绿野仙踪英语概括(共11篇)(共11篇)
1.绿野仙踪英语概括 篇一
“The wizard of Oz” is a book I bought.
The book is about a girl of Rosie and her dog, Toro, who met a tornado. The tornado blew them to a place called Munch king. Where the witch told Rosie to return to her hometown, must go back to oz. Rosie on the road to find oz also delivered a few friends, they are the scarecrow, tin man and the lion. Rosie and his friends went to ozhi to help the scarecrow, the iron man and the lion to realize their wishes, but the desire to go home did not come true. So many Rosie continued to look for the people who could help her return home. Later, they came to the Quaid forest country, where the witch Glinda can make many Rosie returned home. Gan Linda said, many shoes on Rosies feet can help her return to her hometown. In the end, Rosie returned to his hometown.
This book makes me realize that the power of friendship is huge. Only by helping each other can we achieve mutual wishes.
2.绿野仙踪英语概括 篇二
关键词:生命教育,高中英语,教学
高中英语教学不仅要教会学生基本的语言知识, 形成基本的语言技能, 而且要对学生进行品德、性格、文化、思维、创新意识及学习能力等方面的教育, 其中就包括生命教育。
一、直接利用教材相关内容, 开展生命教育
(一) 通过教学引导学生了解自身的生长特点, 树立正确的生命观, 养成良好的生活习惯和学习习惯
在Book1B Unit13 Healthy Eating中, 教材设置了健康食品与垃圾食品的讨论环节;阅读文让学生了解身体所需的各种营养来自于哪些食物, 并从饮食习惯的角度提出了vegetarians (素食主义者们) 倡导的理念:我们不该猎杀动物以供我们享用。文章提倡食用eco-food, green food.只有合理饮食, 才能拥有健康的身体。写作部分要求学生会读、会写英文食谱。这就要求学生不但要从生活中学、从书本中学, 更要在动手实践中学。讨论以“健康的生活方式”话题展开, 并结合课后的阅读训练Don’t be a couch potato一文, 提出人们要合理利用网络, 养成良好的生活习惯。
(二) 通过教学掌握交通安全、防溺水的基本技能;
了解家庭用气、用电安全、饮食安全等自我保护、相关急救知识
在Book2A Unit8 First Aid中, Warning up部分通过对drowning (溺水) 、traffic accident (车祸) 、burns (烧伤) 、bleeding (流血) 、cuts (割伤) 、choking (窒息) 等情景的引入, 要求学生讨论如下问题:
(1) What would you do in the situations?
(2) What do you already know about first aid?
(3) What could we do to prevent these accidents?
口语练习部分围绕safety around the house (房屋内外的安全常识) 这一话题要求学生小组讨论说出如:电线应放在孩子够不着的地方;油锅着火时, 要迅速关掉煤气, 迅速将锅盖上;确保家里的每个成员都知道如何拨打110和120电话;不要在湿地上放梯子等常识语句。这不仅锻炼了学生的口语表达, 更直接地对学生进行了生命安全教育。
阅读部分DRABC (学做大夫) 、Dealing with common injuries (处理常见的创伤) 这两篇文章不仅在于提高学生的阅读能力, 更着眼在教学生通过阅读掌握基本的急救技能, 助人为乐时应具备的急救常识。课后要求学生讨论如下问题:
(1) What should you do if you find a person with a knife in his or her leg?
(2) What should you do if you find a person who has stopped breathing?
(3) You find a girl unconscious on a sofa.You think that she may be poisoned.What do you do first?
(4) What should you do if someone has been bitten by a dog?
(5) Your friend burnt herself while she was cooking.What could you do to help her?
最后, 本单元要求学生做一个急救箱, 要求包括bandage (绷带) , a pair of scissors (剪刀) , a thermometer (温度计) , a flashlight (手电筒) , a list of emergency phone numbers (急救电话单) 等。
这样, 教师完全可以通过一周左右的课时时间, 利用教材的设计把普及急救知识、语言技能、思想教育, 实践动手能力结合起来对学生进行更进一步的生命安全教育。
(三) 通过教材教学生掌握自我保护、应对灾难的基本技能
在Book1A Unit 4 Unforgettable experiences, Book 2B Unit10 Frightening nature中, 通过对洪灾、地震、火山、飓风、台风话题的引入, 让学生通过讨论了解不同自然灾害的特征。通过阅读文中主人公在洪水中、在火山喷发时、在台风袭来时成功脱险的经历教育学生临危不乱, 互相帮助, 运用急救、自救常识进行必要的自我保护, 顽强拼搏, 只要有希望活下去, 就绝不能放弃。教师要利用单元中一系列的活动从不同的角度对学生进行生命教育活动, 让学生在整个的学习活动中无意识地产生珍惜生命的意识。
(四) 培养积极的生命态度, 树立正确的人生观
Book1B Unit17 Great Women中提到的宋庆龄女士、居里夫人的成功经历及阅读文Alone in Antarctica中的女主人公在60岁生日之际决定独自滑雪橇去Antarctica劫后生还的经历;Book3 Unit11 Key to success中的阅读文Ticket to Success中的女主人公高中毕业后从理发这个行业入手, 不断进取、最后取得成功的经历都可以教育学生培养积极向上、不断开拓进取的生活态度。
二、从教学过程入手, 开展生命教育
现行的人教版英语教材十分强调对学生实践能力的培养, 更强调让学生通过完成任务习得语言知识和技能, 培养自主学习的能力。在整个教学活动中, 教师少不了会使用小组活动、讨论、探究等方式, 此外, Do a survey, Have a project的要求随处可见。如做一个关于Body Language的调查, 做一个有关新西兰现状的海报等, 这样让学生动手做的题材比比皆是。学生通过活动, 可以完成一系列有明确目的的、趣味性、真实性的任务。在完成任务时, 学生有较多的人际交往, 有较多的机会思考、决策、应变、合作, 有利于培养学生的性格和情感, 感受丰富多彩的生活, 从而使他们热爱大自然、热爱生活、珍惜生命。
三、通过英语课外活动, 开展生命教育
充分利用现有的各种节日和纪念日, 以与生命教育有关的节日如:世界环境日、国际反毒日、预防艾滋病日、全国爱耳日、结核防治日、安全教育日、世界地球日, 世界无烟日、全国爱眼日, 国际爱牙日、消防宣传日和清明节、重阳节等为契机, 开展相关常识比赛、宣传设计、演讲比赛等活动, 进行有针对性的生命教育, 拓宽学生视野、丰富语言素材、提高学生的综合能力。
教师要善于通过活动引导学生认识自我, 挖掘潜能, 激发学生的自信和对生命的珍爱情感, 通过活动让学生体验到生命存在的价值和意义。
作为一名新时代的高中英语教师, 在新课程下必须要加强个人修养, 从不断成长的角度完善自我, 以自己对生命的感悟去激扬学生的生命意识, 让生命教育之花盛开在高中英语教学的绿野上。
参考文献
[1]人民教育出版社英语室.全日制普通高级中学教科书 (必修) 英语[M].2003, (12) .
