说服性演讲

2024-09-08

说服性演讲(精选8篇)

1.说服性演讲 篇一

演讲论题: 同性恋婚姻

homosexual marriage should be banned according to the international investigation, by 2004, the proportion of gay is around two to five percent of the whole population.and this ratio has been on the rise ever since, especially in the last few years.we know, many countries, such as the us, china, russia, india and so on, are now confronted with the problem of aging population caused by low birth rates.once it’s allowed to get married with someone of the same sex, they don’t have their own kids, and then the birth rates may even be lower.and what’s more, once homosexual marriage is legalized, many potential gays will join the rank without scruple.then the situation will be more serious than now.if this is the case, a series of social problems may be created following the aging-population problem, such as heaver social burdens, greater demand for expenditure for social security and so forth„.life will be more difficult for our son.some may say there are ways to solve the problem of children.by adopting, going to a sperm bank or borrowing uterine, or doing whatever can be done with science and technology.but not to mention moral problems or traditional conceptions, the technology is far from mature.and it increases the risk of variation.even if they have a healthy baby ultimately, will the kids turn out to be well? will the kids accept the fact that both his parents are men or women? will they feel it abnormal to grow up in a strange family and be able to endure the pressure of public opinion? or will they turn out to be homosexuals, either, because their growing environment tells them it is normal.the truth is it is not decent, not right, not normal.the present homosexual population is already plagued by the sick disease;how can we risk our next generation? some may also say true love should not be repressed.everyone is entitled to true love regardless of gender.true love is not guilty: this may be the reason why some people are in favor of homosexual marriage.but are you sure you really know this kind of love? the american sexologist junky said that many homosexuals resulted from the mental distortion.homosexuality,more often than not, is a result of psychological problems, which may have stemmed from the unfortunate experience in childhood, having been hurt in a heterosexual love, wrongly pursuing the sexual pleasure or some other psychological problems.legalization of homosexual marriage will mean our tolerant attitude to a mental disease like depression.we will be leaving this sickness to luck.then it is inhumanity and brutality.could we just stand by and watch it die its own course? of course not.for all of these reasons, how could we ignore the mental illness of homosexuals to legalize homosexual marriages? how could we disregard the happiness and health of our next generation to legalize homosexual marriages? how could we leave the development of our society to legalize homosexual marriages? as long as we have sense of responsibility, the answer should be definitely not.篇二:persuade speech 劝说性英语演讲范文 stop the rumor with wisdom dear classmates, i believe most of us have heared about at least 3 internet rumors.such as: the world would end in 2012, the iodine in salt can protect people from nuclear radiation.in fact, we may have seen more rumors than we thought, that is because on the one hand, with the help of internet, rumors are increasing sincemaking and spreading them is getting more and more convenient.on the other hand, some of them were disguised withauthority or science or even friendly reminder, which make it more difficult to see through.firstly, we should never be the source of rumors.i know most of us won’t make rumors on purpose, but we can’t ensure what we said won’t be used by other individuals intentionally, or our original meaningswon’t be misinterpreted.although the internet is open and free, that doesn’t mean we can say whatever we want without a second thought.secondly, we shouldn’t help the spread of internet rumors.because the wilder the rumor spreaded, the more damage it will cause.we all know thatthree people spreading reports of a tiger make you believe there is one around.thanks to the internet, now we can spread the rumor with only one share button.even though we didn’t take the rumor for real when we push the button, it is possible for others to believe these rumors because they trust us.in the worst situation, our reputation may be destoried by this reckless behavior.last but not least, we should try our best to terminate the rumor.and that depends on our wisdom.in most cases, the rumors always pretend to be the truth,(有图有真相)for that most of us would rather believe than not.but in fact, that doesn’t benefit anyone.the right way is keepingsuspicious about what we seeand hear, especially ofthose shocking or illogical.and using our professnial knowledge to make the right choice.as the old saying goes, the wise men ended rumours.i believe as graduate students, we have enough wisdom to be the terminators of rumor.so, let’s stop the rumor with wisdom.篇三:说服型演讲稿 116721019 劝服型演讲 谢婧妤 沟通大纲 中国民歌是中国人民唱歌走调的重要因素

一、听众是:同龄人

二、成果:让大家相信中国民歌是中国人民唱歌走调的重要因素

1、结束后,听众了解/认同??:

由于从小就学习高难度的中国民歌才导致了中国人民唱歌走调

2、为实现这一结果,听众需知: 1)唱歌的音准是与一个人找音距的能力有关的,音距就是一个音到另一个音的距离; 2)从小学开始我们的音乐课本就充斥着各种高难度的中国民歌,而中国民歌的音域跨度都比较大,让还处于学习阶段的我们难以找到准确的音距,导致了后来的音准问题; 3)外国的民歌大部分为比较简单的音调,难度较小,容易找到音距,比如像在国内很红的《送别》的曲子也是从国外传进来的,简单易学朗朗上口。

3、听众感受到:

1)学习中国民歌对于普通人来说是感到困难的; 2)不要因为自己唱歌走调而感到自责,难过。

三、关联性:

1、音乐是每个人都离不开的,大部分的人都喜欢唱歌;

2、很多人不知道自己唱歌为什么会走调;

四、要点明确:

通过对比中国民歌与外国民歌,得出中国民歌是导致中国人民唱歌走调的重要因素。

中国民歌是中国人民唱歌走调的重要因素

其实大家有没有想过自己唱歌为什么会走调呢?有的人说唱歌走调可能是一种病,还有的人说唱歌走调其实跟你的听力有关,但是你有没有想过为什么大中国13亿人民而能把歌唱好的只有那么一点点人,而人家国外人口虽然少但是歌手也不见得少啊,为什么中国人民唱歌比较容易走调呢?这就是我要告诉大家的了,那就让我们一起追溯到我们的小学时代吧。

在说到小学音乐课之前,让我先来给大家普及一下什么是唱歌走调。唱歌走调说白了就是你的音准不好,而唱歌的音准是与一个人找音距的能力有关的,音距就是一个音到另一个音的距离,比如1234567这几个音之间都是有距离的,像我们用简谱的话是看不出来的,在五线谱上就可以比较明显的看到每一个音符的音距,比如1到2的距离是这样,而你只能唱到那样,那就是跑调了,你把2给弄丢了,找不到它了。

好的,现在我们可以从脑海深处把小学音乐课本找出来,翻开它,你就会发现我们的音乐课本里就充斥这各种类似于《歌唱祖国》《走向新时代》《春天的故事》《茉莉花》等等这样高难度的中国民歌,就算是号称是儿童歌曲的《让我们荡起双桨》也都是具有一定难度的,(举例唱一段)想想当年的音乐课上,是不是几乎每个人都唱的面红耳赤,一副马上就要断气晕过去的模样。因为这些中国民歌的音域跨度都比较大,让还处于学习阶段的我们难以找到准确的音准,再者,我们的音乐课本上都是采用简谱教学,不像五线谱,每一个音都分布在不同的位置,这也是有助于我们去找音距的,而都是数字的简谱,就很难让人产生音距的想象,难以找到准确的音距,所以才导致了后来的音准问题。

