机械中英文翻译论文题目

机械中英文翻译论文题目（共9篇）

1.机械中英文翻译论文题目 篇一

Design of machine and machine elements Machine design Machine design is the art of planning or devising new or improved machines to accomplish specific purposes.In general, a machine will consist of a combination of several different mechanical elements properly designed and arranged to work together, as a whole.During the initial planning of a machine, fundamental decisions must be made concerning loading, type of kinematic elements to be used, and correct utilization of the properties of engineering materials.Economic considerations are usually of prime importance when the design of new machinery is undertaken.In general, the lowest over-all costs are designed.Consideration should be given not only to the cost of design, manufacture the necessary safety features and be of pleasing external appearance.The objective is to produce a machine which is not only sufficiently rugged to function properly for a reasonable life, but is at the same time cheap enough to be economically feasible.The engineer in charge of the design of a machine should not only have adequate technical training, but must be a man of sound judgment and wide experience, qualities which are usually acquired only after considerable time has been spent in actual professional work.Design of machine elements

The principles of design are, of course, universal.The same theory or equations may be applied to a very small part, as in an instrument, or, to a larger but similar part used in a piece of heavy equipment.In no ease, however, should mathematical calculations be looked upon as absolute and final.They are all subject to the accuracy of the various assumptions, which must necessarily be made in engineering work.Sometimes only a portion of the total number of parts in a machine are designed on the basis of analytic calculations.The form and size of the remaining parts are designed on the basis of analytic calculations.On the other hand, if the machine is very expensive, or if weight is a factor, as in airplanes, design computations may then be made for almost all the parts.The purpose of the design calculations is, of course, to attempt to predict the stress or deformation in the part in order that it may sagely carry the loads, which will be imposed on it, and that it may last for the expected life of the machine.All calculations are, of course, dependent on the physical properties of the construction materials as determined by laboratory tests.A rational method of design attempts to take the results of relatively simple and fundamental tests such as tension, compression, torsion, and fatigue and apply them to all the complicated and involved situations encountered in present-day machinery.In addition, it has been amply proved that such details as surface condition, fillets, notches, manufacturing tolerances, and heat treatment have a market effect on the strength and useful life of a machine part.The design and drafting departments must specify completely all such particulars, must specify completely all such particulars, and thus exercise the necessary close control over the finished product.As mentioned above, machine design is a vast field of engineering technology.As such, it begins with the conception of an idea and follows through the various phases of design analysis, manufacturing, marketing and consumerism.The following is a list of the major areas of consideration in the general field of machine design: ① Initial design conception;

② Strength analysis;③ Materials selection;④ Appearance;⑤ Manufacturing;⑥ Safety;⑦ Environment effects;⑨ Reliability and life;

Strength is a measure of the ability to resist, without fails, forces which cause stresses and strains.The forces may be;① Gradually applied;② Suddenly applied;2

③ Applied under impact;④ Applied with continuous direction reversals;⑤ Applied at low or elevated temperatures.If a critical part of a machine fails, the whole machine must be shut down until a repair is made.Thus, when designing a new machine, it is extremely important that critical parts be made strong enough to prevent failure.The designer should determine as precisely as possible the nature, magnitude, direction and point of application of all forces.Machine design is mot, however, an exact science and it is, therefore, rarely possible to determine exactly all the applied forces.In addition, different samples of a specified material will exhibit somewhat different abilities to resist loads, temperatures and other environment conditions.In spite of this, design calculations based on appropriate assumptions are invaluable in the proper design of machine.Moreover, it is absolutely essential that a design engineer knows how and why parts fail so that reliable machines which require minimum maintenance can be designed.Sometimes, a failure can be serious, such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speeds.On the other hand, a failure may be no more than a nuisance.An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in the automobile cooling system.The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant, a condition which is readily detected and corrected.The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude.Generally speaking, dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulties than static loads and, therefore, fatigue strength must be considered.Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle.For example, brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved.In general, the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure, which include the following: ① Stress;② Deformation;3

③ Wear;④ Corrosion;⑤ Vibration;⑥ Environmental damage;⑦ Loosening of fastening devices.The part sizes and shapes selected must also take into account many dimensional factors which produce external load effects such as geometric discontinuities, residual stresses due to forming of desired contours, and the application of interference fit joint.Selected from” design of machine elements”, 6th edition, m.f.sports, prentice-hall, inc., 1985 and “machine design”, Anthony Esposito, charles e., Merrill publishing company, 1975.Quality assurance and control

Product quality is of paramount importance in manufacturing.If quality is allowed deteriorate, then a manufacturer will soon find sales dropping off followed by a possible business failure.Customers expect quality in the products they buy, and if a manufacturer expects to establish and maintain a name in the business, quality control and assurance functions must be established and maintained before, throughout, and after the production process.Generally speaking, quality assurance encompasses all activities aimed at maintaining quality, including quality control.Quality assurance can be divided into three major areas.These include the following: ①Source and receiving inspection before manufacturing;②In-process quality control during manufacturing;③Quality assurance after manufacturing.Quality control after manufacture includes warranties and product service extended to the users of the product.Source and receiving inspection before manufacturing

Quality assurance often begins ling before any actual manufacturing takes place.This may be done through source inspections conducted at the plants that

supply materials, discrete parts, or subassemblies to manufacturer.The manufacturer’s source inspector travels to the supplier factory and inspects raw material or premanufactured parts and assemblies.Source inspections present an opportunity for the manufacturer to sort out and reject raw materials or parts before they are shipped to the manufacturer’s production facility.The responsibility of the source inspector is to check materials and parts against design specifications and to reject the item if specifications are not met.Source inspections may include many of the same inspections that will be used during production.Included in these are: ①Visual inspection;②Metallurgical testing;③Dimensional inspection;④Destructive and nondestructive inspection;⑤Performance inspection.Visual inspections

Visual inspections examine a product or material for such specifications as color, texture, surface finish, or overall appearance of an assembly to determine if there are any obvious deletions of major parts or hardware.Metallurgical testing

Metallurgical testing is often an important part of source inspection, especially if the primary raw material for manufacturing is stock metal such as bar stock or structural materials.Metals testing can involve all the major types of inspections including visual, chemical, spectrographic, and mechanical, which include hardness, tensile, shear, compression, and spectr5ographic analysis for alloy content.Metallurgical testing can be either destructive or nondestructive.Dimensional inspection