3.绿野仙踪英语概括 篇三
摘 要:在英语阅读教学中,教师要经常设置质疑情境,激发学生去发现问题,在发现和挖掘问题的过程中,促使学生产生和形成怀疑、困惑和研究的心态,激活并拓展学生的思维参与度,帮助他们发展有效的学习策略,在语言学习中学会概括,在问题解决中提高思维能力。
关键词:英语阅读教学;概括能力;思维训练
杜威认为,“学习就是要学会思维”[1]。语言是思维的载体,语言学习是思维训练的重要途径,加之语言学习具有渐进性和持续性的特点,因此,训练与培养学生的思维是语言教学的重中之重。在英语阅读中,学生对文本信息的接受、整合、概括、归纳、理解、比较、批判、质疑等活动,都离不开思维的高度参与。
最近几年,全国各地的高考英语试卷中陆续出现了概要写作的题型。这个题型对考生的概括能力提出了更高的要求。可见,在中学英语阅读教学中,训练与培养学生的概括能力是十分必要和重要的。
下面,笔者以译林版《牛津高中英语》(必修)模块二第二单元的教学为例,剖析如何在高中英语阅读教学中培养学生的概括能力。该节课的教学内容是以“Wish you were here”为主题,以“An adventure in Africa”为话题的书信体裁阅读文本。笔者将“Welcome to the unit”并入到Reading的第一课时,借助图片赏析、浅层阅读、文法对照和深层阅读,通过四个互动环节,在培养学生概括能力及语言应用与输出方面做了以下尝试。
一、挖掘中心词
师生共同赏析“Welcome to the unit”中的四幅图,同时融入与Reading文本所谈及的Morocco, the Sahara Desert, the River Nile, Mount Kilimanjaro等途经地点或相关景观图。然后师生开展一些对话。
T: While watching these pictures, what word comes to your mind?
S: They are beautiful!
S: They are wonderful!
S: They are attractive!
在师生情感共鸣的欢快氛围里,笔者适时引导学生对图片加以简要描述。
T: Okay! A mini task: Please use one word or two to generalize these pictures.
S: Theyre wonders of Africa.
S: Theyre attractive places in Africa.
T: Yeah! Attractions, much better! (教师板书“attractions”)
S: Theyre scenic spots in Africa, and Im dreaming of a trip there.
S: Theyre nature beauty of Africa, a wonderful place, just like Heaven!
T: We should say natural beauty. (教师板书“natural beauty”)
【简析】学生是教学活动的主体,学习不是由教师向学生单向传递知识,而是学生自己建构知识的过程。学习者不是被动的信息接收者,而是对外部信息的主动选择者和加工者。新的知识和意义的形成,是学习者通过新旧知识与经验反复的双向的相互作用过程而构建的[2]。在此环节,教师拓宽背景知识,引领学生在愉悦的审美情境中发散思维,用一两个词来描述非洲的美,轻松地完成对文本中心词的挖掘,使学生对文本内容有了初步轮廓,使学生的注意力得到了有效聚焦。
二、概述主题
T: Now, lets turn to the reading. Scan the passage and make a summary of it with one sentence or two in 10 minutes. Not exceeding 30 words.
(10 minutes later)
S: The letter is about Toby and Colins travel plan to have an adventure in Africa.
T: Good! Its generalized, but a little short. A bit longer one?
S: The passage is Tobys letter to Aihua talking about their travel plan to take an exciting and dangerous adventure in many places in Africa.
T: A good job! When summarizing Toby and Colins travel route, you can refer to the map on the screen.
T: OK! Lets polish what we have summarized together.
