
These two maxims demand maximization of praise of others and of dispraise to oneself.They contain two aspects and the first is “negative praise” which means saying something good to somebody instead of criticizing others.An example is followed,“Do you like my skirt?” “Well, yes.But it’s not my favorite.” Although B does not like A’s skirt, he expresses his feelings in a polite way.The second type is “exaggerated praise”, which is common in interpretation from Chinese to English
because English speakers like to exaggerate their feelings, while Chinese are more implicit in comparison.Here is an example: after a party, guests coming from China say to the host,“谢谢你的邀请，我们度过了一个愉快的夜晚。” Interpreter can express like this,“Thank you so much for inviting us, we had a wonderful night”.In this version “so much” is an exaggerated word.Another example is, when praising others, one usually addresses in this way, ”What a beautiful house!” or “What a cute boy”.Another example,“你觉得我们有机会合作这个项目么？”
Hopefully, let’s wait and see.Version1: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on the project?
希望可以，让我们边走边看。
Version2: Is there any possibility for us to cooperate with each other on this project?
希望能有这个合作机会，让我们边走边看。
Based on Approbation and Modesty Maxim, it is polite for the interpreter to maximize praise of the Chinese party.The Chinese party asks the question about the cooperation possibility in this situation.For some reasons, Without exact comment on the possibility, the foreigner gives an ambiguous answer to the question.Thus, the second version is recommended.2.2.2.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim
These two maxims demand maximization of agreement between oneself and 20
others.English speakers usually express disagreement in this way:“sorry”or“Excuse me”.For instance,A says,“I like these pictures, they are beautiful”.Then B says “Well, I don’t have any eye for beauty, I’m afraid”.From this example, it is easy to see that although B does not agree with A, he does not express that in a direct way, which not only decreases the conflict between them, but also increases the accordance with the speaker.That is to say, in order to make the listener happier, good details should be talked.For instance,“That was the great Oscar for John” and “That was the great news about John”.The first sentence brings more happiness to the listener.On the contrary, when we talk about some sad news, try to say some vague words instead of details.In western culture, the expression of “death” is a typical one.For example,“be asleep in the arms of God”“be taken to paradise and go to heaven”.Another example,“I was sorry to hear about your husband” is more polite than “I was sorry to hear about your husband’s death”.2.2.3 Choosing of expressions
Choosing of expressions means that during interpreting, an interpreter is likely to choose different ways to express the idea.Among these choices, he or she would find the most polite one according to politeness communicative principle, which includes the changing of sentence structure or custom of expression in different languages.The author would illustrate the point in following aspects.2.2.3.1 Tack maxim and generosity maxim
Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.21
你看过那份计划了吗？
真不好意思，我昨天去看父母了。
Version1: Sorry, I went to visit my parents yesterday.Version2: Sorry, I haven’t seen it though, since I went to visit my parents yesterday.In this situation, the hidden meaning of Chinese speaker is that he hasn’t looked into the proposal yet.According to Chinese culture, the reason is given at first.However, person asks the question in order to know whether the proposal is seen though or not.Thus, in order to show respect to the leader, he or she had better choose the latter one to give the direct answer first and if time permits, giving reasons in a simple way.In this way, the modest attitude of speaker can be clearly reflected and thus gaining opinion of Chinese audience.2.2.3.2 Approbation maxim and modesty maxim Here is an example to show the expression choices under the direction of these two maxims.That is all my speech, If you have any question concerning my speech, welcome.Version1: 我的演讲完毕，有问题可以问我。
Version2: 我的演讲完毕，如有问题，欢迎随时提问。
The original sentence is a traditional English way of expression with no offence.However, the translated version1 may seem a bit rude to the audience in China.Thus, although violating the literal meaning of the original words, interpreters maybe choose the latter one to show politeness and create a harmonious atmosphere.22
2.2.3.3 Agreement maxim and sympathy maxim
Under the direction of these two maxims, the author will list an example:
Do you agree with our arrangement?
