第二版新视野大学英语读写教程第三册1-10课后答案

2024-10-16

第二版新视野大学英语读写教程第三册1-10课后答案(精选4篇)

1.第二版新视野大学英语读写教程第三册1-10课后答案 篇一

新视野大学英语(第二版)第1册Unit 4答案

Vocabulary III.1.conscious 2.depressed 3.ranges 4.impressed 5.encounter 6.introduction 7.match 8.physical 9.relaxed 10.contact IV.1.are committed to 2.takes…seriously 3.was absorbed in 4.focus on 5.made up his mind 6.driving me crazy 7.ranging from… to 8.at her best 9.Lighten up 10.kept her eyes on V.1.C 2.M 3.F 4.I 5.E 6.B 7.H 8.J 9.A 10.K Sentence Structure VI.1.It rained for two weeks on end completely flooding the village.2.Not wanting to meet John at the party, she refused to attend it.3.The bus arrived one hour late, causing me to miss the beginning of the game.4.The marine sat thee in the dimly lit ward, holding the old man’s hand and offering words of hope and strength.5.Realizing he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son, I guessed he really needed me.VII.1.I was so excited about going traveling(that)I couldn’t sleep.2.The chairman became so angry with his secretary(that)he decided to fire him.3.She speaks English so well(that)you would think it was he native language.4.He was so frightened(that)he broke eye contact and looked out the window.5.His presentation was so interesting(that)everyone listened very carefully.Translation VII.1.she was so absorbed in reading the book that she was not conscious of someone coming in.2.He was late for almost an hour for the first meeting, leaving a bad impression on everyone.3.Consciously or unconsciously, we make up our minds about people through their eyes, faces, bodies, and attitudes.4.Professor Zhou was committed to the cause of language teaching all his life.5.Many how-to books advise you that if you want to make a good impression, the trick is to be consistently you, at your best.6.The media sometimes sends mixed messages, but most people believe what they see over what they hear.IX.1.史密斯教授关于形体语言的讲座非常重要,所有的学生都认真地对待这次讲座。2.董事长意识到这不是好的过错,对好笑了笑来缓和气氛。3.她大怒,把我的杯子摔在地上,摔得粉碎。

4.观察他的形体语言,你可以判断出他是在跟你说实话还是仅仅找个借口敷衍你。5.不管人们对你说些什么,记住“观其行胜于闻其言”。

6.肢体动作是表达感情的无意识形式,能向观众传递某种信息。Cloze20.B X.1.C 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.A 20.B Structured Writing XII.Body language is important in many cases: trying to win an election, addressing a family party, talking business at a conference, or giving a seminar at school.Reading Skills I.1.Besides speech, people use other forms to communicate.2.We communicate a great deal with our body movements.3.The clothes you wear also communicate many things.4.Small ornaments you wear communicate many things, too.5.A wealth of information from body language makes snap judgments seem sound.Comprehension of the Text II.1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D Vocabulary III.1.status 2.sign 3.resented 4.promoted 5.assuming 6.estimate 7.campaign 8.judgment 9.acquainted 10.norms IV.1.account for 2.in part 3.is content with 4.feel at home 5.lack of

6.in relation to 7.become acquainted with 8.pick up 9.find out 10.a wealth of

新视野大学英语(第二版)第1册Unit 5答案

Vocabulary III.1.immune 2.acquire 3.constitutes 4.define 5.infected, infect 6.illustrates 7.emerge 8.emphasize 9.represents 10.threatened IV.1.regardless of 2.at risk 3.handing out 4.distracts…from 5.sign up for 6.be infected with 7.guard against 8.feel comfortable with/about 9.in place of 10.suffering from V.1.L 2.G 3.I 4.J 5.M 6.D 7.O 8.A 9.C 10.F Structure VI.1.the way he teaches English 2.whom I was expecting to stay with 3.which was lost in the department store yesterday 4.where Mary and I spent our childhood 5.which the whole family considered a great honor VII.1.Despite his illness 2.Despite a lot of difficulties 3.despite his old age 4.despite the bad weather 5.despite his hard work Translation VIII.1.I hope that the effort that we’ve made will be of some use to the battle against AIDS.2.Despite all the efforts form the local organizations in the battle against AIDS, the number of people in rural areas diagnosed with AIDS has been increasing.3.Please turn off the TV, because the noise will distract her from her homework.4.It was a long time before the company implemented the program to improve the quality of its goods because of lack of money and necessary equipment.5.You’d better learn something about the course before signing up for it.6.The policy is playing a more and more important role in promoting the development of local economy.IX.1.病人的免疫系统会将新移植的心脏当成异物面排斥。

2.有人说我们许多人饮食太糟,缺乏维他命和矿物质,因而我们的身心都受到损害。3.生物医学研究将会使很多艾滋病病毒感染者延长寿命,生活少些痛苦。

4.中央政府已经发布了一项五年行动计划,旨在鼓励社会各部门都参与艾滋病的防治。5.一个人感染了艾滋病毒,其症状一般要6到10年后才会表现出来。

6.许多年来,人们眼睁睁看着艾滋病泛滥成灾,争论着有效的艾滋病防治措施在贫穷国家究竟是否适用。Cloze X.1.C 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.B 11.A 12.C 13.A 14.C 15.C Structured Writing XII.Build more tall apartment buildings.The increase in population in cities is creating a housing problem.To solve the problem, one-family houses and older ones are being pulled down to make room for tall apartment buildings.When building space on the ground is used up, we can make use of the space in the air.This will help solve the housing problem in cities.Section B Reading Skills I.1.1)I hurt myself when diving 2)I hit my head on the board 2.1)I was very worried about something serious.2)I was very worried that my wound had left blood in the pool.3.1)There was something more significant that winning.2)I was very worried that I might infect other divers with AIDS as I spilled my blood in the pool.Comprehension of the Text II.1.D 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.D Vocabulary III.1.assist 2.bleeding 3.competing 4.confident 5.explored 6.commenced 7.intense 8.adopted 9.spill 10.confused IV.1.Prior of →Prior to 2.confident with →confident of/in 3.by haste →in haste 4.find about→ find out 5.assist his wife on →assist his wife with 6.with fear→for fear 7.competed with each other with → competed with each other for 8.thrust his knife to → thrust his knife into 9.have a shot in → have a shot at 10.starts at → starts with

新视野大学英语(第二版)第1册Unit 6答案

III.1.boast 2.registered 3.employment 4.peculiar 5.Continuous 6.graduated 7.dump 8.retreat 9.contrary 10.trembled IV.1.in 2.of 3.behind 4.about 5.At 6.about/of 7.with 8.by 9.on/upon 10.at V.1.F 2.M 3.J 4.G 5.A 6.D 7.O 8.L 9.I 10.C VI.1.I know who he is.So does she.2.We have come to realize all work is equally import.So has Sara.3.I’d like another drink.So would John.4.I’m not supposed to know who else objects to the plan.Nor/Neither are they.5.He shouldn’t have imagined there would be joy in picking up trash.Nor/Neither should Steve.VII.1.Even if the calculation is right 2.even if they raise the price 3.Even if she may not return me the money 4.even if she doesn’t come

5.Even if we achieve great success in our work VIII.1.The police got to the station five minutes after the explosion, and so did the reporters.2.Even if you disagree with her, she is worth listening to.3.The news reporters were given nothing but bare facts by the officials in charge of the investigation.4.The room was well decorated, but the color of the curtain did not go well with the overall style.5.Whenever we go back to the place where my husband was born, we always make the rounds of his relatives.6.Contrary to his hope, his girlfriend’s parents are not as approachable as his parents.IX.1.我问过好几个服务员,可他们什么也没说,只朝着我笑,直到这时我才意识到我的英语不够好。2.校长对那位院长非常生气,进而解除了他的院长职务。

3.如果你当着孩子的面问这个问题,即使他想说“是”也可能会说“不是”。4.如果你想毕业时获得学位,你要么别玩网上游戏,要么别去打零工。5.虽然他未接受过大学教育,他却瞧不起那些没有大学学历的人。6.他曾就公司的管理问题提了好几个建议,但没有一个管用。X.1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.A 15.C 16.B 17.A 18.C19.B 20.A XII.People come to Beijing for different purposes.Thousands upon thousands of foreign students are studying different subjects at universities in Beijing.Every year a large number of foreign businessmen from all pats of the world visit Beijing, for various kinds of business talks or international conferences.In addition travelers both at home and abroad come to Beijing for visiting places of historic interest during their holidays or visiting their friends and relatives in Beijing.I.1.spend part of his time on 2.continue to support himself with drugs and food

3.settle their accounts with the company/and money owed to them 4.nervous and worried 5.a person who is likely to suffer a heart attack II

1.D 2.D 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.B 8.B III.1.Devoting 2.bear 3.accurate 4.manufacturing 5.inquiry 6.afford 7.admired 8.replacing 9.retired 10.ignored IV.1.out 2.up 3.out 4.around 5.up 6.to 7.to 8.for 9.of 10.to

新视野大学英语(第二版)第1册Unit 8答案

Vocabulary III 1.sources 2.stable 3.process 4.composed 5.observing 6.combination 7.explosion 8.existence 9.occupied 10.creation 11 surged 12 exemplifies certainty

flung reasonable IV.1.at 2.in 3.on 4.for 5.on 6.between 7.for 8.with 9.at 10.of V.1.J 2.L 3.G 4.M 5.O 6.A 7.I 8.B 9.D 10.E Sentence Structure VI.1.It is easiest to examine the sudden arrival of a new idea in the great creative personalities, many of whom experienced it in an intensified form.2.The Gaels’ offspring are the modern Scots and Irish, some of whom still speak the Gaelic language.3.George explained that this was the official dress for taking examination, many of which wee held in June.4.The Miracle, for which his unconscious mind had been seeking for so long, happened at last.5.The conscious mind at the moment of creation knew nothing of the actual processes through which the solution was found.VII.1.the more knowledge he will have 2.the less he liked it 3.the less you have to pay for it 4.the more exciting it will be 5.the greater progress you will make Translation III.1.There are twenty universities in this city, some of which are world-famous.2.the more he thinks about it, the angrier he becomes.3.She was filled with pity for the innocent victims.4.He was occupied with his business matters and didn’t have time to think about a holiday.5.The country’s economy depends to some degree on the import of raw materials.6.After several discussions between the members of the committee, a new plan of action began to take shape.IX.1.出租汽车公司新雇了50个司机,其中有的人刚拿到驾驶证。2.一个人越没有智慧,就越不知道自己缺的就是智慧。3.暂时没有必要采取任何行动。过一晚再作决定,明天上午告诉我你的想法。

4.近年来经济形势恶化,寻求紧急食品和住房援助的美国穷人数目去年增加了7%。5.我们的消息来源说,下星期有可能发生另一次袭击,也许就在城市中心地区。6.在这个医疗体系内,对各位医生支付的款项按照他们当月的医疗成本进行调整。Cloze X.1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.A 11.B 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.A Structured Writing XII.When I stated to learn English at my junior middle school, I had a kind and patient teacher.She was very encouraging to all of her students.Because of her encouragement, I answered every question I could eagerly, never worrying much about making mistakes.I was at the top of my class for two years.In contrast, the method by which I was taught English in senior middle school was not well suited to my learning style.My new teacher quickly punished those who gave wrong answers.Whenever we answered incorrectly, she would shout at us.As a result I lost my desire and confidence and did not make any progress in learning.Section B Reading Skills I.1.A 2.B 3C 4.C 5.A Comprehension of the Text 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.A Vocabulary III.1.advantage 2.remarked 3.claimed 4.convince 5.productive 6.enquiry 7.potential 8.transfer 9.recall 10.enhance IV.1.together 2.On 3.of 4.for 5.up 6.away 7.on/upon 8.in 9.to 10.of

新视野大学英语(第2版)第1册Unit 9答案

III.1.accomplish 2.responsibility 3.amount 4.performance 5.alter 6.adapt 7.aroused 8.remarkable 9.investigate 10.entertain IV.1.out 2.to 3.in 4.from 5.back 6.as 7.with 8.with 9.behind 10.on V.1.G 2.L 3.D 4.F 5.K 6.N 7.O 8.I 9.C 10.A Sentence Structure VI.1.Should you change your mind, no one will be upset.2.Should a serious crisis arise, the public would have to be informed of it.3.Should you fail in the exam, your parents and teacher will not blame you.4.Should you have a major change in your plan, let us know in time.5.should your car break down, change to a bus.VII.1.You should talk to your teacher instead of just complaining to me about it.2.They raised prices and cut production, instead of cutting costs.3.He decided that he would drive back to town instead of putting up for the night at the hotel.4.He nodded his head instead of saying anything where his voice might express the real truth.5.My mother prefers making her own clothes instead of buying clothes in the shops.Translation VIII.1.Should you have any doubt about the plan, please feel free to contact us at any time.2.We have learned how to face reality instead of escaping from it.3.It just proves that you can’t hope to turn in a worthy report if you haven’t done enough preparation.4.We have to face that possibility no matter how unlikely it may sound.5.The newcomers found it hard to adapt themselves to the climate there.6.It strikes me as odd that school children are required to come to school two hours before class.IX.1.遗憾的是,他也一点英语都不会说,但是如果你想去某个地方,把地址写下来交给他就行了。2.下次你若有问题,要考虑怎样改变处境,不要过于担心各种负面因素。3.不管什么天气,她平均每天跑15英里。

4.好的摄影作品和普通的摄影作品最重要的一个区别因素是用光手法。5.实际上,大多数员工从不愿意把新产品使用手册坚持看完。

6.一旦你感到放松后,就把注意力集中在音乐上,看看心中有什么意象出现。Cloze X.1.B 2.C 3.A 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.C 9.B 110.A 11.A 12.C 3.B 14.C 15.C Structured Writing XII.Visual aids offer several advantages.The primary advantage is clarity.If you are discussing an object, you can make your message clearer by showing the object.If you are citing statistics, showing how something works, or demonstrating a technique, a visual aid will make you information more vivid to your audience.By using visual aids in your speeches, you often will make it easier for listeners to understand exactly what you are trying to communicate.Another advantage of visual aids is interest.The interest generated by visual images is so strong that visual aids are now widely used in many areas, not just speechmaking.Section B Reading Skills I.1.B 2.B 3.D Comprehension of the Text II.1.D 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.C Vocabulary III.1.available 2.banned 3.predict 4.fate 5.host

