长城导游词以上

长城导游词以上（共7篇）（共7篇）

1.长城导游词以上 篇一

北京导游考试口试标准导游词之十六——长城题签：长城

长城是我国古代一项伟大的防御工事，是我国古代劳动人民创造的伟大的奇迹，1987年被列入《世界遗产名录》。

中国最早修筑长城是在春秋战国时期，当时各诸侯国为了争霸连年征战，为了有效的抵御入侵，各诸侯国在各自的边境上修筑了一系列能够传递信息的烽火台，以及具有防御性的驻军城堡，这些城堡当时被称为“列城”。在我国历史上最早修筑长城的是楚国，在历史是被称为“万城”或“方城”。之后各诸侯国纷纷效仿。齐国用黄土夯筑或用石块垒砌，修筑了从西到东，直至入海的长城。燕国也修筑了易水长城和北长城。此外赵国、秦国也分别在各自边境修筑了长城，这些城墙奠定了中国北方长城的基础。

在中国历史上有三次修筑长城高峰。

第一次是在秦朝，秦始皇统一中国后，为了维扩中原地区的封建经济的稳定发展，秦始皇派大将军蒙恬率30万军队及数百万民夫，先修建了秦赵燕三国北部的旧长城，再另筑部分新长城将他们连接起来形成了西起临洮东至辽东，长达7000公里。

第二次是西汉初年为了抵御匈奴的不断南侵和保护新开发的“丝绸之路”在采取坚决抗击政策的同时，修筑了规模宏大的汉长城。汉长城西起新疆的罗布泊，东至辽东，长达10000余公里，是中国历史上最长的长城，汉代是中国历史上修筑万里长城的第2次高峰。

第三次是明朝，逃回蒙古的元顺帝仍然保持有较大的军事实力，经常派兵南下，意图收复失地。明代后期，东北又有女真族的崛起。面对蒙古与女真的威胁，明代始终十分重视北方的防务。从朱元璋建国第一年，就派大将徐达北上修筑长城，直到明王朝灭亡，200多年中一直没有停过，其中大规模修筑就多达18次。司马迁总结了长城的建造选址原则“因地形，制险用塞”，可见历朝的长城都建在险峻之处。

明长城西起甘肃嘉峪关，东至辽东的鸭绿江边的虎山。全长7000多公里，经过了九个省，直辖市，自治区，即我们今天所看到的长城。明代把长城沿线分为九个防守区域，每个区域设镇守，称为“九边九镇”。明代是中国历史上修筑长城的第三次高峰，也是最后一次高峰。

北京的八达岭长城是我国万里长城中独具代表性的一段。这里地势险要，城关坚固，是长城重要关口居庸关的前哨，八达岭长城历来是兵家必争之地。这里为什么叫八达岭呢？因为从这里往北可达延庆、赤城；往南可达昌平、北京市内；往东可达永宁、四海、密云；往西可达沙城、宣化、怀来、大同、张家口；道路四通八达，故称八达岭。八达岭是居庸关的门户。因此古人曾说“居庸之险，不在关，而在八达岭”。

八达岭长城是由关城，岔道城，墙体，敌台，烽火台，排洪洞等建筑组成，是明长城中最典型的一段。是北京境内长城中保存最完好，工程质量最佳，结构最严谨的一段。其中墙体长约12千米，敌台24座，墙台4座。

关城：关城建于明代，面积约5000平方米，城高7.5米。关城东门上刻“居庸外镇”。意为居庸关外又一重镇。西门上刻“北门锁钥”。意思是此处是军事重镇，好像北京的门户上的一把锁，一旦被打开，整个北京也就门户洞开了。

关城内的墩台高达厚实，下部用十多层花岗岩条石垒砌，上部为城砖，宽20多米，是长城中最壮观的墩台之一。在登城口内有明崇祯年间铸造的大炮 “神威大将军”。

岔道城：由于关城地域狭小，很难驻守大量官兵，明嘉靖三十年（1551）又在关城西北另建岔道城，城中建有守备衙门、武器弹药库、粮库、兵营等。

墙体：墙体平均高7.8米，墙基平均宽5．8米左右，可容10人并进或5马并骑。内侧称女儿墙，高约1米；外侧称垛墙或雉堞，高近2米。垛墙上凸出的部分称垛口，低凹的部分称堞口，每个垛9上有望孔，下由射孔。墙顶上还设由排水沟和吐水嘴，吐水嘴做成长长的石槽伸出墙外，以防雨水冲刷墙体。

敌台：敌台是跨墙而筑，高出墙体，两层或三层的建筑，上面四面开有望孔和箭窗。里面分隔成相互连通的屋子，分别用于士卒居住和存放武器、弹药、粮食。

墙台：墙台是何墙体在同一平面，向外突出的平台，也叫“马面”突出部位砌有垛墙，平时放哨、习武，战时兵卒可以站在突出墙体的地方从侧面攻击登城的敌人。

烽火台：烽火台位于城墙墙体之外不与墙体相连，是一个独立的建山体拐角处，是传递军情的设施。白天报警点烟称烽，夜间报警放火叫燧。报警时用狼粪做燃料，烟飘的高不容易散，非常醒目，又叫狼烟。所以烽火台又称烽燧，狼烟台等。明成化年间规定，来犯之敌百余人左右，燃一烟点一炮；五百人左右，燃两烟点两炮；千人以上，燃三烟点三炮；五千人以上，燃四烟，点四炮；万人以上，燃五烟点五炮。北京段的长城为什么修建在这里呢？这是北京的地形所决定的，北京北军都山，西有西山，两山在北京的西北部交会形成峡谷，成为人们往来最重要的通道。因为古代在峡谷中建有居庸关，故名关沟。关沟东起昌平区南口镇，西北到延庆县八达岭，全长20公里，是北京通往蒙古高原的重要通道。关沟内花木郁葱，溪水长流，风景秀丽，又有很多民间传说及名人佚事，民间传说很多，于是衍生出“关沟七十二景”，有仙人枕、点将台、望京石等等。

关沟自古为兵家必争之地。明代因关沟是北京的关防重点，因此在关沟内设置了四道防线重兵把守。也就是俗称的4关，它们分别是八达岭关、上关、居庸关、下关。

居庸关位于两山夹峙、陡峭难攀的峡谷中，又有下关与八达岭两个周边关，自古有“绝险”之称。“居庸”一词最早见于《吕氏春秋》中“天下九塞，居庸其一”。居庸关与山海关、嘉峪关并称明长城全线著名的三关。居庸关又被称为天下第一雄关。现在居庸关上的南北两门上的“居庸关”三字匾额是明景泰年间所题。

居庸关关城里有一座汉白玉砌筑的高台叫云台，始建于元代，原是一个过街塔建筑，当时台上有3座并列的白色覆钵式白塔。元末明初佛塔毁坏，只剩下汉白玉台座，因为云台上雕饰了很多藏传佛教图像与文字。所以云台具有极高的文物价值。在居庸关边上有乾隆皇帝御笔题写——著名的燕京八景之一的“居庸叠翠”。

在关沟中与公路平行的这条铁路就是著名的京张铁路了，它全长200多千米，是我国清未爱国工程师詹天佑主持修建的，是中国人自己设计施工的第一条铁路，并创造性的设计了“人”字形铁路、“之”字形爬山，解决了火车不能直接爬坡和拐弯的问题。而且成功的打通了长达1091米的隧道。这在当时是非常不容易的。

长城有四大历史作用：

1、在军事上，起到了对北方游牧民族的抵御。游牧民族由于长期生活在草原，擅长骑射。他们在马上作战，机动灵活，但攻坚战却是他们的弱项。中原王朝处于战略防御时，横在游牧民族骑兵面前的高大坚甲的长城，迫使其弃长就短，优势被化解。也可以队北方游牧民族进行战略进攻，而当中原王朝转入战略进攻时，长城会起到步步为营的作用。