Yes, the transportation and accommodation are great.Version1: 是的，交通和住宿都不错。
Version2: 安排的很好，尤其是住宿和交通。
In order to be polite, version2 chooses the expression “安排的很好”，which is not heightened in the original words.The change of expression adds the degree of agreement and sounds more agreeable than just saying“是的”.Therefore, the listener will be glad to your interpretation.3 Strategies for applying politeness communicative principle in interpretation
Since a great many researches have been done on the strategies whenever concerning politeness or subjectivity, the author is going to mention three of them simply.There are substitution when the speaker does not mention, treason when the speaker does mention but not polite to the audience and omission to name just a few.3.1 Substitution Interpretation needs substitution sometimes.Since it has already been proved that interpreter is able to cope with subjectivity, substitution cannot be avoided because of different languages, backgrounds, styles and so on.When comes to politeness communicative principle, substitution can be utilized in following: The key point of Tack and Generosity maxims is to reduce the cost of others.In some cases, people are not willing to talk about death, disease, body part and so on.23
Instead, they would use indirect words replacing them.For instance, “big C” stands for “cancer” “mentally handicapped” replaces “retarded”, “psychiatric hospital” rather than “mental hospital”.Concerning about unemployment, they would use the words: “unwaged, between jobs”.It’s good for one to try hard to agree with others,if not that matters, and it is the key issue of Agreement and Sympathy maxims.When one agrees with the other but he or she omits the words like “yes” or “sure” and directly continue the topic.On such occasions, it is greater if the interpreter say like “of course” or “definitely” to emphasize the agreement.Substitution can be found quite often in opening and end of speeches, informal lectures and interviews, which allows to establish harmonious atmosphere without influencing the content or final result.3.2 Treason In some occasions, if we translate the sentences literary, it would cause misunderstanding due to different cultural backgrounds.As bridge of communication, it is interpreter’s responsibility to promote better