6.posted 7.advertise 8 enormous 9.involves 10.survey IV.1.out 2.from 3.out 4.for 5.to 6.up 7.in 8.in 9.through 10.about 新视野大学英语(第2版)第1册Unit 10答案

Vocabulary III.1.preserve 2.clarify 3.demonstrating 4.scarce 5.assured 6.ensured 7.conscience 8.integrity 9.yield 10.appointed IV.1.to 2.In 3.of 4.for 5.on/upon 6.of 7.in 8.at 9.to 10.with V.1.G 2.L 3.B 4.O 5.D 6.N 7.C 8.E 9.I 10.K Sentence Structure VI.1.Where I live there are plenty of sheep.2.Your coat is where you left it.3.I will go where you go.4.Where conscience remains integrity stays.5.Where he appears laughter can be heard.VII.1.What I say and do 2.what matters is not winning but participating 3.what we students should always keep in mind 4.what it takes to start and run a company 5.what we should do today Translation VIII.1.I keep the picture where I can see it very day as it reminds me of my university days.2.In some countries, what is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.3.He is used to keeping a dictionary at hand so that he can find the meaning of new words he comes across.4.When confronted with personal pressure, you should stand firmly for your belief that you will reach your ultimate goal.5.In other words, be yourself and face reality, but don’t sell out to convenience.6.I don’t like those people who always rely on external factors in order to feel good about themselves.IX.1.汤姆相信“为钱而挣钱”,他的许多老同学都认为他的把自己卖给了营利主义。2.重要的是,你只有学会了尊重自己,才能赢得别人的尊重。

3.使他取得成功的是他的决心,他不甘屈服的精神,也可能还有他的正直。4.老师表扬了那些学习用功、考试考得好的学生。

5.通过唱唱歌,散散步,欣赏欣赏自然界的美,我就能使自己感觉良好。6.如果你继续这样努力工作,你在任何别的公司都能干得很好。Cloze X.1.C 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.A 0.A

11.B 12.A 13.C 4.C 15.B 16.C 7.A 8.C 19.A 20.C

Structured Writing XII.Persistence is essential to success.Probably the greatest example of persistence is Abraham Lincoln.Born into poverty, Lincoln was faced with defeat throughout his life.He lost eight elections, twice failed in business and suffered a nervous breakdown.He could have quit many times.But he didn’t and because he didn’t quit, he was elected and became one of the greatest presidents in the history of the United States.Section B Reading skills I.1—F 2—E 3—A 4—G 5—B 6—C 7—D Comprehension of the Text II.1.D 2.A 3.C 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.C 8.B Vocabulary III.1.cheated 2.inclined 3.reconciled 4.contemporary 5.transformed 6.notion 7.ultimate 8.appropriate 9.curb 10.expense IV.1.to 2.of 3.as 4.for 5.over 6.in 7.of 8.on 9.of 10.of

2.第二版新视野大学英语读写教程第三册1-10课后答案 篇二

l 汤姆去年转来我校,他全神贯注地听杨小姐上课并很快成了她最喜欢的学生。

Tom(was)transferred to our school last year.He hung no Miss Young’s every word in class and soon became the apple of her eye.2看到女儿高中毕业,他感到一阵难以弄语言表达的爱和骄傲。

Seeing his daughter graduate from high school, he felt a surge of love and pride that he couldn’t express in words.3当李先生去年开始涉足股市时,他做梦也没想到会变成百万富翁。

Last year when Mr.Li first began his venture into the stock market, becoming a millionaire was beyond his wildest dreams.4在休假日,我有幸看到一些野生海豹在吃鱼。我拍了几张照片,可惜焦点都没对准。

On my holiday, I was lucky enough to witness some wild seals feeding no fish.I took several photos of them, but unfortunately they were all out of focus.5王子跟那位女演员保持确定的情侣关系已三年。没有任何东西能改变他们在下周结婚的决定。

The prince has been going steady with the actress for three years and nothing can alter their plan to get married next week.6因为穷人连饭都吃不饱便认为他们不需要义务教育的看法完全是一种错误的想法。没有教育人们怎能克服贫穷? It is a complete misconception that the poor do not need compulsory education

because they do not even have enough to feed on.Without education, how can people ever overcome their poverty?

7大卫所有的同班同学都困惑不解——没有人想得出他怎么突然变成了优等生。

All of David’s classmates are completely stumped—no one can work out how he became a top student overnight.8很明显,她拒绝他的求婚给了他沉重的打击,但他最终还是从痛苦中恢复了过来。

Obviously, her rejection of his proposal hit him hard, but in time he recovered from his wounds.Unit 2

l 独立生活的能力对于任何一个成年人来说都是必不可少的,但真正的成熟远远不只是一整套的生存策略。

The ability to fend for oneself is indispensable to any adult, but real maturity is more than just a set of survival strategies.2孩子们在儿童节有资格免费进入每一个城市公园。这是对他们全年长期呆在学校里的一种补偿。

On Children’s Day, kids are entitled to free entry to all the city parks.It’s a your grades are suffering.3你更注重个人的生活而不是学习,难怪你的成绩下降了。

You’re giving more priority to your personal life than to your studies.No wonder your grades are suffering.4鉴于当今社会大多数的妇女在外谋职,很自然她们反对丈夫把她们作为管家来对待。

Given that most women nowadays have jobs outside the home,it’s natural that they object to their husbands treating them like housekeepers.5美国的不少百万富翁都至少拥有两座房子和一架私人飞机。

Quite a number of American millionaires own at least two houses and a private plane.当约翰从癌症中意外地康复时,他的医生把此归功于他坚强的毅力和对未来的信念。

When John recovered unexpectedly from cancer, his doctors attributed it to his strong will and faith in the future.7没有任何实际理由要保留为女性开门的那种习俗,更不用说保留“妇女和儿童优先”的传统了。

There’s no practical reason to perpetuate the custom of opening doors for women,let alone the tradition of “women and children first.”许多女权主义者反对男人养育孩子不如女人的想法。

Many feminists object to the notion that men can’t nurture children as well as women can.Unit 3

1我们不久就对她无休止地抱怨感到厌倦,并尽量避开她。

We soon grew wary of her constant complaints, and avoided her as much as possible.市长将在今天下午主持会议,为建设一条新公路的规划作准备。

The mayor will preside over a meeting this afternoon that will pave the way for plans to build a new highway.如果我们有更多的时间可支配,我会带你上这座山。从山顶上四下观望真令人惊叹。

If we had more time at our disposal, I’d take you up this mountain.The view from the top is truly awe-inspiring.4任何热爱生活的人都不难发现鸟类迁徙中的象征性美和实际美。

Anyone who is in love with life will have no difficulty in finding the symbolic as well as the actual beauty in the migration of eh birds.观看壮观的潮涨潮落景色使我感到一种在其他地方感受不到的内心的满足。

Watching the magnificent view of the ebb and flow of the tides fills me with an inner contentment that I find nowhere else.他的不幸激起了听众深深的同情。他们热切地想帮他抚平心头的创伤。

His misfortune aroused great sympathy among the listeners, who are keen to help heal his mental wounds.7对一个门外汉来说,要认识霍金博士研究的重要性也许是困难的或不可能的,但它肯定会对我们的生活产生经久的影响。Recognition of the importance of Dr.Hawkin’s research may be difficult or impossible for a layman,but it is sure to have a lasting impact on our lives.8史密斯先生早就希望能有机会向四周的年轻人讲述他的登月经历,但他一直没有足够的支配时间。

Mr.Smith has long wished for a chance to relate his lunar landing experience to the young people around him,but he never has enough time at his disposal.Unit 4我们想提醒亲爱的观众,敬请体谅他人,在晚上十点以后调低你的电视机音量。

We’d like to remind our viewers to be considerate to your neighbors and keep your TVs turned down after 10 p.m.2我希望我的忠告对处于压力下的学生们会起作用:前面的路充满了不能遇见的机遇。

I hope my advice will work with students under pressure—the road ahead is full of unforeseen opportunities.3顺便说一句,琳达是个腼腆的人,在那么多的生人面前讲话,她会感到不自然。

Incidentally / By the way, Linda is a shy person who might feel uneasy about speaking in the presence of so many strangers.要在学习上取得进步,学生需要具备独立学习的技能而不是事事都依靠教师。

In order to get ahead in their studies, students need to equip themselves with independent—study skills

instead of relying on their teachers for everything.现在的年轻人变得老成,他们确信成就是以拥有多少财产来衡量的。

Young people nowadays are growing up old, with the conviction that achievement is measured by how many possessions one owns.许多学生为他们利用课余时间打工辩解,说这会减少他们的经济压力。

Many students justify their working part time by saying that it reduces their economic pressure on them.7你现在必须马上做的是填好在你来时给你的表格。

What you need to do right now is to fill in the forms you were given when you arrived.就事业本身而言,需要一个人毕生的奉献,但是这并不意味着进入一种职业后就要坚持不懈地一直干下去。

A career in itself requires one’s lifelong devotion, but it does not mean that after you get into a profession

you must continue in that same one all along.Unit 5为了帮助外国投资者更好地了解上海,他们根据能找到的各种资料来源汇编了这本小小的指南。

To help foreign investors get a better understanding of Shanghai,they’ve compiled this little guide from the various sources they could find.他是那种在计划实现之后才让大家知道的那种人。

He’s the sort of person who prefers to keep his plans to himself until they’re realized.3我千里迢迢到纽约来看他,结果却发现他两天前出国了。

I came to New York from far away to see him, only to find he had gone abroad two days before.4现在很难想象没有电、没有电视、没有电话,我们是如何生存了如此之久的。

It is difficult to imagine now how we’ve survived for so long without electricity, television or telephone.只要钱是老老实实赚来的,新政策鼓励人们变得富有。

The new policy encourages people to become wealthy if the money has been acquired honestly.6如果我负责这个项目,我会更好地利用现有的资金。

If I were in charge of the project, I’d make better use of the money that’s available.7他们拒绝给他进入这个国家的签证,理由是他是个危险分子。

He was refused an entry permit on the grounds that he was a dangerous person.8老师没有多久就发现,汤姆总有迟交作业的借口。

It didn’t take the teacher long to catch on that Tom always had an excuse for being late with the assignments.Unit 6我真希望你对这一件事能采取一种更加通情达理的态度。

I wish you could adopt a more reasonable attitude towards the event.2在那次车祸中我的腿折断了,我儿子的腿也摔断了。

I broke my leg in the car accident and so did my son.那位老妇人不胜悲伤,几乎不能自己走路了。

The old woman, overwhelmed by grief, could hardly/barely walk on her own.4在他过世五十年之后,他的成就才为社会所承认。

It was 50 years after his death that his accomplishments were acknowledged by society.5这是曾经是战火纷飞,现在却是一片和平与繁荣。

Where there were flames of war, now there are peace and prosperity.他病得很重,他的病无药可治。

He is seriously ill and his disease defies the healing power of any medicine.7由于前途渺茫,一片空白,早年的希望逐渐消失,他对生活失去了信心。

He has lost confidence in life—the future has blurred and gone bland and his early hopes have faded into nothingness.8小汤姆意识到已无法改变这一严酷的现实:随着父母的突然去世,他的家庭已经破碎。

Little Tom realized that nothing could change the harsh reality that his family had fallen apart with his parents’ sudden deaths.Unit 7

1只要你喜欢你的业余爱好,那么你不必因为你自己水平一般而感到羞愧。别人怎么看你无关紧要。

As long as you enjoy your hobby, you don’t have to feel ashamed of being mediocre at it.It doesn’t matter what others think of you.2金钱在竞技体育中正显出其重要性,但我们必须确保它不会影响一些重要的东西。

Money is becoming a big deal in competitive sports, but we must make sure that it doesn’t get in the way of what’s important.3我们都需要不时地进行某种锻炼来使自己保持身体健康。

We all need some form of exercise every now and then to keep ourselves in good shape.4我一再说该是你整理自己房间的时候了,但你老是拖着。

I’ve said over and over it’s time you tidied up your room, but you keep putting it off.5一两年前他才开始学画画,所以技法还未达到专业水准。你能给他指点指点吗?

He only took up painting a couple of years ago, so his technique isn’t up to professional standards.Can you gibe him some instruction?

6健康专家正试图通过宣传吸烟的种种害处来使人们戒烟。

Health experts are trying to discourage people from smoking by informing them of its dangers.7敬业当然是好的,但你不能让工作蚕食了你的全部休闲时间。

Being committed to your job is fine, of course, but you shouldn’t let work eat up all your leisure time.8对于我来说,工作和业余爱好都必须严肃认真地对待。

As far as I’m concerned, both jobs and hobbies should be seriously considered.Unit 8

l美国国家航空和航天局宣布,这次飞行任务长达九天,其明确目的之一将是研究太空飞行对衰老过程的影响。NASA announced that one of the tangible objectives of this nine-day mission

was to don research into the effects of space flight on the aging process.2在冷战期间,苏美两国在外层空间的开发活动方面投入了大量的资金。

During the Cold War era, the Soviet Union and the United States both spent substantial fund on space exploration.3总统关于削减政府社会福利支出的提议已经在公众中引起了很大的争议。

The President’s proposal to scale down/back the government’s social welfare spending has caused a great deal of controversy.4美国“发现”号航天飞机回到肯尼迪航天中心之前,佛罗里达恶劣的天气,加上舱门的故障,曾使安全着陆难以保证。Before the American space shuttle Discovery returned to the Kennedy Space Center, the bad weather in Florida,coupled with the door trouble, put its safe landing in doubt.5迄今为止还没有充分证据表明火星上有生命,但这并不是说外层空间的研究没有科学价值。

So far there is little evidence of life on Mars, but this doesn’t justify the conclusion that space research has no scientific value.6国际空间站是费用最为昂贵的太空探索项目,是有十六个国家参与的合作项目。

The International Space Station, a collaboration in which sixteen countries are taking part,is the most expensive space-exploration project ever undertaken.7这本书讲的是五十年代末,中国航天探索的先驱者在没有外国专家帮助的情况下,执着地进行研究的情况。This book describes the period at the end of the 1950s when the pioneers of Chinese space exploration pressed ahead

with their research without the help of foreign experts.8今年制造业创利已超过二千亿美元,占我国国内生产总值的一半。

