学术英语翻译

2024-10-04

学术英语翻译(精选9篇)

1.学术英语翻译 篇一

学术综合英语2课文翻译

他这样说是彬彬有礼,她这样说是低微无能

黛博拉·塔嫩

1.各种各样的证据表明:即使女性和男性说话方式相同,人们对他们的看法还是不同。这种倾向导致有关女性、男性和无能耐的讨论纷争不断。女性说话讲究方式方法被认为是低微无能,而换成男性则被认为是有能力的表现。视女性的语言为低微无能者的语言常常反映出男性看女性行为的视觉角度。

2.女性不为高人一等而拼搏,往往就被认为是低人一等。在任何情况下都极容易发生误会。这也说明了为什么专家和非专家常常把女性以友善语言表述出来的思维方式曲解成低微无能的表现。没有什么能比一家报社刊登的采访片段更能清楚地说明这种根深蒂固的歧义。采访对象是一对心理学家夫妇,当记者问他们“表现得非常有礼貌”的含义时,这两位专家同时给出不同的答案。男性回答说:“服从”。女性回答说:“敏感”。两位专家都是正确的,只不过每个人描述的是不同性别的观点。

3.专家和非专家都习惯把女性的任何行为看为低微无能的表现。以上同一篇报刊文章援引另一位心理学家的话说:“一个男人会这样问一个女人:‘请你去一趟商店好吗?’同样的情况下女人会说:‘哎,我真的需要从商店买点东西,但是我实在太累了。’”女性的这种表达方式被称为“隐蔽的”,该词含有“鬼祟”和“秘密”等贬义,而这样表达的原因归咎于一个“权”字,女人觉得她没有权利直接提出要求。

4.的确,在我们(美国)社会里,女性的地位比男性低,但这不等于说她们不愿意提出直截了当的要求。女性的这种间接方式很可能是因为她们在努力寻找某种关系。如果愿意在自己的.要求下得到满足,结果就是社会地位的胜利:你高人一等,因为别人按你的意志行事。而如果你的愿望得到满足是因为他人的愿望恰好和你的一致,或者是因为对方心甘情愿,结果就是融洽和谐。当你和对方的需求一致而一拍即合时,你既不高人一等,也不低人一等。而且如果双方都了解这种间接方式,那就不存在什么隐蔽:提出的要求很明确。称间接的沟通方式为隐蔽反映出那些青睐直接沟通方式的人的观点,即直接的方式才是“自然的”、“合乎逻辑的”,这种观点在男性中更普遍。

5.间接方式本身并不反映低微无能。我们不难想象出权势者中有特权的人是怎样使用间接方式的。例如,一位有钱的夫妇用不着直接向听命于他们的用人发号施令,而只须简单地说明其愿望,房子的女主人说:“这儿冷,”用人就会去调高室温;房子的男主人说:“是晚饭的时间,”用人就会摆桌上菜。或许终极的间接是什么都不用说就能使某人做某事:女主人按一下铃,女仆端上下一道菜;家长走进有孩子正在嬉闹的房间,双手叉腰一站,他们

就会戛然而止。

6.所有文化都靠以“间接”二字所形成的复杂而精巧的体制去运作。例如,我在做一个小规模的研究项目时发现:当妻子问“你想去参加那个聚会吗?”,大多数希腊人认为他们的妻子是在暗示她想去。他们认为如果妻子不想去,她就不会提出这个问题。而且他们觉得之所以不直截了当提出,是因为她不想使她的愿望听上去像是要求。间接是传达她的意愿的最好方式。

7.日本文化把间接沟通方式发展成为精美的艺术。例如,一位名叫别府春海的日本人类学家这样描述一次简单的午餐邀请所涉及的微妙的间接交流。当他的朋友发出邀请后,别府首先要弄清楚这个邀请是真正的邀请,还是仅仅出于客套,就像美国人说“哪天有空请你到我们家吃饭”而他并不期望你会出现在他的家门口一样。别府在确定邀请是真实的并且接受以后,对方就得问他想吃什么;按照习俗,他于是说吃什么都可以,而他的朋友也照例一定要他说的具体些,这样的交流在主人和客人之间适当重复了几次,直到别府觉得有礼貌地作出回答才是谦谦之举,于是说米饭和茶。当他就餐时,招待他的的确有米饭和茶—只不过这是一顿丰盛午餐的最后一个程序。别府对饭菜之丰盛并不感到惊讶,因为他知道按礼节就是这样。如果对方按照他的提议款待他,他就等于受到了侮辱,当然礼节也要求他做出受宠若惊的样子。

8.以上描述的有关午餐邀请时双方所进行的间接交流在美国人看来是过分了,然而相比直接的沟通方式,世界上更多的文化崇尚细腻的间接沟通方式。唯有现代西方社会推崇直接沟通方式,而且即使对我们(美国人)来讲,这种方式更是一种价值观,而不是实践。

9.其他文化现象也清楚地表明间接本身并不能反映地位低下。在一定程度上,是我们对对女性地位的设定使我们把女性的所有行为解释成为地位低下的表现。例如,人类学家埃莉诺·基南发现在马达加斯加岛的一个说马达加斯加语的村落里,说话直截了当的是女性,拐弯抹角的是男性。而村民视男性使用隐喻和谚语的间接说话方式为更佳方式。在他们眼里,非直接方式和使用这种方式的男人一样享有崇高地位,而女性的直接风格被视为笨拙、粗鲁、有损男性语言的精深微妙之魅力。关于男性或女性谁直接谁间接在不同地域有不同情况,不变的是女性风格总遭人贬低,其地位被视为低于男性。

2.学术英语翻译 篇二

AEW (Academic English Writing) class is a crucialapproach in cultivating students’ logical and creativethinking, especially in completing graduation thesis. Butnowadays researches have been done to investigate the problemsexisting in AEW class in China. The lack of research capacityprevents English majors from keeping up with the requirementfor high-quality talents in the advancement of the society (Wen38) . As can be indicated, the training of students’ researchability is necessary in universities. Researched-based teaching inAEW class changes the traditional English teaching model andestablish a “learning-based, teach-led” (Sun 13) . Between theFebruary to September in 2014, the research-based approach wasapplied in the AEW class in School of English Studies, DalianUniversity of Foreign Languages. This study was conductedto investigate the impacts of the research-based AEW class’simpact on the research competence of English majors in DalianUniversity of Foreign Languages.