interactions, even sometimes not being loyalty to the original words.In order to maximize praise of others and minimize praise to oneself, interpreters may sometimes behave modest on behalf of the speaker.Such kind of situation can be found when communicative parties come from different cultural backgrounds.For instance, the Westerners tend to be direct while Chinese are used to behave modest.It is the guest speaker’s or sometimes interpreter’s responsibility to use words or concept of the host speakers and that can also be regarded as a kind of agreement to 24
the host party and its custom for sake of offering more agreement to others.Situations exist when parties hold different opinions toward one issue or when slip of tongue occurs.Interpreters should be pay attention to this strategy, be loyalty to the original words and pass on the meaning to the listeners.3.3 Omission Facing with difficulties in interpretation, omission is one of the strategies most often applied.Omission concludes deletion of words, phrases, sentences or even a paragraph.Here is an example: Please turn to page 20, maybe 22.let me see, yes, 25.Version1:请翻到书的20页，也许是22页，让我看看，第25页。
Version2:请翻到书的第25页。
It costs a lot for the audience to hear page 20, 22and 25 getting themselves busy in turning to pages that are not certain.Thus, it is wise and polite for the interpreter to slip to the final page which is quite certain, or else it will cause a confusing situation.However, this strategy is not proper in all conditions.When comes to important content, no random omission is allowed.Conclusion
Through this paper, the author draws the conclusion that it is very important and feasible to use politeness communicative principle in interpretation.Therefore, when interpreters understand preconditions of the principle and adopt related interpretation strategies, the interpreted version would be better.Since interpreters are already aware of the importance to be polite and feasibility to subjectivity.Besides, some possible ways to deal with subjectivity, interpretation strategies under the direction of politeness communicative principle are are listed in the paper.It is conductive to the improvement of the quality of interpretation and the development of interpreters themselves.Since this paper is done with the aid of many reference