(教师板书: The letter/passage is a holiday/travel plan/schedule for Toby and Colin to go on an adventure close to the wild from the northwest to the east and southeast of Africa)
【简析】从心理学角度来看,概括是把不同事物的共同属性(本质的或非本质的)抽象出来后加以综合,从而形成一个日常概念或者科学概念。概括能力是综合语言应用能力的较高层次,通常涵盖抽象概括、归纳概括和总结概括。在略读后让学生对文本主题进行概述,需要教师在学生快速获取信息之后引导他们开启思维,激活认知图式,对所获信息进行梳理、筛选、提炼、整合、归纳、组织和改编,进而发展思维,通过呈现思维轨迹去激发表达,从语言图式过渡到内容图式,最终形成概念,这是英语阅读整体理解过程中语言输出的较高层次。这样的概括训练,有利于提高学生的口头与书面表达水平,对发展其心智大有裨益。
三、提炼结构
T: Next, well come to the layout of the letter. Before doing that, lets refer to the Reading Strategy of an informal letter, and then have a knowledge of the structure of a letter.
(Students are aware of some expressing ways of an informal letter)
T: Now, lets analyze the consistence (parts) of the letter together.
T: Whats “30th June” for?
S: Date.
T: Whats “Dear Aihua” for?
S: Greeting.
T: Whats called between the beginning and the ending?
S: Contents of the letter.
T: Whats “Love” and “Toby” for?
S: Abbreviation and name.
T: Great! Now, lets read through a sample formal letter, skim the structure and compare it with an informal one. (文本略)
T: This is a letter of application. By comparison, lets learn and abstract the 5 parts making up a letter. They are:
1. Heading(信头):
John Stamos
545, Half Day Road
Bannockburn, IL 6024
1300 456 789
Johns email address
Date- 20th November, 2012
To,
Mr Danny Jones
J. Ripper Productions Ltd.
2 Corporate Way
Sometown, CA 45620 (对照30th June)
2. Salutation(称呼): Dear Mr Danny Jones, (对照Dear Aihua,并注意标点)
3.Body(正文)
4.Complimentary close(结束语): Yours sincerely, (对照Love,并注意标点)
5. Signature(签名): John Stamos
T: As we can see, writing a formal letter varies from writing an informal one in part 1, 2 and 4, so we should pay attention when it comes to official or formal occasions.
T: What about our Chinese letter writing?
S: Writing an English letter is different from that of a Chinese one, especially in expressing time and place, that is, in heading and closing.
T: Yes, that is, there are a lot of Chinese and western cultural differences, and we are supposed to keep in mind as many as possible.
【简析】文体、结构和文化差异等知识的缺乏会影响学生对文本理解的深度。在此环节,教师有意识地添补上一封英文正式书信的样本,以两种书信在结构与表达方式上的对照和解析为契机,借助比较英语书信的两种(正式与非正式)写法,理清脉络,进而提炼出英语书信的五个组成部分,提高学生对书信篇章框架的识记和把握能力。与此同时,巧妙地渗透中西方文化意识,促使学生在差异比较中增进对中外文化异同的理解,提高跨文化交际能力。阅读的目的就是在特定的语境中,在一定的文化背景下,借用语言系统这个意义来源,在语篇层次上提取意义,达到对语篇的理解[3]。可见,根据学生已有的认知程度,通过有意义的信息输入,鼓励学生比较不同的语言风格与文化范式,分析其异同,以满足他们对文化学习和书面交际的需求,将语言教学融入文化认知,将文化元素掺和到语言学习中,提高学生对不同文化的敏感程度,以培养他们的跨文化意识,从而提高他们的跨文化交际能力,是当前中学英语教学的当务之急,也是课程标准所倡导的英语学习的重要目标。
四、归纳要素
T: Now, lets turn to the detailed reading of the passage. As to making a plan, setting aside the preparations, we should take many things into consideration. My question is: Who are the characters of the plan?
S: Toby and Colin.
T: Okay! Lets do some group work in 15 minutes, each group with one task by questioning and answering on the topic with your deskmates. After that, well exchange and present what we have done.
While doing with your topic, you can consult the reading or refer to the travel route.
Group 1: When-topic (schedules)
Group 2: What-topic (main events)
Group 3: Where-topic (travel route)
Group 4: How-topic (means and feeling)
以下是各组的交流内容。
Group 1: Toby will spend 4 weeks traveling with Colin before he goes to university. Theyre leaving London on 15th July, and theyll be flying to Morocco, in northern Africa, and the trip will take six days ...
Group 2: Toby and Colin are ready to visit so many exciting places and do lots of astonishing things during their trip in Africa. Theyre going to travel on camels through the Sahara Desert and will be traveling by camel, with local guides, camping in tents and sleeping on the ground or in their big, thick sleeping bags ... While walking for almost two weeks, theyll need to buy a large, strong, light backpack to carry their supplies of food and water. During the day, theyll walk across the land, following the footprints of big animals such as elephants, lions, and giraffes, to take some photos. After that, theyll be moving on to Tanzania to climb Mount Kilimanjaro. Then theyre going to the Himalayas.
Group 3: Toby and Colins travel route: London—Morocco—the Sahara Desert—the River Nile(Lake Victoria)—Kenya—Tanzania—Mount Kilimanjaro—the Himalayas.
Group 4: Toby and Colins travel means: by air, by camel, by white-water rafting, with the local people leading the way, walking across the land(on foot), Mountain climbing ... Toby and Colins feeling during the trip: uncomfortable, quite dangerous, but exciting, very tiring.
T: Great! You have all done a good job. Now, what are we to come up with when we make a holiday or travel plan?
S: We should cover at least 5 parts: characters, time, place, main events and ways of doing it.
T: That is: who, when, where, what and how, 4Ws and 1H.
