一般现在时翻译练习

一般现在时翻译练习（精选10篇）

1.一般现在时翻译练习 篇一

Ⅰ.Vocabulary（15分）

1.Don’t

(打架）with others.2.What

（其它）do you want to say?

3.I wore my

（运动鞋）for gym class yesterday.4.Don’t eat meals in the

(教室）.5.Can we wear

（帽子）in class?

6.She

（have）to be in bed by ten o’clock.7.(not read)in the sun because it’s bad for your eyes.8.Don’t talk

（loud）at home.9.The teacher told me

(not be)late again.10.No

（talk）in class.II.Complete the sentences as required.(20分)

11．We can’t listen to music in the classroom.(改为祈使句)

to music in the classroom.12．Eat in class,please.(改为否定句)

_________

in class,please.13．They have to clean the classroom every day.（对划线部分提问）

they have to _________every day.14．Listen to music in the hallways（改否定句）

listen to music in the hallways.15.She has to wash clothes every week.(改为一般疑问句)

Does she

wash her clothes every day.III.Structure and Grammar.Choose the best answers.（10分）

（）16．

Your homework after school.A.Doing

B.To do

C.Do

（）17.Don’t arrive late

school.A.loud

B.loudly

C.aloud

（）18.Can we

in the hallways?

A.to eat

B.eat

C.eating（）19.They have

rules in their class.A.too much

B.much too

C.too many（）20.sleeping in class.A.Can’t

B.Don’t

C.No

（）21.Please

play volleyball here.A.please

B.do

C.don’t

（）22.can you see in the picture?

A.What other

B.What else

C.Other what

（）23.Our teacher told us

in class.A.not to eat

B.don’t eat

C.not eat（）24.----_________ Tom_______go to bed by ten?

A.Do;has to

B.Does;have to

C.Does;has to（）25.My mother was ill,so I________look after her at home.A.must

B.had to

C.could

I 1.fight 2.else 3.sport shoes 4.classroom 5.hates 6.has 7.Don’t read 8.loudly 9.not to be 10.talking II 11.Don’t ,listen 12.Don’t,eat 13.What,do 14.Don’t listen 15.have ,to III 16--20 CBBCC

21-25 CAABB

2.一般现在时翻译练习 篇二

1）概念一般过去时：过去发生的动作或是状态a.表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态； b.过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为； c.过去主语所具备的能力和性格。

一般现在时：现在通常性、规律性、习惯性的动作或是状态a.表示经常发生的动作，是一般情况不是具体的某一件事； b.长期存在的一种状态； c.永恒的事实或真理，谚语等。

2)基本构成A．主谓（谓语动词是实意动词）（宾）：

一般过去时：肯定句：主语+动词过去式+其他；否定句：主语+did+not+动词+其他；疑问句：Did+主语+动词+其他；特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+did+主语+动词+其他；否定疑问句：Did+主语+not+动词+其他

一般现在时：肯定句：主语+动词或（动词+s）+其他；否定句：主语+do/does+not+动词+其他 疑问句：Do/Does+主语+动词+其他特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+do/does+主语+动词+其他 否定疑问句：Do/Does+主语+not+动词+其他注：变化最大的在于:do/does→did(过去式的动词变化)

B.谓语动词是助动词时：

a． Be 动词 一般过去时：肯定句：主语+was(were)+表语 否定句：主语+was(were)+not+表语 疑问句：Was(Were)+主语+表语特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was(were)+主语+表语 否定疑问句：Was(Were)+主语+not+表语 一般现在时：肯定句：主语+be动词+表语 否定句：主语+be动词 +not+表语疑问句：Be动词 +主语+表语特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be动词+主语+表语 否定疑问句：Be动词 +主语+not+表语 注意：am(I)、is（he/she/it）→wasAre(we/you/they)→were第三人称时，动词要进行变化。