Few areas of quality control are as important in manufactured products as dimensional requirements.Dimensions are as important in source inspection as they are in the manufacturing process.This is especially critical if the source supplies parts for an assembly.Dimensions are inspected at the source factory

using standard measuring tools plus special fit, form, and function gages that may required.Meeting dimensional specifications is critical to interchangeability of manufactured parts and to the successful assembly of many parts into complex assemblies such as autos, ships, aircraft, and other multipart products.Destructive and nondestructive inspection

In some cases it may be necessary for the source inspections to call for destructive or nondestructive tests on raw materials or p0arts and assemblies.This is particularly true when large amounts of stock raw materials are involved.For example it may be necessary to inspect castings for flaws by radiographic, magnetic particle, or dye penetrant techniques before they are shipped to the manufacturer for final machining.Specifications calling for burn-in time for electronics or endurance run tests for mechanical components are further examples of nondestructive tests.It is sometimes necessary to test material and parts to destruction, but because of the costs and time involved destructive testing is avoided whenever possible.Examples include pressure tests to determine if safety factors are adequate in the design.Destructive tests are probably more frequent in the testing of prototype designs than in routine inspection of raw material or parts.Once design specifications are known to be met in regard to the strength of materials, it is often not necessary to test further parts to destruction unless they are genuinely suspect.Performance inspection

Performance inspections involve checking the function of assemblies, especially those of complex mechanical systems, prior to installation in other products.Examples include electronic equipment subcomponents, aircraft and auto engines, pumps, valves, and other mechanical systems requiring performance evaluation prior to their shipment and final installation.Selected form “modern materials and manufacturing process”

Electro-hydraulic drum brakes Application

The YWW series electro-hydraulic brake is a normally closed brake, suitable for horizontal mounting.It is mainly used in portal cranes, bucket stacker/reclaimers’slewing mechanism.The YKW series electro-hydraulic brake is a normally opened brake, suitable for horizontal mounting, employing a thruster as actuator.with the foot controlling switch the operator can release or close the brake.It is mainly used for deceleration braking of portal cranes’slewing mechanism.In a non-operating state the machinery can be braked by a manual close device.The RKW series brake is a normally opened brake, which is operated by foot driven hydraulic pump, suitable for horizontal mounting.Mainly used in the slewing mechanism of middle and small portal cranes.When needed, the brake is activated by a manual closed device.Main design features Interlocking shoes balancing devices(patented technology)constantly equalizes the clearance of brake shoes on both sides and made adjustment unnecessary, thus avoiding one side of the brake lining sticking to the brake wheel.The brake is equipped with a shoed autoaligning device.Main hinge points are equipped with self-lubricating bearing, making high efficiency of transmission, long service life.Lubricating is unnecessary during operation.Adjustable bracket ensure the brake works well.The brake spring is arranged inside a square tube and a surveyor’s rod is placed on one side.It is easy to read braking torque value and avoid measuring and computing.Brake lining is of card whole-piece shaping structure, easy to replace.Brake linings of various materials such as half-metal(non-asbestos)hard and half-hard, soft(including asbestos)substance are available for customers to choose.All adopt the company’s new types of thruster as corollary equipment which work accurately and have long life.Hydraulic Power Transmission The Two Types Of Power Transmission

In hydraulic power transmission the apparatus(pump)used for conversion of the mechanical(or electrical,thermal)energy to hydraulic energy is arranged on the input of the kinematic chain ,and the apparatus(motor)used for conversion of the hydraulic energy to mechanical energy is arranged on the output(fig.2-1)

The theoretical design of the energy converters depends on the component of the bernouilli equation to be used for hydraulic power transmission.In systerms where, mainly, hydrostatic pressure is utilized, displacement(hydrostatic)pumps and motors are used, while in those where the hydrodynamic pressure is utilized is utilized gor power transmission hydrodynamic energy converters(e.g.centrifugal pumps)are used.The specific characteristic of the energy converters is the weight required for transmission of unit power.It can be demonstrated that the use of hydrostatic energy converters for the low and medium powers, and of hydrodynamic energy converters of high power are more favorite(fig.2-2).This is the main reason why hydrostatic energy converters are used in industrial apparatus.transformation of the energy in hydraulic transmission.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.driving motor(electric, diesel engine);mechanical energy;pump;

hydraulic energy;

hydraulic motor;mechanical energy;

load variation of the mass per unit power in hydrostatic and hydrodynamic energy converters

1、hydrostatic;2.hydrodynamic Only displacement energy converters are dealt with in the following.The

elements performing converters provide one or several size.Expansion of the working chambers in a pump is produced by the external energy admitted, and in the motor by the hydraulic energy.Inflow of the fluid occurs during expansion of the working chamber, while the outflow(displacement)is realized during contraction.Such devices are usually called displacement energy converters.The Hydrostatic Power

In order to have a fluid of volume V1 flowing in a vessel at pressure work spent on compression W1 and transfer of the process, let us imagine a piston mechanism(fig.2-3(a))which may be connected with the aid of valves Z0 and Z1 to the external medium under pressure P0 and reservoir of pressure p1.in the upper position of the piston(x=x0)with Z0 open the cylinder chamber is filled with fluid of volume V0 and pressure P0.now shut the value Z0 and start the piston moving downwards.If Z1 is shut the fluid volume in position X=X1 of the piston decreases from V0 to V1, while the pressure rises to P1.the external work required for actuation of the piston(assuming isothermal change)is W1=-∫0x0(P-P0)Adx=-∫v1v0(P-P0)dv

Select from Hydraulic Power Transmission

机器和机器零件的设计

机器设计

机器设计为了特定的目的而发明或改进机器的一种艺术。一般来讲，机器时有多种不同的合理设计并有序装配在一起的部件构成的，在最初的机器设计阶段，必须基本明确负载、元件的运动情况、工程材料的合理使用性能。负责新机器的设计最初的最重要的是经济性考虑。一般来说，选择总成本最低的设计方案，不仅要考虑设计、制造、销售、安装的成本。还要考虑服务的费用，机械要保证必要的安全性能和美观的外形。

制造机器的目标不仅要追求保证只用功能的合理寿命，还要保证足够便宜以同时保证其经济的可行性。负责设计机器的工程师，不仅要经过专业的培训，而且必须是一个准确判断而又有丰富经验的人，具有一种有足够时间从事专门的实际工作的素质。