【简析】归纳能力是逻辑思维能力的重要组成部分,它有助于提高学生的思辨、整合和转述信息的能力,进而提高学生的思维品质和综合语言的应用能力。教材在本单元设置的英语综合语言输出的后续活动安排分别是“Task: Planning a holiday for your family”和“Project: Making a travel leaflet”。为了做好必要的英语语言知识的输入储备与输出铺垫,教师必须灵活地整合文本内容,适当地铺之以对文本细节的理解,关注信息之间的内在联系,结合学生已有的认知和真实感受进行启智、内化和迁移,借助拓展文本内涵,使得对于文本的解读多元化,让师生在思维碰撞中平等对话,将阅读能力的训练、口头概述的实践、书面写作的铺垫与思维能力的提升融为一体,真正实现“用教材教”的课程理念。
诚然,在中学英语阅读教学中,学生对文本语言信息的挖掘、概述、提炼和归纳等概括能力的逐步提升需要经过长期的思维训练、语言积累和综合运用,这一过程需要教师持续不断地将思维训练融入其中。而思维训练大多始于并基于问题,因此,在英语阅读教学的互动中,教师要经常设置质疑情境,激发学生去发现问题,在发现和挖掘问题的过程中,促使学生产生和形成怀疑、困惑和研究的心态,激活并拓展学生的思维参与度,帮助他们发展有效的学习策略,在语言学习中学会概括,在问题解决中提高思维能力。“培养思维能力是伴随着对文本的深度解读的阅读教学活动而产生的,表层理解关注文本信息,而深层理解则开启思维。”[4]
参考文献:
[1]杜威. 我们怎样思维·经验与教育[M]. 姜文闵,编译. 北京:人民教育出版社,2005:64.
[2]甘露. 建构主义心理学及其对大学外语教学改革的启示[J]. 四川外语学院学报,2002(4):152-153.
[3]姜云臣,张苏. 文化差异对阅读理解的影响[J].山东外语教学,1998(1):86-88.
4.绿野仙踪英语读后感 篇四
Today I read The Wizard of Oz -- The Magic of Oz. King Ozs real face is a little old man. He is a liar. He had been an actor in a circus, and had been blown to Oates by a gust of wind while riding in a hydrogen balloon. The people of Oates thought he was a very good magician, so he pretended to be one, and used the magic he had learned in the circus to deceive the people, and they all thought he was a real magician.
We cant be like King Oates. Cheating gets caught in the end.
5.绿野仙踪读后感英语100字 篇五
The wizard of oz,a beautiful and kind girl told dasey rose more adventures.
The characters in this book are more iron man,dasey rose,the lion,the witch and the scarecrow,Oriental witch,north west witch,witch...Among them,Oriental witch and western witch is evil,and the north and south of the witch is good witch.
6.职称英语卫生类概括大意试题 篇六
1 The weather forecast, a story about the candidates in an election, and movie reviews are examples of messages from the media. A communication medium, of which the plural (复数的) form is media, is a means of communicating a message. Examples of media are television, radio, newspapers and books and the telephone. The media that can reach many people at once are called mass media.
2 It is not difficult to think of other messages we receive through the mass media. Every day we get hundreds of them. Think about advertisements, for example. We see and hear these messages almost everywhere we go. Advertisements are important messages, even though they are sometimes annoying. They help us compare and evaluate products.
3 Most of us get more information from the media than from the classroom. Think, for a moment, about how you learn about local news and events. Do you depend on other people or the media? What about international news? What is the most important source of information for you? People who are asked this question usually answer, “Television.”
4 Think of all the messages you received today. Perhaps you read a newspaper during breakfast, or maybe you read advertisements on billboards (露天广告牌 on your way to school. Did you listen to a weather forecast or the sports news on the radio this morning? Right now you are getting information through a very important medium of mass communication-a book.
5 We use the information we get from radio, television, newspapers, and other media to make decisions and form opinions. That is why the mass media are so important. Editorials and articles in newspapers help us decide how to vote, consumer reports on television help us decide how to spend our money, and international news on the radio makes us think and form opinions about questions of war and peace.
1 Paragraph 2__________.
2 Paragraph 3__________.
3 Paragraph 4__________.
4 Paragraph 5__________.
A Importance of Classroom Learning
B Television —— A Rich Source of Information
C Advertisements as Important Messages from the Mass Media
D Various Messages One May Receive Each Day
7.高二英语上学期期末知识点概括 篇七
going round the sun 为现在分词短语定语,表示一般的动作。 Eg: Men breaking the law will be punished. 现在分词短语,也可表示进行的动作
2. Weather life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
for millions of years to come 中不定式to come 作定语,与前面的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系。
Eg: She is the last person to tell lies.
3.The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.
The problem was that …, that 引导表语从句,that 只起连接作用,无意义,但不能省略。 Eg: The trouble is that we are short of money.
4.As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface.
as conj. 随着,在…期间;由于,因为;尽管,即使;当…的时候;像…一样 5. That made it possible for life to begin to develop.
it 是形式主语,真正的主语是不定式to begin to develop. Eg: He thinks it’s his duty to help others.