books and some papers, there may exist weakness and limitations during the process.Besides, there are causes that actually lead to these limitations: Firstly, as a college student, it is unlikely for the author to get in touch with interpreters in everyday life;Secondly, not doing or observing enough interpreting practice, it is impossible for the author to collect a large number of materials and cover all the areas.Finally, the author has little experience in interpretation, which causes the big trouble to perfect the paper.As a result, based on the materials available and current condition, the author tries best to make the paper reliable.The author hopes that the future researches can spare more efforts in the following aspects.Firstly, researches may collect as much materials as they can through all possible channels in future.If time permits, such kind of collection may 26
produce a more reliable research than this one.Secondly, there is no space and time left for strategies and suggestions.The author just lists three of them to name just a few.It is the hope of the author that future researcher can lay more emphasis on the strategy part to make this research more complete and systematic.Bibliography Brown.P &Levinson, S.Universals in Language Usage [J].Shanghai: Shanghai
Foreign Language Education Press, 1978.Gile, D.An Oral Translation of Oral Discourse [M].New York: Oxford University
Press, 1995.Grice, H.P.Logic and Conversation [J].New York: Academic Press, 1975.Hatim, B.&Mason, I.Discourse and Translator [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign
Language Education Press, 2001.Nida, E.A.Language, Culture and Translating [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign
Language Education Press, 2004.Pochhacker.F.Introducing Interpreting Studies [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign
Language Education Press, 2004.Zhong Shukong.A Practical Handbook of Interpretation [M].Beijing: Beijing
External Translation Press, 2001.顾曰国.跨文化交际 [M].北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2005.郭英珍.语用中的礼貌原则与口译的敬体形式 [J].华北水利水电学报, 2004(2).侯林平, 姜泗平.我国近十年来译者主体性研究的回顾与反思 [J].山东科技大
学学报, 2006(3).利奇.语义学 [M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1996.吕炳华.译者主体性的体现.[J] 山东外语外贸大学学报, 2005(1).戚伟燕.译者主体性的体现和强弱.[J] 杭州电子工业学院学报.2004(1).裘姬新.译者主体性及其制约因素 [J].河南科技大学学报, 2004(1).28