机器零件的设计

相同的理论或方程可应用在一个一起的非常小的零件上，也可用在一个复杂的设备的大型相似件上，既然如此，毫无疑问，数学计算是绝对的和最终的。他们都符合不同的设想，这必须由工程量决定。有时，一台机器的零件全部计算仅仅是设计的一部分。零件的结构和尺寸通常根据实际考虑。另一方面，如果机器和昂贵，或者质量很重要，例如飞机，那麽每一个零件都要设计计算。

当然，设计计算的目的是试图预测零件的应力和变形，以保证其安全的带动负载，这是必要的，并且其也许影响到机器的最终寿命。当然，所有的计算依赖于这些结构材料通过试验测定的物理性能。国际上的设计方法试图通过从一些相对简单的而基本的实验中得到一些结果，这些试验，例如结构复杂的及现代机械设计到的电压、转矩和疲劳强度。

另外，可以充分证明，一些细节，如表面粗糙度、圆角、开槽、制造公差和热处理都对机械零件的强度及使用寿命有影响。设计和构建布局要完全详细地说明每一个细节，并且对最终产品进行必要的测试。

综上所述，机械设计是一个非常宽的工程技术领域。例如，从设计理念到设计分析的每一个阶段，制造，市场，销售。以下是机械设计的一般领域应考虑的主要方面的清单：

①最初的设计理念

②受力分析

③材料的选择

④外形

⑤制造

⑥安全性

⑦环境影响

⑧可靠性及寿命

在没有破坏的情况下，强度是抵抗引起应力和应变的一种量度。这些力可能是：

①渐变力

②瞬时力

③冲击力

④不断变化的力

⑤温差

如果一个机器的关键件损坏，整个机器必须关闭，直到修理好为止。设计一台新机器时，关键件具有足够的抵抗破坏的能力是非常重要的。设计者应尽可能准确地确定所有的性质、大小、方向及作用点。机器设计不是这样，但精确的科学是这样，因此很难准确地确定所有力。另外，一种特殊材料的不同样本会显现出不同的性能，像抗负载、温度和其他外部条件。尽管如此，在机械设计中给予合理综合的设计计算是非常有用的。

此外，显而易见的是一个知道零件是如何和为什麽破坏的设计师可以设计出需要很少维修的可靠机器。有时，一次失败是严重的，例如高速行驶的汽车的轮胎爆裂。另一方面，失败未必是麻烦。例如，汽车的冷却系统的散热器皮带管松开。这种破坏的后果通常是损失一些散热片，可以探测并改正过来。零件负载类型是一个重要的标志。一般而言，变化的动负载比静负载会引起更大的差异。因此，疲劳强度必须符合。另一个关心的方面是这种材料是否直或易碎。例如有疲劳破坏的地方不易使用易碎的材料。一般的，设计师要靠考虑所有破坏情况，其包括以下方面：

①应力

②应变

③外形

④腐蚀

⑤震动

⑥外部环境破坏

⑦紧固件的松脱

零件的尺寸和外形的选择也有很多因素。外部负荷的影响，如几何间断，由于轮廓而产生的残余应力和组合件干涉。

质量保证与控制

产品质量是生产中最重要的。如果放任质量恶化下去，生产者会很快发现销售量锐减，可能从而会导致产业的失败。用户期望他们买的产品质量性能好，而且如果制造商想建立并维持其信誉，必须在产品制造前制造过程中及制造过程后进行质量控制和质量保证。一般来说，质量保证包括所有的活动，其包括质量建立和质量控制。质量保证可以被分为三个主要领域，他们如下所述： ①制造之前的原材料的检查 ②在制造加工过程中的质量控制 ③制造之后的质量保证

生产制造后的质量控制包括保证书和面对产品用户的服务。生产制造之前的原材料检验

质量保证常常在实际生产制造之前就开始了。这些都是生产者在供应原材料、散件或配件的车间里进行检验。生产制造公司的原材料检验员到供应厂并且检查原材料及于制造的另配件。原材料检验为生产者提供了一次机会，那就是在原料及散件被运到生产车间之前先进行挑选淘汰。原料检察员的责任是去检查原料和零件是否达到设计规格并且淘汰那些未达到特殊指标的原料。原料检验有很多于检查产品相同的检验。其如下所述： ①目测 ②冶金测试 ③尺寸测试

④损伤检验 ⑤性能检验 目测

目测检验一种产品或原料的某些特征，如颜色、纹理、表面光洁度或部件的总体外观，从而判断其是否具有明显的缺损。冶金测试

冶金测试常常是原料间严厉的一个很重要的部分，尤其是像棒料、建筑材料毛坯一些原材料。金属测试包含所有主要的检验类型，其中有目测，化学检验，光谱检验和机械性能检验，其包括硬度、伸缩性能、剪切性能、压缩性能和合成 12

成分的光谱分析。冶金测试既可用于成品件也可用于预制件。尺寸检验

质量控制的一些领域是重要的生产件的要求尺寸。尺寸在检验过程中，像其在生产过程中一样重要。如果这些零件是为总成供应的，那尺寸尤其严格。一些尺寸在生产车间用标准测量工具进行检验，像特种接头、造型和需求的功能标准度量。符合尺寸规格对所制造多部件的互换性和对多部件成功组装成复杂的装置，如汽车、轮船、飞机和其他多部件产品都地极其重要的。损伤检验

在一些情况下，对原材料或零部件采取损伤测试的原始测验是很必要的。特别是涉及到大批的原材料时。例如，在被运到生产车间作最终机器之前，对铸件进行X-射线、电磁离子、染色渗透剂技术的探伤是很必要的，又对机器总成的电子或持久运作测试而确定的规格，是无损测试的又一例证。有时，对材料及零件的测试是很必要的，但由于无损测试的花费和成本及时间不是任何时候都允许的。

例如，有压力测试决定在设计中其是否安全。损伤测试经常用于设计样机的测试，而不是原材料或零件的常规检验。一旦设计达到了所希望的材料强度，通常对零件做进一步的损伤测试是不必要的，除非他们确实存在疑点。

性能测试

性能测试在零部件被其他产品被安装之前，检查部件的功能，尤其是那些机械构造复杂的部件。例如电子设备零件，飞机和汽车发动机，泵、阀及其他需要在装运和最后安装前进行性能测验的机械系统。