感受过我们大中国的小学音乐课本,我们再来看一下人家外国小朋友都是在唱一些什么歌。当我们在唱《走向新时代》的时候,人家唱的是“一闪一闪亮晶晶,漫天都是小星星”,仔细看一下人家音调“11 55 66 5 44 33 22 1”跨度比较小,也在小朋友可以掌控的音域范围内,不用憋的半死才唱到那个音。《送别》这首歌大家应该都听过吧,“长亭外古道边芳草碧连天”,其实呢,这首歌的曲子也是从外国传进来的,然后用中文填词,这首歌的音调也是比较简单易学,朗朗上口,听一两遍就能记住了,唱起来比较不那么吃力,基本都是普通人能到达的音域范围内。这时候就不得不提起,红遍我们大江南北的中国民歌《茉莉花》了,虽然曲调也算得上是朗朗上口,但是它的跨度也是很大的,“好一朵美丽的茉莉花,好一朵美丽的茉莉花”,九曲十八弯的音调,唱着唱着就要跑偏了,也是普通民众驾驭不了的大歌。想一想,我们从小就开始学习超过我们音域范围的中国民歌,各种高音各种唱不上去,整天

扯着嗓子吼,有的时候我们唱不到某个高音的时候,我们脑子就会下意识的降低音调来唱,久而久之,这样不准的音准就深深的留在了我们的脑海里,我们可能还会觉得自己好厉害,什么音高都上的去,殊不知,早就跑调到不知何处了。

所以,想要唱歌不走调,除了先天的条件以外,小时候的音乐教育也是相当重要的。作为小学音乐课本其实应该多一些童真童趣的音乐,一些简单的音符,音调,并不需要那么多高难度跟高技术的东西,简单的唱好一首在自己控制范围内的歌其实更能让人开心。

现在,我们也这么大了,唱歌走调一时半会儿也是治不了了,但是这也不是我们的错,只能说从小就学这么高难度的中国民歌又有几个人是真的能唱好的呢?我们还是可以继续当我们的浴室歌王,歌后,ktv麦霸,唱歌嘛,最重要的就是开心。篇四:介绍性英语演讲稿 morning everyone, ifeel excited to have the chance to give you a short speach here.let’s see a phenomenon,we can’t live for a minite without it,cellphone.just as a fish can’t live without water.but why is cell phone so attractive? iguess that it is software applications that makes it.nwhether you acknowledge or not,smart phone has changed our lives in the past ten years.sincerely speaking,softwaer applications make our lives more and more colorful.they cover almost every aspects of our lives,such as clothing,eating,travelling,payingand entertaining.these kinds of software applications makes us approach to everything.we can order take out even in dormotory.they give us a moving map when we are travelling.what’s more.,they provide us with quantities of games,which occupys almost all our free time.it’s a tendency that everything is to develop into mobile one,which truly makes room for software applications.people rae accustomed to paying on phone.and other people have the desire to do everything by their smart phone.since the software applications are used so frequently,safty and pravicy truly catch our attention.so what’s the tendency of requirement of market today?or what’s the development of software applications in the future? maybe the inventors are supposed to focus on the tendency of the development of the world,pay attention to the requirement of users.what’s more,what’s the most important is safty.only follow the tendency can they develop well.that’s all my speech.thank you for listening.1篇五:说服型演讲稿

话题:我在2012-2013学在思想工作学习等方面的表现 演讲类型:说服型

具体目标:竞选学院“领袖人物”

标题: 领袖人物,非我莫属!

尊敬的老师、亲爱的同学们:

大家晚上好!我是来自12级xxxxxx系xxxxxx班的xxx。在这里,我竞选的是领袖人物!我的竞选宣言是:领袖人物,非我莫属!

我性格开朗、积极阳光、待人热情、热爱生活、踏实诚恳。积极投身学生工作,担任学校主要学生干部,具有突出的领导能力与扎实的群众基础;刻苦学习、德才兼备,爱好广泛,学习能力突出、成绩名列专业前茅。关心时政,心系社会,政治思想较硬,实践经验也较丰富,是一名有理想、有抱负的、有为青年,在同学们心中有较高的威信和影响力,无论在班级还是组织能引领积极向上的文化氛围。

下面,请允许我进行在2012-2013学的总结。本人在思想方面:积极向党组织靠拢,群众基础好,通过努力获得获得组织认可,成为一名中共党员;

在工作方面:担任系学生会秘书。在任期间,积极主动、认真负责,全心全意服务于同学。本人交际能力强,富有魅力。与主席团和各部门成员关系极好!曾参加与广东科贸职业学院生物系学生会联谊活动,很好地展示了我系学生会的良好形象;大胆提出我系

模拟招聘大赛的主题“勇往职前·模拟招聘”,得到了老师和同学们的一致好评;曾当“模拟招聘大赛”主持人、“系十大歌手”礼仪先生。并任蓝天助学创业社人力资源部部长,能对部下做到宽严公道,赏罚分明。积极参加社会实践活动。例如,2013年1月参加 “穗港澳台青年创业比较研究”成果发布会。在其中,吸取了许多青年创业经验。想方设法为勤工助学学生减少任务、谋福利,如组织成员清除牛皮癣活动等。和社员们一起举办了院首届勤工助学总结表彰大会、院首届大学生职业规划大赛、大学生礼仪风采大赛等,并获“院优秀工作者”称号; 学习方面:始终将学习放在首位,续读专升本,任专升本班班长,曾被评为专升本“优秀学生干部”、“三好学生”等;专业成绩、综合测评均名列前茅;

社会实践方面:积极参加社会实践活动,例如成为院篮球赛裁判员,积极参与学院种树、捐款活动等;本人执行能力、判断能力强、办事公平公正,曾被评为“院最佳裁判员”;

生活方面:我始终保持着乐观、健康的生活态度,热爱运动,曾获“院篮球赛季军” 等。现任蓝天助学创业社社长。在社员面前拥有威严和亲和力,既可以领导下属又可以和下属保持友好关系。了解自己每位社员的长处和短处,合理的分配工作给他们,扬长避短提高社员的工作效率。总而言之,本人具有领袖人物的亲和力、统治力、洞察力、沟通能力、执行能力、组织能力等特征,故申请成为学院“领袖人物”。

2.说服性演讲 篇二

关键词:修辞理论,说服,文本分析,布道,基督教

1 Introduction

It is found that religion has been influenced by the internet.Churches build up their websites, through which the beliefs are widely broadcast.Lightsource.com is a website which shares many Christian videos, including live broadcasts of the church services, featured video podcasts, and Bible study tools.Bishop Horace E.Smith, M.D.’s video Eternal Intercessor is a video broadcast of preaching.The purposes of the video includes persuading audiences to believe the importance of God in their lives, to make a donation to the church and to buy the products such as Christian books and videos.This video is special in two aspects.For one thing, it is a new form of broadcasting religious beliefs.Traditionally, people go to church every Sunday.However, nowadays internet provides a platform for the religious groups to make greater influences on their disciples and other audience.Preaching videos on the website provide more opportunities for them to engage in the Christian community and develop their knowledge of the Bible (Baab:2007) .For another, this video is more than a preaching video.Both in the middle and at the end of the video, the Bishop calls for donation and advertisements of the Christian books and videos are shown.Additionally, on the web page around the video, there are similar advertisements and links to make a donation.Therefore, through this video, both the power of preaching and the power of marketing strategies can be experienced by the audience.In this essay, this religious speech video will be analyzed with rhetoric theories.First, rhetorical devices applied in the speech will be figured out.Second, the preaching text will be analyzed with Aristotle’s notions of persuasion.