5.商务英语信函中的礼貌原则初探 篇五
摘 要：在商务英语信函中，为了实现达成商务合作的目的，需要遵循礼貌原则，使之语气委婉，措辞得当，有助于双方在平等互利的基础上建立贸易关系。
关键词：礼貌原则;商务英语信函;运用
礼貌是语言交际中的普遍现象，也是商务英语信函中最令人关注的语言特征，一封彬彬有礼的商务英语信函，能有效增强贸易双方彼此间的信任感，提高商务成功的几率，恰当运用礼貌原则有助于信函作者写出得体、礼貌的商务英语信函，获得期望的效果，从而实现商务活动中的双赢。商务英语信函是以英语为媒介，以促进商务活动顺利进行为目的信件，其涵盖的内容涉及到与商务有关的诸多领域。它在交流思想，传递信息，交涉事务，增进了解及促进经贸往来等方面发挥着积极的作用。
一、运用礼貌语言
在商务英语信函的交际中，经常使用尊称语、亲昵语、祝颂语乃至含蓄委婉语都体现了礼貌原则，礼貌语言的使用，不仅能够传递给对方高兴、感激、愉悦等积极情感，同时还可以委婉的提出进一步的要求，这样可以对商务合作的成功起到积极的推动作用.（葛丽芳，2006）在商务信函中应当选择一些含有积极情感的词语如pleased，satisfy，obliged，welcome等.这样能使对方身心愉悦，有利于双方的合作.特别在有关催款、投诉、索赔等信函中，即便错不在己，也要对对方所做的任何一点积极努力给予肯定与赞扬，做到礼貌得体.例如：（1）I would appreciate having your reply by July 1 st，so that we can finalize our program.（2）You kind invitation this time is most welcome.与此相反，在商务信函中要极力避免 no，cannot，claim，complaint等词的使用.在商务英语信函中，否定意义的词语容易给人不愉快的感觉，直截了当的加以否定，买卖双方会失去合作的兴趣，双方贸易关系也会由此中断。
二、正确使用情态动词
由于商务信函来往多数是磋商、答询、公务，往往涉及愿望、允诺、赞许、建议、催促、询问、拒绝、辩解或申诉、质问、谴责等等，所以英文商务信函中形态动词使用频繁。情态动词的恰当使用常常可以使句子更加缓和，使对方容易接受，实现理想。例如：We would like to suggest alternative where there are shipments available.在这一句中“would like”表示的是一种请求的语气。如果去掉“would”就有了加强与别人的意味，对方从心理上会比较难以接受。需要说明的是，情态动词多用于if条件句中，帮助写信人表达各种语气。而情态动词的使用在语气上就委婉的多，显得礼貌得体。例如：I should be very much obliged if you would arrange a Seaton the same fight for the 18 th September.情态动词can，could，will和would一般情况下可以通用，但could和would与can和will相比之下更有礼貌。因为过去时态的情态动词暗示一种假设行为而不是强制行为。
三、突出对方本位
在商务英语信函中，无论是给谁写信，我们都应该从对方的角度来看问题，采用对方观点写信说明我们理解对方，体谅对方，因此，为了体现礼貌原则，在商务英语信函中写作中，人称尽量不使用I或we开头而采用第二人称you或其物主代词或者your，以突出你方态度，多使用谦辞和敬词，称对方为“贵方”，而成自己为“本公司”“我方”等，例如：（1）If you are interested in any of the items，please do not hesitate to tell us.如果贵方对任何产品感兴趣，请告知我方。（2）To meet your requirement，we are willing to make some concession to cut 5% of our price if the quantity your individual purchase is not less than 100 tons.为满足贵方要求，如果贵方每次购买不少于100吨，我方愿意做出一些让步，降价5%。从以上我们可以看出，不管你的目的是提供信息、说服别人还是增加友谊，最打动人的词语就是“you”和“your”。
当我方不同意对方观点或者不愿满足对方，为了不造成对对方的直接否定，维护对方的面子，我方要避免直接陈述不同的观点We sincerely recommend you to accept our proposal as our stocks are getting lower and lower day and day，and we are afraid we shall be unable to meet your requirements if you fail to let us have your confirmation by return.我们真诚的劝告贵方接受我们的建议，因为我们的库存逐日减少，如果贵方不立即确定，我们将无法满足贵方需求。在此句中，如果把 recommend改为advice的话，就会不妥，因为advice有一种居高临下的含义，好像非接受我们的建议不可，其实对方接不接受得有自己决定，别人无权干涉。特别要注意，当双方观点不能统一时，我们首先要理解并尊重对方的观点。如果对方的建议不合理或者对我方的指责不公平时，我方可以据理力争，说明我方的观点，但注意要讲究礼节礼貌，避免用冒犯性的语言。（王元歌，2007）