2、在经济上，驻守万里长城需要大批军队，在经济上，屯田促进了边疆地区的经济发展，到明代，军屯已发展到“养兵百万不费百姓一粒米”。屯田不仅使边疆地区大量的处女地得到开垦成为良田，尤其是中原地区先进的生产技术和经营方式带到了边疆，促进了边疆地区的经济的发展。

3、是促进民族融和的纽带，在和平互市期间，长城内外的游牧民族与衣耕民族相互交流学习，促进了社会进步与和谐。

4、保卫亚欧大陆桥“丝绸之路”在长城的保护下得到发展，促进了东西方的交流。

长城是中国悠久历史的见证，也是中华民族精神的体现。被世界视为中国的象征。古塞雄关存旧迹，九州形胜壮山河，巍巍万里长城将与神州大地长存，将与世界文明永在。

2.长城导游词 篇二

各位游客们，大家好！我是周金洋，是你们这次八达岭长城之行的导游。先给大家介绍一下长城吧！万里长城东起山海关，西至嘉峪关，跨群山，穿蟒原，它是中华民族这条腾飞的巨龙的象征！是世界文化遗产，也是人类文明的奇迹！

这里我也温馨提醒各位：在游览长城的过程中请注意安全，坡度较大的地方拉好扶手；不在长城上乱涂乱刻，做文明的游客！

游客们，现在我们来到了长城脚下。让我们抬起头来远望，长城像蜿蜒的巨龙卧在连绵起伏的崇山峻岭之中，宏伟壮观。下面请大家随我一起登上长城。我们脚下踩着的石块，手扶着的条石，一块就有两三千斤重。当时没有火车，没有汽车，没有起重机，劳动人民就靠肩扛，手抬。当时还流传着“孟姜女哭长城”的传说：勤劳智慧的孟姜女到长城寻找修筑长城的丈夫，可是丈夫却已经累死了，孟姜女连哭三天三夜，终于把长城哭倒了。长城凝结着多少劳动人民的血汗呀！

游客们，这是八达岭长城的烽火台，这些烽火台可以在二到三小时之间将情报传到数千里外的地方。烽火台分两层，上层是眺望台，下层是士兵吃饭和睡觉的地方。那儿驻扎着许多士兵，一旦发现敌人，便点燃烽火，将消息传到远方，可见烽火台在当时的军事中有着多么重要的作用。

不知不觉，我们已快到“好汉坡”了。“好汉坡”意为只有好汉才能登上的险坡，是登八达岭长城的必经之路，以险、陡而著称世界。游客们，让我们也登上这似乎通天的石级，做一回好汉吧！Let’sgo！

经过好汉坡，就要到达顶峰了！看，那琥珀色的巨石上刻着毛主席的亲笔题词：不到长城非好汉！我身后的那块石壁，上面是游人的刻字留念，你们也可以在上面留下自己的大名哦！

3.长城导游词 篇三

大家好!我很高兴我能成为你的导游。我叫卢伟。你就叫我鹿岛吧。这次我们将参观举世闻名的长城。游览期间请不要乱扔垃圾或在城墙上乱涂乱画。谢谢合作!

现在我们乘缆车到八达岭脚下，开始爬长城。随着陡峭的山峰，长城蜿蜒曲折，就像一条活的金龙躺在上面。从远处看，它在群山之间蜿蜒盘旋。我告诉你，长城有13000多英里长，所以它也被称为长城。再往远处看，白雾似乎用一层薄纱覆盖了长城，就像一幅画满了诗和情歌，让我们沉醉其中。

站在长城上，扶着墙上的石头，踩着脚下的方砖，我们感受到了修建长城的劳动人民的辛苦和疲惫。光是看这数不清的石头，一块就有两三千斤重。那时候没有任何工具，被无数双手无数肩膀托起。可想而知他们有多辛苦!你会发现城墙上有方孔，其实是用来射敌人的。一排排都是扶壁，每隔300米就有一个方形的城市平台，是屯兵的堡垒，战斗时可以相互呼应。你以为我们走的路很宽，五六匹马就能并行?

我们爬啊爬，最后到达了最高峰。我们都伸展双臂，尽情呼吸新鲜空气。游客不禁赞叹一句：祖国的山川多美啊!

4.长城导游词 篇四

你们好!欢迎来到美丽的北京。我是你们的导游，姓陈，也可以叫我陈导游。今天我带你们去的地方是国家重点旅游景点宏伟壮观的八达岭长城。

大家从车窗远看长城，它就像一条长龙，在崇山峻岭之间蜿蜒盘旋。从东头的山海关到西头的嘉峪关，有一万三千多里，它可是我国劳动人民的智慧结晶。

游客们，我们来到的这一段长城修筑在八达岭上，又高大又坚固，是用条石和城砖筑成的。城墙顶上铺着方砖，十分的平整，像宽大的马路，五六匹马可以并行。游客们，你们看见了长城是不是觉得非常壮观呢?大家再看城墙外沿那些两米多高的成排垛子，垛子上有方形的瞭望口和射口，供瞭望和射击用。当时明代有着一个规定：敌军到来100多人，放一炮;500人以上，放两炮;1000多人以上，放三炮等，这样明代大军就能很快知道敌军的人数。由此可以看出我国古代人民是十分得聪明!

游客们，我们现在站在长城上，大家踏着脚下的砖，扶着边上的石头，有没有想起古代建筑长城的劳动人民呢?单看这数不清的石头，一块两三千斤重，那时候没有火车、汽车、起重机，他们只能靠无数的肩膀无数的手，一步一步地抬上这陡峭的山岭。多少劳动人民的血汗和智慧才凝结成这前不见头，后不见尾的万里长城，所以它被列为“世界八大奇迹”之一。

关于长城，还有一个感人的传说呢!相传古时，孟姜女和她的夫君准备结婚时，夫君被抓去修长城。孟姜女等了一天又一天，一年又一年，依旧不见夫君回来。她悲恨交加，只好收拾行装去找他。一路上，也不知经历了多少风霜雨雪，跋涉过多少险山恶水，孟姜女没有喊过一声苦，没有掉过一滴泪，终于到了长城，却始终不见丈夫的踪影，打听一下才知道，夫君早死了。孟姜女听到这个消息，一阵心酸大哭起来，整整哭了三天三夜，一段长城被哭倒了，终于找到了心爱的丈夫，她抱着夫君的尸首一步一步地回家。这就是孟姜女哭长城的故事。

5.长城导游词 篇五

看!这一段长城在八达岭上建造而成，这只是长城的一小部分，它从东头的山海关到西头的嘉峪关，有一万三千多里呢。我们往右下方看，在登城口的南侧陈列着一门大炮，名为“这时威大将军”。这门炮炮身约3米，口径约100毫米，由于炮身中间铸有“敕赐神威大将”而出名。射程可达500多米，由此可见。当时的军业还是很发达的。

请大家继续跟我走，看正前方的城台，你们猜一猜这是干什么用的呢?没错，这就是古时候屯兵的堡垒，可它还有一个用处，就是打仗的时候，城台之间可以互相快速的呼应，呼应的信号就是烽火，烽火的主要成分是，呃，在下面吃东西的旅客要注意一下，接下来我继续讲解，烽火的主要成分是干狼粪，因为干狼粪燃烧后会产生一股强大的烟雾，这样传递信号又快又便捷，会为预防敌人争取很大的时间，所以烽火又叫狼烟。

6.长城导游词 篇六

长城东起山海关，西至嘉峪关，有一万三千多里，它全是用巨大的条石和城砖筑成的。它像一条巨龙盘旋在中国北方的辽阔土地上。从远处看，可以发现这里的长城分为南、北两峰，蜿蜒于山脊之上，龙腾虎跃，气象万千，景色十分壮观。古人说：“长城一万里，文化五千年。”它是中国古代劳动人民血汗的结晶，也是中国古代文化的象征和中华民族的骄傲。