2 Analyzing the rhetorical devices in the preaching

Just as Plato said“rhetoric is speech to please the gods”, rhetorical devices such as rhyme, anaphora, alliteration and rhetorical questions are the most salient feature of this sermon.

After watching the video, some words impressed me a lot, such as“Faith works all the time”, “If you don’t inspire us, our words are vain words, if you don’t touch our hearts, our hearings are in vain.If you don’t breakup the heartless of our spirit, we will never receive what we need to live.”, “You need God all the time”, “You gotta build God an altar”.Then, I found these words are those the Bishop repeated many times.The rhetorical device used here is anaphora or parallelism, which means the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.By doing so, the speakers or writers can attract people’s attention effectively (Hamilton:2012) .For example, at the beginning of the praying, the priest said“If you don’t inspire us, our words are vain words, if you don’t touch our hearts, our hearings are in vain.If you don’t breakup the heartless of our spirit, we will never receive what we need to live.”These words express the importance of god in their lives and show their loyalty.By using the same sentence structure, the Bishop strengthens the tone of the sentence increasingly.In this way, audience’s attention can be drawn at the beginning of the preaching.

Except anaphora, rhyme can be figured out in the speech.Rhyme means using the“correspondence of sounds between words or the endings of words”to make the text more poetic and more impressive.In this sentence, “What a blessing to know him is Lord had challenge him to altar which come together so wonderfully when the holy spirit saying to those who have ear to hear and heart to receive to build god an altar is a privilege.”Words altar and together share the sound/ә/at the end of the words, wonderfully and holy rhyme at/li/, while ear and hear both have the vowel/iә/.This poetic language sounds like a beautiful music, which makes the religious idea more acceptable to the audience.It softens the didactic purpose of the speech, while enhances the emotional power of the language.

The sentence“We are going to do that in god’s time with good leadership.”sounds beautiful because going, god, and good all have the same consonant/g/at the beginning of the words (Hamilton:2012) .This is the application of alliteration.The repetition of the consonant/g/in this sentence emphasized“be going to do”, God, and good leadership.Thus, the commitment sounds more reliable and the words appeal audience’s loyalty to God.

Additionally, epanalepsis is applied frequently in the speech.It means repetition after intervening words.For instance, “God does not dwell everywhere, but he will dwell somewhere.Both rhyme and epanalepsis appeared in this sentence.Dwell is repeated in the two phrases and it became the center of the sentence.In the sentences before, the Bishop mentioned an altar is what God wants.Therefore, in this sentence dwell stresses the God’s intention and transfers the Father’s purposes to the audiences.

Last but not least, in this preaching, questions such as“Can you imagine that Lord standing outside of my heart and just knocking to get in?”and“Hath this been in your days or even in the days of your fathers?”have been asked by the Bishop, but not required to be answered.This type of questions is rhetorical question, which is actually the speaker’s statements, while it has much stronger emotional effects.The first question describes the picture of God knocking at the door of a person’s heart.It seems their hearts are knocked, when audiences listen to this question.Thus, their feeling can easily be touched by this question, and God will get into their hearts.

3 Analyzing the preaching with Aristotle’s Notion of Persuasion

According to Aristotle (1932/1960) , there are three primary means of persuasion:ethos, logos and pathos.Ethos is the use of persuader’s credibility and expertise to appeal to the audience.Logos depends on the evidence and logic of the message.Pathos is largely due to the emotions of the audience (Biber et al:2007) .This religious speech is a very good example of application of all three strategies.

3.1 Analyzing the preaching with ethos

In this video, the authority of the Bishop Horace E.Smith, M.D.is applied as source credibility or ethos, which can influence the audience’s attitude.It is reported that high-credibility source created greater attitude change than low-credibility source (Hovland&Weiss:1951) .People may show more trust in God because of the credibility of the Bishop.Therefore, in the video both verbal and visual methods are used to shape the positive image of Bishop Smith.

As is shown in the video, the Bishop’s name is repeated many times in the video before the preaching.We can hear that“The power to touch and transform life, faith work ministries with Bishop Horace E.Smith, M.D.Today’s message by Bishop Horace E.Smith”.It seems to tell the audience that Bishop Horace E.Smith has the power to touch and transform life, which builds up the credibility at the beginning of the speech.In the middle of the video, there is a short section in which the Bishop Smith calls for the audience to make a donation for the Christian development project.The Bishop emphasized his authority by mentioning his name and representing the church to call for the audience’s action.At the end of the video, an advertisement of Bishop Smith’s book is shown, which shapes the image of a knowledgeable priest.It effectively enhances the reputation of the Bishop.

Moreover, every time the Bishop’s name is read, his picture is also shown on screen.In these pictures, the Bishop wears priest frock, smiling, with his arms folded in front of his chest.This kind of image carries the connotation of prestige and friendly.However, when he calls for people’s donation, the Bishop wears a suit with shirt inside and sits in the sofa with an open and relaxing posture.His suit reveals the seriousness of the topic, while his smile and open posture narrow the distance between him and the audience.

Additionally, the Bishop’s name appears three times in the video, at the beginning, at the end and in the middle of the video.The repetition of the source credibility is to weaken the sleeper effect which means the effect of high-credibility message on audience’s attitude change may decrease over time.Therefore, persuaders often repeat the message in the texts.Although the effects can just last for a short time, the repeated message representations can produce a relatively long-lasting attitude change (Stiff&Mongeau:2003) .

3.2 Analyzing the preaching with pathos

The Bishop delivers the sermon passionately.Pathos is used frequently and skillfully in his preaching to echo with the audience’s emotion in cognitive, affective, physiological and behavioral levels.As we can see, the audiences listen to the preaching attentively.Sometimes they smile.Sometimes they nod their heads.Some of them even burst into tears.To make the audience engage deeply in the preaching, the Bishop use fear appeals and guilt appeals in his sermon.For example,

“Jesus, he is able also to save them to the uttermost, he will save you completely, he will save you overwhelmingly.”

“We’ve earned something, but in fact, we are more deeply in sin before.”

Obviously, the guilt appeals are applied in these two sentences.When a person feels that his or hers behavior is wrong, the feeling of guilt arises.The guilt appeal not only points out the audience’s mistake but also provide a solution to make up their wrong behaviors.The audience is told they are in sin;they need God to save them to the uttermost.Before God save them, they need to bring what God wants, which is to build an altar for God.In this way, the importance of God has been emphasized.

In addition, fear appeals can be found at the end of the sermon.A story is told by the Bishop,

Oh, wait a minute, you might go in...and it was nothing get in the braise altar, who fall down there is the Denisly, so they tag a roll on the ankle of the priest, before he went into the holy place, and onto the roll it has bells.The bell is to make music?Not really.The bell were very practical cause if you went in without braze in the altar to wash your sins, he will died easy.You couldn’t go inside cause you’ll died too.When you go inside, the bell do the service“wing, wing, wing”Dead.He died and they pulled him out.They pulled him out because he could not go to the golden altar, if he had not have his sin committed in the braze altar before he went into the holy place.