3.第二版新视野大学英语读写教程第三册1-10课后答案 篇三

Unit 1 Growing Up Part II Language Focus Vocabulary Ⅰ1)、1.respectable 2.agony 3.put…down 4.sequence 5.hold back 6.distribute 7.off and on 8.vivid 9.associate 10.finally 11.turn in 12.tackle 2)、1.has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office.2.was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not.3.a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’ time.4.gave the command the soldiers opened fire.5.buying bikes we’ll keep turning them out.3)、1.reputation, rigid, to inspire 2.and tedious, What’s more, out of date ideas 3.compose, career, avoid showing, hardly hold back Ⅱ.1.composed 2.severe 3.agony 4.extraordinary 5.recall 6.command 7.was violating 8.anticipate Ⅲ.1.at 2.for 3.of 4.with 5.as 6.about 7.to 8.in, in 9.from 10.on/upon Comprehensive Exercises Ⅰ.Cloze 1.1.hold back 2.tedious 3.scanned 4.recall 5.vivid 6.off and on 7.turn out/in 8.career 2.1.last 2.surprise 3.pulled 4.blowing 5.dressed 6.scene 7.extraordinary 8.image 9.turn 10.excitement Ⅱ.Translation 1.1.As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to.2.His girlfriend advised him to get out of/get rid of his bad habit of smoking before it took hold.3.Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months, they have decided to increase its production.4.It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules./Bill is said to have been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules.5.It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage./The local government is reported to have taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage.2.Susan lost her legs because of / in a car accident.For a time, she didn’t know how to face up to the fact that she would never(be able to)walk again.One day, while scanning(through)some magazines, a true story caught her eye /she was attracted by a true story.It gave a vivid description of how a disabled girl became a writer.Greatly inspired, Susan began to feel that she, too, would finally be bale to lead a useful life.Unit2 I.Vocabulary 1..1)absolutely 2)available 3)every now and then 4)are urging/ urged 5)destination 6)mostly 7)hangs out 8)right away 9)reunion 10)or something 11)estimate 12)going ahead

2.Rewriting 1)It seemed that his failure in the examination was still on his mind.2)He was completely choked up by the sight of his team losing in the final minutes of the game.3)She was so lost in study that she forgot to have dinner.4)Something has come up and I am afraid I won’t be able to accomplish the project on time.5)The cost of equipping the new hospital was estimated at $2 million.3.Complete the sentences.1)were postponed the awful is estimated 2)reference not available an kind of 3)not much of a teacher skips go ahead

II.Collocation 1.to 2.for 3.at 4.from 5.in 6.to on 7.on 8.with

III.Usage 1.more or less 2.kind of/ sort of 3.something 4.kind of/ sort of 5.more or less 6.or something

Comprehensive exercises I.Cloze 1.text-related

1)choked up 2)awful 3)practically 4)neighborhood 5)correspondence 6)available 7 destination 8)reunion 9)Mostly 10)postponing 11)absolutely

2.Theme-related 1)how 2)savings 3)embarrassment 4)phone5)interrupted 6)touch 7)envelop 8)signed 9)message 10)needed

II.Translation 1.Translate the sentences.1)Half an hour had gone by, but the last bus hadn’t come yet.We had to walk home.2)Mary seems to be very worried about the Chinese exam because she hasn’t learned the texts by heart.3)Since the basketball match has been postponed, we might as well visit the museum.4)He stayed in Australia with his parents all the way through WWⅡ.5)Since I graduated from Nanjing University in 1985, I have kind of lost touch with my classmates.2.Translate the passage.It is not easy to keep in touch with friends far away.This is true in my case.It has been a couple of years since I left my old neighborhood and all the friends there.I have been meaning to write to them but things come up and I just don’t seem to find the time.They are always on my mind, however, and I think I will certainly make an effort to keep up correspondence with them in the future.Unit 3 I Vocabulary 1

1)brief 2)in terms of 3)cut off 4)tend

5)anyway 6)precise 7)in the form of 8)initiative 9)convey 10)in two minds 11)concept 12)grasp 2 1)has ensured their team a place in the Cup final.2)medical workers’ responsibility to heal the wounded and rescue the dying.3)entertain as well as educate the learner.4)can do without air and water.5)is likely to be held in June.3 1)lies in contact between

2)basis of is likely sufficient at the moment 3)the steady will be highly II Word Formation 1 regained 2 undecided 3 undersupplied 4 disabled 5 precondition 6 foresight 7 mispronounced 8 enrich IIIAntonyms

1)majority 2)accepted 3)increased 4)weaknesses 5)local 6)late 7)wrong 8)false Comprehensive exercises I Close 1.Text-related

1)highly 2)bring about 3)evident 4)rate 5)sufficient 6)put across 7)proportion 8)Hence 9)ensure 2.Theme-related

1)understand 2)travel 3)practical 4)use 5)Another 6)likely 7)affect 8)developments 9)supply 10)Someday II Translation 1)As is predicted by scientists, global pollution has become one of the most serious problems humans are faced with.2)Competition for these jobs is very tough –we have five times as many applicants this year as we did last year/ there are five times as many applicants this year as there were last year.3)As the facts show, educational programs need to fit into the national plan for economical development.4)The car burns too much gas, and moreover, the price is almost twice as much as I intend to pay.5)To understand a great international event, we, first of all, need to consider the historical and political background to it.2 It is hard to imagine how our forefathers could do without so many conveniences that modern technology has brought about.Back then only a small proportion of the population enjoyed the comforts of life.The majority didn’t even have sufficient food, not to speak of/ let alone the privilege of being educated.However, many people blame modern technology for creating so many problems.They want to slow down the rate of progress.But no one can put the clock back.Unit 4 Vocabulary 1)wreck 2)balance 3)approaching 4)handle 5)discard 6)Above all 7)diet 8)do with

9)checked on 10)cleaned up 11)weekly 12)principles 2.1)to look for survivors were abandoned after it had been/was determined that all the people in the sunken ship had died.2)was amazed that Bob left a well-paid job travel around the world.3)for a loan has been turned down by many a bank as her business is small and she could provide no guarantee.4)express her thoughts with precision, so people often misunderstand her.5)will weaken our determination to modernize our country in the shortest possible time.3.1)for sale hunting for be amazed by 2)become skilled handle their loans 3)character by calling on he passed away II Confusable words 1.1)personal 2)personnel

2.1)sometime 2)Sometimes 3)some time 4)sometime III Euphemism de hcgabf

Comprehensive Exercises I Close 1.Text-related

1)sponsored 2)determination 3)turned away 4)assumed 5)capacity 6)skilled 7)loan 8)character 9)hunting 10)for sale 11)send for 2.Theme-related

1)save 2)recent 3)modest 4)grow 5)dream

6)immigrants 7)business 8)engineering 9)invest 10)rich III Translation 1)It is reported that UN mediators have worked out a plan which they hope will be acceptable to both sides.2)Doris walked in the forest cautiously, afraid of being attacked by giant snakes.3)Earthquakes, typhoons and other natural disasters cannot be prevented, but action can be taken to protect life and property.4)I bought a new issue of my favorite sports magazine and hurried home, anxious to amuse myself reading it.5)Helen lacks confidence.I’ve never known anyone so unsure of herself.2.After graduating from college, Tony decided to start his own business.At the beginning, many a bank turned down his request for a loan.But he was not a bit discouraged, and continued to call on one banker after another seeking help.Impressed by his determination and optimism, one banker finally agreed to loan him the money.Now he has become a wealthy businessman.Talking about his amazing achievement, Tony says that it is important to create rather than wait for opportunities.Unit 5 Vocabulary I.1

1)monthly 2)acquaintances 3)classic 4)look;in the eye 5)manufactured 6)options 7)finance 8)replacement 9)survived 10)pick out 11)married 12)grabbed at 2.1)survived a car crash that killed both her parents.2)almost embarrassed to death when Sarah read my poem out to the whole class.3)of the Children’s Hospital will care for the seriously injured pupils.4)several phone calls making inquiries about the position of the Chief Financial Officer.5)straighten out all your financial problems if you join our club.3.1)inquiry;died of hunger;people survied 2)Instantly;give up his;retire;replace him;executive 3)his beloved;odd jobs;and all that II Word Formation 1.embarrassment 2.survivors 3.newly 4.marketable 5.monthly 6.competition 7.conceivable 8.respectable III.Usage 1.the poor 2.The deceased/The dead 3.the disabled 4.the French 5.The accused 6.the young 7.the unemployed 8.the latter…the former… Comprehensive Exercises I.Cloze 1.Text-related 1)died of 2)instantly 3)classic 4)ask around 5)surviving 6)retire 7)executive 8)replacement 9)stock 10)look…in the eye 2.Theme-related 1)impressed 2)diligence 3)Instead 4)Contrary 5)professionally 6)perform 7)personal 8)balance 9)commitment 10)revealed II.Translation 1.1)I’m not sure where you can find a good carpenter---you’d better ask around.2)Feeling a little embarrassed, he quickly cleared his throat and looked up at the painting on the wall.3)Michael was survived by three sons, two daughters, and his wife Elizabeth.4)As a financial expert, William advised us to invest our money in the stock market.5)We small retailers can’t compete with supermarkets in pricing and sales.2.My dad is a hard-working executive of a manufacturing firm.He works six days a week.Every day he has to straighten out various kinds of problems so that he often stays up late/nights.However, he tries his best to balance/maintain balance between work and family.On Sundays my dad usually stays at home and cares for us as much as he can.To my greatest joy, he cooks our favorite dished and plays ball with us.Unit 6 Homework Vocabulary Ⅰ

1.1.Fertile 2.Reflected 3.Overseas 4.Slim 5.Split 6.Sustained 7.Glow 8.Thrust 9.Keen 10.Bud 11.Previous 12.Whichever 2.1)The sickly smell of carpets and furniture in the bedroom disgusts me.2)Mary stopped corresponding with Henry after the death of her mother.3)A radio transmitter is best located at an isolated place far from cities.4)I was so absorbed in the game on TV that I didn’t hear Martin come in.5)The rough surface of the basketball helps players grip the ball.3.1)to broaden;make their way 2)disgusts;take a chance on 3)the grand;and overseas;reflected Ⅱ

1.1)frightened 2)afraid/ frightened 2.1)alike/similar 2)similar 3.1)alive 2)living 4.1)sleeping 2)asleep Ⅲ

1)disappointed 2)disappointment 3)disappointing 4)disappoint 5)disappointingly 6)disappointing 2.1)attractive 2)attract 3)attraction 4)attractively 5)unattractively 6)unattractive Comprehension Exercises ⅠCloze Text-related 1)Identifying 2)gripped 3)margins 4)corresponding 5)overseas 6)little 7)hesitate 8)grateful 9)made my way 10)going my way 2.Theme-related 1)first 2)ring 3)Nor 4)another 5)threw

6)deliberately 7)reasoned 8)himself 9)restaurant 10)matter ⅡTranslation 1)Before I went off to university, my grandfather gave me a few words of wisdom which impressed me deeply.Never tell my parents about my injuries and I’ll be very grateful to you(for it).At the meeting some of our colleagues put forward sensible suggestions about improving our working environment.The management has/have agreed to grant the workers a 10% pay rise in response to union pressure.It was very thoughtful of the hostess to give the house a thorough cleaning before we arrived.Not rich himself, Uncle Li never hesitates to help others.Previous to/Before his retirement, through Project Hope he located the addresses of two country kids who grew up in poor families but had a keen desire to study.From then on he sent them money regularly.Later the two made their way to college, and even got a chance to study overseas.Unit 7 Content Questions Pair Work 1.He thinks animals will probably do their best thinking when it serves their own purposes, not when scientists ask them to.2.Because he believes they may encounter animal intelligence in their daily life.3.He regards them as a new window on animal intelligence.4.She wanted to get more pineapple.5.He expanded the money supply by breading chips in two.6.It shows he is clever and sly.He ate up the fruit leaving nothing but stems to share with Miles.7.They say that animals cooperate when they learn it is in their interest to do so.8.The author thinks that what behaviorists say is right, but he doesn’t think their explanation is satisfactory enough.9.Because Orky was the most intelligent animal she had worked with.10.Corky is a female whale because she is Orky’s mate and delivered a baby whale.11.Because she thought the orange must have rolled off somewhere inaccessible.12.Towan hid his orange underneath his foot.The act reveals some animals are intelligent enough to know how to deceive.Text Organization 1.Eugene Linden wants to tell the reader that animals do have, at least, some limited intelligence, and the personal experiences of those who are in close contact with animals are more convincing evidence than that any experiments can provide.2.Let’s Make a Deal: Some animals are intelligent enough to know how to bargain with people.Tale of a Whale: Animals like whales can assess a situation and act accordingly.Primate Shell Game: Animals can attempt to deceive.Language Sense Enhancement 1.(1)controversy(2)consciousness(3)explore(4)serves their own purposes(5)encounter(6)lack of it(7)convinced(8)mental feats(9)captivity(10)humans Language Focus I.Vocabulary 1.1)go(very)far 2)has expanded 3)in the interest(s)of 4)only to 5)encountered 6)has cooperated 7)assessed 8)(had)switched 9)horizons 10)gaze 11)disaster 12)wiped out 2.1)… a long/long running controversy over whether the book should be published or not 2)… felt relieved after her first meeting with Tom had gone smoothly 3)...suddenly went wrong with my computer when I was in the middle of writing the essay 4)… is obvious that our company is still maintaining its composition as market leader in software.5)… give in until they give her a pay rise 3.1)have undertaken, original, to explore 2)evidence convinced, underneath, extending to 3)to negotiate, encounter, to figure out, explore II.Confusable Words 1.firstly 2.first, first 3.At first 4.First/Firstly 5.first 6.First 7.at first 8.first III.Usage 1.animal intelligence whose 2.zoo keeper where 3.eye contact through what 4.money supply of what 5.killer whale what kind 6.baby whale how old 7.family member of what 8.sea turtle what kind/where Comprehensive Exercises I.Cloze 1.(1)emergency(2)evidence(3)original(4)sizing up(5)negotiates(6)reveal(7)make a deal(8)dominant(9)in their interest(s)(10)deceiving(11)controversy(12)judgment(13)explore 2.(1)protect(2)However(3)type(4)situation(5)sights(6)together(7)rang(8)associate(9)without(10)environment II.Translation 1.1)A local business undertook the project but went bankrupt before it was completed.2)Let’s make a deal—you wash my car, and I’ll let you use it tonight.3)We got to the village which we thought must have been wiped out in the severe earthquake, only to find it slightly damaged.4)My garden is dry and shady—few plants thrive in that condition 5)Mystery still surrounds the exact truth behind the film star’s death/exact circumstance of the film star’s death.2.When I was young I used to visit the zoo in my hometown.There what attracted me most was a couple of tigers, especially the male.They were dept in a huge iron cage at first, but later were released from it and moved to a place called Tiger Hill.Twenty years later I revisited the zoo and was relieved to find Tiger Hill was still there, but greatly extended.Moving around now were six tigers, old and young, instead of two!Unit8 Pair work