大家跟我来，让我们一起走上八达岭长城。看!长城的路可真宽，五六匹马都可以并行。城墙有两米多高呢!八达岭长城是由三台两墙组成的。我来给大家介绍一下吧!三台分别是城台、敌台和烽火台。其中城台的构造非常简单，只是屯兵避寒的地方。敌台的构造相对就要复杂一些，分为两层，下层是由“回”、“井”字形组成。上层有垛口和忘孔，是观察军情和射击用的，所以，这里也具有防御敌人的功能。

下面大家来到的就是烽火台，又叫狼烟台。一旦敌人来犯，哨兵就点燃烽火通报军情。明朝时还对烽火与敌人的关系作了严格的规定，这样，在边关的军情就能飞速传到皇宫大内。

站在城墙顶上，踏着脚下的方砖，扶着墙上的条石，大家是否能想到古代的劳动人民来呢?单看这数不清的条石，一块就有两三千斤重，过去没有火车，也没有起重机，就靠着无数的肩膀无数的手，一步一步地抬上这陡峭的山岭。关于长城，还有许多的民间传说，比如孟姜女哭长城等。

7.英文导游词长城 篇七

The Great Wall, like the Pyramids of Egypt, the Taj Mahal(1)in India and the Hanging Garden of Babylon(2), is one of the great wonders of the world.Starting out in the east on the banks of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province, the Wall stretches westwards for 12,700 kilometers to Jiayuguan in the Gobi desert, thus known as the Ten Thousand Li Wall in China.The Wall climbs up and down, twists and turns along the ridges of the Yanshan and Yinshan Mountain Chains through five provinces--Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu--and two autonomous regions--Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, binding the northern China together.Historical records trace the construction of the origin of the Wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 B.C.during the reign of King Cheng of the States of Chu.Its construction continued throughout the Warring States period in the fifth Century B.C.when ducal states Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Qin were frequently plundered by the nomadic peoples living north of the Yinshan and Yanshan mountain ranges.Walls, then, were built separately by these ducal states to ward off such harassments.Later in 221 B.C., when Qin conquered the other states and unified China, Emperor Qinshihuang ordered the connection of these individual walls and further extensions to form the basis of the present great wall.As a matter of fact, a separate outer wall was constructed north of the Yinshan range in the Han Dynasty(206 BC--1644 BC.), which went to ruin through years of neglect.In the many intervening centuries, succeeding dynasties rebuilt parts of the Wall.The most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the Ming Dynasty(1368--1644)when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks.it is mostly the Ming Dynasty Wall that visitors see today.The Great Wall is divided into two sections, the east and west, with Shanxi Province as the dividing line.The west part is a rammed earth construction, about 5.3 meters high on average.In the eastern part, the core of the Wall is rammed earth as well, but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks.The most imposing and best preserved sections of the Great Wall are at Badaling and Mutianyu, not far from Beijing and both are open to visitors.The Wall of those sections is 7.8 meters high and 6.5 meters wide at its base, narrowing to 5.8 meters on the ramparts, wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast.There are ramparts, embrasures, peep-holes and apertures for archers on the top, besides gutters with gargoyles to drain rain-water off the parapet walk.Two-storied watch-towers are built at approximately 400-meters internals.The top stories of the watch-tower were designed for observing enemy movements, while the first was used for storing grain, fodder, military equipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers.The highest watch-tower at Badaling standing on a hill-top, is reached only after a steep climb, like “climbing a ladder to heaven”.The view from the top is rewarding, hoverer.The Wall follows the contour of mountains that rise one behind the other until they finally fade and merge with distant haze.A signal system formerly existed that served to communicate military information to the dynastic capital.This consisted of beacon towers on the Wall itself and on mountain tops within sight of the Wall.At the approach of enemy troops, smoke signals gave the alarm from the beacon towers in the daytime and bonfire did this at night.Emergency signals could be relayed to the capital from distant places within a few hour long before the invention of anything like modern communications.There stand 14 major passes(Guan, in Chinese)at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan.Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing.Known as “Tian Xia Di YI Guan”(The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast.It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here.It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty.(1644-1911)Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the “Strategic pass Under the Heaven” as an important communication center in Chinese history.Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road.Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty(206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions.Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too.The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship.It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference.It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one.On each gate sits a tower facing each other.the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each.Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains.The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century.At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba, since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368).At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls.The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship.such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving.The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia.Undoubtedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages.As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world.The Venice charter says: “Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events.” The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world.In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.Notes:1.the Taj Mahal in India 印度的泰姬陵2.the Hanging Garden of Babylon 巴比伦的空中花园3.Sanskrit 梵语4.Uigur 维吾尔语