高二英语知识点归纳(三)
重点短语
1. defend against保卫…以免受
2.intruduce sb tosb 向某人介绍某人
3.kiss sb on somepart亲吻某人的某个部位
4.in defence 防御,保障
5.together with 与某人一起
6.be likely to 很可能…;有希望…
7.reach one’s hand out to sth 把手伸出来取某物
8.on the contrary 相反
9.nod at sb 向某人点头
10.greet sbwith/by 通过…向某人问候
11.express one’s feelings表达某人的感情
12. in general 总的来说;通常
13.at a job fair 在求职会上
14.be nervousabout 对…感到紧张
15. at ease 舒适;快活;自由自在
16. lose face丢脸
17.turn one’s back to 背对;背弃
18.turn one’s head away 把头转过去
19.be willing to 渴望…. , 愿意….
20. look upsetabout sth 对.. 感到沮丧
重点句型
1. I saw several young people enter thewaiting area looking around curiously.
我看见几个年轻人走进了等候区,好奇地向四周张望。
2. The firstperson to arrive was Tony Garcia from Colombia, closely followed by Julia Smithfrom Britain.第一个到达的是从哥伦比亚来的托尼?加西亚,随后紧跟着的是英国的茱莉亚?史密斯。
3. She steppedback appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defense.
她后退了几步,看上去有些吃惊,并举起了手,好像是在自卫。
4. Not allcultures greet each other the same way, Nor are they comfortable in the sameway with
touching ordistance between people.
各种文化背景下的人互致问候的方式不尽相同,身体接触和相互间距的程度也不尽相同。
8.绿野仙踪英语概括 篇八
1.读写任务主要考查学生的概括能力和综合语言应用能力。首先,它要求学生用__30__词左右概括一段___200_词左右的短文;然后,让学生围绕要点进行写作,要点一般有_3__个。
2.概括短文时,要会抓关键词。如短文中出现频率最高的名词主语便是大意句的_主语____,根据短文中__形容词____的褒贬意义,可以推测出作者对于这一观点或事件的看法和态度。抓实义词遴选关键词----阅读概括短文
Exemplifying in Skills
关键词的分类
主语--短文中出现最多的主语名词,通常就是大意句的主语。
谓语--“干什么” “怎么样”
形容词--观点和态度:褒:赞成 or 肯定/贬:反对 or 否定
针对不同文体写短文概要
说明文和新闻报道:
中心句(通常在首段)抓好关键词
现象分析型说明文: “现象”
“现象形成原因”“解决问题的方法或建议”
记叙文:
“五何”: 何时(when), 何地(where), 何人
(who), 何事(what),结果如何(how)
夹叙夹议型: 加上作者的看法或感想等以第三人称或无人称来概括
议论文
找出中心论点以及最后的结论,再补充论据
概要句型模板
1.According to the passage, we know that.../ From the passage, we can know that...2.In this passage, the writer / author states / thinks / argues that...3.In this passage, the writer/author tells us about...4.The story / passage is about...5.The story / passage mainly tells us that...6.It’s reported that.../ As is reported in the passage,...the points you should pay attention to
1.不需要把所有要点都涵盖。
2.在这些内容中比重最大的是what,不要把what写得太详细,注意浓缩。
3.找出叙事中夹带的议论,挖掘出文章的主题。
4.用自己的话把主题和主要情节组织成摘要。
9.绿野仙踪英语概括 篇九
?Lightning has caused awe and wonder since old times. Although Benjamin Franklin demonstrated lightning as enormous electrical discharge more than 200 years ago, many puzzles still surround this powerful phenomenon.
Lightning is generated when electrical charges separate in rain clouds, though processes are still not fully understood. Typically, positive charges build at the cloud top, while the bottom becomes negatively charged. In most instances of cloud-to-ground lightning, the negatively charged lower portion of the cloud repels negatively charged particles on the ground#39;s surfaces, making it become positively charged. The positive charge on the ground gathers at elevated points.
A flow of electrons begins between the cloud and earth. When the voltage charge becomes large enough, it breaks through the insulating barrier of air, and electrons zigzag earthward. We see the discharge as lightning.
Lightning can occur within a cloud, between clouds, or between clouds and the ground. The first variety, intra-cloud lightning, is the most frequent but is often hidden from our view. Cloud-to-ground lightning, making up about 20 percent of lightning discharges, is what we usually see. Lightning comes in several forms, including sheet, ribbon, and ball. Intra-cloud lightning can illuminate a cloud so it looks like a white sheet, hence its name. When cloud-to-ground lightning occurs during strong winds, they can shift the lightning channel sideways, so it looks like a ribbon. The average lightning strike is more than 3 miles long and can travel at a tenth of the speed of light. Ball lightning, the rarest and most mysterious form, derives its name from the small luminous ball that appears near the impact point, moves horizontally, and lasts for several seconds.
Thunder is generated by the tremendous heat released in a lightning discharge. Temperatures near the discharge can reach as high as 50,000°F within thousandths of a second. This sudden heating acts as an explosion, generating shock waves we hear as thunder.
About 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring in the world at any time, generating about 100 lighting strikes every second, or 8 million daily. Within the United States, lightning strikes are estimated at 20 million a year, or about 22,000 per day. You have a 1-in-600,000 chance of bring struck by lightning during your lifetime. Lightning can strike twice or more in the same spot. The Empire State Building in New York is struck by lightning about two dozen times annually.
You can measure how far you are from a lightning strike by counting the seconds between viewing the flash and hearing the bang, and then dividing by five. This approximates the mileage.
练习:1-4题的要求是,从第一个方框的六个选项A、B、C、D、E、F中选出四个选项为注明的段落各配一个合适的小标题。5-8题的要求是,从第二个方框的六个选项A、B、C、D、E、F中选出四个选项完成每个句子。
1. Paragraphs 2 and 3
2. Paragraph 4
3. Paragraph 5
4. Paragraph 6
A Cloud-to-ground lightning occurring in the U.S.