1.She was amazed at the author’s ability to do mental calculation.2.Children can’t spell correctly;their knowledge of word history and geography is non-existent 3.He didn’t want to compete with the hard-working Asians at U.C.L.A.He preferred a less intellectually challenging life.4.A modern industrial state cannot function with an idle, ignorant labor force.5.To use the media to dramatize and drive home the message to today’s teenagers.6.He is fed up with the book he is forced to red.7.They can’t read or write.They place their hopes on their children.8.He works as a cleaner in a factory owned by the Japanese.9.Because he has no education, no useful skill, and no discipline.10.Americans stop demanding good education foe children.Machines do all the complex work and there is little manual work to be done.America is poorer than Japan and European countries.11.Hard work education, saving and discipline help a nation rise from the ashes.12.He finally comes to realize the importance of study.Work on your own 1.Part one paras.1-10 Teenagers’ idleness and ignorance will produce serious effects on all concerned and society as a whole.Part two paras.11-24 Kevin 1990 comes to realize in his dream how greatly lack of education costs his forebears, himself, his children and the society they live in, and how important it is to study hard.2.Part one Teenagers’ intellectual laziness and ignorance Part two Kevin 1990, his forebears(with the exception of his intellectual father),and his children lead a poor, miserable life.America is on the decline.There is no law and order in the country.America children have no chance to receive a good education.Businesses in America are owned by wealthy Europeans and Asians.Language sense enhancement Indifference(1)Summed up(2)Preferred(3)Financial(4)

Accumulated(5)Intellectual(6)Affect(7)Industrial 8)Idle(9)Break down(10)Vocabulary I 1.1.industrial 2.idle3.is functioning4.intellectual5.scared6.handful 7.luxury 8.private 9.work up 10.slice 11.miracle 12.was jammed 2.1.to be seriously affected by the rise in gas prices。2.is a matter of total indifference to me.3.drove home the point that they needed extra people 4.was found after they searched for it for a long time 5.had run out of water by the time they got to the camp 3.1.manual and complex its financial 2.was very upset make a living by swore was/became much better off 3.handful ignorant of paintings/ works summed up II 1.The young man made $5 an hour in his summer job.2.What made you change your mind? 3.I’m sure Jason will make a good lawyer.4.The vet put something down the dog’s throat to make it vomit.5.The story makes interesting reading.6.Five and five make ten.7.On foot they can only make about 20 miles a day.8.I don’t think she’ll ever really make it to the top III 1

(1)developing(2)develo p(3)development(4)develop(5)developing developed 2(1)amazed(2)amazes(3)amazingly(4)amazing(5)amazement Comprehensive exercise I.CLOZE 1.TEXT-RELATED(1)complex(2)idle(3)make a living by(4)accumulated(5)affect(6)function(7)faculties(8)ignorant(9)wake up 2.THEME-RELATED(1)dormitory(2)passing(3)leaping(4)department(5)burned(6)destroyed(7)seriously(8)marriages(9)report(10)perspective

II TRANSLATION 1)Without his personal file, an applicant can hardly expect to get/ be employed as a teacher.2)With enough ice, we would be able to chill the drinks.3)In my humble opinion, reading us the most pleasant way to spend one’s leisure.4)Some people said it was simply a miracle that the American athlete Michael Phelps won eight gold medals at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.5)The washing machine has broken down, so we have to wash our clothes by hand.This morning I heard an interesting piece of news over my portable radio: a man of 36 and his son of 10 attend the same class competing with each other for high marks.The story goes/ It’s like this: The man, Li Wei by name, was too idle to learn anything when young.With little education, with no useful skills, he could hardly earn an adequate living wage.His life experiences drove home to him the point that he had to acquire knowledge before he was able to accumulate wealth.So Li Wei swore that he would go to school with his son, determined to learn.翻译: 第一单元

成长

课文A 我们写作时常常被告诫,脑子里要有读者,笔者所云一定要符合读者的口味和兴趣。但有一位读者特别不该忘记。你能猜出是谁吗?当拉塞尔·贝克找到这个问题的答案时,他自己和别人都感到大为惊讶。

为自己而写

拉塞尔·田克

从孩提时代,我还住在贝尔维尔时,我的脑子里就断断续续地转着当作家的念头,但直等到我高中三年级,这—一想法才有了实现的可能。在这之前,我对所有跟英文课沾边的事都感到腻味。我觉得英文语法枯燥难懂。我痛恨那些长而乏味的段落写作,老师读着受累,我写着痛苦。

弗利格尔先生接我们的高三英文课时,我就准备着在这门最最单调乏味的课上再熬上沉闷的一年。弗利格尔先生在学生中以其说话干巴和激励学生无术而出名。据说他拘谨刻板,完全落后于时代。我看他有六七十岁了,古板之极。他戴着古板的毫无装饰的眼镜,微微卷曲的头发剪得笔齐,梳得纹丝不乱。他身穿古板的套装,白衬衣领扣外的领带打得——丝不苟。他救着古板的尖下巴,古板的直鼻梁,说起话来—·本正经,字斟句酌,彬彬有礼,活脱脱一个橱稽的老古董。

我作好准备,打算在弗利格尔先生的班上一无所获地混上—·年,不少日子过去了,还真率出所料。后半学期我们学写随笔小品文。弗利格尔先生发下一张家庭作业纸,出了不少题供我们选择。像“暑假二三事”那样傻乎乎的题目倒是一个也没有,但绝大多数—样乏味。我把作文题带回家,——直没写,直到要交作业的前一天晚上。我躺在沙发上,最终不得不面对这一讨厌的功课,便从笔记本里抽出作文题目单粗粗—看。我的目光落在“吃意大利细面条的艺术”这个题目上。…

这个题目在我脑海里唤起了一连串不同寻常的图像。贝尔维尔之夜的清晰的回忆如潮水一般涌来,当时,我们大家——起围坐在晚餐桌旁——艾伦舅舅、我母亲、查理舅舅、多丽丝、哈尔舅舅——帕特舅妈晚饭做的是意大利细面条。那时意大利细面条还是很少听说的异国食品。多丽丝和我都还从来没吃过,在座的大人也是经验不足,没有—个吃起来得心应手的。艾伦舅舅家诙谐有趣的场景全都重现在我的脑海中,我回想起来,当晚我们笑作—团,争论着该如何地把面条从盘子上送到嘴里才算合乎礼仪。

突然我就想描述那…切,描述当时那种温馨美好的气氛,但我把它写下来仅仅是想白得其乐,而不是为弗利格尔先生而写。那是我想重新捕捉并珍藏在心中的一个时刻。我想重温那个夜晚的愉快。然而,照我希望的那样去写,就会违反我在学校里学的正式作文的种种法则弗利格尔先生也肯定会打它—个不及格。没关系。等我为自己写好了之后,我可以再为弗利格尔先生写点什么别的东西。

等我写完时已是半夜时分,再没时间为弗利格尔先生写——篇循规蹈矩、像模像样的文章了。第二天上午,我别无选择,只好把我为自己而写的贝尔维尔晚餐的故事交了上去。两天后弗利格尔先生发还批改过的作文,他把别人的都发了,·就是没有我的。我正准备着遵命—放学就去弗利格尔先生那儿挨训,却看见他从桌上拿起我的作文,敲了敲桌子让大家注意听。

“好了,孩子们,”他说。“我要给你们念一篇小品文。文章的题目是:吃意大利细面条的艺术。”

于是他开始念了。是我写的!他给全班大声念我写的文章。更不可思议的是,全班同学都在听着他念,而且听得很专心。有人笑出声来,接着全班都笑了,不是轻蔑嘲弄,而是乐乎乎地开怀大笑。就连弗利格尔先生也停顿了两三次,好抑制他那丝拘谨的微笑。我尽力不流露出得意的心情,但是看到我写的文章竟然能使别人大笑,我真是心花怒放。就在十——年级,可谓是最后的时刻,我找到了一个今生想做的事。这是我整个求学生涯中最幸福的——刻。弗利格尔先生念完后说道:“瞧,孩子们,这就是小品文,懂了没有。这才是一知道吗——这才是小品文的精髓,知道了没有。祝贺你,贝克先生。”他这番话使我沉浸 在十全十美的幸福之中。

第二单元

友谊

课文A

老朋友天各一方,你心有何感?你是否努力保持联系?有时候写信的事很容易会一拖再拖,总以为明天有的是时间。然而,正如这则故事所表明的,有时我们拖得太晚了。也许读一读这个故事会让你提起笔来。

出租车司机拥有的就剩一封信

福斯特·韩克洛

他准是完全沉浸在所读的东西里了,因为我不得不敲挡风玻璃来引起他的注意。

他总算抬头看我了。“你出车吗?”我问道。他点点头,当我坐进后座时,他抱歉地说:“对不起,我在读一封信。”听上去他像是得了感冒什么的。“我不着急,”我对他说。“你接着把信读完吧。”

他摇了摇头。“我已经读了好几遍了。我想我都能背出来了。”

“家书抵万金啊,”我说。“至少对我来说是这样,因为我老是在外旅行。”我估量他有六七十岁了,便猜测说:“是孩子还是孙子写宋的?”

“不是家里人,”他回答说。“不过,”他接着说,“想起来,也可以算是一家人了。埃德老伙计是我最老的朋友了。实际上,过去我俩总是以‘老朋友’相称的——就是说,当我俩相见时。我这人就是不大会写东西。”

“我看大家写信都不那么勤快,”我说。“我自己笔头就很懒。我看,你认识他挺久了吧?” “差不多认识了一辈子了。我俩小时候就一起玩,所以我俩的友谊确实很长了。” “一起上的学?”.

“都一起上到高中呢。事实上,我俩从小学到高中都在一个班里。” “保持这么长久友谊的人可真不多见啊,”我说。

“其实呢,”司机接着说,“近25到30年来,我跟他一年只见一两次面,因为我从原来住的老街坊搬了出来,联系自然就少了,虽说你一直放在心上。他在的时候可真是个大好人。” “你刚才说他‘在的时候’。你是说——?” 他点了点头。“前两个星期过世啦。”

“真遗憾,”我说。“失去朋友真不是个滋味,失去个真正的老朋友更让人受不了。” 他开着车,没有接话儿。我们沉默了几分钟,可我知道他还在想着老埃德。他又开口时,与其说是跟我说话,还不如说是自言自语:“我真该一直保持联系。真的,”他重复道,“我真该—直保持联系。”

“是明,”我表示赞同,“我们都该与老朋友保持更多的联系。不过总是有事情冒出来,好像就是抽不出空来。”

他耸了耸肩。“我们过去总能抽出空来,”他说。“信里还提到呢。”他把信递给我。“你看看吧。”

“谢谢你,”我说,“不过我不想读你的信。这纯属私事。”

司机耸,一耸肩。“老埃德人都死了。没什么私事不私事了。念吧,”他催促说。信是用铅笔写的。称呼写着“老朋友”,而开头第一句话让我想到自己。“早就想写信了,可就是——拖再拖。”信里接着写道,他常常回想从前两人住在一个街坊时的快乐时光。信里提到些事,可能对司机很重要,比如“那次蒂姆·谢打破窗子,那年万圣节前夕,我们把老帕克先生的大门拴了起来,还有卡尔弗太太老是在放学后把咱俩留下训斥的那阵子”。“你们俩准是在一起度过了不少时光,”我对他说。

“就跟信里写的那样,”他回答说,“我俩在那个时候能花的只有时间。”他摇头叹道:“时间吓可。”

信里接下来的那段我觉得有点凄凉:“信的开头我写着‘老朋友’,因为这么多年来,我们这对老朋友渐渐都老了。我们这些人当中留下的也不多了。”

“你要知道,”我对他说,“信里说我们这些人当中留下的不多了,说得一点不错。比如说,每次我去参加老同学聚会,来的人总是越来越少。” “时间不饶人啊,”司机说。

“你们俩以前在一起工作吗?”我问他。

“不,不过没成家时我俩总在一起闲荡。后来,两人都成了家,就不时相互串门。可最近这二三十年来,主要就是寄寄圣诞卡了。当然,我俩都总在卡上写几句——通常是关于各自家里的情况,不是吗,孩子们在干些什么,谁搬到哪儿,添了个小孙子,都是这类事——可一直都没正儿八经地写过信什么的。”

“这一处写得好,”我说。“这里写道:‘你多年的友谊对我非常重要,远比我能说出来的重要得多,因为我不擅长说这样的话。,,我颔首称是。“这话准让你听着开心,是吧?” 司机说了句什么,可我没听明白,因为他似乎哽噎得厉害。于是我接着说:“我也真想收到这样一封老朋友的来信。”

我们快到目的地了,于是我跳到最后一段。“因此我想你一定想知道我惦记着你。”信末署名:“老朋友汤姆”。我们在我的旅店前停下,我把信递了回去。“很高兴能和你聊聊,”我将衣箱从车上提下时说。汤姆?信的署名是汤姆?

“我节的你朋友叫埃德,”我说。“为什么他署名汤姆呢?”