选自《现代材料和制造工艺》

汽车起重机的不同类型

根据汽车吊的使用情况，像：工作的范围，工作的自然情况。他们的构造装备体现着不同的理念。

1、工作范围（不同的设计）

当起重机工作在一个小范围内（仓库，码头，戏台等）告诉是没有必要的。根据这种应用，我们的装置最高速为35km/h。

驱动装置布置在后面，集成了车辆和起重机的控制，这种类型称为：单驱起重机。当起重机在大场地内工作时，有几个较远的工作点，高速轴就是必要的了。随之而来的，布置在车辆后端的单驱动是不可能的。由于这个原因，提供两个驱动是必要的，相对的允许像传统卡车那样驱动车辆。这种类型的起重机，在构造上必须装备一个特殊的变速箱，对起重机允许像传统车辆那样的前进和后退。我们这种类型的起重机装备了一个特殊的变速箱，可以提供一个前进速度和一个后退速度，一般其最大运输速度为：55/60km/h，这种类型称为双驱起重机。

2、地面情况

当起重机操作困难时，在平整的路面上（体育场，码头，仓库等）起构造是传统概念的单驱动的运输工具。

如果起重机离开路面移动到恶劣路况下（脏且沙软的路面）不平的，其构造根据“全工况路面”的限定标准而建立，其要求实现：

双驱甚至是三驱；两种速度范围，有一个特别慢的值；不同驱动轴的转换系统；轴端的特殊轴承；特殊的制动；提供低压的大尺寸的轮胎，在软地面上运转；独立的大车轮；悬空的地面监视和清晰的构造是非常重要的；安装及驾驶服务

所有的主要点是绝对必要的对于在无路的情况下的各种类型的车辆，有一个良好的运行。

当然起重机不得不在各种路况下工作，为此其装备了双驱。

（附图见英文资料）

液力传动

动力传动的两种类型

在液力传动中，用来将机械能（电能、化学能）转化成液力能的装置（泵）被布置在传动链的输入端，而用来将液力能转化成机械能的装置（马达）被布置在输出端。（图2-1）

这种能量转化的理论上的设计依据是液力传动的各部分的伯努里方程。

在系统中，流体静压力主要用来替代泵和马达，而在某些方面，流体动力是作为液力能转化后的力传动而被利用的（如离心泵）这种能量转换的特征取决于单位力的传动。他能说明这种微小力的液体静压力能转换和高压力的液体动力能转换更受人们的欢迎。（图2-2）者是液力转换被应用于工业器械的主要原因。液力传动的能量转换

1、原动机（电机、内燃机）

2、机械能

3、泵

4、液力能

5、液压马达

6、机械能

7、负载 在流体静力能和流体动力能中单位里的质量变化

替代能量转换仅应用以下几方面，在液体静压力转换中相关的替代执行元件提供一个或数个工作室，他们恒定或尺寸可变。

泵的工作室在外部能量进入时伸长，马达是靠液力能，工作是伸长时液体流入，而收缩时实现流体流出。这些装置通常被称为能量转换装置。液体充满一个体积为V1的容器，在压力P1下所作的功W是压缩功W1和改变液体的功W2组成的。

为了分析这个过程，让我们假设一个活塞机构（图2-3（a）），它是有两个阀Z0、Z1和贮液器连接而成，表面压力为P0，贮

液器内部压力为 P1，活塞处于上部的X=X0处，Z0打开，液体充满体积为V0的汽缸，压力为 P0，现在关闭阀Z0，并且开始向下移动活塞，如果 Z1关闭，当活塞下降到 X=X1处时，液体体积由V0变为V1，此时压力升至P1，驱动活塞所作的外部功是（假设热量改变）

W1=-∫X1X0(P-P0)Adx=-∫V1V0(P-P0)dv

制动器的应用

YWW系列电力液压块式制动器是一种常闭、卧式安装的制动器，主要用于门座式起重机、斗轮堆取料机以及中大型塔式起重机回转机构的制动。

YKW系列电力液压块式制动器是一种常开、卧式安装的制动器，推动器为闭合（上闸）驱动装置，它通过脚踏开关控制，司机在司机室内可随意空。主要用于门座式起重机和塔式起重机等回转机构的减速制动。当需要在机构断电时（非工作状态）进行制动，可通过增设手动闭合（上闸）来实现。

RKW系列制动器为常开式、液压驱动、卧式安装的制动器。通过脚踏式液压泵进行控制，可实现随意制动。主要用于中小型门座式起重机和塔式起重机的回转机构。带有手动闭合（上闸）装置，在非工作状态下有需要时，可通过其进行维持制动。主要设计特点

联锁式退距均等装置，专利技术，在使用过程中可始终保持两侧瓦块制动衬浮贴制动轮的现象；设有瓦块自动随位装置。

主要摆动铰点均设有自动润滑轴承，传动效率高，寿命长，在使用过程中无需润滑。

设有可调式支撑装置，确保制动器工作灵活自如。

制动弹簧在方管内布置）（仅YWW产品）并在一侧设有标尺，用户可十分方便的读出制动力距值，免去测量和计算的麻烦。

制动衬垫为卡装式整体结构，更换十分方便，快捷，备有半金属（无石棉）硬质和半硬质，软质（含石棉）等不同材质的制动衬垫供用户选择。全部采用本公司新型推动器配套，动作灵敏，寿命长。

2.机械中英文翻译论文题目 篇二

个人信息方面的问题：

针对personal data

Qaustions:

1. What’s your name?

2. May I have your name, please?

3. Are you Mr./Miss?

4. What’s your surname?

5. What is you family name?

6. What’s your full name?

7. How do you spell your last name?

8. Please give me your name.

9. May I ask your name?

10. I believe you’re Mr.…., aren’t you?

11. Your name, please.

12. How do you do, and you are…?

13. Miss... , I presume.

14. Would you give me your name?

Answers:

My name is …

Yes, I’m…

My surname is…

My full name is…

3.联合利华英文笔试题目 篇三

以下是联合利华的英文笔试题目，相信这些题对求职者们来讲是很有帮助的，

1. Describe a time when you had to come up with a new solution to overcome the considerable resistance and solve the complex problem finally? (No more than 1000 letters)

2. Describe the situation where you had to convince someone who was not easily to be convinced? What did you do? (No more than 1000 letters)

3. Please describe a time when you saw an opportunity to really make a difference on yourself? (No more than 1000 letters)

4. Have you ever been part of a workgroup and attained the group goal through the joint efforts? What role did you play in the whole process? (No more than 1000 letters)

5. Tell us you strength that makes you different from other applicants? (No more than 200 letters)

6. What are your short term plans? (No more than 200 letters)

7. Why are you interested in applying Unilever? (No more than 300 letters)

8. What are your expectations to Unilever Management Trainee Program?

4.英文面试常见的六道题目 篇四

First One: Whats your greatest weakness?