四、结语
礼貌用语在国际商务中起着重要的作用，它能营造一种尊重对方、寻求合作的气氛，能使我方在对方的心目中树立以一种正直、热情、有良好文化修养和职业道德的形象，从而乐意与我方合作，带来无限商机，在日常的商务活动中，我们应该注意商务英语信函中礼貌用语的使用，商务信函才会起到它应有的作用，礼貌有加、措辞得体的商务信函可以帮助公司建构起良好的商业形象，进而做成好生意，反之，礼貌欠佳、用语不当的信函则会给公司带来负面的影响，弄砸了生意不说，还有可能毁了公司苦心经营的商业形象。因此，在商务英语信函写作中要善于运用各种礼貌策略，积极实现贸易双方有效沟通，从而建立和维持平等互利的贸易关系，最终促进贸易活动的顺利进行。
参考文献：
6.合作原则礼貌原则 篇六
[关键词]商务英语信函写作；礼貌原则；委婉语气；突出对方本位；避免不和 随着社会经济的迅猛发展，商业信函逐渐成为人们在经济领域内的一种重要的交际手段，通过它人们可以交流信息、联系业务、商谈贸易、磋商、处理问题、传递友谊等，其撰写的成功与否对企业的业务有着极其重要的影响。一般地，商务信函有以下几方面的写作原则，也被称为”7Cs”原则，即礼貌原则(courtesy)、体谅原则(consideration)、完整原则(completeness)、清楚原则(clarity)、简洁原则(conciseness)、具体原则(concreteness)、正确原则(correctness)。“礼貌原则”[1]是首先必须注意的，因为这直接关系到你写的信是否有正面效应。“一封彬彬有礼的书信，得体脱俗的谈吐，能使我方在对方的心目中树立起一种正直、热情、有良好文化修养和职业道德的形象，从而乐意与我方合作，带来无限的商机。”[2]反之，一封礼貌欠佳、用语不当的信函则会给一个公司带来负面的评价，使之弄砸了生意不说，还有可能毁了公司苦心经营的形象。因此，在日常的商务活动中，我们应注意商务信函中礼貌用语的使用。笔者将礼貌准则在商务英语信函写作中的应用归纳为以下三点： 1 使用委婉的语气
语言是信息的载体和表情达意的工具，为了在听话者和说话者之间建立起一座更顺畅的交流的桥梁，人们要使用礼貌用语。商务英语信函也是如此。热情友好的礼遇、委婉客气的话语、措辞得当的函电或谨慎严密的条款形成了商贸英语的一个鲜明特色，例如：
(1)We are pleased to make the following offer subject to your reply reaching US by May 20． 我方十分乐意报盘如下，此报盘以5 月20 日前收到对方复函为准。
(2)We shall appreciate it if you will endeavor to ship the consignment as the following． 如贵方能按如下要求装运货物，我们将不胜感激。
如上述例句所示“be pleased to, appreciate? if?”等这些礼貌语言的使用，不仅能传递给对方高兴、感激、悦等积极情感，还可以委婉的提出进一步的要求，这样可以对商务合作的成功起到积极的推动作用。突出对方本位(You attitude)许多商务写作者的目的就是让对方合作并采取行动，所以，一个重要的原则就是暂时忘记自己，而想想收信人，向他们显示出引起他们注意的事情。采取从对方角度着想的办法来达到这一目的，这就是商务写作中为对方着想的“突出对方本位”（You attitude）或称“你式写法”，而不是“为自己着想”（I-attitude）。充分考虑对方的利益、需求、愿望，从对方的观点看问题了解对方的困难、处境，这样可以使自己的要求更加切合实际，从而为双方的合作奠定更加良好的基础。
为了体现礼貌原则，在商务英语信函写作中，人称尽量不使用I或we 开头而应采用用第二人称you 或其物主代词或者your，以突出You attitude。例如：
To meet your requirement, we are willing to make some concessions to cut 3％of our price if the quantity of your individual purchase is not less than 50 tons.为满足贵方要求，如果贵方每次购买不少于50 吨的话，我方愿意做出一些让步．降价30％。从以上例子我们不难看出，不管你的目的是提供信息，说服别人还是增进友谊，最打动人的词就是you 和your。这是因为，第二人称的使用可以产生注意对方、以对方为中心的效果。同时，还可以使对方认识到作者在为自己着想，因而是礼貌的。3 避免不和
在商务交流中，双方难免会有分歧。为了不因直接话语而冒犯他人，建议在商务英文信函写作中尽量使用温和的语气。要想表达否定的意思在商务英文信函写作中可以适当的使用语义模糊的词汇如“I’ m afraid, I think, I believe”或运用疑问句等形式。例如：