In terms of the concept of academic ability, researchersabroad have not reached consensuses on its definition. Tikunoff (Richards & Nunan 2000) supposed the academic ability is theability to acquire new skills, assimilate new information andto construct new concepts. For most Chinese researchers, theacademic ability was blended with the research ability.Specifically, it includes the ability to raise questiones, collect andgather information, create academic thesis and design the studyprocess. Based on the characteristics of English subject and thecognitive affection of graduate students in English major, WangXuemei (2013) considers the academic ability for Englishmajor students consist of language ability, knowledge ability andresearch ability, among which, the academic research ability isdivided into two parts—general research ability and innovativeresearch ability.

Ⅱ.Research Methodology and results

This research employed a combination of qualitative andquantitative research method. Questionnaires with both closedended and open-ended questions and thesis analysis were adoptedin combination in this study.

According to the results, the research-based AEW class contributed much to students’ academic research ability. Under the research-based approach, students in the AEW class were encouraged to work on their own and come up with topics that they were interested in, after which the professor gave feedbacks and suggestions to help students with feasible and innovative research topics. Consequently, when asked about their opinions on the statement that “the research-based AEW class helped to improve the capability of finding and raising questions”, students who agreed occupied 70%. Meanwhile statistics showed that 62% of the students considered research-based study as of great help to broaden their minds, train them to think divergently and stimulate creativity. What’s more, students’ thinking ability was trained in research-based AEW class. There were altogether 70% of the informants who were satisfied with the impact of research-based AEW class as it improved their ability of analytical thinking so that they could come up with insightful opinions and suggestions. In addition, through the analysis towards the graduation thesis, it can be found that students who were conducted by the researchbased AEW class had more creative selections on the thesis topic. Students were closely related to the research frontier and more inclined to further their research in interdisciplinary fields. Besides, seeing from students’ responses, the research-based approach serves as a feasible teaching method to equip students with methodology to search for literature, carry out research, and solve problems in thesis writing. 85% of the students were capable of obtaining useful literature through Internet and in the library. Students’ ability of reading and comprehending

academic literature was improved in the project study. 75% of the students approved that they have deepened their understanding of both Chinese and English literature, academic journals and monographs. In addition, 90% of the students aggreed that the research-based AEW class played an important role in promoting my ability of collecting data and they were able to collect useful data by collecting corpus, employing questionnaires and carrying out interviews. This can be also reflected in the thesis analysis. The authority and effectiveness of the work cited enhanced much compared to the thesis without guidelines in the AEW class and the research methodology was more logical through the AEW class.

Ⅲ. Conclusion

Even though the research-based AEW class is newlyadopted, it displayed its strengths and achievements in improvingEnglish undergraduates’ academic research ability and preparingthem for future academic research. In a nutshell, the researchbased AEW class provides a fresh angle to conduct Englishteaching and cultivate academic research ability of the Englishmajors. Although not widely adopted, it still has some references meanings.

摘要:高级英语写作课是一门非常重要的英语专业主干课, 但当下在英语专业高级人才培养过程中, 多数中国学校忽略了对学生学术研究能力的培养。这就要求引入一种新型的教学方法--研究型教学法。本研究旨在调查学术英语写作课中应用研究型教学方法对英语专业本科生学术研究能力的影响。

关键词:影响,研究型学术英语写作课堂,学术研究能力

参考文献

[1]Lebow, D.“Constructivist Values for Instructional Design:Five Principles Toward a New Mindset.”Education Technology Research and Development, 41 (3) :4-16.

[3]Swales, J.M and Feak, C.B.English in Today’s Research World.Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press, 2000:120-156.

[4]顾佩娅, 张烨, 故海波 (Gu Peiya, Zhang Ye and Gu Haibo) .英语专业本科毕业论文课研究性教学设计与实践[J].外语教学理论与实践, 2010 (4) :44-51.

[5]孙忠兵 (Sun Zhongbing) .研究型教学:当代课堂教学新理念[J].基础教育研究, 2001 (3) .

[6]王雪梅 (Wang Xuemei) .对英语专业研究生学术能力内涵及其发展过程的再思考[J].当代外语研究.2013 (2) .