This is a popular question that western employers like to ask to make candidates nervous! In fact, they ask this to know how you respond to a difficult question. You shouldnt answer by telling your greatest weakness since you might not get the job! Instead, you can tell them something that isnt directly related to the job position.

你最大的缺点是什么?西方老板特别爱问这个问题，让面试者感到很紧张。事实上，他问这个问题是看你对棘手问题的反应。你没必要如实回答你的弱点，因为那有可能让你得不到这份工作。相反，你可以告诉他们一些与工作不直接相关的事情。

Second One: Work experience

“work experience” is the type of work youve done in the past. If you havent started working yet you can say “Right now Im still a student.” or “Im a recent grad and Ihavent started working yet.” In the second sentence, “recent grad” is short for “recent graduate” and means that you have just finished school.

请告诉我你过去的工作经验，工作经验就是你过去所做的工作。如果尚未开始工作，就可以回答“Right now Im still a student.”(现在我还是个学生。)或者说“Im a recent grad and I havent started working yet.”(我刚刚毕业，还没有开始工作。)“recent grad”是“recent graduate”的缩写，意思是刚刚毕业。

Third One: Why do you feel you are qualified for this job?

This question is a good opportunity to brag a little bit. You should talk about some extra skills you have that maybe wasnt included in your resume, or talk about your greatest strength in more detail.

你为什么觉得自己胜任这份工作?这时候你要充分发挥你的“自夸”本领。你可以讲述一些简历资料里面没有包括的技能;或者是再详细强调一下你的特长。

Fourth One: What kind of salary did you have in mind?

Salary is how much money you earn, usually per year. When asked this, its best to answer with a salary range or approximation and not an exact figure. This shows that you are familiar with the industry if you know what the approximate salary should be.

你期望的薪水是多少?“salary”就是你赚多少钱，通常是年收入。回答这个问题时，最好说出一个大致范围，而不是一个确切的数字。如果你能说出这个工资范围，那就说明你对此行业非常了解。

Fifth One: What kind of work does the posi-tion involve?

You can ask this to clarify exactly what kind of work youll be doing.

这个职位包括哪些工作?通过问这句话，你可以清楚地了解到你的工作内容。

Sixth One: If hired, when could you start work?

When answering this its best not to say you can start right away. This might make you seem very desperate for a job. A safe answer would be “I can start at the beginning of next month.”

如果雇佣的话，你什么时候开始工作?回答这个问题时。一定要注意!不要说我马上可以工作。那会让对方认为你非常迫切地需要这份工作。一个非常保险的回答可以是“I can start at the beginning of next month.”(我下月初可以开始上班。)

5.四级翻译练习题目：成吉思汗 篇五

请将下面这段话翻译成英文：

成吉思汗(Genghis Khan)是世界历史上杰出的政治家和军事家。12，他统一草原上的各个部落，建立了大蒙古国(the Mongol Empire)。建国之后，成吉思汗多次发动战争，使蒙古帝国成为人类历史疆域最为广阔的`国家。除了伟大的军事成就，成吉思汗在其他方面也推动了帝国的发展。他颁布法令创建蒙古人的书写文字，制定法律并促进宗教宽容。成吉思汗既是世界上著名的历史人物，又是一个极具争议的统治者。几百年来，有很多名人、学者从不同的角度对他进行了研究和探讨。

参考翻译:

Genghis Khan, an outstanding statesman andstrategist in the history of the world, united thetribes on the grassland and founded the MongolEmpire in 1206. After that, he waged many wars,making the Mongol Empire the largest territory inthe history of mankind. Apart from his great military accomplishments, Genghis Khan alsoadvanced the empire in other ways. He decreed to create characters for Mongolian, made lawsand promoted religious tolerance. Genghis Khan is not only a well-known historic figure in theworld, but also a highly controversial ruler. For centuries, many celebrities and scholars haveconducted researches and studies on him from different angles.

1.第一句和第二句的主语都是“成吉思汗”，可以调整句式进行合译;可将第二句作为句子主干，“世界历史上杰出的政治家和军事家”可使用名词短语作插入语，译为an outstandingstatesman and strategist in the history of theworld。

2.第三句“建国之后…最为广阔的国家”较长，先将“成吉思汗多次发动战争”确立为英文句的主干;“使蒙古帝国成为…”是主句所述行为带来的结果，可使用现在分词短语作状语来表达，译为making...。

3.第五句“他颁布法令创建…”的主语是“他”,后跟三个并列谓语“颁布法令”、“制定”和“促进”，翻译的时候使用并列结构，译为 decreed...，made...and promoted...。

6.近几年高考上海卷中英语作文题目 篇六

■2010年高考

下图是小学新生的课堂一角，对照你当时的上课情况，作出比较并谈谈你的感受。你的作文必须包括：

●描述图片里学生上课的场景

●比较你同时期的上课情况

●简单谈谈你的感受(图片省略)

■2009年高考

某海外学校举行英语夏令营，开设了如下课程：园艺(gardening)，烹饪(cooking)，防身术self-defence)，护理(nursing)。假如你是黄华(不可以用自己的真实姓名)，写一封申请信，报名参加其中一门课程的学习。新的内容必须包括：

●你感兴趣的课程

●你希望从这们课程中学到什么

●为什么想学这些内容

■2008年高考

你班将组队参加学校组织的集体舞比赛(group dancing competition)，班长希望大家积极参与。对此谈谈你的想法。

●你的文章必须包含以下内容：

●你是否参加比赛

●你决定做出该决定的具体理由

■2007年高考

以“礼物”为主题写一篇作文。该文章必须包括以下内容：

1.你送礼物的对象及所送的礼物；

2.该礼物对他(她)可能产生的影响或带来的变化。

■2007年春考

假如你是何林，在“笔友网”上看到以下两则寻友信息。从中选择—位作为你的笔友，并给他(她)写封信。信中必须包括以下内容：

1.简单介绍自己。

2.根据对方信息说明你想与他(她)成为笔友的原因。

3.你的期待。

(注意：信中不得使用自己的真实姓名。)