This story contains gruesome content, which is if we don’t wash our sin before we get into the holy place, we will die.This message may arouse fear in the audience’s mind because they may be frightened by the terrible consequence.Here, the use of negative outcome in the story to appeal the audience is called perceived threat.

Both guilt appeals and fear appeals create negative feelings of the audience, while only arousing the bad feelings in the audience can frighten them away.The Bishop appeal the audience’s positive feelings, such as hope.In the persuasive perspective, hope means people believe they have a chance to make up the wrong behavior and produce positive results (Frederick:2011) .Specifically, in this sermon, the Bishop mentions“if you bring God what he wants, you’ll get needs from God.Every single time, if you bring God what he wants.”The audience will understand that if they devoted themselves to God, God will save them from sadness and help them fulfill their dreams.

3.3 Analyzing the preaching with logos

The strategy of logos is applied in this preaching in the following aspects:information availability, textual rationality, and the message sidedness.

Throughout the text, the main ideas of building God an altar can be figured out.This message appears after they pray together at the beginning of the video in the middle and at the end of the video.This is the increasing of the availability of the information which includes the law of primacy and law of recency (Lund:1925) .It is said that human brain remembers the early and recent messages better.Therefore, the important message“build God an altar”is repeated at the beginning and at the end of the preaching, so that the audience can remember the message for a longer period.

Further more, in this preaching, a comparison of man and god is made.“We need god more than a man in my life.Many women come to church say that they are lonely even with men in their lives cause that a man is just a man.”The Bishop emphasized the supernatural capability of God, while at the same time he pointed out the limited ability of human being.This argument is a two-sided message which not only contains the supporting arguments but also the opposing view points.Although god does not exist in reality, the use of two-sided message is reasonable when people listen to the argument at first.Besides, textual rationality is embodied in the Bishop and the audience in the video reading the verses in Hebrews together.For instance,

Bishop:Hebrews Chapter 4, verse No.14, “seeing then that we have a great high priest that is passed into the heavens, Jesus the Son of God.Let us hold fast our profession and our confession.For we have not an high priest which can not be touched with the feeling of our infirmities, we have not an high priest which can not be touched with the feeling of our weaknesses, we have not an high priest which can not be touched with the feeling of our failureness.Let us therefore come boldly unto the throne of grace, that we may obtain mercy, say mercy

Audience:Mercy

Bishop:and grace, say grace

Audience:Grace

Bishop:to help in time of need.

According to De Certeau said“Only what is written is understood” (1984:133-134) , in Christendom, Bible has great influence of words, ideas, propositions creeds and doctrines on the followers.Bible can be treated as evidence or justification for the Christian because they believe what Bible says is truth.Therefore, reading the verse in Bible has“a powerful ruler able to work god-like deeds of persuasion.” (Braun:2005)

4 Conclusion

In this article, the persuasive strategies in a Christian preaching video are analyzed with rhetoric theories.Various rhetorical devices such as rhyme, anaphora, alliteration and rhetorical questions greatly polish the sermon to increase its poetic effects.The classical Aristotle’s persuasive strategies are widely used in this internet preaching.First, the Bishop can be treated as a source of ethos.The repetition of his name and the demonstration of his images in the video builds up his authority which may win the audience’s trust more easily.Second, the sermon demonstrates a systematic usage of pathos.The appeal of guilt, fear and hope effectively enhances the audience’s belief in God.Third, the preaching not only appeals to the audience’s sensitively but also rationally.Textual rationality, message sidedness, information availability in the notion of logos increase the credibility of the sermon.

However, the great persuasive power of the preaching not only comes from various rhetorical devices used in the text, but also results from the effective speech delivery and the positive audience’s feedback.Showing the video broadcasts on the internet intensifies the persuasive effects of the preaching, in that the preaching is accessible to more people.The creation of Christian website is the trend of the development of Christianity.Therefore, further studies can be carried out in comparing the traditional and new forms of church services.

参考文献

[1]Aristotle.The rhetoric of Aristotle[M].Cooper L, Trans.Engle-wood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 1960.

[2]Baab L M.The future church:Identity and persuasion on con-gregational websites[D].Available from Digital Dissertation Consortium 2007.

[3]Biber D, Connor U, Upton T A.Discourse on the Move:Usingcorpus analysis to describe discourse structure[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins, 2007.

[4]Braun W.Rhetoric, rhetoricality and discourse performance[C].In W.Braun.rhetoric and reality in early[M].Christiani-tiesWaterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2005.

[5]De Certeau, Michel.The practice of everyday life[M].Stevenrendall Trans.Berkeley:University of California Press, 1984.

[6]Frederick P.Persuasive writing:how to harness the power ofwords[M].New York:Person Business, 2011.

[7]Hamilton C.Essentials of public speaking[M].5th ed.Boston:Wardsworth Cengage Learning, 2012.

[8]Hovland C, Weiss W.The influence of source credibility oncommunication effectiveness[J].Public Opinion Quarterly, 1951, 15:635-650.

[9]lightsource.Apostolic Faith Church with Bishop Horace E.Smith, M.D.[EB/OL].[2014-01-18].http://www.lightsource.com/ministry/apostolic-faith-church/.

[10]Lund F H.The psychology of belief IV:the law of primacy inpersuasion[J].Journal of abnormal social psychology, 1925, 20:183-191.

3.说服性演讲 篇三

宝洁的说服性销售技巧以及说服性推销的五个步骤能够帮助你组织你的思想,并给出能够产生结果的演示。让我们详细地考察这五个步骤。

1、概括情况 “概括情况”的头一个目的是保证我们能够瞄准买主的购买动机。因此,我们必须确定买主的下列情况:——需要?——爱好?——条件?——限制?——机会?这个步骤的第二个目的是引起和验证买主的兴趣——向买主介绍一种能够为他提供他需要/需求/爱好的具体好处。为了保证我们能够瞄准买主的需要,我们必须考虑买主目前正面对的条件(例如现金流量、货架空间和竞争等)。

其次,还要考虑买主和客户的真正的需求。顾客是想要销售、利润、较高的投资收益呢,还是想要某些其他结果呢?此外,还要让买主知道,你已经了解到某些现存的限制。这些限制可能是在金钱、时间、公司政策、竞争压力等方面的限制,总而言之,就是买主可能利用来作为否定你的想法的理由的任何因素,通过表明你已经知道这些限制,你就可以在销售演示中加入对买主可能提出的反对意见的回答。

最重要的是,当你概括情况时,要谈论机会(即新的销售机会和利润机会)。组织适用于具体客户的具体停息,并且把这种信息扼要明白地讲述出来,使买主容易明白和相信你所讲的东西,概括情况的结果,应当能使买主感到你了解他的条件、需求、限制和机会,他还能明确地期待:采用你的想法能够使他受益。这样,你就能吸引住买主的全部注意和兴趣,继续听取你的销售演示的剩余的内容,并且找出办法来根据你的建议达成协议。在你的概括结束时,如果顾客的态度仍不明朗,你应当设法得到顾客同意:你在概括情况时谈到的东西是准确的和真正重要的。

在概括情况之后,提出一个问题,例如:“你也这样看吗?”或“这是你真正关心的一个问题,对吗?”“这仍然是一种忧虑,对吗?”要了解买主的条件、需要、限制和机会,有几种不同的办法。