There stand 14 major passes(Guan, in Chinese)at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan.Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing.Known as “Tian Xia Di YI Guan”(The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast.It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here.It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty.(1644-1911)Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the “Strategic pass Under the Heaven” as an important communication center in Chinese history.Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road.Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty(206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions.Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too.The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship.It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference.It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one.On each gate sits a tower facing each other.the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each.Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains.The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century.At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba, since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368).At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls.The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship.such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving.The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia.Undoubtedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages.As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world.The Venice charter says: “Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events.” The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world.In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.故宫 hello, everyone，we are now going to pay a visit to a place of special interest.this scenic spot is located at the center of beijing and is characterized by thousands of palatial architectures and purple walls as well as yellow glazed tile roofs-it is simply a sea of palaces.this is the world – famous wonder – the palace museum.the palace museum has served as the royal residence during the ming and qing dynasties.it was here that a total of 24 monarchs ascended the throne and wielded power for some 500 years.the palace museum, as the most beautiful spot of interest throughout beijing, is unique for its location: to the northwest is beihai(north sea)park, famous for its white pagoda and rippling lake;to the west is the zhongnahai(central and south sea);to the east lies the the wangfujing shopping street;and to the north id jinshan park.standing in the wanchun(everlasting spring)pavilion at the top of jingshan(charcoal hill)park, you overlook the skyline of the palace museum.at the southern end of the palace is tian` anmen(gate of heavenly peace)and the famous square named after it.this is the symbol of the people` s republic of china.a world-famous historical site, the palace museum is on the world heritage list of unesco and is an embodiment of oriental civilization.the palace museum is rectangular in shape, 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meters wide from east to west, covering a space of 720,000 square meters of which 150,000 is building area.it has 9000-strong rooms in it.according to legend there are 9999.5 room-units in all.the whole compound is enclosed by a 10-meter-hign wall and is accessed through four entrances, namely, the meridian gate in the south ,the gate of military prowess in the north, donghua(eastern flowery)gate in the north, donghua(eastern flowery)gate in the east and xihua(western flowery)gate in the west.on each corner there is a turret consisted of 9 roof beams, 18 pillars and 72 ridge.encircling the compound there is a 3,800-meter-long and 52 meter-wide moat, making the palace museum a self-defensive city-within-a city.the palace museum was made a center of rule during the ming dynasty by zhun di, the fourth son of the founding emperor zhuyuanzhang.the whole complex straddles on an 8-kilometers-long central axis that stretches from yongding(forever stable)gate in the south to gulou(drum tower)in the north.prominence was given to the royal power by putting the ―three main front halls‖ and ―three back halls ‖on the axis while arrange other subsidiary structure around them.the construction of the palace museum involved manpower and resources across china.for example, the bricks laid in the halls ,known as ―gold brick, ‖ underwent complex, two –dozen processes.as the final touch ,the fired bricks were dipped in chinese wood oil.involving complicated processes and high cost, these brick are called ―golden bricks.‖ the palace museum serves as a living embodiment of good tradition and styles unique to china` s ancient architecture.it reflects to the full the ingenuity and creativity of the chinese working people.a carefully preserved and complete group of royal residences, the palace museum is a prominent historical and tourist site.what we are now approaching is the main entrance to the palace museum-the meridian gate, which is characterized by red walls, yellow glazed –tile roofs and upturned eaves.on top of this walls, yellow glazed-tile roofs and upturned eaves.on top of this magnificent building ,there stand five lofty halls with a main hall in the center.the main hall is roofed by multiple eaves and covers a space of 9 room-units.it is flanked by two wings on each side.the wings are square in shape ,complete with multiple and four edged eaves and pinnacles.all of these structures are connected by a colonnade.because these halls resemble a soaring bird, it was also know as wufenglou(five-phoenix tower).inside the main hall there is a throne.drums and bells were stored in the wings.whenever the emperor presided over grand ceremonies or observed rites in the hall of upreme harmony, drums, bells and gongs would be struck to mark the occasion.as the legend goes, the meridian gate used to be a place where condemned ranking officials would be executed.this not true.however, flogging was carried out here by the ming emperors ,if a courtier falls afoul of the emperor, he would be stripped of his court dress and flogging with a stick.at one point the punishment became so harsh that a total of 11 people died from fatal wound on a single occasion.on the other hand, this building was also used to observe important occasions like the traditional chinese lantern festival(15th day of the first lunar month).on these occasions, chinese lanterns would be hanged and sumptuous banquets would be given in honour of the whole court of ministers and other ranking officials.upon entering the meridian gate we began our tour of the palace museum.the river foowing in front of us is known as jin shui he(golden water river)and the five marbles bridges spanning it are known as the inner golden water bridges.the on in the middle was used exclusive by the emperor and its banisters were carved with dragon and phoenix designs.the bridges flanking the imperial one were reserved for princes and other royal members.the rest were used by palatines.aside from decoration, the golden water river was also dug as precaution against fire.most of the structures within the palace museum are made of wood.what is more ,according to ancient chinese cosmology, the south is the abode of fire, so this brook was dug on the southern tip of the palace.in this way, the palace museum reflects traditional chinese culture.this building is called the gate of supreme harmony.in the foreground stand two bronze lions.can anybody tell which is male and which is female? the one on the east playing with a ball is male, symbolizing power and universal unity.the other on the west with a cub cuddling underneath its claw is female? the one on the east playing with a ball is male, symbolizing power and universal unity.the other on the west with a cub cuddling underneath its claw is female, representing prosperity the endless succession.a layout of the palace museum is posted by the entrance.from it ,you can see that the palace museum has two main parts: the forecourt and the inner court.the three main halls constitute the mainstay of the forecourt, and it was here that the emperor announced decisions and observed rites.behind the forecourt there is the inner court, consisting of major halls and the imperial garden.it was where the emperor attended state affairs, lived and enjoyed his luxurious life.the exhibition system of the palace museum involves historical court relics and articles of ancient art and culture.the palace museum houses nearly one million articles of rare treasure, or one sixth of the total number in all of china `s museums.there are the three main halls of the palace museum, built on a triple marble terrace.since most of china `s architecture is made of wood, the buildings cannot be too tall.to gain the height of the architecture, ingenious ancient artisans built the hall on a gigantic stone terrace.it is also to this end that not a single plant was grown in the square.on stairways of triple marble terrace there are 18 bronze tripods.the verandah is flanked by bronze tortoises and cranes, which served as symbols of longevity.on the east is a sundial, an ancient timepiece.on the west there is a grain measure suggesting that the emperor was just and equitable.in the front and on each flank ,there is a pair of gilt bronze vats(caldrons)molded during the reign of emperor qianlong of the qing dynasty.each of these weights 2 tons and is filled with water as a precaution in the event of a fire.the structure in the very middle is the hall of supreme harmony ,also known as the throne hall.it is 64 meters in width and is 38 meters from entrance to rear.with terrace exclusive ,the hall is 26.92 meters in height and is 35.03 meters in all.covering and areaof 2,377 square meters, the hall of supreme harmony is china` s largest exiting wooden structure.the hall is supported by 6 thick ,round pillars carved in a design of coiling dragons.as the holiest place in the hall, the ceiling and colored patterns were made of the finest material available at that time.the throne was placed on a terrace and is flanked by statues of elephants, luduan(a unicorn which could travel 18,000 kilometers a day and understand all languages), cranes and incense barrels.over the throne there is the caisson ,or covered ceiling ,which consists of a coiling dragon playing with a ball in its mouth.this ball is known as xuanyuan mirror ,and was supposedly made by a chinese emperor of remote times to serve as a reminder that thee rulers to follow were his hereditary heirs.the throne is made of nanmu and painted in gold.magnificently built and luxuriously decorated ,this hall did not serve as a place in which the emperor attended to daily affairs.he used his hall for major events such as his birthday, conferral of title of empress or dispatch of generals to war.behind the hall of supreme harmony ,there sits the hall of complete harmony.this structure is square in shape.each side is 24.15 meters.this was the place where the emperor relaxed and greeted his courtiers before proceeding to the hall of supreme harmony to observe rites.this was also the place where the emperor prepared prayers or examined seeds and sowers before he attended ancestral sacrifices or participated in snowing ceremonies.a grand ceremony was also held here once every 10 years for the emperor to genealogize the royal blood.there are two sedan chairs on display in the hall.behind the hall of complete harmony ,you will see the hall of preserving harmony, which was used as a place where imperial examinations were held.the imperial examination was the hignest level of competing for meritorious appointment under the feudal system dating back to the sui dynasty.china` s last imperial examination was held in 1904 during the reign of emperor guangxu of the qing dynasty.to the rear of hall there is a marble ramp carved with cloud and dragon designs, the largest of its kind in the whole country.it is 16.57 meters in length, 3.07 meters in width, 1.7 meters thick and weighs 250 tons.it was quarried in fangshan county in suburban beijing.to bring this giant piece of stone to beijing people poured water onto the road and applied rolling blocks during the process.we are now standing before the square of the hall of heaven purity.it served as a divide separating the forecourt from the inner court.this building is known as the gate of heavenly purity.emperor qianlong held court here.proceeding further north ,you can find three main rear halls ,i.e.the hall of heavenly purity.the hall of union and peace and palace of earthly tranquility.the hall of heavenly purity if flanked on either side by two gates named after the sun and moon.inside the enclosure there are 12 palaces and halls symbolizing constellations.all of the other buildings are centered around the palace of heavenly purity , which was meant to suggest that the monarch` s power was endowed by heaven.the empress and concubines lived in the inner court.the hall of heavenly purity was where the emperor lived and attended to daily affairs.later the emperor moved to live in the palace of mental cultivation.looking up you can see a plaque bearing the chinese inscription ―be open and above-board,‖ a manifesto to court struggle.behind the plaque a strongbox was stored containing a will bearing the name of the would –be royal successor.this approach of secretly selecting the next emperor was adopted by emperor yongzheng of the qing dynasty.two copies of the will were prepared.one was stashed by the emperor in person ,the other was placed inside the strong box behind the plaque.after the death of the emperor, the two copies would be compared and successor would be announced.it was in this way that emperor qianglong and others have ascended the throne.behind the hall of heavenly purity you will see the hall of union and peace , which is indentical to the hall of complete harmony.it was there that the emperor received congratulations and tributes from imperial officials on major calender occasions , a total of 25 imperial seals are stored there.in the hall, you will see a plaque with the handwritten inscription of ―we wei,‖ exhorting taoist doctrines.further northward is the palace of earthly tranquillity, which once served as the living room of the empresses`.the hall was later converted into a sacrificial place.through the windowpanes on the eastern wall you can see the royal bed decorated with dragon and phoenix designs.this hall has also served as the bridal chamber of monarchs.the gate of earthly tranquilliity leads to the imperial garden(known to westerners as qianlong` s garden),which was used by the emperor ,the empress, and the concubines.a magnificent structure stands in the middle.it is called the qin `s an(imperial peace)hall.it is the only building in the palace museum that was built in taoist style.it served as a shrine to the taoist deity.the garden covers a space of 12,000 square meters ,and is 130 meters from east to the west and some 90 meters from north to the south.there are a dozen halls, verandahs, pavilions and waterside houses in the garden.on each of the fur corner there is a pavilion dedicated to the four seasons which is different in construction style and shape.the garden also features an imperial landscape.with rare trees and exotic rockery, the imperial garden served as a model for china` s imperial parks.in all ,a total of 10-strong building styles were applied.the tall building we are now passing is the gate of military prowess, the back door of the palace museum.our visit is now drawing to a conclusion but the architectures of the palace are not.on the other side of the road is the 43-meter-hign charcoal hill , providing natural protection for the forbidden city.this was also an embodiment of china` s construction style-putting a pool in the front and a hill in the rear.now let` s climb up to wanchun(everlasting springs)pavillion where we` ll have a great view of the palace museum.颐和园 the tour will take 4-6 hours.the route is as follows: out side the east gate-side the east gate –in front of the hall of benevolence and longevity-in front of garden of virtuous harmony-in front of the grand theater building-a lakeside walk from the garden of virtuous harmony to the hall o jade ripples-in front of the o jade ripples-in front of the yiyunguan(chamber of mortal being)-hall of happiness and longevity-in front of the yaoyue(chamber of mortal beings)-hall of happiness and longevity-in front of the yaoyue(inviting the moon)gate of the long corridor-strolling along the long corridor-visiting an exhibition of cultural relics-in front of the hall of dispelling clouds-inside the hall of dispelling clouds-atop the tower of buddhist incense-on a hilltop leading from the back door of the tower of buddhist incense-on a hilltop leading from the back door of the tower of buddhist incense-inside the garden of harmonious interest –outside the south gate to suzhou shopping street-atop the stone bridge inside the suzhou shopping street –on the road from the south gate of suzhou shopping street-on the road form the south gate of suzhou shopping street to the marble boat-in front of the ruins of the garden of complete spring –along the lakeside by the marble boat-boating on the kunming lake-leaving out through the east gate.(out side the east gate)