“这封信不是汤姆写给我的,”他解释说。“我是汤姆。这是我在得知他去世前写给他的信。所以我一直没寄出。”

他神情有点悲伤,似乎想看清远处什么东西。“我想我真该早些写这封信。” 我进了旅馆房间之后,没有马上打开箱包。首先我得写封信——而且要寄出去。

第三单元

理解科学

课文A 霍金教授认为使每个人都了解科学是干什么的非常重要。在这篇文章中,他对其中的缘由作了解释。

公众科学观

斯蒂芬.霍金

无论我们是否愿意,我们生活的世界在过去一百年间已经变化了许多,而且在未来的一百年里可能变化更多。有人想中止这种种变化,回到那个他们认为更纯洁更朴素的时代。但正如历史所表明的,过去并非那么美妙。过去对享有特权的少数人不算太糟,但即便他们也:无从享受现代医疗,而生育对妇女来说风险极大。对占人口大多数的民众而言,生活是艰难、残忍而又短暂的。

不管怎样,即使有人想这么做,他也无法将时钟拨回到早先的时代。知识与技术不可能说忘就忘了。也没有人能阻止未来的进一步发展。即使所有用于研究的政府资金都被取消(现政府最擅此事),竞争的力量仍将继续带来技术的发展。更何况,没有人能阻止探究求索之士去思索基础学科,无论他们是否会为此得到酬劳。唯一能阻止进一步发展的办法或许是一个压制任何新事物的全球政府,但人类的进取心与创造力如此旺盛,即便这个政府也不会成功。它所能做到的只是延缓变化的速度。

如果我们承认,我们无法阻止科学技术改变我们的世界,我们至少可以努力确保科技带来的变化方向正确。在——个民主社会里,这意味着公众需要对科学有—个基本的了解,从而可以作出明达的决定,而不是把决定留给专家去作。目前,公众对科学存有矛盾之心。公众期望科技新发展带来的生活水准的稳定提高能继续,但又怀疑科学,因为他们不懂科学。那个在实验室里设法制造弗兰肯斯泰因的疯狂的科学家的卡通人物清楚地体现了公众的这种怀疑。这也是人们之所以支持各种绿色组织的—个重要因素。但公众同时也对科学深感兴趣,尤其是对天文学,诸如《夜空》之类的电视连续剧观众不少以及科幻小说读者甚多就是明证。

怎么样才能利用这种兴趣,向公众提供所需要的科学知识,以便其在酸雨、温室效应、核武器以及基因工程等问题上作出明达的决定呢?显然,必须把基础建立在学校课程上。但在学校里,科学往往被教得枯燥乏味。孩子们死记硬背应付考试,他们看刁;出科学与他们的周围世界的联系。更有甚者,科学常常是用公式来教的。虽然公式是阐述数学概念的——种简单而精确的方式,它们却使大多数人望而生畏。前不久我写了—“本通俗读物,当时有人告诫我说,我每使用个公式就会使销量减半。我只使用了—个公式,即爱因斯坦那个著名的公式,E=mc2:。如果;用这个公式的话,也许我能多卖出—倍的书。私学家和工程师倾向于用公式阐述观点,因为他们需要知道量的精确值。但对我们其余的人来说,对科学概念有个质的认识就已足够,这可以用文字和图表来表述,大可不必使用公式。人们在学校学到的科学知识可以提供—个基本的框架。但如今科学进步的速度如此之快,个人离开学校或大学后新的发展层出不穷。我在学校从未学过分子生物学或晶体管,但基因工程和计算机是极有可能改变我们未来生活的两项发展。有关科学的通俗读物和杂志文章能帮助人们了解新发展,但即使是最畅销的科普读物也只有—部分人阅读。只有电视能赢得真:广大的观众。电视上有些相当优秀的科学节目,但其他的节目把科学奇迹简单地作为魔术播出,既不加以说明,也展现它们与科学观念的整体框架的关系。电视科学节目的制片人应该认识到,他们负有教育民众的重任,而不仅仅是为他们提供娱乐。

当今世界充满危险,因此就有了那个令人毛骨悚然的玩笑,说我们尚未受到外星文明造访的原因在于:但凡文明发展到我们目前的程度,它们往往就自我毁灭了。然而我对公众的明智充满信心,因而相信,我们将证明这一说法是错误的。

第四单元

美国梦

课文A 美国梦对不同的人有不同的意义。但对许多人,尤其是对移民而言,它意味着改善自己生活的机会。对于他们,美国梦的含义就是才能与勤劳能让你从小木屋走向白宫。托尼·特里韦索诺并没有爬到那么高,但他成功地使自己的梦想成真

托尼·特里韦索诺的美国梦

弗雷德里克·c·克罗弗德

他来自意大利罗马以南某地一个满地石子的农庄。他什么时候怎么到美国的,我不清楚。不过,有天晚上,我看到他站在我家车库后面的车道上。他身高五英尺七、八左右,人很瘦。“我割你的草坪,”他说。他那结结巴巴的英语很难听懂。

我问他叫什么名字。“托尼·特里韦索诺,”他回答说。“我割你的草坪。”我对托尼讲,本人雇不起园丁。

“我割你的草坪,”他又说道,随后便走开了。我走进屋子,心里有点不快。没错,眼下这大萧条的日子是不好过,可我怎么能把一个上门求助的人就这么打发走呢? 等我第二天晚上下班回到家,草坪已修整过了,花园除了草,人行道也清扫过了。我便问太太是怎么回事。

“有个人把割草机从汽车库里推出来就在院子里忙活起来,”她回答说。“我还以为是你雇他来的。”’

我就把前晚的事跟她说了。我俩都觉得奇怪,他怎么没提出要工钱。

接下来的两天挺忙·,我把托尼的事给忘了。我们在尽力重整业务,要让一部分工人回厂里来。但在星期五,回家略微早了些,我又在汽车库后面看到了托尼。我对他干的活夸奖了几句。

“我割你的草坪,”他说。

我设法凑了一小笔微薄的周薪,就这样托尼每天清扫院子,有什么零活,他都干了。我太太说,但凡有重物要搬或有什么要修理的,他挺派得上用场。

夏去秋来,凉风阵阵。“克罗先生,快下雪了,”有天晚上托尼跟我说。“等冬天到了,你让我在厂里干扫雪的活。” 啊,对这种执着与期盼,你又能怎样呢?自然,托尼得到了厂里的那份活儿。几个月过去了。我让人事部门送上一份报告。他们说托尼干得挺棒。一天我在汽车库后面我们以前见面的地方看到了托尼。“我想学徒,”他说。,我们有个挺不错的培训工人的徒工学校。可我怀疑托尼是否有能力学会看图纸、用千分尺,是否胜任做精密加工工作。尽管如此,可我怎么能拒绝他呢? 托尼减了薪水当了徒工。几个月之后,我收到报告,他已从徒工学校毕业,成了熟练磨工。他学会了在千分尺上辨识一百万分之一英寸,会用镶嵌着金刚石的工具制作砂轮。我和太太都挺高兴,觉得他的事总算有了个令人满意的结局。

一两年过去了,我在托尼惯常等我的地方又看到了他。我们聊起了他的工作,接着我问他有什么要求。

“克罗先生,”他说,“我想买房。”在小镇边上,他看到有房出售,完全是幢破房。我去见——·位当银行家的朋友。“人品贷款你干不干?”我问。“不干,”他说。“我们承担

不起。没门。”

“哎,等等,”我应道。“有个人干活勤勉,人品端正,这一点我担保。他有个好工作。眼下,你从你那块地上—分钱也得不到。那块地空在那儿要好多年呢。至少他会付你利息嘛。” 那位银行家勉强开了两干美金抵押贷款,没要托尼首付就把房子给了他。托尼乐不可支。从那以后,只要我家附近有什么被人扔弃的零星杂物,坏了的屏风啦,五金器具啦,包装纸板啦,托尼都要收起来拿回家,看他这个样子真是有意思。

约摸过了两年,我在我们见面的老地方又看到了托尼。他身子似乎挺直了些,人也见胖了,样子挺自信。

“克罗先生,我卖房子!”他得意地说。“我得了八千美金。” 我非常吃惊。“可是,托尼,没了房子你住哪儿呢?” “克罗先生,我买农庄。”

我们坐下聊了起来。托尼告诉我说,拥有一个农庄是他的梦想。他喜欢番茄,辣椒以及意大利菜肴中相当重要的其它各种蔬菜。.他把在意大利的妻子和儿子女儿都接来了。他在小镇周边到处找,终于找到一处没人要的一小块地产,有一幢房,还有间小棚。他正在把家搬到农庄去。

又过了一些时候,在一个星期日的下午托尼来了,他穿戴得整整齐齐。和他一起来的还有另一位意大利人。他告诉我,他说服了儿时的,伙伴前来美国。托尼为他作经济担保。他眼里露出顽皮的神情,对我说,他俩来到他经营的小农庄时,他的朋友惊奇地站住说,“托尼,你是个百万富翁啦!”

后来,在战争期间,公司里传出了一个消息。托尼去世了。

我让公司的人去他家看看,确保各项事宜都得到妥善安置。他们看到农场上长着绿油油的蔬菜,小屋布置得舒适温馨,院子里有一辆拖拉机,还有一辆不错的汽车。孩子受过教育都工作了,托尼身前没有分文欠债。

托尼去世后,我一直想着他的经历。他的形象在我心目中越来越高大。最后,我觉得他就和美国那些最大的实业家一样高大、自豪。

他们都通过同样的途径,本着同样的价值观和原则获得了成功:远见、执着、自制、乐观、自尊,以及最重要的,正直。

托尼不是从最低——级阶梯往上爬的,他是从地下室往上爬的。托尼的事业很小,那些最大的实业家的事业很大。但究其实两者的资产负债表完全一样。惟——的不同是你把小数点点在什么地方。.

托尼?特里韦索诺来到美国寻求美国梦。但他没有找到什么美国梦——他为自己创造了个美国梦。他的全部拥有是天宝贵的二十四小时,而他—刻也没有浪费。

第五单元

爱情

课文A 一个你从没有见过的人给你寄来一封信或打来一个电话,而你不知不觉地想象着这个人是个什么样儿,赋予这个隐秘的声音一张面孔。这事儿你干得来吗?有时候是很容易搞错的。

爱情故事

道络·贝尔

约翰·布兰查德从长凳上站起身来,整了整军装,留意着格兰德中央车站进出的人群。他在寻找一位姑娘,一位佩带玫瑰的姑娘。他知其心,但不知其貌。十二个月前,在佛罗里达州的一个图书馆,他对她产生了兴趣。他从书架上取下一本书,很快便被吸引住了,不是被书的内容,而是被铅笔写的眉批。柔和的笔迹显示出其人多思善虑的心灵和富有洞察力的头脑。

在书的前页,他找到了前一位拥有人的姓名,霍利斯·梅奈尔小姐。他花了…—番工夫和努力,找到了她的地址。她住在纽约市。他给她写了一封信介绍自己,并请她回复。第二天他被运往海外,参加第二次世界大战。

在接下来的一年当中,两人通过信件来往增进了了解。每——封信都如—颗种子撒入肥沃的心灵之土。浪漫的爱情之花就要绽开。布兰查德提出要一张照片,可她拒绝了。她解释道:如果你对我的感情是真实的,是诚心诚意的,那我的相貌如何并不重要。设想我美丽动人。我将会——直深感不安,惟恐你只是因为我的容貌就贸然与我相爱,而这种爱情令我憎恶。设想本人相貌平平(你得承认,这种可能性更大)。那我一直会担心,你和我保持通信仅仅是出于孤独寂寞,无人交谈。不,别索要照片。等你到了纽约,你会见到我,到时你可再作定夺。且记,见面后我俩都可以自由决定中止关系或继续交往——无论你怎么选择……” 他从欧洲回国的日子终于到了。他们安排了两人的第一次见面——晚上七点,纽约格兰德中央车站。

“你会认出我的,”她写道,“我会在衣襟上戴一朵红玫瑰。”于是,晚上七点,他候在车站,寻找——位过去一年里在自己生活中占据了如此特殊地位的姑娘,…—位素未谋面,但其文字伴随着他、始终支撑着他精神的姑娘。

且让布兰查德先生告诉你接下来发生的事吧:

一位年轻的姑娘向我走来,她身材颀长纤细。一头卷曲的金发披在秀美的耳后;眼睛碧蓝,如花似玉。她的双唇和下颌线条柔和,却又柔中见刚,她身穿浅绿色套装,犹如春天一般生气盎然。

我朝她走去,完全忘了去看她有没有戴玫瑰花。

我走过去时,她双唇绽开撩人的微笑。“和我同路吗,水兵?”她小声问道。我情不自禁,再向她走近一步。可就在这时,我看到了霍利斯·梅奈尔。她差不多就站在姑娘的正后面,早已年过四十,灰白的头发用卡子向上别着,头上带着一顶旧帽子。她体态臃肿,粗圆的脚髁上套着一双低跟鞋。

穿着绿色套装的姑娘快步走开了。我觉得自己好像被分成了两半,一方面热切地想去追赶她,但另一方面我又渴望那一位以其心灵真诚陪伴我并成为我的精神支柱的女人。她站在那儿,苍白的圆脸显得温柔理智,灰色的眼睛透出热情善良。我没有迟疑。我手里紧握着那本小小的让她辨认我的蓝色羊皮面旧书。这不会是爱情,但将是某种珍贵的、或许比爱情更美妙的东西,一种我曾经感激,并将永远感激的友情。

我挺胸站立,敬了个礼,并举起手中的书奸让那位女士看。不过在我开口说话的时候,失望的痛苦几乎使我哽咽。“我是约翰·布兰查德中尉,想必您就是梅奈尔小姐。很高兴您来见我。可否请您赏光吃饭?”

妇女的脸上绽开了笑容。“我不知道是怎么回事,孩子,”她回答说,“可是刚才走过去的 那位穿绿色套装的姑娘,她央求我把这支玫瑰插在衣服上。她还说,要是你请我吃饭的话;我I 就告诉你,她就在街对面那个大饭店里等你。她说这是一种考验!”

梅奈尔小姐的智慧不难理解,也令人称奇。心灵的本质是从其对不美的事物的态度中反,习映出来的。

“告诉我你所爱者是谁,”何赛写道,“我就知道你是什么样的人。”

第六单元

动物智能

课文A

温饱,睡眠?它们的思维可能要比这深刻得多。

动物到底想些什么

尤金·林登

多年来,我写了大量关于动物智能实验、以及围绕这些实验所产生的争议的文章。动物真的有思想,即我们所说的意识吗?在考虑是否会有比设计教动物人类手势语的实验更好的方式探索动物智能时,我悟出了现在看来是显而易见的一点:如果动物能思维,它们会在能为自己所用的时候,而不是在科学家让它们思维的时候作出最佳思维。

于是我开始与兽医、动物研究人员以及动物园饲养员交谈。他们大都不研究动物智能,但他们每天都碰到或碰刁;到动物智能。他们讲述的故事开启了我相信是研究动物智能的一扇新的窗口:即动物在对付樊笼生活和地球上的主宰物种一人类——时所表现的高超的思维技技能。

让我们做笔交易

请考虑这一情况:哥伦布动物园的一位动物保护主义者查伦·延德里觉察到一头叫做科洛的雌性大猩猩在玩弄一件可疑的物品。延德里走过去,给了科洛一些花生,却被翻了个白眼。意识到这是在讨价还价,延德里加大了筹码,又给了一片菠萝。这时候,科洛一边望着延德里,一边摊开手,露出了一根钥匙链。

见不是危险或珍贵物品,延德里松了一口气,把菠萝给了考勒。科洛真是个精明的还价者,它把钥匙链拉断,给了延德里一段,或许在算计着,要是每一小段都能换片菠萝,我干嘛要全都给她?