3.基于翻译项目的学术文本翻译探析 篇三

【关键词】学术文本 异化 表达形式 语句 术语

一、引言

论文集《生态女性主义文学批评:理论、阐释和教学法》(Ecofeminist Literary Criticism: Theory, Interpretation, Pedagogy)由美国伊利诺伊大学出版社于1998年出版,收录了20世纪90年代西方生态女性主义文学批评中最具代表性的12篇论文,属于学术文本。

该论文集的译著已于2013年由中国社会科学出版社出版,笔者承担了部分篇章的初译。本文是基于对该论文集《绪论》翻译的理论思考和实践总结,意在该翻译项目的基础上,讨论学术类文本的特点、翻译时面临的主要挑战及其解决对策。

二、学术文本翻译的主要挑战

本项目原文属于学术文本,主要面向文学批评研究人员和对生态女性主义理论有兴趣的读者。从文本内容看,文章主旨明确,结构清晰,交代汇编背景,概述学理脉络,提供导读性评论。由于作者文学素养深厚、文字功底凝练,全文毫无阻滞,浑然一体,使译者面临三大挑战。

1.表达形式多样。原文虽是学术文本,但其表达形式并不单一。《绪论》有四个部分:第一部分介绍论文集的汇编背景和汇编依据,是叙事;第二、第三部分概述生态女性主义运动的历史与现状以及相关文学批评的兴起与发展,是描述;第四部分阐明该论文集的结构安排、章节主旨和编者的评论,是议论。翻译过程中,如何将这三种表达形式准确地再现,并如原文自然切换毫无阻滞,是一大挑战。

2.语句凝练。作者多用长句,信息表达密集,语言凝练;而汉语多用短句和散句,这使译文与原文在句式上很难保持一致。在翻译时,文本内容和语言形式是否应尽量靠近原文,是采用“归化”还是“异化”策略,是译者需首先思考的问题。故翻译策略的确定和语句的处理是第二大挑战。

3.术语频现。“术语”是指“通过语音或文字来表达或限定专业概念的约定性符号”。本项目中术语涉及面广,包括生态学术语、女性主义术语、文学批评术语等。如何根据术语的特点和术语的定名规则,综合利用各种文献资料,提高术语翻译的准确性,是第三大挑战。

三、学术文本翻译的解决对策

学术文本的目的是探讨某一学科内最新的思想、视角和研究方法,以补充和启示相关研究做。生态女性主义视角下的文学批评在国内处于文学研究的边缘,为让读者直面这股文学研究思潮,宜忠实地再现原文的语境,让读者在译文中移步,采用“异化”的翻译策略。具体对策如下:

1.表达形式:分明主次,综合呈现。原文的表达形式看似复杂,实则在真实文本并不罕见。“真实文本所呈现的特点并不局限于一种类型。”“也许议论性的文本类型可以通过叙述实现,也许指导性的文本会采用描写的形式,等等。”翻译此类文本时,要分辨出“其中一个目的是统领性的,而另一个目的是一种手段”。

在原文中,作者通过叙述交代论文集的由来,通过描写展示理论的发展脉络,又由议论引导读者阅读。换言之,议论是此文的统领性表达形式,而叙述和描写是辅助议论的手段。因此,翻译时需把议论确定为主要表达基调,领会作者使用叙述和描写的用意,注意文中转换的节点,将三种表达形式不失主次地综合呈现。

2.语句:信息为主,易读为辅。根据语言的功能,文本可分为三种类型:“信息型”、“表达型”和“呼唤型”。此篇《绪论》是“信息型”文本。翻译这类文本,“其目标是保证内容的不变,若转换过程中,信息保持完整,则可认为翻译是成功的”。其次,译著的目标读者是进行女性主义、生态学或文学批评的研究者或相关人员,他们对文本信息的关注是首要的。但《绪论》主要起介绍功能,除理论性外,也需兼顾易读性。

因此,笔者需以保证信息的传达为首要原则,不进行有损于原文逻辑的修饰与改动;在尽可能保持信息对等的前提下,再考虑译文的易读性与流畅性。

3.术语:语义溯源,统一管理。人文社科术语翻译中,术语的“单义性”和“稳定性”要求译者在翻译过程中“首先去查明可能有的现存等价术语的情况”,“充分利用现存合理的等价术语”;术语的“理据性“要求译者采用语义溯源法,“术语的确定要符合其所代表的语义内涵理据,要确保其准确性”。

本项目术语涉及面广、语义专业,要求译者:首先,查阅国内已有的相关文献与术语词典、网络术语库等,对于已译介的术语,借鉴合理的现有译名;其次,对尚无等价语的术语,进行语义溯源,准确理解后,据其语义理据翻译,并与总项目负责人及其他翻译成员讨论,进行统一的术语管理。

四、翻译实例分析

1.表达形式实例。原文的开头,作者叙述了论文集汇编的缘起,语言简单平实,娓娓道来,并无学术著作的艰深晦涩,易于增加读者对本书的兴趣。因此,翻译时必须体现这种简单平实的叙述风格。例1:

原文:“When that proposal was denied, Gaard approached Patrick D. Murphy with several fine conference papers and the idea for a special issue of ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment, which Murphy had founded and was editing at the time.”

译文:在戈德的建议遭到否决后,她将其中几篇优秀的会议论文转交给了帕特里克·D·墨菲,建议在墨菲创办且时任主编的期刊《文学和环境的跨学科研究》上刊登一期特刊。

在第三部分,作者追溯生态女性主义文学批评的历史,回顾其形成过程中的标志性事件,用描写展现事件的具体细节和发展的波澜壮阔之势,翻译时须将这种态势在语气上表达出来。例2:

原文:“Since 1990 there has been an eruption of ecofeminist literary analysis. Although individuals have been working in this vein for decades, the majority of ecofeminist literary criticism is being practiced by younger academics who have received their degrees since 1990 and doctoral students who are building on the wealth of materials.”

译文:自1990年以来,生态女性主义的文学分析不断涌现。尽管个别学者在这一领域研究了数十年,但从事生态女性主义文学批评的主力军则是1990年以来获得学位的更年轻的学者和依靠丰富材料进行研究的博士生。

在第四部分,作者对各篇论文进行导读性评论,带领读者鸟瞰该论文集,是全文的精华,翻译时要呈现严谨凝练的论述风格。例3:

原文:“While ecofeminist theories and practices have developed and diversified in the twenty years following dEaubonnes first book, her work remains an important part of the history of ecofeminism's Western articulation.”