b.have/has一般过去时：肯定句：主语+had+表语否定句：主语+had+not+表语疑问句：Had +主语+表语Did+主语+have+表语 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+did+主语+have/has+表语 否定疑问句：Did +主语+have/has+not+表语 一般现在时：肯定句：主语+have/has+表语否定句：主语+have/has +not+表语 疑问句：Do/Does+主语+have/has+表语 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has +主语+表语 否定疑问句：Do/Does +主语+not+表语注意：不管是过去时还是现在时，疑问句都需要助动词did或do.c.情态动词过去式：一般过去时：将情态动词变成过去式，后面加原形，其他句型转变的规 则与be动词基本一致。Shall will can may must have to 例：I can swim.3)怎样从时间状语上判断一般现在时和一般过去时一般过去时yesterday(morning,afternoon,evening)the day before yesterday last night(week Sunday weekend month winter year,century 世纪）；ago ；this morning/afternoon/evening ；when引导的状语从句（过去时）；just now ；the other day--a few days ago；at the age of 10（过去年龄段）；in the old days

一般现在时always usually regularly every morning /night/evening/day/week often sometimes occasionally from time to time, twice a week, rarely, seldom, once a month, hardly, ever, never

3.一般现在时代替完成时 篇三

hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.

i hear (= have heard) he will go to london.

i forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.

2) 句型 “ it is … since…”代替“it has been … since …”

4.一般现在时翻译练习 篇四

一、先将句子分成三类：1）含有am, is, are 的句子。

2）含有行为动词的句子，（如like，have，play，eat，run，need）3）含有情态动词的句子，如can。

(1)如果是第一类，即含有am, is, are 的句子。只将把am, is, are 调到句首。I am 和We are 要变成are you，some变成any，my变成your，句末用问号。否定句只在be后加not。如am---am not； is---isn’t； are----aren’t。如：

① I am a boy.（否定句）-----I am not a boy.(变成一般疑问句)-----Are you a boy? Yes, I am.No, I’m not.② She is my mother.(变成一般疑问句)-----Is she your mother? Yes, she is.No, she isn’t.③ This is a book.(变成一般疑问句)------Is this a book? Yes, it is.No, it isn’t.④ These are strawberries.(变成一般疑问句)----Are these strawberries? Yes, they are.No, they aren’t.⑤ There is some chicken on the table.(变成一般疑问句)-----Is there any chicken on the table? Yes, there is.No, there isn’t.(2)如果是第二类，即含有行为动词的句子（如like，have，play，eat，run，need等）时，要分两步看主语。

①I / We / You / They 时，要借助于助动词do的帮助来变成一般疑问句。即句型为：

Do + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他？否定句只在动词原形前加don’t。例如：①②③④ I have some tomatoes in my backpack.(否定句)I don’t have any tomatoes in my backpack.(变成一般疑问句)-----Do you have any tomatoes in your backpack? Yes, I do.No, I don’t.We play sports every day.（否定句）---We don’t play sports every day.(变成一般疑问句)----Do you play sports every day? Yes, we do.No, we don’t.②He / She / It 时，要借助于助动词does的帮助来变成一般疑问句。即句型为：

Does + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他？否定句只在动词前加doesn’t，然后将单三还原成原形。

She watches TV every evening.(否定句)---She doesn’t watch TV every evening.(变成一般疑问句)----Does she watch TV every evening? Yes, she does.No, she doesn’t.注意：如果是其他名词的话，在简略回答中要用人称代词来替代，但替代都在第三人称中，即 he, she, it, they四个中。如：

my mother---she your brother----he a book----it five photos-----they this/that-------it these/those------they my family name-----it Tom----he Mary--------she Amy’s sister-----she some friends------they(3)如果是第三类情态动词，如can 时，一般疑问句只将can提到句首，否定句将can 变成can’t。同时注意一变二，二变一，三不变，some变any。(情态动词不受人称的限制)I can play basketball.(变成一般疑问句)----Can you play basketball? Yes, I can.No, I can’t.I can play basketball.(否定句)-----I can’t play basketball.七年级上册知识点总结(划线提问)

一、划线提问：划线提问的实质是把原句变成特殊疑问句，所以选特殊疑问词是关键，常用的特殊疑问词有： 种类 句中作用 例句

疑问副词 When 时间状语，提问何时 When is your birthday? Where 地点状语，提问地点 Where is my backpack? Why 原因状语，提问表示原因的短语或句子 Why does Jim like English ? How 方式状语，提问程度或方式的副词或短语 How do you spell “watch”? 疑问代词 Who 主语、宾语、表语，用来表示“人”的各种成分 Who has a ruler? Who does he like? Whom 宾语，用来提问宾语的人是“谁” Whom

Whose 定语、表语，用来提问“谁的” Whose pen is it? Whose is the red pen? Which 主语、宾语、表语、定语，用来提问“哪一个/位”等。Which Which is your sister? what 主语、宾语、定语、表语，提问谓语动词或表语等“干什么” What do you have for dinner? What’s your phone number?