Name:CarolAndrews

Age:18

Nationality:British

Hobbies:Music, dancing and reading。

Notes: Looking for pen friends who want to learn about other countries。

Name:Andy Jamieson

Age:17

Nationality:Australian

Hobbies: Sports, especially football;

traveling。

Notes: Looking for pen friends fromallover the world。

总结近几年秋考及春考上海卷的英语作文题目，笔者发现主要有以下几个趋势。

趋势1：从生活切入的描述性文章

纵观近几年高考英语作文的命题，几乎所有都是要求考生写一篇描述性的120－150字的英语文章。描述性的文章的特点在于，它比较容易“上手”，即学生看到题目不会一下子懵住，由于题目中带有较为详细的提示或者有着简单易懂的图片说明，学生下笔就显得比议论文更为容易。比如07年的题目是以“礼物”为主题要求考生写自己送出的一份礼物。看到这个题目，几乎所有考生的脑海里就会一下子涌现出生活中曾经送出过的礼物，经过整理并筛选，最终确定描写的对象。再如06年的春考英语作文题目是要求考生描述现在的居住情况等等。

另外，在文章的主题上大致可以分为两类，一是要求考生从描写生活中的一件事情入手的文章(比如10年、08年、07年和05年的高考，以及06年的春考)，另外一类则是模拟一个生活中的情景，以此展开描述和分析(比如09年、06年和04年的高考，以及07年和04年的春考)。这两类题目的共同特点是文章的主题均与生活有着十分紧密的关系，即使是后面一类，题目中模拟的场景都是与考生的日常生活有密切关系的内容。

笔者认为，出现这一趋势的主要原因有两点：

一、命题来源于大多数考生在生活中经历过的事情，由于这是和考生的日常生活紧密相关的，而且即使是上述指出的既定给出的题目，题目也进行了详细的解释，因此考生几乎不会出现无话可写的尴尬局面。

二、大多数教高三的英语教师都曾经或者正在使用“猜题”的方法，即教师根据以往的高考试题以及教学大纲，给学生一系列的范围并且相应的给出许多写作模板和范文，让考生在考前将之熟记于心，当考试遇到接近的形式或者题目时，考生就可以一一套用，保证在考场上的稳定发挥。可是，现在高考英语作文命题出现的新趋势，使得这种复习的方法举步维艰。虽然题目是来源于生活的，可是毕竟生活的范围太广了，这就大大降低了教师和考生“猜题”的侥幸心理。因此若要写好作文，就必须稳扎稳打，重视平时的积累。这不仅有利于教学方法的优化，也有利于考生打下扎实的英语语言基础。

笔者认为，高考英语作文的主题越来越接近生活这是一个必然的趋势，这种趋势的目的是使考生将英语学习融入到生活中去，而不仅仅是脱离生活的、机械的学习，这也是应对中国学生在英语方面突出的“高分低能”的缺点的有效手段之一。

趋势2：英语作文的“语文化”

从上文中可以看出，高考英语作文这种从生活切入的主题似乎大大降低了其难度。但事实真的是这样吗？笔者对此持保留意见。虽然此类描述性的题目可以让学生更“有话可写”，可是我们必须注意到上述几乎所有的题目都有两个要求，描写只是其中的第一个要求，在我们看来那只是一个引子，仅仅是几句话带过的“述题”部分。而重头戏是后面的第二个要求，那才是评判作文质量的关键所在。还是以07年的高考为例，它要求在描写送出的礼物和所送的对象之后，还要写出该礼物对他(她)可能产生的影响或带来的变化。这就要求考生所描写的礼物对于接受礼物的人是有意义的，自然地，如果需要得到一个较高的分数，就要求考生在描写的背后揭示出具有一定深意的主题。再来看05年的高考，这次是要求以“天生我材必有用”为题。很明显，文章要求考生描写自己曾经做过的一件事情，从而证明人各有所长，无论才能大小都能成为有用的人。这就要求考生在选题上要花上一番心思，文章所描写的事情必须为文章的主题服务。尽量是一件小事，但是从这件小事上能够有“以小见大”的效果。所以说，虽然文章的主题和生活都是密切相关的，而且文章的素材也都是来源于生活的，可是考生在选题和文章的组织结构上必须多花些心思，这是不是同我们在处理高考中语文的作文题时的情形一样呢？

趋势3：及格容易，高分难

以前的英语作文，如果达到了要求的字数、基本无语法错误、思路清晰、表达及过渡流畅，一般达到这些要求，就能进入至少“中上”的档次。但是，描述性的文章不同于考生们平时常常接触到的议论文，它没有能够套用的固定模式，取而代之的是它对考生在文章结构的组织上提出更高的要求。因为一篇高考作文应该控制在120－150字之间，那么考生如何合理地安排呢？如果描述部分过多而忽略了中心的挖掘的话，那只能算是一篇“没有灵魂”的文章。因此，这里就要考验考生的概括和表达能力了，如何既做到“言简意赅”又能够表达清楚到位，这显然是比以前议论文一两句话的“述题”更为艰巨的任务。

另外，要想取得高分，还要求考生能够考虑那些别人想不到的主题。因为这里的描写可能会出现许许多多相近的表达，因此如果文章没有能够“脱颖而出”的地方，所得到的分数自然也比较普通。故要想取得高分，考生就要注重对于文章主题的挖掘，要让阅卷的老师看到你思想的光芒，发现你文章的闪光点。这些都是死板的模板、千篇一律的范文和单纯的描写所不能做到的。

更多信息请访问：新浪高考频道 高考论坛 高考博客圈 订阅高考免费短信服务

7.经典翻译中英文对照 篇七

科学发展观 concept of scientific development

全民科学文化素质 scientific and cultural qualities of the entire people

发展科技 scientific and technological advancement

科教兴国 revitalize China through science and education

农业技术 agricultural technology

[扩展]

白色农业 white agriculture（microbiological agriculture and biological cell agriculture）

超级杂交水稻 super-hybrid rice

技术下乡spreading the application of science and technology in rural areas

节水农业 water-saving agriculture

立体农业 3-D agriculture

农产品加工及转化the processing and commercialization of agro-products

农业科技agro-science

农作物良种seeds of high-quality crop

农作物新品种选育the selection and breeding of new crops

生态农业environmental-friendly agriculture

无土栽培 soil-less cultivation

BP机，传呼 beeper, pager

背投屏幕 rear projection screen

不明飞行物 unidentified flying object（UFO）

操作系统 operating system

产品科技含量technological element of a product

创新 innovation

电话会议 teleconference

电话留言机 answering machine

对讲机 talkie and walkie

多媒体 multimedia

二期the second phase

防抱死系统 ABS（anti-lock braking system）

孵化器incubator

高产优质 high yield and high quality

高技术产业化 apply high technology to production

高科技板块 high-tech sector

高科技园 high-tech park

个人数字助理 PDA（personal digital assistant）

工业园区industrial park

国家质量技术监督局 the State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision

国家重点实验室 national key laboratories

火炬计划Torch Program（a plan to develop new and high technology）

计算机中央处理器 central processing unit（CPU）

技术产权technology property right

技术交底 confide a technological secret to someone.技术密集产品technology-intensive product