例如,你可以通过下述活动来了解买主的需要:——事前的一次访问;——一次观察;——一次讨论;——当前的市场考虑。对于许多销售演示来说,情况的概括应当简短一些。情况的概括为品牌组织提供了一个自然的引入。其余4个步骤中的每一个步骤都应当与情况相联系。

2、陈述主 意陈述主意时要注意:——简单、清楚、明确;——满足需要/机会;——建议行动。向买主讲述你的想法,清楚而简明地告诉该买主你推荐什么样的行动。显然,你是在那儿卖东西。向买主讲清楚你有一个想法或牌子,能够满足他的需要,或能够产生你在概括情况时提出的好处,从而使他理解你要做的事情。在讲述你的想法时,要注意简单、清楚和明确。通常,用一两句话就可以容易地把想法讲清楚。这种主意的陈述应当也是一种使买主采取行动的邀请,这种邀请是通过让买主知道你正在那儿向他出售东西而表达出来的。

3、解释主意是怎样起作用的 “解释主意是如何起作用的”的目的是表明/告诉/证明(制定)你的想法将如何产生你在“对情况的概括”中向买主承诺的好处。到了这个时候,如果买主仍然未请求你把更详细的情况告诉他,那么,你没有必要把你的计划全部细节向他解释。这些细节包括:谁做什么,产品什么时候送到以及付款方式等。你可以在作出销售演示之后再和买主讨论这些细节。

4.说服别人献血的演讲稿 篇四

Donating Blood

By Anita Huang If I say you can easily save another person’s life, you may think I’m joking.But I’m not.Then you may say, you are not superman, you don’t have super power, and you don’t even have muscles.But that’s perfectly fine.You don’t need magic powers, you don’t need muscles, all you need is a warm heart craving to help others.Yes, what I’m talking about, is donating blood.In America, there is a sentence used widely for donating blood:” send you a gift, life.” I think this is really touching.You don’t even need to pay much, but you can silently give somebody the hope to live on.There is no other gift that is comparable to life.I still remember a teacher of mine when I was still in junior high school.She was a lovely, sweet and caring old lady, and she always wore a warm smile.She once talked with me about donating blood.She says she goes to the hospital to donate her blood every month.Yes, every month, never stopped.She told me it was important for her to do that because she possessed a very rare kind of blood type: Positive Rh.I could never forget what she said to me: “If I stop going one month, one more person may die because of not being able to find a match.” Donating blood was never an extraordinary task for her, even though she is quite old already.She did it just like we brush our teeth every day.It seemed simple, and was a must-do to her.Her strong will to help others in need and her superior responsibility for the society moves me ever since.I hope everyone here today may have a brand new idea about blood donation.Don’t be afraid, and start today.Always remember, helping others in need today shall pave the way for others to help you one day when you are in need.Thank you for listening.

5.说服性演讲 篇五

谢谢大家热烈的掌声,如果掌声更热烈的话,今天会讲得更好。今天的训练比较特殊,因为今天训练的内容之前从来没有这么完整地公开过,所以你们是全世界第一个听我分享这个内容的人,你们要不要给我热烈掌声鼓励一下?今天培训的关键呢在于如何提升自己演讲的能力。或者说演讲的功力。演讲分为两种,第一种叫做产品介绍者。所以演讲分为两种,第一种是什么?大家回复我一下。产品介绍者,就是他讲的内容就是产品介绍,介绍完了呢,顾客觉得他介绍得不错,就给他一些掌声,但是有没有买他的产品呢?没有。也就是说他的介绍不足以吸引顾客怎么样?去购买,OK?我们要不要当这样的演说家?(不要。)所以另外一种演说家叫说服者,说服者。说服者,所以第一种演说家叫什么?介绍者。第二种演说家叫什么?说服者。所以有说服力的演说家是什么样的演说家,刚刚介绍完产品之后顾客怎么样?(购买)是什么时候购买?(立刻购买)立刻购买,而且顾客买得怎么样?(多)买得多买得开心买得高兴,感谢你今天卖了我这个产品救了我一命,是不是很优秀?(是)回去之后还很兴奋,嘴巴还告诉什么?告诉周围所有的朋友,说你一定要去购买它。感觉好不好?我们今天训练的内容就是要大家达到这种境界,你们说好不好?(好)给你自己热烈掌声鼓励一下。

各位,要达到这样的演讲的境界,难不难?(难)老实说,很难!但有没有方法?(有!)有,因为成功一定有什么?(方法)方法。所以你们今天在这里最重要的目的就是要掌握这两个字,哪两个字?(方法)方法。只要方法正确,成功是必然的,而且成功是简单容易的。你们说是还是不是?(是!)我今天跟大家分享的这个秘诀呢是我研究二十多年,如何说服,如何销售,如何公众行销和世界最顶尖的说服力高手、世界吉尼斯冠军、世界最顶尖的演说家、政治领袖、政治人物、那些需要面对群众的人,播音员、电视主持人、电台主持人,我把他们的秘诀呢,浓缩成一套史无前例的演说方法,大家要不要给陈老师热烈掌声鼓励一下?所以我们要来复习一下,我们要成为一个产品介绍者还是一个说服力的演说家,是哪一种?(说服力演说家)

OK,成功说服力的演说家呢你们觉得是临时场的表现最重要还是之前的准备更重要?(之前的准备)因为之前的准备就决定了他临时场的表现。今天我要跟大家分享的就是怎么样有效地去做一个准备。那到底是准备什么内容?这是决定上场的成败的最重要的关键。看一个

人参加奥林匹克比赛,不用看他现场的表现,只要看他平时的训练,我就可以预测他现场的表现。所以赢不是赢在比赛的场上,赢是赢在训练的场地。

所以一个讲师他讲得很好,他很有说服力,他才会赢。但赢不是赢在他当天的表现,而是他平时的准备和训练,同意不同意?(同意)所以一个世界一流的说服力高手,说服力演说家,他要做的第一个准备就是问自己一个问题:这个问题就是,在我今天演讲结束以后,我要得到什么样的结果?在今天,我的演讲结束之后,或者我的产品说明会结束之后,我要得到一个什么的——请大家告诉我。(结果)结果,做任何事情,问自己我要得到什么样的——结果!如果是一个产品说明会,各位,这位演说家希望得到什么样的结果?(成交)成交。OK?所以现在知道结果不是拍手鼓掌,结果是什么?结果是“我要立刻向你产品!”所以,所有的演讲的细节、大纲、内容都要针对什么?如何使顾客付钱买产品,而且什么时候买产品?立刻买。

不只要成交,而且要快乐地成交,要很兴奋地成交,还要很轻而易举地——成交!有的顾客是成交啊,可是很费力啊,而且成交之后还反悔,这种事情我们要不要?不要,这种事情我们不能干。对,第一个,我们来复习一下,要成为一个有说服力的演说家,第一个我们要做一个什么样的准备?我们要问自己一个什么样的问题?

