英语语法总结及习题

2024-10-20

英语语法总结及习题(共9篇)(共9篇)

1.英语语法总结及习题 篇一

PEP小学英语语法要点及习题---将来时理论及练习

一、概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。句中一般有以下时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, the day after tomorrow(后天)等。

二、基本结构:①be going to + do; ②will+ do.三、否定句:在be动词(am, is, are)后加not或情态动词will后加not成won’t。

例如:I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon.→ I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon.四、一般疑问句: be或will提到句首,some改为any, and改为or,第一二人称互换。

例如:We are going to go on an outing this weekend.→ Are you going to go on an outing this weekend?

五、对划线部分提问。一般情况,一般将来时的对划线部分有三种情况。

1.问人。Who 例如:I’m going to New York soon.→Who’s going to New York soon.2.问干什么。What … do.例如: My father is going to watch a race with me this

afternoon.→What is your father going to do with you this afternoon.3.问什么时候。When.例如:She’s going to go to bed at nine.→When is she going

to bed?

六、同义句:be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天).= I will go swimming tomorrow.练习:填空。

1.我打算明天和朋友去野炊。

I_____ _______ _________ have a picnic with my friends.I ________ have a picnic with my friends.2.下个星期一你打算去干嘛? 我想去打篮球。

What ________ ________ _________ _________ _________ next Monday? I _______ ______ _____ play basketball.What _________ you do next Monday? I ________ play basketball.3.你妈妈这个周末去购物吗?是,她要去买一些水果。_____ your mother _______ ________ go shopping this ___________? Yes, she _________.She ______ ________ __________ buy some fruit.4.你们打算什么时候见面。

What time _______ you _________ __________ meet? 改句子。

5.Nancy is going to go camping.(改否定)Nancy ________ going to go camping.6.I’ll go and join them.(改否定)I _______ go ______ join them.7.I’m going to get up at 6:30 tomorrow.(改一般疑问句)________ _______ ________ to get up at 6:30 tomorrow? 8.We will meet at the bus stop at 10:30.(改一般疑问句)_______ ________ meet at the bus stop at 10:30.9.She is going to listen to music after school.(对划线部分提问)________ _______ she ________ ________ _________ after school? 10.My father and mother are going to see a play the day after tomorrow.(同上)_________ _________ going to see a play the day after tomorrow.用所给词的适当形式填空。

11.Today is a sunny day.We ___________________(have)a picnic this afternoon.12.My brother _______________(go)to Shanghai next week.13.Tom often ______________(go)to school on foot.But today is rain.He ______________(go)to school by bike.14.What do you usually do at weekends? I usually __________(watch)TV and ____________(catch)insects? 15.It’s Friday today.What _____she _________(do)this weekend? She ______________(watch)TV and _____________(catch)insects.16.What ___________(d0)you do last Sunday? I ____________(pick)apples on a farm.What ______________(do)next Sunday? I ______________(milk)cows.17.Mary ____________(visit)her grandparents tomorrow.18.Liu Tao ____________(fly)kites in the playground yesterday.19.David ______________(give)a puppet show next Monday.20.I ________________(plan)for my study now

2.英语语法总结及习题 篇二

关键词:思维,句子,短语,词汇,语法

引言

语言组织形式中语法的最重要的三大因素之一, 是构成语言的骨架, 语法在语言的译、写、读、说、听等方面进行渗透。只有详实、充分、认真的对语法进行学习, 才能准确的使用英语交流思想和表达感情, 直至达到语法学习的最终目的。但是在平时的学习过程中, 一些学生虽然已经认识到语法学习的重要性, 但是不能找到科学有效的方法进行学习, 不能使用正确语法写出流畅的文章和句子, 久而久之对英语学习失去兴趣。容易出现表达和思维方式中式化的现象, 和英语表达方式有严重差距。另外从整体考虑, 学习英语语法的过程规范、简单, 学生只要建立起完善的语法意识, 根据有效的方法进行学习, 就能了解和掌握语法知识。

一、传授英语语法的基本原则

(一) 对语法进行演绎

传统教学中最常见的手法是演绎法, 他是由教师讲授语法的结构和规则, 再举例说明, 最后学生按照语法的特点写出句子, 是先理论讲解后进行实践的教学过程。演绎法分五步走, 首先教师简单概括语法的规则。其次教师举出实例, 让学生分析、对比、观察, 对语法进行进一步理解。第三学生根据学习的知识写出句子。第四教师对学生句子进行补充和讲解, 最后学生按照规则进行练习, 达到掌握句子的目的。