交叉学科interdisciplinary branch of science

科技成果转化为生产力 transfer of scientific and technological achievements into productive forces

科技含量 technology content

科技基础设施science and technology infrastructure

科技是第一生产力 Science and technology constitute a primary productive force

科技体制改革reform of the science and technology management system

科技与经济脱节 science and technology are out of line from the economy

科教兴国rejuvenate the country through science and education

可持续发展战略strategy of sustainable development

纳米 nanometer

三峡水利枢纽工程the key water control project at the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River

物种起源 origin of species

新兴学科 new branch of science

研究成果 research results

在孵企业incubated enterprises

自动取款机 automatic teller machine（ATM）

自然科学与社会科学的交叉融合integration of natural and social sciences

IT 信息技术

[扩展]

信息港 info port

信息高地 information highland

信息高速公路information superhighway

信息革命information revolution

信息含量information content

信息化 informationization

信息技术处理ITAcentral processing unit

超文本传送协议 hypertext transfer protocol（HTTP）

界面 interface

金融电子化 computerized financial services

局域网 LANartificial intelligence 人机交互 humanliquid crystal display

逐行扫描 progressive scan（high-frequency mode）

视频点播 VOD-video on demand

搜索引擎（计算机）search engine

统一资源定位器 URL-uniform Resource Locator

下载 download

英特网 internet

万维网 WWWwireless application protocol

移动电话双向收费two-way charges for cell phones 能上网的手机 WAP phone 增强型短信服务 EMS（Enhanced Message Service）

程控电话 program-controlled telephone 生物技术bio-technology [扩展] 克隆cloning 生物芯片biochip 基因工程genetic engineering 基因突变genetic mutation 基因图谱genome 转基因动植物 genetically modified animals and plants 转基因生物genetically modified organisms（GMOs）

转基因食品GM food（genetically modified food）

B超 type-B ultrasonic 试管婴儿 test-tube baby 试管受精 in-vitro fertilization（IVF）

干细胞 stem cell 空间科学Space Science [扩展] 长征2号F运载火箭 Long March II F carrier rocket 多任务小卫星 small multi-mission satellite（SMMS）

登月舱 lunar module 发射成功 successful launch 风云二号气象卫星 Fengyun II meteorological satellite 神舟五号载人飞船 manned spacecraft Shenzhou V 同步卫星 geostationary satellite 全球定位系统 GPS（global positioning system）

首航 maiden voyage（of an aircraft or ship）

外层空间 outer space 外星人 extraterrestrial being（ET）

8.名言名句中英文翻译 篇八

2) Conceit is the quicksand of success。自负是成功的流沙。

3) Success grows out of struggles to overcome difficulties。成功来自于克服困难的斗争。。

4) He that promises too much means nothing。轻诺者寡信。

5) He would climb the ladder must begin at the bottom。千里之行始于足下。

6) Sweat is the lubricant of success。汗水是成功的润滑剂。

7) A friend in need is a friend indeed。患难见真情。

8) Custom reconciles us to everything。习惯则不怨。

9) A black plum is as sweet as a white。黑梅白梅一样甜。

10) Some thing is learned every time a book is opened。开卷有益。

11) It is no use crying over spilt milk。牛奶已泼，哭也无用。

12) He that gains time gains all things。赢得时间就赢得了一切。

13) Command your man and do it yourself。要求部下做到，自己也要做到。

14) Envy may dissatisfy us with our lot。嫉妒可使我们对自己的命运不满意。

9.四级英语翻译 题目及答案 篇九

春节

春节是中国最重要，也是最热闹的古老节日之一。春节象征着团结、兴旺以及对未来寄予新的希望。据记载，中国人过春节已有四千多年的历史。中国是个多民族的国家，各民族（nationality）过春节的形式各有不同，但是无论在中国的那个地方，人们都会在春节期间全家团圆，吃年糕(New Year cake)、饺子以及各种丰盛的饭菜。人们张灯结彩，燃放鞭炮，并互相祝福。

----Spring festival is the most important in China, as well as it is the most lively ancient festival.Spring festival is a symbol of unity, prosperity and the new hope for the future.According to the record, there have been more than 4,000 years’ history that Chinese have celebrated the Spring festival.China is a multi-ethnic country, different nationality have different ways to celebrate Spring festival, however, no matter which place in China, people always make the family reunion during the Spring festival, they eat New Year cake, dumplings and rich food.People always decorate the house and set off firecrackers, and bless each other.二、艺术

京剧脸谱

京剧脸谱（Peking Opera facial makeup）是具有民族特色的一种特殊的化妆方法。由于每个历史人物或某一种类型的人物都有一种大概的类型，就像唱歌、奏乐都要按照乐谱（music score）一样，所以称为“脸谱。关于脸谱的来源，一般认为脸谱来自假面具。京剧脸谱是广大戏曲爱好者非常喜爱的一门艺术，国内外都很流行，被大家公认为是中国传统文化的标志之一。

----Peking Opera facial makeup is a special make-up method and it is with national characteristics.Due to each historical figure or a certain type of figures have a rough type, just like singing songs or playing music should accord to the music score, so it is said “facial makeup”.About the source of the facial makeup, it is generally believed facial makeup from mask.Peking Opera facial makeup is a favorite art for the opera lovers.It is popular at home and abroad.Everyone believes it is one of the symbol of China traditional culture.三、历史

汉字

汉语是一种很古老的语言。大量文献记载说明，汉字起源于新时器时代（the Neolithic Age）仰韶文化时期，最早的汉字已有近4,000年的历史。汉字在其漫长的发展中演化出不同的书写形式，例如篆书（seal script）、隶书（official script）、楷书（regular script）和行书