ladies and gentlemen: welcome to the summer palace.(after the self-introduction of the guide-interpreter)i hope this will be an interesting and enjoyable day for you.during our tour, you will be introduced to time honored historical and cultural traditions, as well as picturesque views and landscapes.the construction of the summer palace first started in 1750.at that time, the qing dynasty was in its heyday and china was a powerful asian country with vast territories.the monarch in power then was emperor qianlong.with supreme power and large sums of money, he summoned skillful and ingenious artisans from all over the country to carry out this construction work in honor of his mother `s birthday.after 15 years and one seventh of the nation` s annual revenue spent, the garden of clear ripples was completed and served as a testimony to china` s scientific and technological achievements.in 1860, this vast royal garden was burnt down along with the yuanming yuan(garden of perfection and brightness)by angol-french allied forces.in 1888, empress dowager cixi reconstructed the garden on the same site and renamed it the garden of nurtured harmony(summer palace).characterized by its vast scope and rich cultural embodiments, the summer palace has become one of the most famous tourist sites in the world.this is the main entrance to the summer palace-the east gate on top of the eaves of the door there is a plaque bearing a chinese inscription which means ―garden of nurtured harmony‖ , whose calligrapher was emperor guangxu.the gate that you are now entering was used exclusively by the emperor, the empress and the queer mother.all others used the side doors.(inside the east gate)

the summer palace can be divided into two parts: longevity hill and kunming lake.the whole garden covers an area of 290 hectares, of whih three-fourths consists of a lake and rivers.this imperial garden features 3,000 room-units and covers an expanse of 70,000 square meters with more than 100 picturesque spots of interest.the layout of the summer palace includes three groups of architectures: palaces where the emperor attended to state affairs, resting palaces of the emperor and empress, and sightseeing areas.entering the east gate we will come the the office quarters.entering the east gate we will come to the office quarters.the annex halls on both sides were used for officials on duty.this is the gate of benevolence and longevity.above the door there is a plaque bearing the same name in both chinese and manchurian characters.the gigantic rock in the foreground is known as taihu rock, or eroded limestone, quarried in jiangsu province and placed here to decorated the garden.on the marble terrace sits a bronze mythical beast, known as qilin or xuanni.it was said to the one of the nine sons of dragon king.a point of peculiar interest is that it has the head of a dragon, antlers of a deer, the tail of a lion and hooves of a ox, and is covered with a unique skin.it was considered an auspicious creature that brought peace and prosperity.this grand hall is the hall of benevolence and longevity.it was built in 1750 , and was known as the hall of industrious government.emperor qianlong ruled that the halls where monarchs attended to state affairs would be named after them.after the rebuilding of the summer palace, the hall was renamed, suggesting that benevolent rulers would enjoy long lives.the arrangement of the hall has been left untouched.in the middle of the hall stands a throne made of sandalwood and carved with beautiful designs.in the background there is a screen carved with nine frolicking dragons.on either side of the throne there are two big fans made of peacock feathers, two column-shaped incense burners, crane-shaped lanterns and an incense burner assuming the form of luduan, a mythological animal which was suppose to have the power to prevent fire.the small chambers on eight side were where the emperor qianlong and empress dowager cixi rested and met officials on formal occasions.on the verandah in the foreground of the hall there are bronze statues of dragon and phoenixes which served as incense burners on major occasions.they are hollow and smoke comes through holes on their backs.also on the veranda are tai ping(peace)bronze water vats made during the reign of emperor qianlong.as a precaution in case of fire, a fire was lit underneath the vats in the winter to keep the water in them from freezing.(at the entrance of garden of virtuous harmony)

we are now visiting the garden of virtuous harmony, where emperor qianlong and empress dowager cixi were entertained with beijing opera performances.it mainly consists of the dressing house, the grand theater building and the hall of pleasure smiles.the grand theater building known as the ―cradle of beijing opera‖ was uniquely laid out and magnificently decorated.on september 10, 1984, the garden of virtuous harmony opened its doors to visitors.there are also 7 exhibition halls with articles of daily use on display here.the staff here put up court dresses of qing dynasty in order to give the visitor a more vivid impression.(in front of the grand theater building)

this building is 21 meters in height and 17 meters in width and features three tiers of tilted eaves and stages.all of the stages are connected to a raise ,and a winch is installed at the top.a well and 5 ponds were sunk under the ground stage.there are trapdoors in the ceiling for fairies to descend, as well as on the floor for demons to surface.the underground passages also served as a means of improving resonance and making the performers` voices more audible.of the three main theater building of the qing dynasty, the grand theater building is the tallest and the largest.the other two are changyin(fluent voice)pavilion in chengde, an imperial summer resort.the building played a major part in fostering the birth and development of beijing opera: since the completion of the grand theater building, many performances were held in it in honor of the empress dowager cixi.(a lakeside walk from the garden of virtuous harmony to the hall of jade ripples)

we are now standing in the middle of a rockery behind the hall of benevolent and longevity.it appears that there` s nothing special ahead.however, after we clear the rockery, we will reach kunming lake.this is a application of a specific style of chinese gardening.not far away in the lake there is a islet.it is filled with peach and weeping willow trees and serves as a ideal place to appreciate the scenery.the pavilion on the islet is called zhichun(understanding spring)pavilion and is chardcterized by four-edged, multiple eaved roofs.(in front of the hall of jade ripples)