二、句型为：特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句？ 1.My name is Gina.(划线提问)What is your name? 2.My telephone number is 2720016.(划线提问)我的电话号码是2720016。What’s your telephone number? 你的电话号码是多少？

3.Tom’s sweater is orange.(划线提问)汤姆的毛衣是橙色的。What color is Tom’s sweater? 汤姆的毛衣是什么颜色？

4.He goes to school at six o’clock.(划线提问)他六点去上学。What time does he go to school? 他几点钟去上学？

5.His father likes bananas and apples.(划线提问)他的父亲喜欢香蕉和苹果。

What does his father like? 他的父亲喜欢什么？

6.I want to join the music club.(划线提问)我想加入音乐俱乐部。What club do you want to join? 你想加入什么俱乐部？

7.His father likes documentaries.(划线提问)他的父亲喜欢文献片的电影。What kind of movie does his father like? 他的父亲喜欢什么类型的电影？ 8.Mary’s mother is fine.(划线提问)玛丽的妈妈身体健康。How is Mary’s mother? 玛丽的妈妈身体怎么样？ 9.I’m thirteen.(划线提问)我十三岁了。

How old are you? = What’s your age? 你多大了？= 你的年龄是多少？ 10.The red sweater is $ 23.(划线提问)这件红色的毛衣23美元。How much is the red sweater? 这件红色的毛衣多少钱？

11.Lily has twelve apples.(划线提问)莉莉有12 个苹果。How many apples does Lily have? 莉莉有多少个苹果？ 12.My birthday is November 17th.(划线提问)我的生日是十一月十七日。When is your birthday? 你的生日在何时？

13.How do you spell this word? 你如何拼写这个单词？

七年级上册知识点总结

(十二个月、七个星期、九大节日)1.January is the first month of a year.2.February is the second month of a year.3.March is the third month of a year.4.April is the fourth month of a year.5.May is the fifth month of a year.6.June is the sixth month of a year.7.July is the seventh month of a year.8.August is the eighth month of a year.9.September is the ninth month of a year.10.October is the tenth month of a year.11.November is the eleventh month of a year.12.December is the twelfth month of a year.1.Sunday is the first day of a week.2.Monday is the second day of a week.3.Tuesday is the third day of a week.4.Wednesday is the fourth day of a week.5.Thursday is the fifth day of a week.6.Friday is the sixth day of a week.7.Saturday is the seventh day of a week.1.June 1 st is Children’s Day.2.April 1 st is April Fool’s Day.3.August 1 st is the Army Day in China.4.July 1 st is the Party’s birthday of China.5.January 1 st is New Year’s Day.6.September 10 st is Teachers’ Day.7.October 1 st is National Day.8.March 8 th is Children’s Day.9.December 25 th is Christmas Day.介词on、in、at的用法：

1）on用在特定的某一天，如七个星期前，周末前，节日前，几年几月几日前用on，几月几日前用on，几日前用on，特指某一天的早晨、下午或夜晚前用on。

On Friday在星期五； on weekend,在周末； on Teachers’ Day,在教师节 on November 24, 2006;在2006-11-24；

On the morning of November 24, 2006;在2006-11-24的早晨 on Monday afternoon.在星期一的下午。2）in用在早晨、下午和夜晚前，年前用in，月前用in，几年几月前用in，四季前用in。

3）at用在时间点前。

七年级英语上册知识点总结(Summarize by Warren)

一、名词的单复数

5.一般现在时态 篇五

一、用来表示经常性、习惯性地动作或者状态，也可以用来表示与规律地做某事。当我们遇到表示经常的时间状语要使用一般现在时，主要有：awalys、often、once a week、every day、every weekend等等。比如：I and my mother gets up early in the every morning.我和我妈妈早上都起得很早。We take part in the party one a week.我们一周参加一次聚会。I need finish my homework every day.我每天需要完成家庭作业。