译文:尽管生态女性主义理论和实践在德·奥博纳的首部著作问世后的20多年中不断发展并日渐丰富,但其著作始终是西方生态女性主义发展史中的一个重要里程碑。

2.语句处理实例。对长句的处理,笔者采用“信息为主,易读为辅”的对策,力求最大程度地无损原文信息。下例中只将介词短语提前,并未对长句进行切分和重组,虽稍显冗长,但能更大程度地保留原文信息,使读者在阅读过程中离原文更近。例5:

原文:“Likewise, definitions of literature, its genres, and its canons that attempt to establish timeless universals by relying on a few male authors and ignoring the contextual, historical, thematic, and aesthetic dimensions of literary production can also be only distortions.”

译文:同样,通过依靠一些男性作者并忽略文学作品的语境、历史、主题和审美维度的方式,来对那些试图确立永恒而普遍适用的文学及其体裁和标准进行定义,也只能是曲解其意。

3.术语翻译实例。针对原文术语具涉及面广、涉及领域专业型强的特点,笔者采用语义溯源的方法。例6:

原文:“We can relate ecofeminist principles and interpretation to existing literary study by building on feminist attention to the concept of the “other”.”

此例中,“other”是一特定概念。根据语义溯源法,通过查阅,笔者发现,汉语中已经存在与“other”对应的等价术语——“他者”,与作者表达之意一致。因此,根据术语翻译的稳定性要求,笔者采用“他者”这一译名。

五、结论

本文是笔者对自身参与翻译项目的反思。该项目原文属于学术文本,表达形式多样,语句凝练,信息密集,术语频现。学术文本的目的和功能决定译者需采用“异化”的翻译策略。翻译文体学、术语翻译研究等应用型理论为本项目提供了理论指导和方法启示。结合实例,本文认为翻译学术文本时,应对其表达形式进行主次分明的综合呈现,对其语句的处理以保留信息为主、照顾易读性为辅,对其术语翻译须采用语义溯源和统一管理的方法。

参考文献:

[1]冯志伟.现代术语学引论[M].北京:商务印书馆,2011:1.

[2]Trosborg,Anna.Text Typology and Translation[M].Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2012:14.

[3]Trosborg,Anna.Text Typology and Translation[M].Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2012:17.

[4]Trosborg,Anna.Text Typology and Translation[M].Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2012:14.

[5]Baker,Mona,and Gabriela Saldanha.Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies(Second edition)[M].Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2010:48,116.

[6]Baker,Mona,and Gabriela Saldanha.Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies(Second edition)[M].Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2010:48,116.

[7]魏向清.人文社科术语翻译中的术语属性[J].外语学刊,2010(6):165.

[8]魏向清.人文社科术语翻译中的术语属性[J].外语学刊,2010(6):166.

[9]Garrd,Greta,and Patrick D.Murphy.Ecofeminist Literary Criticism:Theory,Interpretation,Pedagogy[M].Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1998:1.

[10]Garrd,Greta,and Patrick D.Murphy.Ecofeminist Literary Criticism:Theory,Interpretation,Pedagogy[M].Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1998:5.

[11]Garrd,Greta,and Patrick D.Murphy.Ecofeminist Literary Criticism:Theory,Interpretation,Pedagogy[M].Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1998:8.

[12]Garrd,Greta,and Patrick D.Murphy.Ecofeminist Literary Criticism:Theory,Interpretation,Pedagogy[M].Urbana and Chicago:University of Illinois Press,1998:6.

4.学术英语摘要 篇四

Security Benefits of Cloud Computing

Abstract: Today, we can easily notice how the nature of the internet is changing from a place used to read web pages to an environment that allows the users to run software applications.Nowadays, with the development of web page ,the newest web page has up to web pages 3.0,also called the intelligent web ,which is the next stage of the internet evolution.the cloud means the internet.the term is derived from the way in which the internet is often represented into the network diagrams.the current cloud computing

architecture involves the existence of the data centers that are able to provide services to the clients located al overthe world.the main advantages of the cloud computing are the following :there is no need to download or install a specific software and update the local system, users or clients don’t afraid to the computing crashing, because everything is stored into cloud.the cost is low or even free ,like mobile phone or PDAs.the cloud

computing can be used.but everything has its short leg ,there are some disadvantages as well, like :it is hard to integrate with the existing in-house infrastructure.there are not

enough major suppliers in this field and so on.Some major Security benefits for individuals or companies, like the following: centralizing data storage ,increasing uncertainty,virtualization allows a rapid replacement of compromised server located into the cloud without major costs or damages.Today ,the information infrastructure is moving faster to a simple but very innovative concept called cloud computing.the cloud computing is potentially able to offer major security benefits.Key words :security ,cloud computing, advantages, benefits

云计算的安全优势

摘要:今天,我们可以很容易发现如何在互联网的本质是从用于读取网页到一个环境,使用户能够运行应用软件的地方改变。

如今,随着网页的发展,最新的网页有多达网页3.0,也称为智能网,它是互联网演进的下一阶段。云是指互联网。这个词是从在互联网上通常表示成网络图的方式获得。目前的云计算架构涉及到能够给客户提供服务的数据中心的存在,位于人在世界。云计算的主要优势有以下几点:无需下载或安装一个特定的软件和更新本地系统,用户或客户端不害怕的计算崩溃,因为一切都被存储到云计算的成本低甚至免费,如移动电话或PDA。,云计算可以使用,但任何事物都有它的腿短,也有一些缺点,如:它是很难与现有的内部基础设施的整合没有足够的主要供应商在这一领域等。