(1)I’m afraid we can’t accept “Cash Against Document on arrival of goods at destination”． 我方恐怕不能接受货到目的港后凭单付款的支付方式。(2)Could you make payment by irrevocable L ／ C？ 贵方可否用不可撤消信用证付款? 除了以上几种表达方式以外，情态动词、条件句、被动语态、过去时的使用也可以起到缓和语气、显示礼貌的作用。商业信函的特点和功能决定了商业信函中必须注重礼貌原则。在日常的商务活动中，我们应注意商务信函中礼貌用语的使用，注意委婉语气、突出对方本位、避免不和等原则的应用，商业信函才会起它应有的作用——通过语言的媒介作用起到发展贸易、增进友谊的作用。参考文献
7.合作原则礼貌原则 篇七
关键词：合作原则,礼貌原则,人物性格
引言
1967年Grice在哈佛大学做的系列讲座中第一次提出了会话含义与合作原则的概念。Grice认为,人们在交谈中彼此合作,遵守合作原则以进行成功的会话[1]。合作原则分为四条准则,分别为(1)量准则(Quantity maxim):所说的信息量应不少于也不多于交谈目的所需要的信息 ;(2)质准则(Quality maxim):不说自知是虚假的话和证据不充分的话 ;(3)关系准则(Relation maxim):说话要前后关联 ;(4)方式准则(Manner maxim):说话避免晦涩、歧义,要简练、有条理[2]。Leech认为有时人们违反合作原则是出于礼貌的考虑,于是他提出了礼貌原则,包括六条准则 :策略准则、慷慨准则、赞誉准则、谦逊准则、一致准则、同情准则[3],在此不一一赘述。礼貌原则是对合作原则的补充,仅仅基于合作原则分析语料有失全面,于是本文在合作原则的基础上,必要时候结合礼貌原则,选取《红楼梦》第六回中的对话进行分析。第六回中刘姥姥带领读者进入了贾府主仆上下的真实生活,在全书的结构中起着至关重要的作用,本文旨在通过对《红楼梦》第六回中刘姥姥与他人的对话中违反合作原则现象的分析,结合礼貌原则,探明曹雪芹是怎样塑造刘姥姥这一丰满的人物形象的。
一.量准则的违反
刘姥姥初到荣国府经过几番周折,终于见到了周瑞家的。周瑞家的问“今日还是路过,还是特来的?”刘姥姥说,“原是特来瞧瞧嫂子你,二则也请请姑太太的安。若可以领我见一见更好,若不能,便借重嫂子转致意罢了。”刘姥姥用试探式的语气将自己来贾府“打秋风”,即寻求接济,这一目的说得很含蓄,话中又让周瑞家的觉得自己体面。刘姥姥回答的信息明显多于周瑞家的所问,违反了量准则,这是为了遵守了礼貌原则中的赞誉准则。这里可以看出刘姥姥初进贾府时的小心谨慎,也体现了刘姥姥虽然大字不识一个,却很会说话办事,这正是她这乡下老太太能够进得贾府并受到大家喜爱的原因之一。
二.质准则的违反
刘姥姥到贾府大门石狮子前打听周瑞的那一段描写尤为生动,曹雪芹将一个乡下老太太到大户人家门前,想上前又不敢上前的神态写得活灵活现。“刘姥姥只得蹭上来问 :‘太爷们纳福。’”这里“太爷”一词用得既可笑又有味,“太爷”是古代百姓对官吏或仆人对男主人的尊称。贾家看门的奴才显然不是“太爷”,刘姥姥违反了质的原则,是为了遵守礼貌原则中的赞誉准则,体现了刘姥姥当时的胆战心惊和谦卑。
刘姥姥进入贾府见到凤姐后,周瑞家道,“白来逛逛呢便罢,若有甚说的,只管告诉二奶奶,都是一样。”周瑞家的意在提醒刘姥姥现在可以跟凤姐提“打秋风”的事了。而刘姥姥却道,“也没甚说的,不过是来瞧瞧姑太太,姑奶奶,也是亲戚们的情分。”这显然违背了她的初衷,违反了质原则,在周瑞家的再次提醒、使眼色后,刘姥姥才“未语先飞红脸”“只得忍耻”讲自己的来意,通过刘姥姥的“客套话”,我们可以读出她当时复杂的心理活动,想说又害臊不知如何开口,想保留些体面不说了又不甘心白跑一遭,最后干脆把心一横,舍出去自己的老脸才说出了口。
三.关联准则的违反
在刘姥姥终于跟凤姐表明“今日我带了你侄儿来,也不为别的,只因他老子娘在家里,连吃的都没有。如今天又冷了,越想没个派头儿,只得带了你侄儿奔了你老来”后,“说着又推板儿道 :‘你那爹在家怎么教你来?打发咱们作煞事来?只顾吃果子咧。’”刘姥姥说着说着突然转移对象与话题,开始训板儿,这显然违背了关联原则。刘姥姥其实并不是真的要板儿做什么,她是借板儿来掩饰自己内心的紧张与煎熬,以求得片刻的解脱,曹雪芹通过这一描写把刘姥姥当时的心理写得真真切切,让人忍俊不禁。
四.方式准则的违反
在刘姥姥看到女婿狗儿因没钱在家置气时,便给他说了一个法子,“这长安城中,遍地都是钱,只可惜没人会去拿去罢了。”这话说得让狗儿摸不着头脑,难不成是让自己去偷?接着刘姥姥又道,“谁叫你偷去呢。也到底想法儿大家裁度,不然那银子钱自己跑到咱家来不成?”刘姥姥的这两段话说得虽粗俗,在此情此景下却让狗儿猜不透,违反了方式准则。待狗儿无计可施的情况下,刘姥姥才说出了女婿祖上曾与贾府王夫人娘家有过联宗,可以借着这个关系到贾府攀亲,打秋风。可见这个农村老妪早就谋划好了,连王夫人如今上了年纪越发怜贫恤老都打听好了。刘姥姥一出场就让人觉得这老太太见识不凡、有智慧,在困境中能积极地想办法而不是一味抱怨。
结语
8.浅析英语中的礼貌原则 篇八
关键词： 语用学 礼貌原则 Lakoff Leech
1.引言
礼貌是许多学者关注一个重要课题，它可以被理解为一种社会现象，一种社会习俗下的规范，或是为实现良好人际关系的一种手段。从本质上讲，礼貌是一种带有伦理或道德特点的行为准则。本文主要介绍了Lakoff和Leech的礼貌原则，并分别指出了两者存在的问题。
2.Lakoff的礼貌原则