第二个问题要问自己:今天演讲结束后,我要给顾客什么样的感觉?在今天演讲结束后,我要给顾客一个什么样的感觉?各位,顾客买的实际上就是什么?(感觉)如果顾客觉得感觉不对,他会不会买?(不会)如果顾客感觉很爽,他购买的机率就会怎么样?(很大)很大。所以你不仅要知道你要的结果,同时你要知道,你在最后要的这个结果上,顾客得到是什么?(感觉)感觉,对了。你这个感觉要事先设定好,顾客是快乐地购买,还是痛哭流涕地购买?还是很感动地购买?还是站起来给你鼓掌购买?各位,这种都要先设计好。如果你设计得不明确,你的结果通常不会像你所想象的。还是说你想设计他疯狂地抢购地购买?各位这个非常重要。所以第一个我们要明确我们要得到什么样的结果,第二个我们要了解我们要给顾客什么样的——(感觉)OK。

第三个,我们必须设定我们今天这场演讲,我们要给顾客什么样的形象。各位,形象重不重要?形象会不会影响顾客对你的感受和感觉?(会)所以,各位,你们希望给顾客一个什么样的形象?成功的,还有呢?健康的,还有呢?有活力的,还有呢?有个性的,还有呢?快乐的,还有呢?富有的,对不对?自由自在的,轻松的,热情奔放的,魅力四射的,光芒

万丈的。各位,我有点夸张,哈,当然,我就是这样想的,所以我也是这样做的。只有这样够吗?不够的,成功如果这么简单,所有人都成功了。

在演讲之前,我同时还会设定,在我的演讲过程中,我希望顾客学到什么?所以我不仅要设定我要的结果,我同时期望给他的感觉,我还设定好我准备给他什么样的形象,之后,我要让他知道他可以学到什么样的内容,能得到什么样的好处,所以顾客感到这个演讲有学到东西,这个人看起来一表人才,魅力四射,看起来有一个成功的楷模的感觉,同时他讲的故事相当的精彩,让我深深地感动,我不时地想要流泪,不时地非常兴奋,所以我想购买他所推广的产品。这样是不是自然一点?(是)只有这样够吗?是不够的,是不够的。

同时我做任何的演讲,任何的产品销售,我会预先设想顾客可能会有哪些反对意见。再高明的说服力高手,他所遇到的顾客也是会有反对意见的,你一样,我一样,我的老师安东尼‘罗宾也一样。如果没有反对意见,这项产品已经不需要你来推销了。顾客直接买了,你直接当订单接货员就可以了,所以这个不是说服力,OK?所以我们一起来复习一下,第一个是什么?大家一起来告诉我。————第二个!——感觉。第三个!——给顾客一个什么样的形象。第四个!学到什么。第五个!预先设想顾客可能会有什么样的反对意见。

下一个,我在今天的演讲过程当中,我希望顾客多少个WOW的故事?WOW的故事,WOW是什么意思啊?震撼!震撼!从来没有听过,实在是太棒了,太伟大了,不可思义,怎么可能有这么棒的事情,这么好的故事,这么感人的内容,这么有效的产品,WOW!各位,震撼一次够不够?(不够)我们震撼几次?持续从头到尾无数次地给他震撼,WOW!WOW!WOW!WOW!WOW!然后最后再给他一个什么?最大的WOW!然后就让他WOW!WOW!WOW!给钱啦。

所以我们要知道,什么样的故事顾客会感觉WOW!?第一个,讲自己的故事。自己亲身体验的,比如用自己的亲身经历,很难会有重复的,顾客一听,WOW!不得了啊!这么认真这么努力这么卖命,看你这么卖命的精神我就支持你,跟你买了。WOW!这样子才会成功啊!原本你落后了这么多,居然可以扭转乾坤,反败为胜,这种积极乐观的思考,我需要向你看齐,WOW!我需要向你购买产品。所以自己的故事很容易产生一种WOW!的结果。

第二个是使用名人鉴证,伟人也是这样做,WOW!难怪他是伟人啊。天啊,原来这样做,我做的跟伟人类似啊。伟人永远是伟人,我永远是普通人。但是,我一直在想伟人也是从普通人做起的,你们说是不是啊?(是!)所以说,你如果真的把普通的事情做得非常好,有一

天,也许你不会成为伟人。可是,你会成为一个非常不平凡的人,这样好不好?(好!)甚至做得更好,成为历史中的真正的伟人,我伟人就是对社会很有贡献很有帮助的人,是还是不是?(是)所以,今天我的目的就是把你们训练成我们行业的伟人。所以各位可以帮助更多其他的人。

第三个要讲你周遭朋友的故事或者说是别人的故事。所以这个观众听起来,唉啊,某某人他自己是这样做,某某伟人也是这样做,他周围的普通朋友也是这样做,所以代表我今天听了之后,我怎么样?我也可以这样做。代表这样做我也可以掌握成功的机会,我自己也可以更健康更幸福更快乐。所以WOW!的故事有三种。我们来复习一下,第一种是什么?第二个是什么?第三个是什么?非常好非常好!那除此之外,还需不需要加一些东西?当然是需要的,我们都知道,一个人他之所以会采取行动是基于两个理由。一个是追求快乐。第二个是什么?逃避痛苦。哪一个影响通常比较大?逃避痛苦的力量大于追求快乐。

所以我们今天要说服顾客立刻购买,立刻照着我们的意思去做,要是在我们的演讲过程当中,在我们表达WOW!的故事当中,我们要给顾客一个什么样的——快乐还是痛苦?(痛苦)痛苦!给他一些痛苦,让他知道如果他没有这个产品他可能没有这么的自由,没有这个产品他可能没有这么的健康,他可能没有变得自己想象中的那么成功,没有这个产品,可能没有办法怎么样。给他一些痛苦。OK?之后呢,当他有痛苦的时候,各位,一痛你就会想到解药,各位,有没有听懂?解药就是你另外讲的一个故事,这个故事就是跟你要推销的产品是有非常直接的关系。就是使用了这个产品就会解决你现在的痛苦,而且得到非常的快乐,也就是产品就是你痛苦的解药。

如果这一切你都做对了,那,最后最重要的一点,就是我们要有一个很好的结尾。也就是这个结尾要让顾客很满意,让顾客收获很大,而且让顾客立刻想要购买产品,而且你达到了你以上设立的每一个结果、感觉和形象。各位,有没有听懂我的意思?你们以前演讲有没有照这样的公式去思考?(没有)所以,如果你按照这个公式去思考,你的演讲去发生什么事情?(WOW!)会不会WOW!(会)如果天天都这样做呢?(WOW!)你会不会成为一流的说服力演说家?会还是不会?(会!)如果你继续这样做10年20年以上呢?(WOW!)会成为一流的还是会成为——?NO。1,第一名。各位,要做就做NO。1,要学就学最好的。今天这个培训内容对大家有没有帮助啊?这样的秘诀你一旦掌握之后,你们觉得好还是不好?(好!)如果我将这个秘诀告诉了你们的竞争对手,你们觉得呢?但是很庆幸的是你们早一步

6.说服性演讲 篇六

人们往往更容易被自己发现的理由说服,而不太容易被别人脑袋里想出来的理由说服,这也是为何当你试图说服别人,即使你讲得再有道理,如果对方还是听不明白、想不通,你也是很难说服对方,改变对方的思想及行为。

所以为什么顶尖销售员要销售产品给对方,一定是问问题、倾听对方的回答,了解对方的思维模式,而不是用自己的理由去说服对方购买产品。

每个人都有自己的思维模式,当你还不是很了解对方的思维模式之时,不要用自己的想法试图说服对方,改变对方。而是要想办法去了解他为什么要这样子想?他的思维模式是什么?