为个人或公司,如以下一些主要的安全优势:数据集中存储,不确定性增加,虚拟化技术允许快速更换定位成云无重大费用或损失被攻陷服务器的今天,信息基础设施正在快速地简单,但。非常创新的概念,叫做云计算。云计算是潜在的能够提供重大的安全利益。关键词:安全,云计算,优点,好处

Text 8

How Nanotechnology Works

Abstract:

At the begin of this article,it states that there are unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence scientists dedicated to the study of a world so small that we can’t see it—even with a light microscope and tells us the important of nanotechnology.Then in order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology ,we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved.The long of one nanometer is so small.When we measure the atomic scale,we can find that it’s still small compare to the nannmeter.But in a lecture called “Small Wonders:The World of Nanoscience”,Nobel Prize winner Dr.Horst Stormer said that the nanoscale is more interstesting than the atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first point where we can assemble something—it’s not until we start putting atoms together that we can make anything useful.Then the article states that some predictions of nanotechnology such as the use of the rule of quantum mechanics,nanorobot.It

nanotechnology in future.Key words: nanotechnologyvalueapplication in future

Text 10

states that there great value in

Global Warming and Its Effects

Abstract:Global warming has been a global issue for many years now.However, the most prominent effect of global warming exists in the climate change over the past years.It causes the oceans warmer, the intensity of hurricanes amplifies in power and devastation.Another area affected by global warming is the animal kingdom and nature.The number of animals has been decreasing and the various disease has spread to new regions across the globe.A third type of evidence of global warming can be found in plants.The leading cause of global warming is the ongoing burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.Although carbon dioxide largely harms the environment, the other greenhouse gases have a large impact in the atmosphere.Throughout the world, various nations have been joining to help prevent or slow the process of global warming.The issue of global warming affects nature, people, and the economy.Scientists directly link disease to global warming.When people are trying to get others involved in the cause, a common problem that arises is the lack of motivation.In conclusion, the world needs to put forth a stronger effort to prevent global warming.And the mitigation of global warming, we should do from ourselves, from the little things around.Key words: global warming,climate change,effect

全球变暖以及它的影响

摘要:现在全球变暖已经成为多年来的全球问题,然而,过去几年来全球变暖最突出的影响体现在气候变化上,它导致海洋变得更暖、飓

风的强度和力量更强、冰川融化等等。全球变暖影响的另一个领域是动物王国和自然,它导致动物的数量急剧减少、疾病的传播更加广。全球变暖的第三类证据可以在植物中找到。全球变暖的主要原因是不断地燃烧化石燃料,这种燃烧会向大气中释放二氧化碳。不仅仅是二氧化碳,其它的温室气体也对大气有很大影响。在全世界,不同国家一直在努力防止或减缓全球变暖的过程。这个问题影响到自然、人和经济。科学家们直接把疾病和全球变暖联系起来,当人们努力让其他人参与到这项事业中,出现的一个共同问题是缺乏动力。总之,世界需要付出更大的努力以防止全球变暖。减缓全球变暖,我们应该从自己做起,从身边的小事做起。

关键字:全球变暖,气候变化,影响

Text 11

Risks of Nuclear Power Abstract:

The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation.The radiation mainly comes form the radioactive material.They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer.If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.But the rate of the latter is far less than the former.Reactor accidents is also one of the risk of nuclear power.But the nuclear power plant design strategy for preventing accidents ,back-up system and mitigating their potential effects is “defence in depth”, so they happen

probability is exceedingly small.If they all fails,very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.The radioactive waste products from the nuclear industry must be isolated from contact with people for very long time periods.The bulk of the radioactivity is contained in the spent fuel, which is quite small in volume and therefore easily handled with great care.At other radiation problems,for example, exploitation of materials and transport of radioactive materials also produce radiation.The effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants depend somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled.Key words:radiation,risks,reactor accidents,radioactive waste核电的风险 摘要: 核电的风险主要来自辐射对健康的危害,这些辐射主要来自于放射性材料。他们可以穿透人体深处,破坏生物细胞,从而引发癌症;如果他们破坏生殖细胞,可能导致遗传疾病。但是后者发生的概率远小于前者。核反应堆事故也是核电的风险之一,由于具有纵深防御的策略,它们发生的几率非常小。但是一旦发生,非常高的辐射剂量可以摧毁身体功能和在60天内导致死亡。核工业的放射性废物必须与人隔离很长时间,放射性的大部分包含在乏燃料,而且体积小,因此非常容易处理。在其它辐射问题上,如在核材料的开采和放射性物质的运输处理时也会产生辐射。但放射性物质从核电站释放的对人类健康的影响在某种程度上取决于它的处理方式。

关键词:辐射、风险、核反应堆事故、放射性废品。

Text 15

Genetically Modified Foods---Feed the World?

Abstract: In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives.Although there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved.However, in developing countries which desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations, the issue is simpler: do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? There are nearly 800 million people around the world are undernourished.Biotech can also improve farming productivity in food shortages places.Many scientists believe biotech could raise overall crop productivity in developing countries as much as 25%.But in developing countries, poverty plays the largest role.Nor can biotech overcome the challenge of distributing food in developing countries.big companies are reluctant to share technology, people may not afford to buy the food too.More and more biotech research is being carried out in developing countries, and delivers biotech solutions for farmers in developing countries.Biotech is not a panacea, but it does promise to transform agriculture in many developing countries.If that promise is not fulfilled, the real losers will be their people.Key words :Biotech, agriculture, developing countries.转基因食品----养活全世界的人?