如果动物能在以物换物中显示技能,又何尝不会在使用钱币中再露一手?在田纳西大学人类学家琳·迈尔斯进行的一项手势语研究中,有头名叫夏特克的猩猩就这么做了。夏特克悟出,如果它干些诸如清理房间的事,他就能挣些硬币,好用来买好吃的,还可以坐迈尔斯的车外出兜风。但这头猩猩对钱币的理解似乎远远超出了简单的交易。迈尔斯一开始用塑料片充当硬币,而夏特克竟认定,它可以把塑料片拗成两片,以此扩大钱币供应量。而当迈尔斯改用金属片时,夏特克找到了一些锡箔,试图复制。

迈尔斯还试图教会夏特克一些好习惯,诸如节俭和与人分享。当我在它目前居住的亚特兰大动物园见到这头猩猩时,我果然见到它与人分享的一例,足以令任何人羡慕。迈尔斯给了夏特克——些葡萄,要求它与人分享,它很快吃完了所有的葡萄。随后,它似乎是想起了迈尔斯要它与人分享,便把梗儿递给了迈尔斯。

鲸鱼的故事

动物为什么会愿意与人合作?行为主义者会说,动物认识到合作于已有利时就会这么做。这没有错,但我觉得这一解释尚不充分。

动物行为顾问盖尔·劳尔说起过她了解的一头虎鲸奥基。“在我照管过的动物当中,它是最聪明的,”她说。“它会审时度势,再根据自己的判断采取行动。”

比如有次它救了一个家族成员。奥基的配偶科基生幼鲸时,那条幼鲸一开始情况不妙,饲养员把幼鲸用担架抬出水糟,实施紧急护理。他们把幼鲸送回水槽时,出了事情。当工人把担架停在高出水面几英尺处的时候,幼鲸开始呕吐。饲养员担心它会窒息,但他们无法接近幼鲸提供帮助。

奥基显然看出了问题,它游到担架下,让其中一人站在它头上。这种事从来没有训练它做过。然后,奥基用尾部保持平衡,让饲养员接近,并松开了那条420磅重的幼鲸,以便让它滑入水中,获得帮助。·

灵长目动物的骗术

有时动物的智能可以从其欺骗的企图中得以证明。西雅图伍德兰公园动物园饲养员海伦·休曼回忆道,一天她从喂食窗口给猩猩梅拉蒂扔了个桔子。梅拉蒂没有移动身体去接,而是眼睛直视休曼,伸出手来。休曼以为桔子准是滚到一边拿不到了,就又给了它一个。可当梅

拉蒂走开时,休曼却注意到原来那只桔子就藏在它另—只手里。

猩猩园的头领托温目睹了这个把戏。第二天,这头雄猩猩也是眼睛盯着休曼,装作没有接到桔子。“你肯定没拿到吗?”休曼问道。它仍直视着她,同时把手伸了出来。她让步了,又给了它—·个,随后却看见它把桔子藏在脚下。

智能究竟是什么?如果生命就是讲物种的生存——而智能是为了生存——那么我们根本无法与大脑只有豌豆大刁、的海龟相提并论,海龟早在人类出现很久之前便已存在,并经历了使恐龙灭绝的重大灾难而生存下来。尽管如此,想到除了我们人类,尚有其它物种,即便它们的视野比我们还狭小,却也能退后一步,清醒地审视周围的世界,不由人深感宽慰。

第七单元

突发事件

课文A 初看上去像是一个旧盒子或破衣裳。可紧接着他们就明白过来到底是什么了。

“铁轨上有孩子!”

左克·墨菲

1989年5月1日,星期一,新泽西州的拉姆齐上午天气宜人。凯特·普里查德俯身站在车尾行李箱前,费力地收拾着刚买回家的一袋袋食品杂货。她听到远处火车的鸣笛声。联合铁路公司的火车经过的地方离普里查德家不到三百英尺,可在后院与铁轨之间没有栅栏,只有一排长得密密的树木。然而,她的两个儿子,三岁半的托德和十八个月的斯科特,就在近旁私家车道上玩耍。

“就呆在这儿,”凯特说。“妈妈去把食品放好,然后我们进屋吃午饭,好吗?” “好!”托德一面说,一面竖起大拇指,做着他以前看他父亲做的这个手势。“好!”斯科特随声应和,试着模仿他哥哥的样子。他们望着母亲提着几个袋袋走进屋子。

凯特关好冰箱门匆匆走出屋来。还好。两个孩子正在原地玩耍。

当她从车后行李箱里又提出几个袋袋时,凯特听见有一列火车疾驶而过——是特快客车,她根据车速判断。她又将几个袋袋拿进屋去。

火车的声音显然把两个孩子的注意吸引到铁轨上。两人穿过那排树木,爬上笔陡的路基,跪在地上玩了起来。

往西几千英尺处,一辆货车缓缓地朝两个孩子驶宋。头顶上的灯向司机里奇·坎普纳发出信号,指示前面那辆客车已经开走,他们可以每小时40英里的正常速度继续运行。司机调整了加速器,转身面对列车员安东尼·法尔佐。安东尼中等身材,长得结结实实,现年35岁,已经为联合铁路公司干了差不多十六、七年。“你周末都干点啥,安东尼?”

“唉,不干什么。大多是瞎混——看点儿电视,然后睡觉。还能干什么?” 坎普纳笑了。“嘿,你最好悠着点,安东尼——你都快成派对狂了。”

两人哈哈大笑。就在他们大笑的时候,正以21英里的时速运行的机车开始加速。里奇和安东尼在同——瞬间发现火车前方有什么东西。

“那前面是什么?”司机问道。安东尼没回答。他日不转睛盯着前方看,试图辨识前方铁 轨上那怪形怪状的东西。是盒子?还是旧衣裳? 猛然间,两个人都明白过来那是什么东西。里奇用尽全力猛地紧急刹车,并拉响了汽笛。汽笛嘶鸣,与此同时安东尼大声嚷道:“铁轨上有孩子!”

安东尼冲出驾驶室,跳到车轮上方六英尺处一条狭窄人行踏板上,接着跑到摇摆的火车头前。他疾速攀下铁梯,停在梯子最后一级上,离他脚下飞速掠过的铁路路基有两英尺。现在,他可以清楚地看到两个孩子,他们正坐在铁轨旁边。安东尼拼命挥手示意,并大声喊叫:“走开!走开!”

他心里计算着火车的减速速度,痛苦地哼了一声。我们绝对不可能及时停车的。托德和斯科特正玩得起劲,没听到火车的声音。最后,当火车轰隆隆驶近时,斯科特抬头—看,惊呆了。

尽管火车在减速,安东尼知道车速仍比他奔跑的速度快。所以,他强迫自己等待,等到离孩子足够近的时候,他再一跃而下一把将他们抓住。在孩子与火车头前的犁雪机锋利的雪铲只有约十英尺的时候,安东尼从梯子上纵身向前一跃。他落在铁轨旁拳头大小的散石上,使尽力气才保持住平衡。他跨出两大步,几乎就要够着两个孩子了。两个孩子吓坏了,目瞪口呆地望着他。安东尼纵身跃起,朝他们扑去。

火车汽笛不停地嘶鸣,凯特·普里查德听着就像是被铁锤猛击了一下。“孩子!”她一声惊叫,冲出屋门。两个孩子不见了!铁道,她心想。我得去铁道那儿!安东尼身子砸下地时,他一边护着托德,一边伸出一只手臂去抓斯科特,好把他拉离铁轨。但火车压了过来。安东尼只见雪铲的黑色钢刃击中幼孩的下巴,将他的头往后一推,铲子从他脸上括过。顿时,鲜血从孩子额头溅出。

车身猛撞安东尼工作服的后背,把尼龙布都撕破了。但安东尼还是把斯科特完全拉到了自己身下。

他死了,安东尼心想。他毛骨悚然,一阵恶心。他的脸紧贴在石子上,使尽力气将两个孩子往下压,火车就从他们上面驶过,离他们只有几英寸。

凯特奔到停下的火车前,首先看到的便是托德。她的大儿子失去控制,在那儿乱蹦乱跳,大声哭喊。但凯特看出他没受伤。她抓过他紧紧抱住。随后她看见第三节车厢下一动不动躺着一个人。只见这人身子下面斯科特的脑袋上黑糊糊一片血污。凯特冲过去。“斯科特!”她尖声叫道。

安东尼扭转身子面对着她。“女士,”他对她说,声音很镇静。“回家去。叫警察和救护车来。”凯特没听进他的话,伸着手要抱孩子。安东尼又开口了,口气严厉了许多,“夫人,听着!回家打电话叫警察——叫救护车,快!”

凯特飞奔回家,打了电话,又通过寻呼机找到她丈夫加里。

第一辆警车到达时,安东尼仍然紧抱着年幼的斯科特。列车员从孩子的哭声知道他还活着,但斯科特可能有内伤,稍一动弹就有可能加重伤势。因此安东尼坚持让急救人员先对孩子进行检查,然后才放手。真是奇迹,斯科特伤势不重,只需缝十三针。

雪铲与地面之间只有十四英寸。记者后来问安东尼他在冒生命危险救孩子之前有否犹豫。“没有,”他回答道。“我当时所想到的就是那两个孩子前头还有整个人生,如果我不采取行动,他们必死无疑。我决不能让这样的悲剧发生。”

事故发生后不久,安东尼去普里查德家探望。他还记得他用双臂抱住托德和斯科特并将两人举起的情景。“这让我想起当时在火车底下我护着他们的情景。再一次抱住他们的感觉是奇特的——也是美妙的。”

普里查德夫妇说,自从第一次来探望之后,安东尼几乎成了他们家庭的一员。他们还说,现在有道栅栏把他们的街坊与铁轨隔开了。

第八单元

解决一个教育问题

课文A 本杰明.斯坦编了一个故事,以使美国青年彻底认识他们必须改变对教育的态度。读一读这个故事,看看你是否认为它对我们大家同样也有教育意义。

关于懒散少年的语言故事

本杰明.斯坦

去年一个秋日,我文件夹用完了,便去杂货店买。我拿了一大把文件夹搁在柜台上,问一个十几岁的售货员多少钱。“不知道,”她回答说。“反正单价12美分。” 我数了数文件夹。“二十三个,单价12美分,总共2.76美金,不含税,”我说。“你心算的?”她惊奇地问道。“你怎么会算出来的?” “靠魔力,”我说。“真的?”她问。

略受教育的成年人没有谁不会为这样的经历难过。虽然我们的孩子似乎比以往任何时候都要温厚和气,他们却如此无知——对自己的无知状况也如此无知——以至使我感到可怕。在我最近任教的一所私立大学,一个六十人的四年级班上,没有一个学生写短文时不犯拼写错误。没有一个学生例外。

更有甚者,他们对这种种的无知却毫不在乎,实在令人不寒而栗。一位朋友的聪明但却很懒散的十六岁儿子在解释他为什么不想上加州洛杉矶分校时说的话是对这种态度的高度概括。“我不想去那儿跟亚洲人竞争,”他说。“他们用功,什么都知道。”

其实,无论他是否愿意,这位年轻人都将不得不去跟亚洲人竞争。他不能永远躺在先辈积累的经济、物质与人力资本上。用不了多久,他懒于用脑的结果将严重影响他的生活方式,也将影响我们其他所有的人。一个现代工业化国家无法靠一支懒散、无知的劳动大军运行。飞机会坠落。计算机会出故障。汽车会抛锚。

为使这样的美国青年彻底认识到这…·点,我的愚见是:拍一—部电影,或电视连续剧,生动地描述我们国家的今天如何来之不易——而要丧失这—·切又何其容易。下面我奉献一篇寓言故事。

故事开始时,我们的主人公凯文·汉利1990,一名十七岁的高三学生,正坐在自己房间里,心情痛苦。他父母—千定要他准备欧洲史考试。而他则想去买一副激光唱片随身听的耳机。他被迫要读的书——《各国的财富》——让他打瞌睡。

凯文进入梦乡,时值1835年,他是他本人的曾太祖父,十七岁,是爱尔兰克雷郡的——个农民。他住在小小的陋室里,睡在一头猪旁。他老是挨饿,总是要找吃的。他最大的心愿是学会读书写字,以便找一个职员的工作。有了固定的工资,他就能养活自己,贴补家用。但汉利的贫穷使他无从享受上学这样的奢侈。没有教育,没有钱,他无能为力。他惟一的希望寄托在孩子身上。如果他们能接受教育,他们就会生活得好一些。

我们的寓言故事快速展开。现在凯文·汉利1990成了他自己的曾祖父,凯文·汉利1928。他也是十七岁,在匹兹堡一家钢铁厂工作。他的父亲从爱尔兰来到美国,参加过纽约地铁的修建。凯文·汉利1928比自己的父亲和祖父境遇好多了。他能读书写字。他的工资比先辈在爱尔兰时的收入高多了。

接下来凯文·汉利1990梦见自己成了他自己的祖父凯文·汉利1945。他正在硫黄岛与死敌日本军队作战。他总是又热又饿又害怕。一天晚上他在散兵坑里与一个朋友讲自己为什么在那儿作战:“这样我的儿子、孙子就能生活在和平安全的环境里。等我回国了,我要勤奋工作,让儿子上大学,这样他就可以干脑力活/L,而不是靠卖苦力生活。”

接着凯文·汉利1990成了他自己的父亲凯文·汉利1966。他终日用功,这样就可以上大学,进法学院。他住在漂亮的房子里。他—…生在和平环境中过着富裕的生活。他对女朋友说,等他有了儿子,他不会像他父亲逼他那样逼自己的儿子整天读书。

就在这时,凯文·汉利1990被自己的梦惊醒了。他离开了爱尔兰,离开了那家钢铁厂,离开了硫黄岛,不由松了口气。他又睡着了。

他接着做梦,这次成了他自己的儿子凯文·汉利2020。枪声日夜不停。他那整个一代人忘却了过去为什么要有法律,因此现在没有法律了。人们丝毫不关心政治,政府不为工人阶级提供服务。