this group of special and quiet courtyard dwelling is the hall of jade ripples.it was first used by emperor qianlong to attend to state affairs.it was also where emperor guangxu of the late qing dynasty was kept under house arrest.this hall is a hallmark of the reform movement of 1898, emperor guanxu was empress dowager cixi` s nephew.after emperor tongzhi died, empress dowager cixi made her nephew, who was at that time four years old a successor in order to continue her wielding of power behind the scenes.when emperor guanxu was 19 years old ,empress dowager cixi relinquished power to him but continued to exert considerable influence.in 1898, the reform movement took place with the aim of sustaining the corn principles of the qing dynasty while reforming outdated laws.the movement lasted for 103 days until it was suppressed by empress dowager cixi.the emperor` s six earnest reformists were beheaded and emperor guangxu was placed under house arrest which lasted for 10 years.all the back doors were sealed and a brick was was put up behind the wooden partition on each side of the two annexes of the courtyard.emperor guangxu was closely watched by eunuchs.the wall remains intact for tourists to see..dynasty while reforming outdated laws.the movement lasted for 103 days until it was suppressed by empress dowager cixi.the emperor` s six earnest reformists were beheaded and emperor guangxu was placed under house arrest which lasted for 10 years.all the back doors were sealed and a brick was was put up behind the wooden partition on each side of the two annexes of the courtyard.emperor guangxu was closely watched by eunuchs.the wall remains intact for tourists to see.(in front of yiyunguan(chamber of mortal beings)

this was where empress and empress dowager of china` s feudal system.however, emperor guanxu was not the last emperor of the qing dynasty.the last in the line was emperor puyi, who ascended the throne in 1908 at the age of three, too young to be married.in 1912, he was forced to abdicate.during the short reign of emperor puyi.empress longyu handled state affairs on his behalf in the name of empress dowager.in 1911, a revolution led by dr.sun yat-sun succeeded, and the year after, empress longyu announced the abdication of the last emperor of china.(in the hall of happiness and longevity)the aged empress dowager cixi was so fond of the summer palace that she decided to live here from april through october of every year.this group of buildings served as her residence.this group of courtyard dwellings consists of a forecourt and a backyard with annex courts on each side.the whole compound was basically made of wood, which is ideal for ventilation and lighting.with its quiet and tasteful layout, the hall of happiness and longevity made life very easy and convenient.no wonder one of empress dowager cixi` s pleasure boat.on the pier there is a tall lantern post.flanking the staircase leading to the main entrance of the hall, there are bronze cranes, deer and vases, symbolizing universal peace.the interior layout is the same as the imperial court, with throne, a large table and incense burners placed in the middle.at mealtime, eunuchs-in –waiting would make a gigantic table out of this table and empress dowager cixi would dine on 128 courses.because of this more than 1,800 tales of silver would be spent each month on meals.on the east side of the living room is the cloak room.the bedroom in on its west.in front of the yaoyue(inviting the moon)gate of the long corridor

the famed long corridor is ahead.facing kunming lake and in the foreground of longevity hill, the long corridor stretches from yaoyue(inviting the moon)gate to shizhang(stony old man)pavilion.it is 728 meters in length and consist of 273 sections and connects four octagonal pavilions.in 1990 ,it was listed in guinness book of world records.(strolling along the long corridor)

the long corridor is one of the major structures of the summer palace.since the corridor was designed to follow the physical features of the southern slope of longevity hill , four multiple-eaved, octagonal pavilions(beauty-retaining pavilion, enjoy-the ripples pavilion, autumn water pavilion and clarity distance pavilion)were placed at bends and undulation.thus sightseers will hardly notice the rise and fall of the terrain.as a major part of the architectural style of the summer palace, the long corridor serves as an ingenious connector between the lake and the hill.scattered buildings on the southern slope were linked to creat a unified complex.this corridor can also be called a ―corridor of paintings ‖: there are more than 14,000 paintings on its beams.some of them are of birds, flowers and landscapes of the west lake in hangzhou, zhejian province.others present scenes from literary classics.the majority of the landscape painting were done under the order of emperor qianlong, who preperred the scenery of south china.(by the door leading to the exhibition of cultural relics)this group of temple-shaped structures are known as qinghua(clarified china)hall ,also known as arhat hall during the reign of emperor qianlong.the original hall burned down in 1860.after it was reconstructed, it was renamed.qinghua hall is now used as a exhibition hall displaying rare cultural relics collected in the summer palace.the hall consists of 6 exhibition rooms with tens of thousands of articles of treasure on display in turn.among the exhibits there are bronze ware, porcelain, jade assemblages from the ming and qing dynasties, and rare and paintings.there is also a gigantic stone slab, which is more than 3 meters in height and width.it bears the handwritten inscriptions of emperor qianlong is commemoration of the suppression of a rebellion in the xinjiang region.only this slab survived when the angle-french allied forces set fire to the summer palace.(in front of the gate of dispelling clouds)

now we are approaching the central part of the structures on the lakeside slope, the tower of buddhist incense within the hall of dispelling clouds.the hall of dispelling clouds was where numerous palatines kowtowed to empress dowager cixi.it was surrounded by galleries and flanked by annex halls.in the forecourt there is a pool and marble bridges.starting from the lakeside, there lies in succession a memorial archway, the gate of dispelling clouds, the hall of dispelling clouds and the tower of buddhist incense.all of these structures are built on a central axis and each is taller than its predecessor.this was designed to give prominence to the last structure, the tower of buddhist incense, which was a symbol of imperial power.the layout of this group of architectures was based on scenes described in buddhist sutras.this group of structure are among the most magnificently constructed here in the summer palace.(inside the hall of dispelling clouds)the original buildings on this site were burned down by the anglo-french allied forces in 1860.a new set of structures was built during the reign of emperor guanxu, and was called the hall of dispelling clouds, suggesting that it was a fairyland.the hall was built on a high terrace, and has 21 room.inside the hall are a throne, screens, tripods and mandarin fans.on a platform you will see bronze dragons, phoenixes and tripods.at the foot of the platform there are four bronze water vats, the ancient form of fire extinguishers.the 10th day of lunar october was ,empress dowager cixi` s birthday.on that day ,she sat on the throne here to receive congratulations and gifts.now we are going to pay a visit to the highlight of the summer palace-the tower of buddhist incense.what we are now standing on is a stone terrace which is 20 meters in height.it has a semi housed stairway of 100 steps, you will live for 100 years.so, let` s go!(in the front of the tower of buddhist incense)an octagonal structure with three storeys and quadruple eaves, the tower of buddhist incense is the very center of the summer palace, and is one of the masterpieces of ancient chinese architecture.the tower is 41 meters in height, and is buttressed by 8 solid pillars made of lignumvitae logs.with its complex structure, ingenious layout, towering terrace and convincing grandeur, the tower of buddhist incense was artfully set out by the imperial gardens and beautiful scenery surrounding it.the tower overlooks kunming lake and other picturesque spots within an area of tens of kilometers.on the west side of the tower stands baoyunge(precious cloud pavilion).it is made of bronze and is7.5 meters in height and 270 tons in weight.it resembles its wooden counterparts in every detail.it is one of the largest and most exquisite bronze pavilions still on existence in china.lamas prayed here during the reign of emperor qianlong in honor of the monarchs and their families.at the turn of the century 10 bronze windows were spirited abroad.in 1992 an american company bought the windows and returned them intact to china.(on a hilltop leading from the back door of tower of buddhist incense)