文章摘要:事实上,转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。尽管还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。但在迫切想要养活其迅速增长的人口的发展中国家,问题比较简单:生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢?世界上有近8亿人口营养不良,而生物技术可以帮助提高因作物减产而出现食物匮乏的地区的农业生产率。许多科学家认为,生物技术能够把发展中国家的农业总产量提高25%。然而在发展中国家,贫穷才是罪魁祸首。生物技术也无法克服在发展中国家分配粮食的难题,大公司不愿分享技术,人民也不一定买得起这些食物。发展中国家正在进行越来越多的生物技术研究,以帮助农民寻求生物技术方面的解决办法。生物技术虽不是万灵药,但它确实有希望改造许多发展中国家的农业。如果这种希望不能实现,真正的受害者将是这些国家的人民。

5.英语学术演讲稿 篇五

Good morning everyone.Welcome to my presentation.My name is …My major is mechanical engineering.The research direction of my team is the robot, so I’ll talk something about applications of the teleoperator robot in our life with two examples.The main contents of my speech are the medical robot and the cooking robot.First of all, we should know what teleoperator robot is.Teleoperator robots are mainly used for various operations of non-industrial production, for example, the medical robot, the cooking robot and the cleaning robot.Let’s first see the medical robot.The main characteristics of the medical robot is remote control.The remote control lets people stride across the space-time barrier.It means that the doctor and the patient can be in different places, as is shown in the pictures.The patient is in Strasbourg while the surgeon is in New York.The display screen provides surgery scene to the surgeon.By operating the main operation terminal and inputting commands, doctors can control the robot to have surgery.Robots can also serve our daily life.Most of us may already know that the robot cooks in the university cafeteria of Beijing Jiaotong University.We all think that it’s very interesting.These pictures show us the process of the robot cooking.First, the chef puts raw materials into the robot, then choses the dish to cook in the display screen.Next, the robot starts to cook.In the cooking process, the chef follows the robot’s voice prompts to add spices.Just three minutes later, the robot pours the cooked dish into the prepared basin.The robot cooking not only takes less time but also uses less gas.It can save fifty percent of gas.As the above examples allude, teleoperator robots provide service for mankind and make our life more convenient.Meanwhile they save us a lot of time and sources of energy.I believe in the future teleoperator robots will be more widely used and provide better service to our life.That’s all.Thank you.

6.学术论文写作英语总结 篇六

科研的进步在于科研工作之间交流,讨论,阅读。在第一节课,老师就告诉我们,面对全球众多的科研工作者来说,本领域学者之间的交流多以文字的形式进行。英语作为世界各国人们交流的一种流通语言,让那些非英语为母语和以英语为母语国家的科研人员不会对我们投稿的英语学术论文所要表达的内容产生歧义,才能达到学术交流与进步的目的。

在本次的英语学术论文写作课程学习中,我们组经历了第一次的细致分工,到以后的分工与合作相结合的进步。由于我的研究方向为InSAR监测矿区,在本次论文写作中主要负责我们‘空天地一体化矿区环境灾害监测’中D-InSAR监测矿区部分的实验以及数据分析的工作。同时,在小组汇报的过程中共同进行了第一部分Introduction部分的汇报,完成了Authors and Keywords部分PPT的制作与汇报工作。从选择汇报PPT模板、搜集资料、总结资料,再到最后制作修改完成终稿,最后是台下的汇报演练,每个步骤的实践经历都给了我弥足珍贵的经验。

回首这学期本门课程的学习,我发现自己在慢慢地积累中有了很多的收获。首先,作为一个学制只有2年的工程硕士,在本学期已经完成了自己学位论文的开题工作,在下一个学期就要着手于自己学位论文的撰写工作。无论是发表期刊论文,还是撰写自己的学位论文,插入、添加参考文献都曾经是写作的一大难题。本次课程老师给我们介绍了几款文献管理器(Noteexpress,Endnote)。通过对文献管理器软件的学习与使用,让我熟悉了文献管理器,在本学期的其他专业课程中的论文写作中已经可以熟练使用,极大的方便了论文写作。其次,语料库的检索分析,制定自己论文写作方向,都对我的论文写作有着十分重要的作用。

接着就是自己关于学术论文写作方面的收获。从第一节课开始,老师给我们写学术论文的正确态度,给初入学术写作的我论文写作方面奠定了很好的基础。原来对英语论文的态度就是从中文的论文通过翻译软件直接进行翻译。在本次课程中,我们在老师的带领下,通过小组合作的形式,对

introduction,methodology,results,conclusion等几个论文的主体部分,以及title,authors,abstract,keywords进行了细致的学习,理解了每个部分在论文中所起到的作用,以及写作这些部分的英文论文的时候所需要注意的时态语法主语人称等方面的问题。也让我明白,英语学术论文的写作,不应该是简单的中译英,而更重要的是自己的学术内容与思想能够清晰而又高效的传达出来,进而实现学术交流与提高的作用。

7.学术英语(ESP)教学比较研究 篇七

据网络查询得知, 掌握专业外语, 能够用专业外语和国外的专业技术人才顺畅交流和合作的新型复合型人才在我国经济发达地区供不应求, 而且需求数量十分巨大。从大学英语教学现状来看, 学生是否愿意学英语, 学英语又想学什么呢?根据我们所做的1000份大学英语学习调查问卷, 英语基础好的400名学生, 大约80%的学生愿意学习专业英语, 原因为学习专业英语不仅能够学到英语知识, 而且专业英语还与他们的专业相关。可见, 无论从社会需求还是学生的个人需求方面来看, 学术英语教学都应该引起各高等学校足够的重视。