Lakoff是加州大学伯克利分校的语言学教授，在1973年总结了“礼貌原则”，并提出了交际中经常使用的三条准则，即不强加于人、给对方选择权和让对方感觉良好。Lakoff表示这些准则对交际的顺利进行至关重要，只要说话者没有遵循三条准则，就可视为“违反准则”。在1975年至1977年之间，Lakoff对礼貌原则进行了如下修改：
（1）正式性：保持距离。
（2）尊重性：给予选择。
（3）友好性：体现赞同。
第一条准则在礼仪书或是正式的礼貌用语中最能体现。说话者对听话人和自己所说内容都要保持距离，这既可以避免话语中存在任何感情因素，又能使交谈双方置身事外。矫枉过正和避免白话是保持距离的两种手段。使用Mr.，Dr.，Sir等头衔能体现此条准则，还可以使用非人称代词one，尤其是用来代替you或者I。例如在标准英式英语中，“One feels awful about that”就相当于“I feel awful about that”。
第二条准则可以单独与其他两条准则结合，而规则1和规则3是相互排斥的。这条准则把如何表现或是做什么诸如此类的选择权都留给对方，例如言论和行动中的犹豫。如果说话者并不是真的对自己所谈内容表示不确定，升调和反义疑问句则是规则2的两种手段。同样，避免作正面答复可以实现同样的效果，即让听话人自己决定能否把对方所谈的内容当真。所以“Jim is sort of short（吉姆有点儿矮）”可能是“Jim is short（吉姆很矮）”的一种礼貌说法。使用委婉语也是规则2的一种方式，因为它会给听话人留有选择，表面上似乎不能够听出对方所要谈论的真实内容，但是这种语言上的伪装很俗套，因为说话双方都清楚地知道他们正在讨论什么。
第三条准则的目的是让听话者觉得说话者喜欢他，对他感兴趣，并想与他友好相处，等等。规则1和规则3是互斥的，即不能既伸出友谊之手，同时又冷漠地离开。但规则3和规则2却可以相互结合，即既可以展示出友好又可以体现出恭敬，就像规则1和规则2，既保持距离又不失恭敬。口语化的语言一般是规则3不可缺少的，我们可以说禁忌语，但不会使用规则1中的专业词汇或规则2中的委婉语，即向对方直接表达自己的观点而不需讲究客套。在某些情况下仅仅使用昵称或名字，某些情况下仅仅使用姓也是规则3得一种方法。总之，规则3意味着完全的平等。
虽然Lakoff的礼貌原则较笼统，未能引起学术界的足够重视，但它却为我们提供了一套比较实用的用语规范，对言语行为的成功实现具有强大的约束力和解释力，可以较好地促进参与者内部的团结，并为礼貌现象的研究提供理论参考。
3.Leech的礼貌原则
在探讨礼貌原则之前，我们首先应该提及美国语言学家Grice的合作原则，即在会话中，交际双方相互合作以达到成功交流的目的。从这个意义上讲，每一对话者都会为了同一个交际目的进行有意义并且有用的话语交谈。Grice进一步提出合作原则的四个准则，在这一领域中引起学者们激烈的讨论。这四条准则分别是数量准则、质量准则、相关准则和方式准则。Grice还观察到，人们经常故意违反这些准则而说一些晦涩含蓄的话语，由听话人自己推断说话人的隐含意思，此即会话含意。
Grice的合作原则为交际的顺利进行提供典范，但它无法解释为何人们在日常交际中经常无视这些准则，会话含意理论也没有解释为什么人们常常趋向间接沟通。为了弥补合作原则的不足，Leech提出了礼貌原则。在他看来，“间接性是出于礼貌”（Leech 1983）。Leech的礼貌原则共有六条准则：
得体准则：（1）使他人受损最小；
（2）使他人受益最大。
慷慨准则：（1）使自己受益最小；
（2）是自己受损最大。
表扬准则：（1）尽量少贬低他人；
（2）尽量多表扬他人。
谦逊准则：（1）尽量少表扬自己；
（2）尽量多贬低自己。
一致准则：（1）尽量减少与他人的分歧；
（2）尽量增加与他人的一致。
同情准则：（1）尽量减少对他人的厌恶；
（2）尽量增加对他人的同情。
在这六条准则中，“self”是指说话者，而“other”指的是听话人或是第三方。在这些准则中，得体准则和慷慨准则表达了同一种意思，即让自己受益最小，让别人受益最大。前者用于请求他人，后者用于自身。在遵循得体准则的同时，也遵循了慷慨准则，它们是同一个问题的两个方面（Leech 1983）。表扬准则和谦逊准则也是同样的道理：最小化赞美自己，最大化赞美他人。同情准则和一致准则是指减少自己和他人之间的分歧和反感，需要大家在对话中尽量与他人的观点保持一致。
礼貌原则虽然对语用学的研究有重要意义，但也存在不足之处。如六条准则中关于“最大”、“最小”、“尽量减少”、“尽量增加”的说法过于绝对，最重要的一点是礼貌原则忽视了对语境的考虑，如何将语境与礼貌原则系统的结合起来，这一问题值得我们深思。
4.结语
礼貌原则是人们日常交际中的重要准则。Lakoff和Leech的礼貌原则虽然不同程度地存有缺陷，但为后来的研究提供了非常重要的参考价值。
参考文献：
[1]Lakoff，R.The Logic of Politeness，or，Mind in your P’s and Q’s[M].1973.
[2]Leech，G.Principle of pragmatics[M].Logman Inc，New York，1983.
[3]Levinson，S.C.Pragmatics[M].Cambridge：Cambridge University Press，1983.
[4]顾曰国.礼貌、语用与文化[J].外语教学与研究，1992，（4）.
[5]何兆熊.新编语用学概要[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000.