凯文2020的父亲,自然就是凯文1990本人,在日本人开的一家工厂当清洁工。凯文2020在一家专为有钱的欧洲人和亚洲人开的酒店里当行李工。公共教育到六年级为止。美国人早就不再要求自己的孩子接受良好的教育。

凯文1990最后梦见的是他自己的孙子。凯文2050没有有用的技能。日本制造的机器包揽了所有复杂的工作,没有什么体力活可做。没有受过教育,没有受过训练,他挣不到足够的钱养活自己。他住在贫民窟,没有暖气,没有卫生设备,无法不受四邻干扰,靠搜捡破烂度日。

总之,他的生活就像凯文·汉利1835在爱尔兰时一模一样。可是有一天,凯文·汉利2050与一位研究美国衰亡史的来访日本人类学家交上了朋友。那人跟凯文解释说,如果一个人没有钱,教育能提供积累金融资本所必需的人力资本。勤奋、教育、节俭、纪律能成就一切。“我们就是这样从一百多年前你们打败我们的战争废墟中站起来的。”

“美国在战争中打败日本?”凯文2050问道。他惊讶之极。这听起来就像说巴西在1990年打败美国一样不可思议。凯文2050发誓,如果他有孩子的话,他一定要让他们工作、上学、学习并约束自己。“能凭自己的脑力,而不是靠偷窃为生,”他说,“那将会是个奇迹。” 凯文1990醒了过来,身旁放着他的那本《各国的财富》他打开书,跳入眼帘的第一句话就是:“一个不能恰当运用人类智力的人极可能比懦夫更可鄙。” 凯文的父亲走了进来。“好了,儿子,”他说。“咱们去看耳机吧。” “抱歉了,爸爸,”凯文1990说。“我得看书学习了。”

AppendixⅡ

Chinese Translations of Text B(Units 1-8)参考译文 第一单元

成长

课文B 夏天打工时,作者常常替巴卢先生修剪草坪。惟一的问题是,巴卢先生似乎从来没钱支付工钱。然而,他实际上所给予的却远比工钱珍贵。

夏日阅读

迈克尔·多里斯

十四岁那年,我在暑假里替人修剪草坪挣些钱,不出几个星期,我就有了不少客户。客户们种植的花卉我得记住不能剪去,他们会将东西遗落在草地上或故意插在地里,通过这些我逐渐认识了他们。我对大多数客户了解至深,事先就能知道他们会抱怨些什么,哪些特别的要求不能掉以轻心。(1)而且,我从邻居偏爱的付款方式中了解到了一点他们的情况:有的按干的活儿给钱,有的按月支付——或者有的压根儿不付钱。

$2先生属于最后一类,而且他总有理由。有一天他兑不开一张五十元的钞票,又有一天他支票用完了,还有一天我上门时他干脆就溜出去了。撇开钱这档子事,他倒也还是个挺不错的老头,每次看见我,老远就挥手或脱帽致意。我猜他退休金不多,可能出过工伤,整不了自己的园子。没错,我全都记着帐,可我对这点钱并没太在意。(2)也就是剪剪草,何况$2先生住宅外面的那一点草坪修剪起来花不了多少时间。

到了一年中最热的七月中旬,一天傍晚前,我走过他家,他开了门,示意我进去。门厅里凉凉的,帘子遮去了阳光,过了一会儿我的眼睛才适应室内的暗淡光线。“我欠你工钱,”巴卢先生开口道,“不过……” 我想省得他费神找新的借口了,就说,“没事。别放在心上。”

“银行把我的账弄错了,”他没理我的碴儿,接着说。“一两天里就会改过来。在这当儿,我想你不妨挑——两本书作为我的首付款。”

他朝墙那边指了指,我这才发现到处都堆着书。就跟图书馆一样,只不过没有分门别类罢了。“别着急,”巴卢先生鼓动说。“读也好,借也好,留着也行。找你喜欢的。你平常都爱读什么书啊?”

“我不知道。”我的确不知道。我通常是弄到什么就读什么,从药房里买到的平装书,图书馆里借得到的书、杂志,到麦片包装盒背面的说明,还有连环漫画,什么都看。有意识地找出一本特别的书来读对我是件新鲜事,不过我觉得这主意挺不错——于是我开始在书堆中翻找起来。

“这么多书你都读过啊?”

“这不算多,”巴卢先生说。“这根本不算多,只不过是我自己的藏书,都是值得再读——遍的。”

“那就替我找一本吧。”

他眉一抬,头一侧,望着我,就像是在给我量体裁衣似的。过了片刻,他略—“点头,便在一堆书中搜寻,然后递给我一本暗红色封面的精装本,挺厚的。“《最后的正义》,”我念道。“安德烈·施瓦兹巴特著。是讲什么的?” “你来告诉我,”他说。“下个星期。”

晚饭后我坐在室外一张不舒服的餐椅里打开了书。(3)读了几页,院子就消息了,夏夜也消失了;我一下子就进入了二战期间纳粹对犹太人的大屠杀这一令人悲痛的惨剧中,进入了以一个正派人物为代表的善与恶之间非同寻常的冲突中。书译自法文,译文优美朴素,令人不忍释手。天色终于暗了下来,我回到室内,读了一个通宵。时至三—卜年后的今天,我仍清晰地记得当时的经历。那是我初次有心地接触世界文学,我被一部小说所能包含的集聚的力量深深震撼。但我缺乏足够的词汇表达我的情感,因此,第二个星期,当巴卢先生问我“怎么样”时,我只回答说:“书真好。” “那就留着吧,”他说。“要不要我再介绍一本?”

我点点头,拿到了一本平装本的玛格丽特·米德的《萨摩亚人的成年》。

长话短说,无论当年还是次年,巴卢先生分文未付我替他割草的工钱,但我在达特默思大学教了十五年的人类学。(4)盛夏阅读不是我原先认为的仅仅借以消磨时光的娱乐,不是躺在吊床上无忧无虑、打开书本就什么都忘掉的一种消遣(虽然自从那个夏天以来我曾多次以这种方式自娱自乐)。一本书,如果在恰当的时候,恰当的季节,在日常事务的间歇中出现在你的面前,就会改变你此后的人生道路。

第二单元

友谊

课文B 如果我不能挺住的话,我的朋友就会死在那里,老猎手比尔·麦金托什一次又一次地告诫自己。

决不抛弃朋友

吉姆·赫奇森

“下午去看足球赛吗?”比尔·麦金托什问59岁的罗伊斯·韦丁。他们两人正在澳大利亚的虹镇尤里卡饭店喝啤酒。罗伊斯摇摇头。“我答应我妈给我家的一块地烧荒。”

比尔瘦削而结实,79岁,但看上去远没有那么老。他望着外面的炎热空气。——阵轻风自北向南吹,这条件最适宜烧荒了。不过比尔对罗伊斯独自干这活不放心。这个农夫有条腿不好,行走很费劲。

两人曾一起从一个农场走到另一个农场寻些活儿干,迄今已是30年的好朋友了。如今比尔独自一人住在镇东12英里处,靠打狐狸和野兔勉强过活。他两个星期一次前来小镇购物,会会帮着经管自家的农场的罗伊斯。“我帮你一把,”比尔说。

两人坐着罗伊斯的车动身了。没多一会儿他们就颠簸在一条沙土路上,朝一块面积120公顷、杂草丛生的田地开去。“火是除去这玩意儿的惟一办法,”比尔说。他们用根50英尺长的链条把一个旧轮胎绑在牵引杆上。比尔在轮胎上浇透汽油,划根火柴一点,便跳进车里。两人从农田的南边缓缓开车逆风而行,所过之处留下一条燃着的草带。开到地当中,车猛地朝前——颠,没等察觉,就陷进了一个被草遮着的沙堆。

微风突然转向,朝两人身后吹来,而且越吹越强。火仗风势,烧得炽热,一条火带顿时就变成——道火墙,直扑两人而来。“咱们快离开这儿!”罗伊斯说道。他拼命想把车倒出沙堆。可车轮在软沙里越转陷得越深。

火顿时就扑到两人身上。比尔推开车门,却听得一声巨响,油箱爆炸了,车子飞离地面三英尺,他自己则被抛到空中。车子摔回地面后,罗伊斯发现自己被方向盘卡住,动弹不得。这时,车座和车顶也都烧着了。

4.第二版新视野大学英语读写教程第三册1-10课后答案 篇四

6-1 图(a)表示t =0 时的简谐波的波形图,波沿x轴正方向传播,图(b)为一质点的振动曲线.则图(a)中所表示的x=0 处振动的初相位与图(b)所表示的振动的初相位分别为()

题6-1 图

(A)均为零

(B)均为(D)π2π(C)均为π2

与π2(E)π2与

π2

分析与解 本题给了两个很相似的曲线图,但本质却完全不同.求解本题要弄清振动图和波形图不同的物理意义.图(a)描述的是连续介质中沿波线上许许多多质点振动在t时刻的位移状态.其中原点处质点位移为零,其运动方向由图中波形状态和波的传播方向可以知道是沿y轴负向,利用旋转矢量法可以方便的求出该质点振动的初相位为π/2.而图(b)是一个质点的振动曲线图,该质点在t=0 时位移为0,t>0 时,由曲线形状可知,质点向y 轴正向运动,故由旋转矢量法可判知初相位为-π/2,答案为(D).

6-2一横波以速度u沿x轴负方向传播,t时刻波形曲线如图(a)所示,则该时刻()(A)A点相位为π(B)B点静止不动(C)C点相位为3π2(D)D点向上运动

分析与解由波形曲线可知,波沿x轴负向传播,B、D处质点均向y轴负方向运动,且B处质点在运动速度最快的位置.因此答案(B)和(D)不对.A处质点位于正最大位移处,C处质点位于平衡位置且向y轴正方向运动,它们的旋转矢量图如图(b)所示.A、C点的相位分别为0和3π2.故答案为(C)

题 6-2 图

6-3 如图所示,两列波长为λ的相干波在点P相遇.波在点S1振动的初相是φ1,点S1到点P的距离是r1.波在点S2的初相是φ2,点S2到点P的距离是r2,以k代表零或正、负整数,则点P是干涉极大的条件为()

Ar2r1kπA212kπA212πr2r1/A212πr1r2/分振动相位差为Δ2kπ2kπ

分析与解 P是干涉极大的条件为两分振动的相位差Δ2kπ,而两列波传到P点时的两

212πr2r1/,故选项(D)正确.

题6-3图

6-4 在波长为的驻波中,两个相邻波腹之间的距离为()(A)43

4(B)

2

(C)(D)

分析与解 驻波方程为y2Acos2πxλcos2πvt,它不是真正的波.其中2Acos2πx是其波线上各点振动的振幅.显然,当xk2,k0,1,2,时,振幅极大,称为驻波的波腹.因此,相邻波腹间距离为

2.正确答案为(B).

6-5 一横波在沿绳子传播时的波动方程为y0.20cos2.5ππx,式中y的单位为m,t的单位为s.(1)求波的振幅、波速、频率及波长;(2)求绳上质点振动时的最大速度;(3)分别画出t=1s 和t=2 s时的波形,并指出波峰和波谷.画出x=1.0 m处质点的振动曲线并讨论其与波形图的不同.

分析(1)已知波动方程(又称波函数)求波动的特征量(波速u、频率、振幅A及波长λ等),通常采用比较法.将已知的波动方程按波动方程的一般形式xxyAcost0书写,然后通过比较确定各特征量(式中前“-”、“+”的选取分

uu别对应波沿x轴正向和负向传播).比较法思路清晰、求解简便,是一种常用的解题方法.(2)讨论波动问题,要理解振动物理量与波动物理量之间的内在联系与区别.例如区分质点的振动速度与波速的不同,振动速度是质点的运动速度,即v=dy/dt;而波速是波线上质点运动状态的传播速度(也称相位的传播速度、波形的传播速度或能量的传播速度),其大小由介质 的性质决定.介质不变,波速保持恒定.(3)将不同时刻的t值代入已知波动方程,便可以得到不同时刻的波形方程y=y(x),从而作出波形图.而将确定的x值代入波动方程,便可以得到该位置处质点的运动方程y=y(t),从而作出振动图. 解(1)将已知波动方程表示为

y0.20cos2.5πtx/2.5m

与一般表达式yAcostx/u0比较,可得

A0.20m,u2.5ms1,00

则vω/2π1.25Hz,λu/v2.0m

(2)绳上质点的振动速度

vdy/dt0.5πsin2.5πtx/2.5ms1则vmax1.57ms

1

(3)t =1s和t =2s时的波形方程分别为

y10.20cos2.5ππxmy20.20cos5ππxm

波形图如图(a)所示. x =1.0m处质点的运动方程为

y0.20cos2.5πtm

振动图线如图(b)所示.

波形图与振动图虽在图形上相似,但却有着本质的区别.前者表示某确定时刻波线上所有质点的位移情况,而后者则表示某确定位置的一个质点,其位移随时间变化的情况.

题6-5图

6-6 波源作简谐运动,其运动方程为y4.0103cos240πtm,它所形成的波形以30m·s-1的速度沿一直线传播.(1)求波的周期及波长;(2)写出波动方程.

分析 已知波源运动方程求波动物理量及波动方程,可先将运动方程与其一般形式yAcost进行比较,求出振幅A、角频率ω及初相φ0,而这三个物理量与波动方程的一般形式yAcostx/u0中相应的三个物理量是相同的.再利用题中已知的波速u及公式ω=2πν=2π/T和λ=uT即可求解.

解(1)由已知的运动方程可知,质点振动的角频率ω240πs1.根据分析中所述,波的周期就是振动的周期,故有

T2π/ω8.33103s

波长为 λ=uT=0.25 m

(2)将已知的波源运动方程与简谐运动方程的一般形式比较后可得A=4.0 ×10-3m,ω240πs,φ0=0故以波源为原点,沿x轴正向传播的波的波动方程为

yAcosωtx/u4.010301m-

1cos240πt8πx

6-7 波源作简谐运动,周期为0.02s,若该振动以100m·s的速度沿直线传播,设t=0时,波源处的质点经平衡位置向正方向运动,求:(1)距波源15.0m和5.0 m两处质点的运动方程和初相;(2)距波源为16.0 m和17.0m的两质点间的相位差.