二、国内学术英语研究现状

根据四川外语学院的马武林[1]观点, 学术英语 (EAP) 是与某种特定职业和学科相关的英语, 是以教授学术英语所需要的语言知识和技能为目的的语言教学模式, 是根据学习者的特定目的和特定需求而开设的英语课程。 (Hutchison&Waters, 1987) 复旦大学蔡基刚[2]认为“学术英语可分通用学术用途英语 (EGAP) 和特殊学术用途英语 (ESAP) (Jordan, 1997) ”。前者教授如何听学术讲座, 做笔记, 参加学术讨论, 进行学术陈述, 学术阅读和学术写作等语言技能的课程;后者则结合专业进行语篇、语类和学术交际能力的教学。由于种种条件的限制, 我国大陆地区对学术英语的研究起步较晚。自2007年以来, 国内很多专家和学者开始关注学术英语, 并开始初步的宏观感性研究。李丽生[3]指出“用专业学科知识的学习带动英语学习, 以英语提升专业水平, 是大学英语教学改革的当务之急”;王海华、王同顺[4]建议“在公共英语课程设置上加大学术英语的内容, 加大听说能力训练, 从语言上培养学生用英语进行学术交流的能力”;张杰[5]进一步指出“专门用途英语教学将是我国大学英语教学的发展方向”。在宏观理论的指导下, 清华大学、复旦大学、宁波诺丁汉大学等开始进行学术英语教学尝试, 但未形成比较完整的体系。

三、欧美地区学术英语研究概览

在学术英语教学方法研究方面, 国外已经比较成熟。欧美地区学术英语研究的理论主要来自于西方语言学家和应用语言学家最新研究的成果。主要涉及的理论有:chomsky的普遍语法理论、D.Hymes的“交际能力”理论、M.Halliday的语言功能理论、H.Widdowson的交际能力二分原理、Krashen的输入理论、Swain输出理论等。

(一) 英国

英国的学术英语教育主要由各个大学下属的语言中心或者私人培训机构来完成, 历史比较悠久。根据柳君丽、范秀云的描述, 其主要的教学方法有:语言教师和专业教师联合执教法;功能教学法、体裁分析法、批判教学法、合作教学法、小组教学法等。

(二) 加拿大

加拿大的学术英语教学和第二语言教学的方法没有太大的区别。根据韦嵚[6]的描述, 其学术英语教学采用的方法常见的有:浸泡式教学法, 暨尽量多的创设语言学习环境, 把学习语言知识和学习学科内容结合起来, 使语言的学习因为有学科内容的负载而更有意义;支架式教学法, 类似于外语界广泛提倡的任务型学习法;抛锚式教学法, 暨由教师运用启发式理念引出教学内容, 然后由学生进行讨论的方法;合作式教学法, 暨类似于美国的团队合作法;随机通达式教学法, 暨教师对学生的学习进程随时掌握, 通过反复复习来进行教学的方法。

(三) 美国

美国对学术英语教学特点的研究领域比较宽、角度比较多、层次比较深。随之而来, 美国学术英语教学方法呈现百花齐放态势, 主要由主讲教师根据自己对所教学术英语领域的独特理解进行学术英语教学。常见的学术英语教学通过读写互动 (interaction of reading and writing) 完成, 暨把学术英语阅读和写作结合在一起进行教学, 由阅读带动写作, 再由写作指导阅读;团队合作法 (pair work) 暨小组成员在相互合作互动中进行学术英语的学习;过程评价法 (process evaluation) 暨在学习的过程中对学生的学习效果进行评价, 再根据评价指导新的学习过程。

四、结语

学术英语教学在我国还处于起步阶段, 在学术英语理论归结和教学过程的系统研究方面还有很大的拓展空间。国外学术英语教学理论和方法在给我们带来指导的同时, 为我们指明了教学和研究的方向, 值得我们去借鉴和思考。

参考文献

[1]马武林.大学英语后续课程内容设置探究 (一) ——学术英语[J].外语研究, 2011 (5) .

[2]蔡基刚.“学术英语”课程需求分析和教学方法研究[J].外语教学理论与实践, 2012 (5) .

[3]李丽生.SCLT教学模式及其对我国大学英语教学改革的启示[J].外语界, 2002 (4) .

[4]王海华, 王同顺.双语教学与公共英语教学的接口问题[J].外语界, 2003 (01) .

[5]张杰.公共英语教学的专业化与专业英语教学的公共化——我国高校英语教学改革的必由之路[J].外语与外语教学, 2005 (11) .

8.不能以西方翻译书打压中国学术 篇八

有些人喜欢用原创性来批判我们的理论没有原创性,而不知道如用这样的原创性标准,那格林伯格也没有原创性了,因为在他前面有罗杰·弗莱以及更早的形式主义。而且格林伯格还直接从沃尔夫林理论框架中搬了一部分到他的批评理论中。我写《现代艺术与前卫——克莱门特·格林伯格批评理论的接口》一书也是为了说明我们如何理解格林伯格,不要夸大了格林伯格的理论,他并没有做什么大的不得了的理论体系,也不是什么不可超越的理论体系。

反过来说,格林伯格只在一个很小的范围和艺术史的某一个侧面找到了他的突破口——针对的是20世纪中期形式绘画如何走的问题推出了抽象表现主义。但至少在20世纪初的时候,艺术从反艺术或者非艺术领域打开了各种可能性,当代艺术都是从这些反艺术或者非艺术领域而来的,格林伯格根本就不在当代艺术理论的范围内。达达等这些被现代形式主义排斥的艺术,都是在新的理论中逐步认识的,而当代艺术释放的很多新的话题都是理论的切入口,甚至新的理论可以塑造出新的艺术,怎么会说“很难产生像格林伯格那样有系统理论建构的艺术理论家”?这种结论根本上就是没有了解格林伯格在当时到底在做什么批评。