now we can see the long and snaking western causeway and a shorter dike that divides kunming lake into three areas that contain south lake island, seaweed-viewing island and circle city island.the three island represent three mountain in ancient chinese mythology, i.e.penglai, fangzhang and yingzhou.this peculiar method of incorporating a lake a three mountains within a single garden was a brainchild of emperor wudi of the han dynasty more than 2,000 years ago, bearing testimony to feudal monarchs` s longing for longevity.as the legend goes many heavenly elixirs grew on the three mythical islands.using artificial building techniques, the ancient chinese built this masterpiece based on the myth to make the mythical on appear to be accessible to humans.(inside the garden of harmonious interest)setting a garden within a larger garden has been one of china traditional architectural styles.the garden of harmonious interest serves as a fine example of this.this garden was built under the order of emperor qianlong and modeled after the jichang garden(garden of ease of mind)at the foot of mount huishan, jiansu province.it was renamed by his son emperor jiaqing in 1811.the existing garden was rebuilt by emperor or guangxu.empress dowager cixi used to go fishing here.the garden features 10 waterfront platforms, pavilions and halls as well as hundreds of galleries with all of its structures facing the lake and pools, the garden of harmonious interest is basically a garden of waterscape.spanning the vast expanse of the lake and pools are five bridges, each quite different from the others.the most famous of them is the bridge known as ―knowing –the fishing-bridge.‖ it is said that more than 2,500 years ago during the warring states period, two philosophere named zhuang zi had an interesting argument by the side of a pond.zhang said, ‖fish swim to and fro in the water.what happy fish!‖ hui asked , ‖you are not a fish.how do you know they are happy? ‖ zhuang replied, ―you are not me.how do you know i don’t know? ‖ hui signed, ―i am not you ,therefore, i don’t know you.and you are not a fish ,so how

do you know that fish are happy? ‖ zhang said, ―you ask me how i know fish are happy, why do you keeping me the same question?‖ although the garden of harmonious interest was designed after jichang garden, it not only absorbed the original designs, but exceeded it.(outside the south entrance to suzhou shopping street)now lets have a look at longevity hill.on the back slope of the hill stands a group of architectures.the centerpiece of structures there are known as the four continents and are dedicated to buddhism.this group was laid out and arranged in accordance with buddhist cosmology.aside from a main shrine and structures embodying the four continents, there are eight towers representing minor continents.the shrine is surrounded by four lamaist pagodas and between the major and minor continents, there two platforms representing the sun and the moon.the qing authority attached great importance to buddhism.to further strengthen ties with the ethnic minorities who practiced buddhism, the monarchs incorporated both han and tibetan styles of architecture into this group of temples.further north at the foot of the four major continent lies the suzhou shopping street.built along the back lake of the summer palace, this street stretches about 300 meters and features more than 60 stores.it includes restaurants, teahouses, pawnshops banks, drugstores dye houses and publishing houses.in order to recreate the atmosphere of ancient times, visitors will have the chance to exchange their money to ancient style chinese coins for use here.storefronts are trimmed with traditional signboards and ornaments.the commercial culture of the mid-18th century has thus been recreated.(atop the stone bridge inside the suzhou shopping street)visitors may be surprise to see that this shopping street is almost the same as that in south china.as a matter of fact, this street was designed after the shops along the canals in suhzhou.originally known as emperor` s shopping street, it was built during the reign of emperor qianlong.after making several inspection tours to south china and being duly impressed by its commercial prosperity, emperor qianlong ordered the construction of this street.the imperial shopping street was burnt down by anglo-french allied forces in 1860.the site remained desolated until 1987, when reconstruction began.it was opened to the public in september 1990.with commercial culture as its hallmark, the suzhou shopping street is a vivid representation of china` s traditional cultures.(on the road from the south fate of the suzhou shopping street to the marble boat)this is the hall of pines.from it to the west we can walk to the marble boat.the path we aree taking stretches between longevity hill and back lake.monarchs and their cohorts used to stroll along it.hence it was named central imperial path.along this path you will see lilacs all around.hence, this road is also known as the path of lilac.(in front of the ruins of the garden of complete spring)quite a few unique structures were burnt down during the reign of emperor qianlong, among which the garden of complete spring was one of the most famous.the ruined and desolate courtyard by the roadside was its original site, it remains to be restored.this group of structures cover an area of 4,000 square meters and features a number of halls built on three different levels.all of the structures were connected with galleries and stone staircases.with its natural and ingenious combination of pavilions, a hall, galleries and rooms, the garden of complete spring serves as a fine model for other gardens.emperor qianlong frequently visited this compound.(along the lakeside by the marble boat)now we have returned from the back of longevity hill to the front.there is the famous marble boat.this structure is 36 meters in length and its body was made of marble.on top of it is a two storeyed structure.the floor was paved with colored bricks.all of the windows are inlaid with multi-colored glass and the ceiling was decorated with carved bricks.the drainage system channels rain water down through four hollow concrete pillars and into the lake through the mouth of dragon heads.according to a book written by emperor qianlong, the boat was used for enjoying the scenery and was supposed to be symbolic of the stability of the qing dynasty.halfway up the slope there stands the hall for listening to orioles.the ancient chinese liken the warble of an oriole to beautiful songs and melodies, hence the name of the hall which used to be a theater.now the hall is one of the most famous restaurants in china, featuring imperial dishes and desserts.it is a must for many foreign visitors to have lunch here when then come to beijing.more than one hundred heads of state worldwide have dined here and the late premier zhou enlai has held banquets here in honor of state guests.(sightseers who want to try the restaurant can go boating after they eat.those who do not can go abroad right away.those who do not feel like taking the boat can stoll along the long corridor to the outside of the east gate).(boating on kunmin lake)we are now going to enjoy the lakeside scenery from a pleasure boat.as a main part of the summer palace, kunming lake covers an area of 220 hectares, or three fourths of the combined space of this summer resort.this natural lake is more than 3500 years old.this lake was originally called wengshan lake.in 1749 emperor qianlong ordered the construction of qingyi garden, the predecessor of the summer palace.involving nearly 10,000 laborers, the lake was expanded and turned into a peach-shaped reservoir, the first of its kind for beijing.from 1990 to 1991, the beijing municipal government ordered the first dredging of the lake in 240 years.involving 200,000 men and hundreds of dredgers and other tools, a total of 625,600 cubic meters of sludge was dredged and 205 bombs dropped by the japanese during the anti-japanese war were removed.the summer palace set a precedent for sightseeing by boat.there used to be a large imperial flotilla, of which the ―kunming merry dragon‖ was the most famous.it was destroyed by the anglo-french allied forces in 1860.to make the tour of the summer palace a more pleasant one, a large pleasure boat ―tai he ‖(supreme harmony)was built.this double –decked boat is 37.09 meters long,8,59 meters wide and 10.49 meters high.it can travel at a speed of 9 kilometer per hour.small pleasure boats are also available to tourist.another major spot of interest on the western causeway is jingming(bright view)hall.both its front and rear face the lake.this structure also features three two-storeyed halls of varying heights.our tour is drawing to a close as we approach the shore.today we only visited the major scenic areas of the summer palace.i have left other spot of interest for your next visit.i will show you out through the east gate.i hope you enjoyed today` s tour.thank you.good-bye and good luck.天安门

Tian’anmen Rostrum

Tian’anmen(the Gate of Heavenly Peace), is located in the center of Beijing.It was first built in 1417 and named Chengtianmen(the Gate of Heavenly Succession).At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was seriously damaged by war.When it was rebuilt under the Qing in 1651, it was renamed Tian’anmen, and served as the main entrance to the Imperial City, the administrative and residential quarters for court officials and retainers.The southern sections of the Imperial City wall still stand on both sides of the Gate.The tower at the top of the gate is nine-room wide and five –room deep.According to the Book of Changes, the two numbers nine and five, when combined, symbolize the supreme status of a sovereign.During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Tian’anmen was the place where state ceremonies took place.The most important one of them was the issuing of imperial edicts, which followed these steps:

1)The Minister of Rites would receive the edict in Taihedian(Hall of Supreme Harmony), where the Emperor was holding his court.The minister would then carry the decree on a yunpan(tray of cloud), and withdraw from the hall via Taihemen(Gate of supreme Harmony)2)The Minister would put the tray in a miniature longting(dragon pavilion).Beneath a yellow umbrella and carry it via Wumen(Meridian Gate), to Tian’anmen Gate tower.3)A courtier would be invested to proclaim the edict.The civil and military officials lining both sides of the gateway beneath the tower would prostrate themselves in the direction of the emperor in waiting for the decree to the proclaimed.4)The courtier would then put the edict in a phoenix-shaped wooden box and lower it from the tower by means of a silk cord.The document would finally be carried in a similar tray of cloud under a yellow umbrella to the Ministry of Rites.5)The edict, copied on yellow paper, would be made known to the whole country.Such a process was historically recorded as ― Imperial Edict Issued by Golden Phoenix‖.During the Ming and Qing dynasties Tian’anmen was the most important passage.It was this gate that the Emperor and his retinue would go through on their way to the altars for ritual and religious activities.On the Westside of Tian’anmen stands ZhongshanPark(Dr.Sun Yat-sen’s Park), and on the east side, the Working People’s Cultural Palave.The Park was formerly called Shejitan(Altar of Land and Grain), built in 1420 for offering sacrificial items to the God of Land.It was opened to the public as a park in 1914 and its name was changed in 1928 to the present one in memory of the great pioneer of the Chinese Democratic Revolution.The Working People’s Cultural Palace used to be Taimiao(the Supreme Ancestral Temple), where tablets of the deceased dynastic rulers were kept.The stream in front of Tian’anmen is called Waijinshuihe(Outer Golden River),with seven marble bridges spanning over it.Of these seven bridges,historical records say the middle one was for the exclusive use of the emperor and was accordingly called Yuluqiao(Imperial Bridge).The bridges flanking it on either side were meant for the members of the royal family and were therefore called Wanggongqiao(Royal’s Bridges).Farther away on each side of the two were bridges for officials ranking above the third order and were named Pinjiqiao(ministerial Bridges).The remaining two bridges were for the use by the retinue below the third order and wre called Gongshengqiao(common Bridges).They anr the one in front of the Supreme Ancestral Temple to the east and the one in front of the Altar of land and Grain to the west.The two stone lions by the Gate of Tian’anmen, one on each side were meant as sentries.They gaze toward the middle axis, guarding the emperor’s walkway.In front of the gate stands a pair of marble columns called Huabiao.They are elaborately cut in bas-relief following the pattern of a legendary dragon.Behind the gate stands another pair of similar columns.The story of Huabiao may be traced to a couple of sources.One of the versions accredits its invention to one of the Chinese sage kings named Yao, who was said to have set up a wooden pillar in order to allow the ordinary people to expose evil-doers, hence it was originally called a slander pillar.Later it ws reduced to a signpost, and now it serves as an ornament.The beast sitting on the top of the column is called‖ hou‖, a legendary animal, which is said to have been a watcher of an emperor’s behaviour.He was doing such duties as warning the emperor against staying too long outside the palace or indulging in pleasure and urging him to go to the people for their complaints or return in due time.Therefore, the two pairs of beasts were given the names‖ Wangjunhui‖(Expecting the emperor’s coming back)and ― wangjunchu‖(Expecting the emperor’s going out)respectinvely.In the old days, Tian’anmen, as a part of the Imperial City, was meant for important occasions.The two rows of chaofang(antechamber), on the sides behind the main gate, wre reserved for civil and military members of the government waiting for imperial audience and in front of the gate, were offices of imperial administration.On October 1, 1949, chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed on Tian’anmen Rostrum the founding of the People’s Republic of China.Since then Tian’anmen has been the symbol of New Chinea.Chairman Mao’s portrait is hung above the central entrance, flanked by two slogans:‖ Long Live the Great Unity of the Peoples of the World‖.Today , the splendour of Tian’anmen attracts million of visitors from all over the world.The Rostrum on its top was opened in 1988 to the public for the first time in its history.It offers a panoramic view of the Square and the city proper.Tian’anmen Square Situated due south of Tian’anmen, the Square has an area of 44 hectares(109 acres)that can accommodate as many as one million people for public gatherings.It has witnessed may historical events in China’s modern history and is a place for celebrations on such festive days as international Labour Day on May 1st and national Day on October 1st.Around the Square are several famous buildings: 1 The Great Hall of the People This is one of the largest congressional buildings in the world.Built in 1959, the hall consists of three parts: a 10,000-seat auditorium in the center, a banquet hall in the north wing facing Chang’an Street, with a seating capacity of 5,000, and offices for the Standing Committee of the National Peoples’ Congress of China in the south.In addition, thirty-four reception chambers are named after various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly unde the Central Government, plus Hong Kong and Macao.Each is different from the other in decoration and furnishings to stress their local features.2 The Museum of Chinese History and the Museum of the Chinese Revolution These two museums were also built in 1959.the museum of Chinese History houses a permanent exhibition in four parts, covering the entire process of Chinese history spanning from 1.7 million years ago to 1919: 1)The Primitive Society(1.7 million years ago to the 21st century BC);2)The Slave Society(21st century BC to 476 BC.);3)The Feudal Society(475 BC.To 1840 AD.);4)The Semi-Colonial and Semi-Fedual Society(1840 to 1919.)The Museum of the Chinese Revolution covers the period from 1919 to 1949.3 The Monument to the People’s Heroes the monument was built in memory of thousands of martyrs who died for the revolutionary cause of the Chinese people.Its construction began on August 1, 1952 and was not completed until 1958.in the form of an obelisk, the Monument as made of more than 17,000 pieces of tranite and white marble.The purple piece inlaid in the front of the Monument was brought from Qingdao, Shandong Province.It is 38 meters(124ft 8 in)high, the loftiest of its kind ever seen in the country.Not only is it an historic memorial for immortal heroes, but also it is an artistic work of excellent architectural value.On the front side of the Monument is an engraved inscription in Chinese characters written by Chairman Mao Zedong, which reads‖ Eternal Glory to the People’s Heroes!‖.On the back of the Monument is an article written by Chairman Mao, but in Chinese calligraphy by the late Premier Zhou Enlai.At the top of the Monument are eight gigantic carved wreathes of such flowers as peony, lotus and chrysanthemum, symbolizing nobility, purity, and fortitude.At the base of the monument are eight marble reliefs depicting the Chinese historic events since 1840.They are:

1)The Burning of Opium in 1840: 2)The uprising of 1851 in Jintian, Guangxi;3)The Revolution of 1911;4)The May Fourth Movement of 1919;5)The May 30th Movement of 1925;6)The Uprising of 1927 in Nanchang, Jiangxi;7)The War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression from 1937 to 1945;8)The Victorious Crossing over the Yangtze River by the Peoples’s Liberation Army in 1949.This relief is flanked by two smaller ones—― Supplying the Front‖ and ― Greeting the P.L.A.‖.Chairman Mao’s Mausoleum Chairman Mao Zedong, the founder of the People’s Pepublic of China, passed away on Sepember 9, 197 6.In commemoration of this great man, a mausoleum began to be constructed in November 1976, and was completes in August the following year.The Mausoleum was officially opened on September 9, 1977.The mausoleum is surrounded by four groups of sculpture.East of the northern entrance is the sculpture depicting the period of the New Democratic Revolution(1919-1949), and west of it is the one signifying the great achievements of the Chinese people during the period of slcialist revolution and construction since 1949.The sculptures in front of the southern gate are figures of workers, peasants soldiers, intellectuals, technicians and children.Inside the Mausoleum are three main sections: A white marble statue of Chairman Mao is mounted on a platform in the front lobby.On the wall behind the statue is a 24-metre-long(79-foot-long)tapestry, a fine needlepoint work with beautiful landscapes of the country.In the main hall there is a crystal coffin, in which Chairman Mao’s body lies stately with the Communist Party’s flag covering over him.On the wall of the southern lobby, a poem by Chairman Mao and in his own calligraphy is inscribed in gold inlay.It expresses his full great expectations for the country.Tian’ anmen Square has now completed its renovation after eight months’ hard work to welcome the 50th anniversary of the People’s Republic in 1999.天坛