分析(1)根据题意先设法写出波动方程,然后代入确定点处的坐标,即得到质点的运动方程.并可求得振动的初相.(2)波的传播也可以看成是相位的传播.由波长λ的物理含意,可知波线上任两点间的相位差为Δφ=2πΔx/λ. 解(1)由题给条件T0.02s,u100ms1,可得

λuT2m

ω2π/T100πms;1当t=0 时,波源质点经平衡位置向正方向运动,因而由旋转矢量法可得该质点的初相为φ0=-π/2(或3π/2).若以波源为坐标原点,则波动方程为

yAcos100πtx/100π/2

距波源为x1=15.0 m和x2=5.0 m处质点的运动方程分别为

y1Acos100πt15.5πy2Acos100πt5.5π

它们的初相分别为φ10=-15.5π和φ20=-5.5π(若波源初相取φ0=3π/2,则初相φ10=-13.5π,φ20=-3.5π.)

(2)距波源16.0m和17.0 m两点间的相位差

Δ212πx2x1/π

6-8 图示为平面简谐波在t=0 时的波形图,设此简谐波的频率为250Hz,且此时图中质点P的运动方向向上.求:(1)该波的波动方程;(2)在距原点O为7.5 m处质点的运动方程与t=0 时该点的振动速度.

分析(1)从波形曲线图获取波的特征量,从而写出波动方程是建立波动方程的又一途径.具体步骤为:1.从波形图得出波长λ、振幅A和波速u=λ;2.根据点P的运动趋势来判断波的传播方向,从而可确定原点处质点的运动趋向,并利用旋转矢量法确定其初相φ0.(2)在波动方程确定后,即可得到波线上距原点O为x处的运动方程y=y(t),及该质点的振动速度=dy/dt.

解(1)从图中得知,波的振幅A=0.10 m,波长λ=20.0m,则波速u=λ=5.0 ×103m·s-1.根据t =0 时点P向上运动,可知波沿Ox轴负向传播,并判定此时位于原点处的质点将沿Oy 轴负方向运动.利用旋转矢量法可得其初相φ0=π/3.故波动方程为

yAcostx/u00.10cos500πtx/5000(2)距原点O为x=7.5m处质点的运动方程为

y0.10cos500πt13π/12π/3mm

t =0 时该点的振动速度为

vdy/dtt050πsin13π/1240.6ms

题6-8图

6-9 一平面简谐波以速度u0.08ms1沿Ox轴正向传播,图示为其在t =0 时刻的波形图,求(1)该波的波动方程;(2)P处质点的运动方程.

题6-9图

分析(1)根据波形图可得到波的波长λ、振幅A和波速u,因此只要求初相φ,即可写出波动方程.而由图可知t =0 时,x =0 处质点在平衡位置处,且由波的传播方向可以判断出该质点向y轴正向运动,利用旋转矢量法可知φ=-π/2.(2)波动方程确定后,将P处质点的坐标x代入波动方程即可求出其运动方程yP=yP(t).

解(1)由图可知振幅A=0.04 m,波长λ=0.40 m,波速u=0.08m·s,则ω=2π/T=2πu/λ=(2π/5)s-1,根据分析已知φ=-π/2,因此波动方程为

1xπ2πy0.04cost50.082(2)距原点O为x=0.20m处的P点运动方程为

m

y0.04cos2ππ52m

*6-10 一平面简谐波,波长为12 m,沿Ox轴负向传播.图(a)所示为x=1.0 m处质点的振动曲线,求此波的波动方程.

题6-10图

分析 该题可利用振动曲线来获取波动的特征量,从而建立波动方程.求解的关键是如何根据图(a)写出它所对应的运动方程.较简便的方法是旋转矢量法.

解 由图(a)可知质点振动的振幅A=0.40 m,t=0 时位于x=1.0 m处的质点在A/2 处

π/3.又由图并向Oy轴正向移动.据此作出相应的旋转矢量图(b),从图中可知0(a)可知,t=5 s 时,质点第一次回到平衡位置,由图(b)可看出ωt=5π/6,因而得角频率ω=(π/6)rad.s-1.由上述特征量可写出x=1.0 m处质点的运动方程为

ππy0.04cost36m

将波速uλ/Tωλ/2π1.0ms1及x=1.0 m代入波动方程的一般形式yAcostx/u0中,并与上述x =1.0 m处的运动方程作比较,可得φ0=-π/2,则波动方程为

y0.04cosππtx/1062m ,式中y和x的单位为m,t的6-11平面简谐波的波动方程为y0.08cos4πt2πx单位为s,求:(1)t=2.1 s 时波源及距波源0.10m两处的相位;(2)离波源0.80 m及0.30 m两处的相位差.

解(1)将t=2.1 s和x=0 代入题给波动方程,可得波源处的相位

18.4π

将t=2.1 s 和x′=0.10 m代入题给波动方程,得0.10 m处的相位为

28.2π

(2)从波动方程可知波长λ=1.0 m.这样,x1=0.80 m与x2=0.30 m两点间的相位差

Δ2πΔxπ 6-12 为了保持波源的振动不变,需要消耗4.0 W 的功率.若波源发出的是球面波(设介质不吸收波的能量).求距离波源5.0 m和10.0 m处的能流密度.

分析 波的传播伴随着能量的传播.由于波源在单位时间内提供的能量恒定,且介质不吸收能量,故对于球面波而言,单位时间内通过任意半径的球面的能量(即平均能流)相同,都等于波源消耗的功率P.而在同一个球面上各处的能流密度相同,因此,可求出不同位置的能流密度I=P/S.

解 由分析可知,半径r处的能流密度为

IP/4πr

2当r1=5.0 m、r2=10.0m时,分别有

I1P/4πr11.2710I2P/4πr21.2710222Wm2

2Wm26-13 两相干波波源位于同一介质中的A、B两点,如图(a)所示.其振幅相等、频率皆为100 Hz,B比A的相位超前π.若A、B相距30.0m,波速为u=400 m·s,试求AB连线上因干涉而静止的各点的位置.

1题6-13图

分析 两列相干波相遇时的相位差Δ212πΔr.因此,两列振幅相同的相干波因干涉而静止的点的位置,可根据相消条件Δ2k1π获得.

解 以A、B两点的中点O为原点,取坐标如图(b)所示.两波的波长均为λ=u/=4.0 m.在A、B连线上可分三个部分进行讨论. 1.位于点A左侧部分

ΔBA2πrBrA14π

因该范围内两列波相位差恒为2π的整数倍,故干涉后质点振动处处加强,没有静止的点. 2.位于点B右侧部分

ΔBA2πrBrA16π

显然该范围内质点振动也都是加强,无干涉静止的点.

3.在A、B两点的连线间,设任意一点P距原点为x.因rB15x,rA15x,则两列波在点P的相位差为

ΔBA2πrBrA/x1π

根据分析中所述,干涉静止的点应满足方程

xx1π52k1π

得x2kmk0,1,2,...

因x≤15 m,故k7.即在A、B之间的连线上共有15 个静止点.

6-14图(a)是干涉型消声器结构的原理图,利用这一结构可以消除噪声.当发动机排气噪声声波经管道到达点A时,分成两路而在点B相遇,声波因干涉而相消.如果要消除频率为300 Hz 的发动机排气噪声,则图中弯管与直管的长度差Δr=r2-r1至少应为多少?(设声波速度为340 m·s)-

1题6-14图

分析 一列声波被分成两束后再相遇,将形成波的干涉现象.由干涉相消条件,可确定所需的波程差,即两管的长度差Δr.

解 由分析可知,声波从点A分开到点B相遇,两列波的波程差Δr=r2-r1,故它们的相位差为

Δ2πr2r1/2πΔr/

由相消静止条件Δφ=(2k+1)π,(k=0,±1,±2,…)得

Δr=(2k+1)λ/2 根据题中要求令k =0 得Δr至少应为

r/2u/2v0.57m 讨论 在实际应用中,由于噪声是由多种频率的声波混合而成,因而常将具有不同Δr的消声单元串接起来以增加消除噪声的能力.图(b)为安装在摩托车排气系统中的干涉消声器的结构原理图.

*6-15 如图所示,x=0 处有一运动方程为yAcost的平面波波源,产生的波沿x轴正、负方向传播.MN为波密介质的反射面,距波源3λ/4.求:(1)波源所发射的波沿波源O左右传播的波动方程;(2)在MN处反射波的波动方程;(3)在O~MN区域内形成的驻波方程,以及波节和波腹的位置;(4)x>0区域内合成波的波动方程.

题6-15图

分析 知道波源O点的运动方程yAcost,可以写出波沿x 轴负向和正向传播的方程分别为y1Acostx/u和y2Acostx/u.因此可以写出y1在MN反射面上P点的运动方程.设反射波为y3,它和y1应是同振动方向、同振幅、同频率的波,但是由于半波损失,它在P点引起的振动和y1在P点引起的振动反相.利用y1在P点的运动方程可求y3在P点的运动方程,从而写出反射波y3.在O~MN区域由y1和Y3两列同频率、同振动方向、同振幅沿相反方向传播的波合成形成驻波.在x>0区域是同传播方向的y2和y3合成新的行波.

解(1)由分析已知:沿左方向和右方向传播的波动方程分别为

y1Acostx/u和y2Acostx/u

(2)y1在反射面MN处引起质点P振动的运动方程

2π2πy1AcostTp3π32πAcost

24T因半波损失反射波y3在此处引起的振动为

3π2π2πy3AcostππAcost

22TTp设反射波的波动方程为y3Acos2πt/T2πx/,则反射波在x=-3λ/4处引起的振动为

32πy3Acostπ

2Tp与上式比较得2π,故反射波的波动方程为

222π2πy3Acostπx2πAcostπx

λλTT(3)在O~MN区域由y1和y3合成的驻波y4为

222π2π2π2πy4t,xy1y3AcostπxAcostπx2Acosxcost

λλTTλT波节的位置:2πx/λkππ/2,处为波节.

波腹的位置:2πx/λkπ,xkλ/2λ/4,取k=-1,-2,即x=-λ/4,-3λ/4

xkλ/2,取k=0,-1,即x=0,-λ/2 处为波腹.

(4)在x>0 区域,由y2和y3合成的波y5为

222π2π2π2πy5t,xy2y3AcostπxAcostπx2Acostx

λλλTTT这表明:x>0 区域内的合成波是振幅为2A的平面简谐波.

6-16 如图(a)所示,将一块石英晶体相对的两面镀银作电极,它就成为压电晶体,两极间加上频率为的交变电压,晶片就沿竖直方向作频率为的驻波振动,晶体的上下两面是自由的,故而成为波腹.设晶片d=2.00 mm,沿竖直方向的声速u6.7410ms试问要激起石英片发生基频振动,外加电压的频率应是多少?

分析根据限定区域内驻波形成条件(如图(b)所示),当晶体的上下两面是自由的而成为波腹时,其厚度与波长有关系式d31,k2k成立,k为正整数.可见取不同的k值,得到不同的k,晶体内就出现不同频率k的波.对应k=1称为基频,k=2,3,4,…称为各次谐频.解根据分析基频振动要求d,于是要求频率

2uu2d1.685106Hz

题 6-16 图 6-17 一平面简谐波的频率为500 Hz,在空气(ρ=1.3 kg·m-3)中以u=340 m·s-1的速度传播,到达人耳时,振幅约为A=1.0 ×10-6 m.试求波在耳中的平均能量密度和声强. 解 波在耳中的平均能量密度

12A2πAv622222

6.4210声强就是声波的能流密度,即

Jm2Iu2.18103Wm2

这个声强略大于繁忙街道上的噪声,使人耳已感到不适应.一般正常谈话的声强约1.0×10W·m左右.

6-18 面积为1.0 m2的窗户开向街道,街中噪声在窗口的声强级为80dB.问有多少“声功率”传入窗内?

分析 首先要理解声强、声强级、声功率的物理意义,并了解它们之间的相互关系.声强是声波的能流密度I,而声强级L是描述介质中不同声波强弱的物理量.它们之间的关系为L=lg(I /I0),其中I0=1.0 ×10-12 W·m-2为规定声强.L的单位是贝尔(B),但常用的单位是分贝(dB),且1 B =10 dB.声功率是单位时间内声波通过某面积传递的能量,由于窗户上各处的I相同,故有P=IS.

解 根据分析,由L=lg(I/I0)可得声强为

I=10I0

则传入窗户的声功率为

W P=IS=10I0S=1.0 ×6-19 一警车以25 m·s-1的速度在静止的空气中行驶,假设车上警笛的频率为v=800 Hz.求:(1)静止站在路边的人听到警车驶近和离去时的警笛声波频率;(2)如果警车追赶一辆速度为15m·s-1的客车,则客车上人听到的警笛声波的频率是多少?(设空气中的声速u=330m·s-1)

分析 由于声源与观察者之间的相对运动而产生声多普勒效应,由多普勒频率公式可解得结果.在处理这类问题时,不仅要分清观察者相对介质(空气)是静止还是运动,同时也要分清声源的运动状态.

解(1)根据多普勒频率公式,当声源(警车)以速度s=25 m·s-1运动时,静止于路边的观察者所接收到的频率为

LL-6-2

vvuus

警车驶近观察者时,式中s前取“-”号,故有

v1vuus865.6Hz

警车驶离观察者时,式中s前取“+”号,故有

vv2uus743.7Hz

(2)客车的速度为0=15m·s-1,声源(警车)与客车上的观察者作同向运动时,观察者收到的频率为

vv3u0us826.2Hz

6-20

蝙蝠在洞穴中飞来飞去,能非常有效地用超声波脉冲导航.假如蝙蝠发出的超声波频率为39 kHz,当它以声速的1的速度朝着表面平直的岩壁飞去时,试求它听到的从岩壁反

40射回来的超声波频率为多少?

分析由题意可知,蝙蝠既是波的发出者,又是波的接收者.设超声波的传播速度为u.首先,蝙蝠是声源,发出信号频率为v,运动速度为su40,岩壁是接收者,利用多普勒频率公式,即可求得岩壁接收到的信号频率v.经岩壁反射后频率不变,即岩壁发射信号频率为v,这时蝙蝠是波的接收者,其运动速度为0接收到的信号频率v.解将蝙蝠看成波源,则由分析可知,岩壁接收到的信号频率为v壁反射信号时,又将它看成接收者.则蝙蝠接收到的信号频率为

u40,再次利用多普勒频率公式,可求得蝙蝠

uvus,在蝙蝠接收岩

v

u0uvu0usv10/u1s/uv

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