二、在“主将从现”的条件状语从句中，我们要是用一般现在时。条件状语从句是指用来表示条件的`状语从句.“主将从现”是指主句用一般将来时的时候，从句要使用一般现在时来表将来。比如：If you came, we will have a trip.如果你来的话，我们就要去旅行。If it is rain, we will give up our plan.如果下雨的话，我们就要放弃计划了。If your mother come back home, we will leave there.如果你妈妈返回家里的话，我们就要离开这里。

6.一般过去时和现在完成时 篇六

(1)Basketball is my favorite.I am going to be a basketball player someday.(2)Debbie is going to swim across the England channel tomorrow.(3)She is going to set out from the French coast at five o’clock._____________________________________

(4)Look at the clouds.There is going to be a storm.(5)These two groups of people are angry here.They are going to conflict with each other._____________________________________

(6)He is staying in his cousin’s for a week.(7)I am leaving for London next week._______________________________.二．_____________________在时间或条件状语中的_____ 表将来

(1)Tomorrow he will be watching her anxiously as she swims to England.(2)I will be meeting her at the station when she arrived tomorrow.(3)If you park your car in the wrong place, a traffic policeman will soon find it.(4)if he lets you go without a ticket, you will be very lucky.三．_____________ 在 _____________中表将来

(1)The sports meeting takes place On October 18.(2)The train leaves at eight every morning from this station.四．现在完成时（have/has done）

表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果和影响。

We have had our breakfast.我们已经吃完饭了。

表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态。常与since, for连用。谓语动词必须是延续性动词。HHHHHHHHHHHHjjj Hjkasjfklasjfklasdjl;fj he He has been in Hong Kong for ten years.He has learned English for six years.He has learned English since 1997.强调不久前刚刚完成的动作。常与yet(用于否定和疑问句), just, already连用，谓语动词是终止性动词。

He has just gone out.I have already finished my lunch.与一般过去时的区别。一般过去时表示事情发生在过去，不强调与现在的关系，与表示过去的时间状语连用。现在完成时强调与现在的关系、对现在的影响，不能与表示过去的时间状语连用。

现在完成进行时（have/has been doing）。动作从过去开始，一直延续到现在。How long have you been collecting shells? Have you been skating for five hours?

现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别

7.一般现在时翻译练习 篇七

动词型 原形动词

系表型 am(is/are)+表语

1、表示普遍的真理或者客观事实

The earth is round.

地球是圆的。

The earth runs around the sun.

地球围绕着太阳转。

8 plus 8 equals 16.

8加8等于16。

仿照练习：

1.火是热的。

2.太阳从东方升起。

3.4加4等于8。

2、表示眼下的瞬间动作

We accept your invitation.

我们接受你的邀请。

Look carefully, I blow atthe cloth, it moves a little and nowchanges into a bunch of flowers.

仔细看好了,我吹一下布,它动了一下,现在变成了一束鲜花。

仿照练习：

1.Lily说她接受你的玫瑰花。

2.瞧好了,我赂这枚硬币一吹,它发出响声,现在变大了。

3、有时表示过去的行为,代替过去一般时,仅限于hear, tell, say等几个动词

I hear they are opened a new zoo.

我听说他们开了一个新的动物园。

Lily tells us that she will not give up.

莉莉告诉我们她不会放弃。

Two of them say you were absent.

他恨你。

仿照练习：

1.我听说你要去加拿大。

2.他选择我他要坚持到底(stick it out)。

3.他们说你在撒谎。

4、有时表示将来的行为,代替将来一般时,尤其在状语从句中

We have classes tomorrow morning.

我们明天上午有课。

=We will have classes tomorrow morning.

Next time I come to your office.

下次你来你办公室。

When she calls back, tell her to come to my place.