B Types of lightning
C Cause of lightning
D Differences between thunder and thunderstorm
E Frequencies of thunderstorms occurring in the world and the U.S.
F Shock waves as thunder
5. In most cases of cloud-to-ground lightning, the ground#39;s surface …
6. One form of lightning that … is ball lightning …
7. Cloud lightning looks like a ribbon when its lighting channel …
8. Although not fully understanding processes of lightning, man …
A occurs most infrequently.
B is shifted sideways by strong winds.
C is often hidden from our view.
D is equipped with a good knowledge of various forms of lightning .
E is estimated at 20 millions a year.
F is positively charged.
KEYS: CBFE FABD
PASSAGE 19
Geology and Health
The importance of particular metals in the human diet has been realized within the past few decades, and the idea that geology might be related to health has been recognized for a number of elements such as iodine, zinc and selenium. For example, soils with low iodine contents produce crops, and animals deficient in iodine. A lack of iodine in the human diet leads to some serious diseases.
The ultimate source of metals within the human body is rocks, which weather into soil, gaining or losing some of their chemical constituents. The crops we eat selectively remove from the soil the elements that they require for growth. The water we drink contains trace elements leached from rock and soil. Thus the geology and geochemistry of the environments have effects on the chemistry and health of plants, animals and people.
So far there is no data to suggest that people living on metal-rich soils experience a potential health hazard. The levels of metals within naturally contaminated soils are generally not high enough to cause serious health problems. Living on metal-rich soils does not represent a health risk unless large quantities of soil are digested or metal-rich dust is inhaled. However, small children are particularly exposed to metal-rich topsoil in playgrounds and gardens. They are also the most likely ones to eat potentially dangerous metal-rich soil.
Heavy metals are persistent; they do not break down to other chemicals in the environment. Industrially polluted sites usually undergo intensive clean-up and rehabilitation because heavy metals are a health concern once they enter the food chain. Some trace metals are alleged to cause cancer and are also known to cause poisoning.
In contrast, naturally contaminated soils have not been subject to risk assessment studies and rehabilitation measures, despite the fact that they frequently possess metal concentrations well above those of such polluted by humans and above environmental quality criteria.
There is a vital need to understand the potential risks and long-term health effects of living on naturally contaminated soils. Future environmental investigations of naturally polluted soils should concentrate on the potential pathways of metals into the food chain and human body. Geologists should be part of such studies as they can provide the essential background information on rock and soil chemistry as well as the chemical forms of heavy metal pollution.