举例:当销售员要销售高价房子给客户时,是不是要先了解对方是否有能力购买,既便是有能力购买,他是否有决定权,还是要跟先生或太太商量,或是要请家中长辈作决定,他想要什么样的的房子,他的想法是什么,如果你都不了解这些问题,请问你如何销售房子给对方呢?

再举例:如果你想要追求心仪的女子,是不是要先打听或询问对方现在是不是有男朋友,如果对方目前有男朋友,交往多久,感情相处如何,为什么要先了解这个问题呢?因为对方如果现在有很要好的男朋友,你成功的机会就会很小,就算是你条件再好,也是很困难,如果对方现在没有男朋友,是不是要先了解女孩的喜好及兴趣是什么,她的价值观、个性及思想是什么?先蒐集情资,了解对方的想法,再来采取行动,成功机率相对来是不是会比较高。

每个人看事情的方式及角度都是不一样的,要说服对方,就必需了解对方是用那种方式观察事物。用他的角度去思考,也许他在某些方面的`思维是正确的,然后指出也许他没有看到另一面,先肯定对方,再以委婉的方式,说明自己的理由,这样是不是比较容易说服呢?

没有人能够说服及改变对方照你意思去做,除非他自己说服自己,当对方不接受你的说词,不管你如何说服,都很难改变对方的想法,但如果先肯定对方在某方面的想法是正确的,然后再用对方能够理解的想法来解释,是不是比较好呢?

7.也谈“说服教育” 篇七

什么时候需要说服呢?所谓说服, 就是动之以情、晓之以理, 在学生不知道事情该怎么办或者在学生做错了事情还不自知的时候, 还有如果学生认为你说得不对时出现对峙的局面, 性格倔强的孩子还会拧着脖子红着脸, 满脸的不服气, 可以说这些时候需要“说服教育”。

但是如果学生知道其中的道理, 或者知道对错, 但是他偏不这样做, 还有的学生自己管不住自己, 总是不自觉地犯错的时候, 这种情况下需要的就是管教, 而不是说服了。

我很赞同说服和必要的处理分开的见解, 实质上这是一种很重要的原则, 即在说服中不动用权力, 也就是平等的原则。既然是说服, 就应该站在平等的位置上, 不能因为自己是老师, 就用老师的权力压人, 威胁人。教师要注意说话的语气及每一个用词。有的老师见到学生的第一句话往往是:“过来, 站这儿来。你老实给我说, 今天你是怎么回事?”问到性急处, 老师的话就是这样的:“你再不说, 我就把你交给学校, 通知你的家长, 在全校通报……”我们的语气可能是轻蔑, 可能是猛烈。说到底这些话都是我们的权力在作怪, 我们的师道尊严在作怪。也许, 学生本来打算好好地给你说一下, 你这样一问, 他一害怕一紧张或者一反感你就什么也问不出来了, 你也就谈不上说服他了。所以, 平等地和学生交谈是说服学生的前提和基础。

如果学生的错误必须要有一个处理, 那就要等到把道理给学生讲通以后, 真正地说服了他, 才好处理。不能简单地把处理过程当成说服的过程。如果学生没有搞清楚其中的道理你就要处理, 学生心中不服, 窝着火, 有时学生就会用一些极端的方式发泄出来, 造成更大的错误或者意外。这说明简单直接的处理是不能教育好学生的, 只会适得其反。

说服教育的第二个原则是公正, 就是不论教师怎么着急, 都不能口不择言, 一定要站在公正的立场上讲话。但是在实际的工作中, 我们很多老师往往会有这样的话:“犯错的怎么老是你?怎么每次都是你给我们班摸黑?”这样的话很容易引起学生的反感和顶撞, 容易激发更大的矛盾。我们应该就事说事, 不能老是旧事重提, 一有新错就把旧错算上, 总用旧眼光看人。

8.怎样才能说服学生 篇八

说理教育不是万能钥匙

当学生出现不良行为时,老师们习惯的做法是找学生谈话,期望通过“晓之以理”来改变学生的行为。可谈话的实际效果往往并不理想。有的连续谈话十几次,长达几个星期甚至几个月,却收效甚微。为什么许多时候说理教育难奏效呢?这涉及学生不良行为的种类问题,不同类型的不良行为,需要用不同的教育策略来应对。

一、由认识问题导致的不良行为

如果学生的不良行为还处于偶发和初始阶段,还没有形成顽固性的习惯,也没有相应的人格问题,一般只要通过改变认识就可能达到改变不良行为的目的。

二、需要意志努力才能克服的不良行为

学生身上有些不良行为的形成已经有一些时日,这些行为的改变往往需要自制力、坚忍等意志品质的支撑。比如上网成瘾、打架成性、自由散漫等。诸如此类,对于因意志力不够而难以改变的行为来说,说理的作用是非常有限的,以单向输出为主的谈话教育并不是上策。要让学生克服这类不良行为,可尝试以下三方面的策略:

自我教育策略。(略)

他律—自律策略。(略)

体验教育策略。(略)

三、由心理问题导致的不良行为

在教育实践中,存在心理问题与品德问题相混淆的现象。责成心理异常的学生写检查,甚至给予他们处分的情况在学校里经常出现。用德育手段对待心理问题,其结果是可想而知的。为此当学生出现不良行为时,要注意要把心理问题和品德问题区别开来,不能把由心理问题引起的不良行为当作品德问题来处理。

实践表明,学生中的有些不良行为,与其深层的心理原因或早期生活经历相关。比如有的好打架,有的喜窃物,有的爱逃学,等等,在他们“屡教不改”的恶习背后,可能隐藏着不平常的故事。应对这类行为的策略是:帮助学生挖掘出潜在的心理原因。

四、与习惯、人格相关的不良行为

这一类行为,或者是某种人格特征的外部表现,或者是已经成了习惯,因而具有相当的稳定性,矫正难度也往往较大,有时用传统的德育方法还很难见效。应对人格问题所致的不良行为,主要的教育策略是:对学生进行人格培养或人格矫正。

由上可见,以晓之以理为主的谈话教育或说理教育并不是万能钥匙,它只适宜于矫正第一类不良行为——由于认识模糊或错误引起的偶发或初始的不良行为,且改变这种行为并不需要太多意志努力。还必须指出,说理教育的形式应该追求多样化(讨论式对话、辩论等),尽量避免单向输入式的“晓之以理”。至于那些或与人格特征相关或已成为习惯的不良行为,那些由心理问题导致的不良行为,说理教育并不是理想的选择。

此外上述四类不良行为的划分不是绝对的,如第二类和第四类行为就存在着相互交叉的关系。为此选择教育策略时,要有一定的灵活性。

“一路追梦”老师的上述说法提供了新的视角,能打破很多教师的思维定式。

我们很多老师对“说服”太迷信了,他们竟然以为,凡是学生犯错,都是因为他不懂道理,一旦你把道理说明白了,他就一定会认错,然后改正。世界上哪有这样方便的事情!所以他们老碰钉子。事实上,学生的问题,只有一部分是由于认识错误造成的,只有这一部分能用“晓之以理”来解决。教师如果只会这一招儿,那就等于使用单一武器来对付多种多样的目标,肯定捉襟见肘。