当她回电话时，叫她到我这里来。

仿照练习：

1.我明天下午有数学课。

2.下次你去我公司。

8.过去分词和现在分词专项练习 篇八

1.____ the house on fire, he dialed 119.A.To see

B.Seeing

C.Having seen

D.Being seen

2.I fell down and broke three of my teeth.I wonder how many times I have to come here and get my falseeeth ____.A.fix

B.fixing

C.fixed

D.to fix 3.___________a post office, I stopped___________ some stamps.A.Passed, buying

B.Passing, to buy

C.Having passed, buy

D.Pass, to buy 4._________with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem gh at all.A.Comparing

B.To compare

C.Compared

D.Having compared 5.Here are some new computer programs ____for home buildings.A.designing

B.design

C.designed

D.to design 6._________a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely new lamp.A.To save

B.Saving

C.Saved

D.Having saved 7.The teacher came into the classroom ____by his students.A.following

B.to be following

C.folwed ed

D.having followed 8.With the money ________, he couldn’t buy any ticket.A.to lose

B.losing

C.lost

D.has lost 9.There was so much noise in the room that the speaker couldn’t make himself ____.A.being heard

B.hearing C.heard

D.hear 10.The result of the test was rather _____.A.disappointed

B.disappointing

C.being disappointed

D.disappoint 11.I’ve never heard the word ____in spoken English.A.use

B.used

C.using

D.being used 12._____how to do the homework, I went to ask my teacher for help.A.Not to know

B.Not knowing

C.Knowing not

D.Not known 13.Deeply _________, I thanked her again and again.A.being moved

B.move

C.moving

D.to be moved

14.With winter _____on, it’s time to buy warm clothes.A.came

B.comes

C.come

D.coming

15.____the office, the foreign visitors were shown round the teaching building.A.Having shown

B.Showing

C.Has shown

D.Having been shown

16.He went from door to door, ____waste pars and magazines.A.gathering

B.gathered

C.gather

D.being gathered 17.The student corrected his paper carefully, _______the profess’s suggestions.A.follow

B.following

C.followed

D.being followed 18.The ________price will save youne dollar for each dozen.A.reduce

B.reducing C.reduced

D.reduces

19.People ____in the city do not know the pleasure of country life.A.live

B.to live

C.lived

D.living 20.The foreigner tried his best, but he still couldn’t make his point ________.A.understand

B.understanding C.to understand

D.understood 21.The scientists were waiting to see the problem ____.A.settle

B.settled

C.to settle

D.settling

22.The libra”s study room is full of students _____for the exam.s study room is full of students _____for the exam.A.busily prepared

B.busy preparing

C.busily prepare

D.are busilyreparing 23.The ground is ________ with_______ leaves.A.covering, falling

B.covered, falling

C.covered, fallen

D.covering, fallen 24.Lessons ____easily were soon forgotten.A.to learn

B.learn

C.learned

D.learning

25.The wlet ____several days ago was found ____in the dustbin outside the building。

A.stolen, hidden

B.stealing, hiding

C.stealing, hidden

D.stolen, hiding

27.A person _____a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language, ______all about his own.A.to learn, to forget

B.learning, to forget

C.to learn, fgetting getting

D.learning, forgetting

28.___different kinds of pianos, the workers farther improved their quality.A.To produce

B.Being produced

C.Produced

D.Having produced 29.The students in the university are all taking courses ___a degree.A.coming to

B.going to

C.leading to

D.turning to

30.Many things _____impossible in the past are very common today.A.consider B.considering C.considered

D.be considered 31.___many times, he still couldn’t understand.A.Having been told

B.Having told

C.He having been told

D.Telling

32.The old sick lady entered the hospital, ____her two sons.A.to support

B.supporting

C.suppoed by

D.having supported

33.China is one of the largest countries in the world, _____9.6 million square kilometres.A.to cover

B.covered

C.covers

D.covering

34.____and happy, Tonstood up and accepted the prize.A Surprising

B.Surprised

C.Being surprised

D.To be surprising

35.The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.A.having added

B.to add

C.adding

D.adding

36“Can you read?” Mary said ____to the notice.A.angrily pointing

B.and point angrily C.angrily pointed

D.and angrily pointing

37._____ the composition, John handed it to the teacher and wt out of the room.A.Writing

B.Having written

C.Written

D.Being written 38.Were you ____when you saw that wild animal ?