A. No evidence to indicate bad effects of naturally contaminated soil
B. Potential hazards of human contaminated soils
C. Research on channels of heavy metals getting into human food chain
D. Geology and health problems
E. Rocks-the ultimate source of soil pollution
F. Long- term health effects on children
1. Paragraph 1
2. Paragraph 3
3. Paragraph 4
4. Paragraph 6
A. industrially polluted soils
B. rock and soil chemistry
C. naturally polluted soils
D. the pathways of metals into the food chain
E. the element of iodine
F. the persistence of heavy metals
5. Some serious diseases is connected with deficiency of ……
6. It is extremely necessary to study the long-term effects caused by living on ……
7. Geologists are indispensable in the research project on geology and health due to their knowledge on……
8. Industrially contaminated sites usually require a thorough clean-up due to ……
10.合同概括承受内容概括 篇十
-----------以买卖合同为例
内容摘要:当事人以程序订立合同,意思表示一致,便形成合同条款,构成作为法律行为的合同内容。合同条款固定了当事人各方的权利义务,成为法律关系意义上的合同内容。合同的内容,从合同关系的角度讲,是指合同权利和合同义务。它们主要由合同条款加以确定,有些则由法律规定而产生,如附随义务。买卖合同的内容主要由当事人约定,除了标的、数量和质量、价款、履行期限、履行地点、旅行方式、违约责任、解决争议的方法等条款以外,买卖合同的当事人还可以就包装方式、检验标准和方法、结算方式以及合同使用的文字及其效力等内容进行约定。
关键词:合同的主要内容 合同的条款 合同权利与合同义务 买卖合同的内容
引言:合同也称为契约。根据一些学者的考证,在我国,“合同”一词早在前即已存在,但一直未被广泛采用。①新中国建立以前,著述中都使用“契约”而不使用“合同”一词。自20世纪50年代初期至现在,除我国台湾地区之外,我国民事立法和司法实践主要采用了合同而不是契约的概念。
合同是反映交易的法律形式。
合同是当事人或当事双方之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议。依法成立的合同,受法律保护。广义合同指所有法律部门中确定权利、义务关系的协议。狭义合同指指一切民事合同。还有最狭义合同仅指民事合同中的债权合同。《中华人民共和国民法通则》第85条:合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议。依法成立的合同,受法律保护。《中华人民共和国合同法》第2条:合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。婚姻、收养、监护等有关身份关系的协议,适用其他法律的规定。
买卖合同的内容
(一)标的
标的是买卖合同双方当事人权利义务指向的对象。买卖合同不规定标的,就会失去目的,失去意义,因此,标的是买卖合同的必要条款。标的条款必须清楚地写明标的物的名称。
(二)数量
标的物的数量是确定买卖合同标的物的具体条件之一。标的物的数量要确切,应选择双方共同接受的计量单位。一般应采用通用的计量单位,也可以采用行业或者交易习惯认可的计量单位。要确认双方认可的计量方法。同时应允许规定合理的磅差或尾差。
标的物的数量属于买卖合同成立应当具备的必要条款。
(三)质量
标的物的质量是确定买卖合同标的物的具体条件。标的物的质量一般包括两个方面的要求:一是标的物的品种和规格,通常指标物的型号、批号、尺码、级别等;二是标的物的内在品质,通常指标的物应达到其应有的功效,并且不含有隐蔽瑕疵、缺陷等。标的物的质量需订得详细具体。
但在一般情形下,欠缺质量条款,并不影响买卖合同的成立。当事人没有约定质量条款或者约定不明确,可以依照《合同法》第61条以及第62条的第1项补充确定。
(四)履行期限、地点和方式
履行期限直接关系到买卖合同义务完成的时间,涉及当事人的期限利益,也是确定违约与否的因素之一。履行期限可以规定为即时履行,也可以规定为定时履行,还可以规定为一定期限内履行。如果是分期履行,还应写明每期的准确时间。
履行地点是确定验收地点的依据,是确定运输费用由谁负担、风险由谁承受的依据;有时是确定标的物所有权是否转移、何时转移的依据;还是确定诉讼管辖的依据之一;对于涉外买卖合同纠纷,它是确定法律适用的一项依据。因而它十分重要,应在合同中写明。
履行方式,例如是一次交付还是分批交付,是交付实物还是交付提取标的物的单证,是铁路运输还是空运、水运等,同样事关当事人的物质利益,因此,应在合同中写明。
履行期限、履行地点和履行方式未在买卖合同中作出明确约定,一般并不影响买卖合同的成立。当事人未约定履行期限、履行地点和履行方式条款或者约定不明确,可以依照《合同法》第61条、第62条第4项、第3项、第5项以及第141条第2款、第160条、第161条补充确定。
(五)价款
价款是买受人取得标的物所应支付的代价,买卖合同应当对价款的数额作出明确的约定,同时对价款的币种作出约定,对不同币种之间的汇率作出约定。
价款通常指标的物本身的价款,但因商业上的大宗买卖一般是异地交货,便产生了运费、保险费、装卸费、报关费等一系列额外费用。这些费用由谁支付,需在买卖合同的价款条款中写明。
该项条款未在合同中作出明确约定,一般不影响买卖合同的成立。当事人在合同中没有约定价款条款或者约定不明确的,依照《合同法》第159条补充确定。
(六)违约责任
违约责任是促使当事人履行债务,使非违约方免受或少受损失的法律措施,对当事人的利益关系影响重大,合同对此应予明确规定。例如对违约所致损害的计算方法、赔偿范围等予以明确规定,对于将来即时地解决违约问题意义重大。当然,违约责任是法律责任,即时买卖合同中没有违约责任条款,只要未依法或依约免除,违约方就应承担责任。
对该条款未作出约定的,不影响买卖合同的成立。买卖合同的当事人违约的,依照《合同法》第九章关于买卖合同当事人违约责任承担的特别规定以及第七章关于违约责任的一般规定处理。