这里我们要克服两种不良态度,一种是夸大理论体系的不可得,他们喜欢用中国没有理论体系来说事,好像理论体系有一种高不可得的事那样,而其实,一种理论只是一种系统,把理论做系统是一个很平常的事,如果对一个问题系统地展开论述并形成了相对稳定的关键词和命题并且有理论史上下文,这就是理论系统了。二是不要用已经有的西方的理论去套现在的一些论述,西方有了,我们就承认,如果西方没有的,我们就不承认,或者什么都等翻译书告诉我们,好像翻译书之前,中国的艺术理论都是不行的,就这样用西方的翻译书来打压中国的学术研究。

而其实从1980年代开始的中国当艺术批评史上来说,中国也有不少理论早就萌芽,比如,1980年代早期,白谦慎有一篇文章就为书法建立了新的系统的理论结构(可见我的《书法的障碍——新古典主义书法、流行书风与现代书法诸问题》中“从新古典主义书法到流行书风:理论的脉络”一节),如果白谦慎的书法理论与现代理论有关联,但与当代理论有距离,那刘骁纯早在20年之前就尝试用形式主义研究杜尚小便器,并且以这个理论原理建立了他的艺术史叙事逻辑,他的一组文章尽管没有编成体例性写作,但这个不重要,后人可以为刘骁纯合成这个体例,格林伯格也是一篇篇短评组合起来的《艺术与文化》评论集。只是白谦慎、刘骁纯这种研究太早,没有在中国引起太多的关注而已,中国读者,如果都认为只要看西方的理论就行,还妄下断语中国没有理论或者都是抄西方的,那我们有理论也变得没有理论了。

说格林伯格的伟大也只在抽象表现主义范围内,但艺术史中抽象表现主义只是其中很短时间内的一个流派,而艺术史中还有很多流派都有它的理论系统或者都需要理论系统,格林伯格的形式主义成果是建立在一个接一个形式主义的发展基础上的(至少有一百年的历史),而中国的这些理论是在“文革”废墟上的第一代,与西方的知识谱系相比,成果当然很少,但少不等于没有,有的时候一篇短评重要性会超过多少本厚厚的书。所以关键是我们自己如何讨论这些学术话题,但如果老是说中国的理论落后,等着翻译书来指导我们,那肯定导致的结果就是会对本土的理论创造力视而不见。

9.学术英语翻译 篇九

Information gathering for

international conferences

Task 1 Learn the possible sources for conference information Task 2 Understanding and writing a call for conference papers

The planning process for holding a conference should begin early.A chairperson is selected to make the plan.Various committees are formed, with members in charge of specific activities.These committees generally consist of Conference Organizing Committee and Conference Academic Committee.The committees are then to work out a general program, including a call for papers, which is to notify the prospective participants of the conference.Format of call for conference papers

☺ Theme and / or background

☺ Conference objectives

☺ Topics to be discussed

☺ Papers and submissions

☺ Organizing institution and committee

☺ Contact information

Task 3 Understanding and writing a conference agenda and program

The agenda lists the order of business for a meeting.If it is short with few decisions to be made, it can be incorporated into the minutes*(an official written record of what is discussed or decided at a formal meeting).If it is long with many points to be discussed and acted on, the agenda may be omitted and a program may take the place.The following style is adopted: a wide column at the left for the point to be discussed, and a narrower column at the right for the person or body responsible for carrying out any action decided on.The points are numbered and may be given subject headings.Format of agenda ☺ Call to order by the presiding officer ☺ Roll call ☺ Announcement of quorum ☺ Reading and adoption of agenda ☺ Reading and adoption of the minutes of the previous meeting ☺ Approval of the minutes of the previous meeting ☺ Related matters ☺ Unfinished business ☺ Appointments and removal ☺ Nomination and elections ☺ Adjournments

A conference program acts as a guide as well as a plan for the participants.It lists a series of activities to be done at a definite time and place.It helps participants fulfill their activities in accordance with its plan.Usually it contains the following information: time, date, activities, venue, and people involved.When the academic committee has decided which participants to admit after an anonymous review of their abstract or papers, the program should be prepared and distributed to all the participants.Format of programs ☺ Time ☺ Venue ☺ Programs to be discussed

Terms to learn Call to order by the presiding 主持人致辞 Roll 点名

Announcement of 宣布大会决议

Reading of the minutes of the previous 宣读前期会议纪要

officer call quorum meeting

Approval of the minutes of the previous meeting

通过前期会议纪要 Related matters

相关事宜 Unfinished business

未尽事宜 Appointments 任命及离任 Nomination 提名及选举

Adjournment

休会

Keynote speech 主题发言 Forum 论坛

Plenary session 全体会议 Poster session 论文展示 Panel session 专题讨论会

and and

removal elections

Discussion 讨论 Field trip 考察活动

Assignment: 1.Based on the forthcoming conference information you have found, please write a conference notice for it.2.Put the following conference notice into Chinese.International Higher Education Conference

A conference organized by China Higher Education Association will be held at Peking University, Beijing, Friday 25-Sunday 27 March 2012.The International Higher Education Conference is consisting of keynote speech, technical seminar and thesis forum.Except the open address delivered by the government representative in the Opening Ceremony,officials and scholars from China Higher Education Association, Chinese Key Universities and ETS will give their keynote speeches.Higher Education provides a valuable opportunity of self-development and innovation development.The conference will push forward the reform and open of China’s education.Further details of speakers and papers will be circulated in February.国际高等教育会议

该次会议是由。。主办,将于。。在。。举行。

国际高等教育会议包括。。,除。。之外,来自。。也将参加主题发言。

高等教育会议提供了。。,会议将推动。。

上一篇:马云语录 经典下一篇:苏轼的人生启示