A.fright

B.frightening

C.frightened

D.frighten 39.Properly _____wh numbers, the books can be easily found.A.marked

B.mark

C.to mark

D.marking

40.The child sat in the denti”s chair ____.A.tremble

B.trembling

C.embled embled

D.to trembled

A.inform

B.informing

C.informed

D.being informe

II.用适当的非谓语动词形式填空(25%)

9.专业翻译与一般翻译 篇九

专业翻译与一般翻译

专业翻译与翻译，就好比是演讲与日常交流一样，一个要求高一个要求低;一个要求能够慷慨陈词、主题鲜明;一个要求意思明确即可，那么让我们来一起了解一下吧!

翻译：是在语言通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转换成另一种语言信息的活动。它由两个基本的过程组成：源语言中译码含义→重新编码信息组织成为目标语言。

专业翻译：可以理解为是一般翻译的升级，主要是科技材料、政治作品、经贸法律、文献翻译等等。对专业翻译的常见误区：

互联网上有很多免费翻译软件可以使用，我想翻译什么直接用软件不就行了?在翻译软件的使用过程中不难看出，译文语言比较生硬、直接化、机械化，简单看看意思还行，如果与客户沟通的稳健或者是论文翻译、文献翻译等等，那就显得有点拿不出手了。

专业翻译的基本要素是：

第一，忠诚的的将原文信息表达出来，译文要与原文信息基本一致。

第二，语言同属流畅，不能出现结构混乱或是逻辑不清等等现象。

第三，熟练掌握源语言并可以做到像母语交流班的使用

第四，了解源语言的文化背景和使用习惯

10.一般现在时翻译练习 篇十

06.10.8 周日（5、6节）

计算机一年级英语第一单元课后练习教案

一、教学目标：同学们学会运用祈使句

二、教学重点：祈使句、一般现在时和现在完成时的运用

三、教学难点：练习中出现现在完成时句子的解释

四、教学过程

（一）讲grammar I练习题（15分钟）

（1）引入：举日常生活中我们说话的习惯引入祈使句。（7分钟）

在日常生活中，我们跟对方说话不一定都要用你“开头”。比如：我们会说：“把你的手给我”而不用说：“你把你的手给我”。我们通常是把主语你给省略了。那在我们的英文当中，也同样，当表示命令、请求活劝告时，通常把主语第二人称省略了，这种句型在我们把它叫做祈使句。

那么今天我们要讲的一个句型就是祈使句了。祈使句有以下的特点：（1）肯定句以动词原型开头

（2）否定句直接在动词前加do not

（3）句末用句号或是感叹号结束

例如：把你的手给我。怎么翻译呢？

Give me your hand.否定式：Do not give me your hand.Look out of the window!Do not look out of the window!（2）解释单词的意思（3分钟）（3）和同学们一起做练习（5分钟）

提问两位同学

（二）讲解grammar II练习题（15分钟）

（1）回顾一般现在时、现在进行时和现在完成时（10分钟）

时态的回顾：

过去

现在（一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时）将来 A、一般现在时

定义：表示经常性、习惯性或永久性的动作。例如：他每天都去上学。He goes to school everyday.特点：时间状语：every day(month, year), sometimes, always, often, usually, in the morning, at night.注：主语是单数第三人称he(she, it, his brother)时，谓语动词词尾要加s（或-es或-ies），形成动词的单数第三人称形式。

B、现在进行

定义：表示现在正在进行的动作 例如：他正在听老师讲课 He is listening to the teacher.特点：现在进行时由is（am，are）+ doing构成，表示此时此刻或说话时正在进行的动作

C、现在完成时

定义：到现在为止已经完成的事情“表达已经的意思” 例如：我已经去了过北京。

第三次课

06.10.8 周日（5、6节）

I have gone to Beijin.特点：havehas+过去分词。常用的时间状语有： already, yet, ever, never, just for+一段时间，since+时间点等

（2）做练习题1、2、5、7、9（5分钟）（3）剩下题目作为课后练习

（三）对vocabulary的答案，不详细解释。（3分钟）

（四）对applied practice I II 练习答案，不详细解释。（4分钟）

（五）总结（2分钟）