(cursive handwriting)。中国书法家笔下的汉字往往以字形的夸张取得艺术效果，例如一些旅游胜地的石刻碑文。

----Chinese is an ancient language.A large number of documents show Chinese characters originated nearly 4,000 years.Chinese characters in its long development evolved different forms of writing, for example seal script, official script, regular script and cursive handwriting.Chinese calligrapher’s Chinese characters often to the glyph exaggeration in the achievement of artistic effect, such as some stone inscriptions seen in tourist resort.四、人文

花木兰

花木兰是中国著名古诗《木兰辞》中描绘的一位替父从军的英雄。因木兰的父亲年事已高，不能经受奔波劳苦，木兰又没有兄长可以代替老父，于是她把自己乔装成男子代父从军。虽然这个故事是否真实不得而知，但是千百年来，花木兰作为孝顺的典范而深受中国人的尊敬。1998年，美国迪士尼公司将花木兰的故事改编成了动画片，受到了全世界的欢迎。

----Hua Mulan is China’s famous ancient “Mulan phrase” describe a military hero for father.Because of Mulan’s father’s old age, he can’t travel through toil, Mulan doesn’t have any elder brothers who can substitute for father, so her father generation army disguised as men.Although the story whether is true or not which we can’t known, in one thousand, Hua Mulan as a model of ficial piety and respect by the Chinese.In 1998, the Walt Disney Company animated Hua Mulan story and get the welcome of all over the world.五、游玩

上海

上海，位于东海之滨，长江出海口处，是中国最大的城市，拥有超过两千万的人口。上海作为旅游胜地以其历史地标，如外滩、城隍庙、现代化的浦东天际线、东方明珠电视塔（Oriental Pearl Tower）而闻名，并享有新世界文化和设计中心的声誉。如今，上海是中国大陆最大的商业和金融中心，被称为世界增长最快的经济体典范。

----Shanghai is located in the coast of the east China sea near the mouth of the changjiang river.It’s the biggest city and has mire than 20 million population.Shanghai is as a tourist attraction for its historical landmarks, such as the bund, chenghuang temple, the modern pudong skyline and Oriental Pearl.Shanghai has the reputation of the new world culture and design center.Nowadays, Shanghai is China’s largest commercial and financial center.Shanghai is known as the model of the world’s fastest growing economies.六、美食

北京烤鸭

北京烤鸭是北京的招牌菜，它的独到之处在于不仅味道鲜美，而且含有丰富的营养价值，被誉为“天下美味”，驰名中外。北京烤鸭需经过约45分钟的烤制，烤出的鸭子以皮质酥脆（crispy skin）、肉质鲜嫩为特色，这是其受欢迎的最大原因。在众多的北京烤鸭店中最知名的两个是全聚德和便宜坊，这两家烤鸭店都已经有上百年的历史了。

----Beijing roast duck is the specialty of Beijing, its unique feature is that not only delicious taste, and contain rich nutritional value, and has been hailed as “the world delicious”, famous both at home and abroad.Beijing roast duck need bake 45 minutes.Baking a duck is famous for crispy skin and fresh meat, this is the biggest cause of its popularity.In many of the two most famous Peking duck restaurant is quanjude and cheap, both roast duck restaurant has a history of hundreds of years.七、热议

无手机焦虑症

近来，无手机焦虑症（nomophobia）成为人们讨论的一个热点话题。无手机焦虑症指的是人们对于脱离手机的恐惧。研究发现，很大一部分人在远离手机的时候都会感觉不舒服。据此，专家建议，如果你痴迷于手机，那么你应该试着放下手机，特别是在和家人或者朋友一起出去的时候。持续专注于手机也会给人际关系造成阻碍。

----Nowadays, nomophbia becomes a hot topic which people discuss.Nomophbia means people are fear for out of mobile phone.The study found that a great number of people will feel uncomfortable when far away form the phone.So, experts suggest that, if you obsessed with your phone, you should try to put down phone, especially when you stay with your family or go out with your friends.Continue to focus on mobile phone will be to get in the way of interpersonal relationships.八、流行

电子书

现在人们习惯于使用智能手机（smart phone）、平板电脑（tablet PC）或者专门的电子阅读器来阅读。电子书（E-books）越来越为人们所接受。电子书是一种数字形式的书，它可以包含文字、图片或二者兼有。从传统意义上讲，电子书是纸质书的电子化，但其实许多电子书并没有纸质的对应物，电子书已成为一种新型书籍。电子书以数字形式存储，因此人们随时都可以阅读。

----Now people are used to use smart phone, table PC or special electronic reader to read.E-books are more and more accepted by people.E-books is a form of digital book, it can contain text images or both.In the traditional sense, E-books are electronic books, but in fact many e-books are not paper counterparts, E-books have become a new type of boos.E-books are stored in digital form, so people can read any time.九、思索

“光盘”行动

“光盘（Clear your plate）”行动是一个提倡节约粮食的公益活动。提出该活动的志愿者们建议人们外出就餐时吃光或者把剩饭剩菜打包带回家，从而形成一种勤俭节约（diligence and thrifty）的社会好风气。如今，随着社会经济的快速发展，人们对节约粮食的号召通常不削一顾。而“光盘”行动显然是在提醒人们：节约粮食仍是需要被奉行的一种美德。“光盘”行动取得了良好的开端，但关键还要持之以恒。

----“Clear your plate” action is a public welfare activities of saving food.Suggest the campaign volunteers ate when people go out to eat or wrap up leftovers home to form a diligence and thrifty good social atmosphere.Nowadays, with the rapid development of social economy, people call for saving food are usually ignored.The “Clear your plate” action is clearly in a reminder that : save food is still needs to be pursued a virtue.“Clear your plate” action achieves a good beginning, but the key is perseverance.十、经济

网络购物

如今很多人都会借助互联网在家里舒舒服服地购物，网络购物已成为人们最喜爱的购物方式之一。对于消费者来说，网络购物不仅方便，选择范围广，价格具有竞争性，而且更容易获取商品信息。对于商家来说，网络提供了更多的客户和更大的市场空间。对于整个市场经济来说，这种新型的购物模式可在更大的范围内、更广的层面上以更高的效率实现资源配置（allocate resources）。

----Nowadays, many people comfortably at home with the hope of the Internet shopping, online shopping has become one of the most popular shopping way form people.For consumers, online shopping is not only convenient, the choice range, the price is competitive, and easier

to get product information.For business, the network provides a more customers and more market space.For the entire market economy, the mode of a new type of shopping in a larger range, a broader level at a higher efficiency to achieve the allocate resources.财管1132 5