很多班主任热衷于用名言警句说服学生,教室里贴,班会上讲,个别谈话时经常引用。这实际是借名人的嘴说服学生。对此,我想稍微泼点冷水。

我绝不反对名言警句。总的来看,名言警句可以说是语言的精华、智慧的结晶,它们对我们的启迪常常是很大的。我反对的是:第一,名言警句用得太多太滥;第二,对名言警句期望值过高;第三,拿名言警句当万应灵药,忽略了许多更重要的教育方法的使用,阻碍了教师专业水平的提高。

许多老师似乎有一种幻想:只要学生读了这些警句,他们就会记住,就会照着名言说的那样去做,于是教育目的就达到了。他们实际上是把学生当成了机器人,把读名言警句看成了输入指令。指令一输入,机器人照办不误。也有的人把名言警句看成“潜伏指令”。他们主张,不管孩子懂不懂,先让他背下来,将来某一天,这句名言就会突然在他头脑中“启动”,于是他就大彻大悟了。这种想法也不是一点道理没有,因为我们的老祖宗常常就是这样教育孩子的。背四书五经,不就是背名言警句吗?今日主张诵读文化经典的人,其实也还是遵循这条老而又老的思路。

可惜的是,事实不支持这种主观的想法。

请想一想,为什么同是一个班的学生,有的人对这一句名言印象深刻,有人就对另一句名言印象深刻呢?为什么有些学生对正经名言左耳朵进右耳朵出,而对“学习苦,学习累,不如加入黑社会”这样的顺口溜却一下子就心领神会了呢?为什么很多人把某些名言警句倒背如流,行动上却绝不落实呢?

铁的事实告诉我们,问题主要不在于学生“听说过”什么名言,而在于他“经历过”什么事情;问题不在于他“记住了”什么名言,而在于他对生活的“真实感受”。如果一个学生从小经常受骗,你让他背一万遍“诚信为本”也是没有用的。从某种意义上可以说,并不是名言教育了我们,而是我们选择了名言。我在生活中有了某种感悟,但是我不能清楚地表达出来,这时候,我忽然看到一句名言,正好说出了我心中想说的话,于是“心有灵犀一点通”,我会觉得醍醐灌顶,如梦初醒。然而,如果我心中没有感悟的种子在先,多么伟大的名言也不会在我的心田发芽的。这才是名言发挥教育作用的真实机制。名言之所以能教育人,是受教育者头脑中整合各种信息的结果,因而是一种非常复杂的建构过程,绝不是简单的“输入—执行”过程。

所以,教育的真谛就不是“输入真理”,而是“组织教育生活”。活动比死记知识重要。教师的主要任务不是宣讲真理,而是创设各种有助于学生成长的情境,让他们体验人生而不是背诵人生。

名言警句通常还有一个致命的弱点——没有论证过程。它只是把一个现成的结论抛给你。如果我们只会把它转抛给学生,不允许学生质疑和讨论,有时会弊大于利的。而且恕我直言,收集、选择名言警句,把它们宣讲给学生,这是含金量很低的工作,这种工作对教师专业素质的提高用处不大。我主张教师多在策划“教育活动”上做文章,而把名言警句只作为一种辅助的教育工具。

其实教师经常挂在嘴边的名言警句学生往往都已经耳熟能详,教师还在那里一遍一遍地重复,效果可知。这里就涉及到了说服教育的一条重要原则:说服学生的时候,教师的语言必须提供新信息。也就是说,你必须说出点学生没听说过、没想到过的东西,否则你的谈话信息量等于零,那是难以达到说服目的的。有些班主任找学生谈话,学生早就知道教师会说什么、怎么说,甚至连教师的语调都能准确预报,这种谈话还有什么意义呢?

说服教育还有一条原则是,要从学生的看法出发,而不是从教师的看法出发。说服,并不是教师向学生宣讲自己的正确观点,以置换学生脑子里的错误观点,不是这样的。说服应该是先接纳学生的观点(不管正确与否),然后从这个观点出发,进行讨论,帮助学生自己认识到自己的观点有毛病,然后去加以调整。苏格拉底和学生讨论问题,用的就是这种方法。最高明的说服教育给学生的感觉不是“老师对了,我错了,老师真有水平”,而是“我原来错了,现在自己想明白了,我还行”。

说服教育的另一条原则是:要把说服和必要的处理分开,说服只解决认识问题。也就是说,说服中不要动用权力,说服中动用权力就是压服了。比如学生对他人施暴,我在说服的时候,就不要提什么处分呀、进监狱呀等事情,我只全力帮他分析施暴的心路历程,让他了解自己为什么会这样行事(这不是偶然的,一定合乎他本人的性格逻辑),找到解决的办法。至于该不该给纪律处分,应该单说,不要和说理过程搅到一起。

教师中还有一种“伪说服”是应该提到的。“伪说服”不是平等地和学生讨论问题,而是用侮辱性、斥责性或者诡辩式的语言搞得学生无法回嘴,北京话叫“噎人”。这实际上是一种语言暴力,不是说服。比如教师批评学生:“你总是不交作业!”学生申辩道:“我这个学期才两次没交。”教师说:“两次你嫌少是怎么的?那你以后甭交了!”学生被噎回去了,教师获胜。但,这不是说服教育。学生不交作业固然不对,但他有申辩的权利,犯罪嫌疑人还有申辩的权利呢!教师开头的批评确实是以偏赅全了,应该做点自我批评。

最后我来举一个自己说服学生的例子,这是多年前的事情了。有个学生,非常任性,爱顶撞老师,把这看成表现自己的机会,还扬言:“我这人就是吃软不吃硬!”有一回他课上和我顶撞,下课我把他叫到办公室。他站在我面前,梗着脖子,一副剑拔弩张的样子。我不慌不忙地说:“你承认你任性,可是你并不知道任性是怎么一回事。”他瞪着我,一声不吭,表情稍有放松,但仍带警惕。我接着说:“任性,表面上是老师管不住你,实质是你自己管不住自己;表面上是你对老师总不满意,实质是你对自己总不满意。你恨自己为什么管不住自己,你甚至有些讨厌自己,可是你却把这股火发向别人、发向老师,对不对?”他没想到我说出这样的话,愣住了。我观察他的表情,知道他内心在斗争,就等着。过了一会儿,他带着几分沮丧,诚恳地说:“我也想改,老是改不了。”我说:“你当然不会一下改掉了。我也有好多缺点,我也没办法一下子都改掉。但是你应该相信,只要不断努力,日有所进,你最终能解决这个问题。你现在不就比刚才进办公室时好多了吗?好好干,前途光明!”他很高兴,后来也确有进步。很多学生都是这样,用抗拒批评来掩盖心灵深处的自卑。他们是把本来应该朝内的矛头,转而向外了,为的是减轻自我心理压力。我的说服方式是把他的矛头扭回来,朝向他自己,他就没办法冲我发脾气了,只好认真想想自己。

我的这个说服方式,从学生的看法出发,提供了新信息,引起了他的思考,比较有效,且不易激化矛盾。我的经验是:真正的说服教育与心理治疗是比较接近的。

反思与练习:

本节提出了几条说服教育的原则(提供新信息,从学生的看法出发,说服中不动用权力),说说您是否赞成这几条原则,为什么。您能提出新的原则吗?

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