(七)包装方式
标的物的包装包括两层含义:一是盛标的物的容器,通常称为包装用品或者包装物;二是包装标的物的操作过程。因此,包装方式既可以指包装物的材料,又可以指包装的操作方式。包装对标的物起保护和装饰作用。在某些情况下,包装还能反映标的物的质量。因此,在买卖合同中应明确约定包装的方式,包括包装材料、装潢,包装物的交付,包装费用承担等内容。产品包装应当按照国家标准或专业(部)标准执行;没有上述标准的,可按承运、托运双方商定并在合同中写明的标准进行包装。有特殊要求或采用包装代用品的,应征得运输部门的同意,并在合同中明确规定。产品包装时必须附有装箱清单。除国家规定由买受人提供的以外,包装物由出卖人提供,运输包装上的标记由出卖人印刷。可以多次使用的包装物,应按有关主管部门制定的包装物回收办法执行;没有规定的,由买卖双方商定包装物回收协议,作为买卖合同的附件。
除国家另有规定外,包装费用由出卖人负担,不得向买受人另外收取。如果买受人有特殊要求的,双方应在合同中约定,其包装费超过原定标准的,超过部分由买受人负担;其包装费低于原定标准的,其应降低产品价格。
对该项条款未作约定的,不影响买卖合同的成立。当事人未约定包装方式条款或者约定不明确的,依照《合同法》第156条补充确定。
(八)检验标准和方法
合同应对检验标准、检验期限、凭封单检验还是凭现状检验以及对标的物质量和数量提出异议和答复的期限作出明确规定。
对该项条款未作约定的,不影响买卖合同的成立。当事人未约定检验标准和方法条款或者约定不明确的,依照《合同法》第61条、第157条、第158条补充确定。
(九)结算方式
结算方式是指出卖人向买受人交付标的物后,买受人向出卖人支付标的物价款、运杂费和其他费用的方式。买卖合同的结算方式应遵守中国人民银行结算办法的规定,除法律或者行政法规另有规定的以外,必须用人民币计算和支付。同时,除国家允许使用现金履行义务的以外,必须通过银行转账或者票据结算,当事人对结算方式应当明确规定。用托收承付方式的,合同中应明确是验单付款或验货付款。为便于结算,合同中应注明双方当事人的开户银行、账户名称、账号和结算单位。
对该项条款未作约定的,不影响买卖合同的成立。当事人未约定结算方式条款或者约定不明确的,依照《合同法》第61条补充确定。
(十)合同使用的文字及其效力
合同使用的文字及其效力,是涉外买卖合同及跨民族买卖合同的重要条款。在涉外买卖合同中双方当事人应就合同所使用的文字作出明确约定,当事人应当使用约定的文字订立合同。
对该项条款未作约定的,不影响买卖合同的成立。当事人未约定合同使用的文字及其效力条款或者约定不明确的,依照《合同法》第61条补充确定。
根据《商品房买卖》司法解释第3条的规定,商品房的销售广告和宣传资料为要约邀请,但是出卖人就商品房开发规划范围内的房屋及相关设施所作的说明和允诺具体确定,并对商品房买卖合同的订立以及房屋价格的确定有重大影响的,应当视为要约。该说明和允诺即使未载入商品房买卖合同,亦应当视为合同内容,当事人违反的,应当承担违约责任。适应角色转变,扎实开展团的工作
———共青团铁东区委书记的述职报告
是适应角色转变、思想进一步成熟的一年。这一年,自己能够坚持正确的政治方向,紧紧围绕党的中心,立足本职岗位,较好地完成本线的工作任务。自己政治觉悟、理论水平、思想素质、工作作风等各方面有了明显的进步和提高。总的来说,收获很大,感触颇深。
一、以德为先,进一步提升个人思想素质
过去的一年,我以一个共产党员的标准,以一个团干部的标准严格要求自己,在个人的道德修养、党性锻炼、思想
素质上有了很大的进步。一是道德修养进一步提高。作为一个团干部,我的一言一行、我的自身形象将直接影响到团委各成员,甚至更广大的青少年。因此,在日常的工作和生活中,我每时每刻提醒自己,从小事做起,注重细节问题,做到干净做人、公正做事,以平常心看待自己的工作,要求自己在工作中诚实、守信、廉洁、自律,起好表率作用。二是党性锻炼得到不断加强。不断加强自己的党性锻炼,我严格按照《党章》和《中国共产党党员纪律处分条例》来要求和约束自己的行为,牢记党的宗旨,在团的工作中,以广大青少年的权益为出发点,务求时效。三是政治思想素质不断提高。一年来,我继续加强学习,积极参加理论中心组学习,经常自发利用休息时间学习,积极参加团省委组织赴井冈山革命传统与理想信念教育专题培训班、区委区政府组织赴清华大学县域经济培训班,通过“看、听、学、思”,进一步加深了对马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想的理解,进一步系统掌握了党在农村的路线、方针、政策以及对共青团工作的要求。特别是党的十七届六中全会以来,我通过学习原文、听专家讲课等,开拓了思想新境界,政治思想素质有了新的飞跃。
二、以能为先,进一步加强组织工作能力
在上级领导的信任和支持下,我本人也自加压力,抓住一切机会学习,注重与同事、与兄弟单位团委书记的交流,
虚心请教,不耻下问,使各项工作都有序地开展。一是工作的统筹安排能力不断加强。我尽量做到工作提前一步,有计划、有安排、有预见性,保持思路清晰和决策的科学,力求操作有序,顺利开展。二是工作的协调能力不断加强。在工作中,我注重与上级的及时衔接、汇报,同时也注重与基层的交流沟通,听取多方意见和建议,从大局出发,对上做好配合,对下做好团结。三是有创新地开展工作。在工作中,我注重不断创新,使工作保持生机,使管理不断趋向人性化、合理化。
三、以勤为先,进一步提高团的业务水平
11.绿野仙踪影评 篇十一
专业:2012级 英语专业
学号:201242207118
姓名:隋意
上课时间:周二
《绿野仙踪》观后感
很小的时候看过一部动画片叫绿野仙踪,今天在选修课上看了THE WIZARD OF OZ的音乐剧,勾起了许久不见的纯真的同心。
绿野仙踪主要讲了这样一个故事,小女孩桃乐丝和叔叔婶婶吵架离家出走,和小狗TOTO一起被龙卷风刮到了奥兹国,为了回家踏上了寻找巫师的道路。途中遇到稻草人,铁皮人和胆小的狮子,四人结伴克服重重障碍打败了坏女巫。稻草人得到了智慧,铁皮人得到了爱心,狮子得到了勇气,桃乐丝和小狗最终回到家中,醒悟原来哪里都没有家的温暖。
因为是孩子的故事,所以理所当然的一切都虚化了。魔幻的奥兹国,被压死在房子底下的坏女巫以及那双遗漏在坏女巫脚上的红色水晶鞋,需要聪明脑袋的稻草人,需要心脏的锡人以及需要勇气的狮子,还有那一条通往翡翠城堡的黄格子小路。每一个意外和转折都充满了让成年人眼前为之一亮的想像力。
依稀记得第一次阅读《绿野仙踪》时,对于结局很是不满。因为伟大的魔法师最后运用的工具竟然是现代科技——热气球。当时不知道如何形容那股郁闷,现在知道了,这叫“煞风景”。于缤纷炫目不思议的魔法王国尽然出现俗世的东西不能不说让还是孩子的我大受打击。不是说现代的就是不好的,只是一时接受不了一个纯净的完美仙界有“人类踏足”的痕迹……这就好像在说玉皇大帝需要用手机和诸仙取得联系,既滑稽又俗不可耐。
所以,重温电影,对于桃乐丝那句反复念叨的:“THERE’S NO PLACE LIKE HOME.”有了一些不一样的体会。回归不只是桃乐丝的故事前提,回归是让每一个人回到最开始的地方,家的独一无二是因为有发自内心的牵挂。
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