(二) 对语法进行归纳

让学生认识和接触和语法相关的语言材料, 在教师的指导下分析和观察不同素材的语言特点, 研究并总结出此类语法, 然后在将总结出的理论运用到实际应用中。在实际教学中使用五步法来对归纳原则进行实践。首先创造出一定情景, 这些情景中要包括该语法的例句。其次在情景中让学生观察、接触、理解、体会这些句子。第三在老师的指导和启发下, 让学生对这些句子进行分析后得出规则。第四老师对学生的归纳进行补充和评价, 最后让学生根据总结出的语法进行练习。教师将规律写在黑板上, 训练学生进行转换, 并给与总结, 让学生尽快掌握该语法。

(三) 对语法进行对比

我国学生在了解汉语的前提下进行英语学习, 所以新知识一定会给原有知识带来冲击和影响。此类影响是知识会发生正迁移和负迁移两种改变。汉语和英语相接近处就会发生正迁移, 如果相差较远就会出现负迁移, 所以在实际教学中经常使用对比法, 减少负迁移, 增添正迁移, 提高学生学习质量。

事实证明, 汉语在对英语学习上表现出较大干扰的是词序, 其次是词尾。在缺乏语言环境时这些干扰显得尤为突出。英语在教学过程中要善于使用对比法, 让学生对英语和汉语之间的差异产生学习兴趣, 老师要事先预测到学生在学习上会遇见的困难, 并帮助学生战胜它。语义系统的语篇原则、交际原则、差异原则也要经过对比进行强调, 让学生认识到, 两种语言不会出现一一对应的情况, 语言经过文化沉淀, 需要老师深层次解释交际方式和交际原则的区别。例如告别问候和表示感谢、拒绝、接受等感情时, 每个文化都会显示出与众不同的差异性, 要结合语用原则和话语结构进行对比。另外不同特点表现出不同思维方式, 将英语的语篇结构和汉语的相互对比是促使学生更快、更好掌握语法结构的途径。

二、语法在复杂句子中的应用以及写作技巧

(一) 语法具有辐射的作用

学生要了解和掌握语法, 首先要构建思路清晰的思考过程, 如果思维混乱就容易将知识混淆在一起, 在分析句子是要将相对复杂的句式分解成层次清晰的句子, 再根据语法规则进行排列。一些学生有写作基础, 但不能写出文章, 不是他们具备的语言水平不足, 而是他们对写作中的问题没有正确的看法。其次写句子是检验英语语法知识的一种途径, 他能够让学生应用所学的知识, 并检查知识的缺陷和遗漏, 更加有目的性的进行学习, 在写作过程中对句法和词法会有更加深刻的理解和体会。

(二) 构建写作体系

学生在学习语言和词法知识后, 能够用不同形式表达清晰完整的意思。但是工作和生活中, 信息传播不是单一思维, 而是根据主题进行的多层次、多侧面解读, 进而构建成篇幅较大的文章。在写作过程中, 语篇单位叫做文章的段落。句子是段落的基础, 所以写段落的难度高于句子。能够写好一句话, 只是具备写作的前提, 能将段落写好, 才是具有一定写作能力, 学生在写作中锻炼交际能力, 通过文字传递信息、表达感情是英语写作要达到的目的。围绕句型、语法、词汇进行描写是需要经历的途径, 写作是渐进的历程, 是从量到质发生变化的过程。

(三) 增加写作的技巧

首先要引导学生进行写作。写作是一种用于交流的技能, 要以交际化作为写作的训练要求, 老师给写生布置他们感兴趣的情景或者题目, 引导他们写作愿望和动机, 让他们带着译者意识和交际目的去创作。这要求教师想象力要丰富并有一定创造力, 能够发现学习、工作、生活中的体裁和问题, 利用图表、事件、场景、画面等因素安排学生进行练习。其次要督促学生进行写作。教师要传授和训练学生基本技巧, 例如如何构思, 如何开篇和结尾, 如何衔接段落等等, 另外一些拟人、明喻、暗喻等修饰手法要引导学生使用。另外, 为学生提供素材和写作思想也是指导学生的一个侧面, 例如辅句和主句之间的联系、描写时间和空间的顺序等。

结束语

在学习英语语法的过程中, 运用语法三原则能够科学的将学习的知识融会贯通到英语学习和写作过程中。在用英语进行写作时, 要通过分析给出的句子, 并根据其自身的特点构建文本主体。另外在教学英语的过程中要运用技巧, 进一步增加教学内容以及提高教学水平。教师要帮助学生建立科学思维方式, 在学习中培养他们的全篇意识, 从根本上提高他们都写作水平。

参考文献

[1]叶小宝.英语教学语法体系的新构想[J].淮北师范大学学报 (哲学社会科学版) , 2012 (06) .

[2]郭俊.五种基本句型在高中英语教学中的重要性[J].文理导航 (上旬刊) , 2013 (09) .

3.高三英语语法练习题 篇三

A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given

32. The computer center, _____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.

A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened

33. Friendship is like money; easier made than _____.

A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept

34. _____ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose

35. _____ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation.

A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given

36. ______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to late to clean up the river.

A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered

37. The research is so designed that once ___ nothing can be done to change it.

A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun

38. ______ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States .

A. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding

39. When ______, the museum will be open to the public next year.

A. completed B. completing

C. being completed D. to be completed

40. Prices of daily goods ____ through a computer can be lower than store prices.

A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying

41. He asked ____ for the violin.

A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much

C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid

42. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _____.

A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is

43. Can you make sure _____ the gold ring?

A. where Alice had put B. where had Alice put

C. where Alice has put D. where has Alice put

44. _____ she couldn’t understand was _____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.

A. What; why B. That; what C. What; because D. Why; that

45. Little Tommy was reluctant to tell the schoolmaster _____ he had done the day before.

A. that B. how C. where D. what

46. _____ you don’t like him is none of my business.

A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether.

47. ______ the 8 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.

A. That B If C. Whether D. Whenever

48. What the doctors really doubt is _____ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.

A. when B. how C. whether D. why

49. _____ is no possibility ___ Bob can win the first prize in the match.

A. There; that B. It; that C. There; whether D. It; whether

50. These wild flowers are so special I would do __ I can to save them.

A. whatever B. that C. which D. whichever

51. Sarah hoped to become a friend of ___ shares her interests.

A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who

52. ____ we can’t get seems better than _____ we have.

A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what

53. ______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where

54. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____he or she wants.

A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever

55. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge . I can’t remember ___.

A. where B. there C. which D. that

56. It was a matter of ____ would take the position.

A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever

57. ---- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

---- Is that ____ you had a few days off?

A. why B. when C. what D. where

58. Eat ___ cake you like and leave the others for ___ comes in late.

A. any; who B. every; whoever

C. whichever; whoever D. either; whoever

59. ---- Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?

---- Oh, that’s _____.

A. what makes me feel excited.

B. whatever I feel excited about

C. how I feel about it

D. when I feel excited

60. People have heard what the President has said; they are waiting to see ____ he will do.

A. how B. what C. when D. that

答案:

4.英语语法练习题:非谓语动词 篇四

1. Zhou Lan doesn’t have to be made ________. She always works hard.

A. learn B. to learn   C. learning  D. le arned

2. ________ for several times, we decided not to do it again.

A. Having scolded   B. Having been scolded C. She has been scolded D. Since she was scolded

3. Hearing the bad news, _______.

A. tears came down her face      B. she can’t help crying

C. everything seemed to be in bad order  D. the young lady was upset

4. The boy was caught ______ things from a shop last night.

A. steal   B. to steal   C. stole  D. stealing

5. The ______ look on his face suggested that he was ______.

A. surprised; surprised   B. surprising; surprising

C. surprised; surprising  D. surprising; surprised

6. This novel is said __________ last year.

A. to have been published   B. to be published

C. to have published   D. having been published

7. I have never thought of _______ abroad with us.

A. you to go   B. you will go   C. for you to go  D. you going

8. It was very clever ______ in the young lady’s room.

A. for Holmes to stay  B. Holmes’ staying  C. of Holmes to stay D. of Holmes’ staying

9. They spent the night ______ in the room.

A. having locked   B. locking   C. to be locked  D. locked

10. You look that light-hearted. Nothing seems _______ to you.

A. to happen   B. to have been happened   C. to have happened  D. to be happened

11. This song is sung by many people, _______ it very popular.

A. making   B. makes   C. made  D. to make

12. In many countries, school teachers get _________ by the year.

A. paid   B. paying   C. to pay  D. pay

13. I have had the computer _______ because my father had me ______ it.

A. repair; done   B. repaired; do   C. repairing; do  D. repaired; done

14. Revolution means ______ the productive forces.

A. liberate   B. liberating   C. liberated  D. to liberate

15. It happened ______ when I left the station , so I had to wait until the rain stopped.

A. to be raining   B. to have rained   C. to rain  D. raining

16. If you have a fever, you’d better drink more ______ water.

A. boiling   B. boil   C. boiled  D. to boil

17. He could do nothing but _____ for the bus _______.

A. wait; to come   B. wait; come   C. waiting; coming  D. waited; came

18. ______ it rains, we will stay at home.

A. Supposed   B. Supposing   C. To suppose  D. If suppose

19. Nobody likes to ______.

A. laugh at   B. make fun of   C. be laughed  D. be made fun of

20. He advised ______ but I didn’t listen to him.

A. me going   B. my going   C. for me to go  D. me to go

21. I have a lot of letters ___________.

A. deal with   B. to deal   C. to be dealt  D. to deal with

22. I don’t think this room comfortable ________.

A. to live   B. to live in   C. to be lived  D. living in

23. He is believed ______ the college exam, for he is now studying very hard.

A. to pass   B. to have passed   C. pass  D. that he can pass

24. Have you got used _______ up early ?

A. to get   B. to getting   C. to be getting  D. getting

25. _____ in the forest, he had to ask for help by sending out signals.

A. Having lost   B. Losing  C. Lost  D. He was lost

26. I regret ____ your advice, or I would have succeeded.

A. not to take  B. not take  C. not taking  D. not taken

27. All the children need _________. So they all have the right of going to school.

A. to teach  B. being taught  C. taught  D. teaching

28. All that is worth ______ should be well _______.

A. doing; done  B. being done; done  C. doing ; doing  D. being done; doing

29. When I passed by, he pretended ______ and didn’t even raise his eyes.

A. to read  B. to be reading  C. to have read  D. reading

30. _________, they went home, ________.

A. Their work had been finished ; singing and laughing

B. They had finished their work; sang and laughed

C. Their work finished; singing and laughing

D. After their work finished; singing and laughing

31. The studios which Disney started are still busy today _____ more and more interesting films.

A. to produce  B. produced  C. produce  D. producing

32. The young man was praised for ________ a little boy.

A. have saved  B. he has saved  C. having saved  D. saving

33. How about two of us _______ the meeting ?

A. to attend  B. attend  C. attending  D. to be attending

34. I didn’t remember ______ him before, so I didn’t address him when he came.

A. to meet  B. having met  C. have met  D. to having met

35. The building ______ now will be our school library.

A. built  B. to be built  C. is being built  D. being built

36. “Last night, you forget ______ off the lights when you left the room.”

“Really? I remember ________ them off.”

A. to turn; to turn  B. to turn; turning  C. turning; turning  D. turning; to turn

37.If you want to improve your _____ English, you must try ________ English every day.

A. spoken; to practise speaking  B. spoken ; practising speaking

C. speaking; to practise to speak  D. spoken; to practise to speak

38. The Golden Gate  Bridge, ______ several hundred years ago, is worldwide famous.

A. which is built  B. which built  C. having built  D. built

39. The young deer was lucky to miss _______.

A. catching  B. to be caught  C. being caught  D. to catch

40. “Will you have anybody _____ the flowers?”

“Yes, I will have the flowers _______. ”

A. plant; planted  B. to plant; planted  C. plant; to be planted  D. to plant; plant

41. He went there in a hurry only ______ that everybody had left.

A. finding  B. to find  C. having found  D. to have found

42. Mr and Mrs Smith were killed in an accident , _____ their child as an orphan.

A. leaving  B. to leave  C. having left  D. to have left

43. He came ______ to the station ______ the first train.

A. running , catching  B. to run; to catch  C. ran; to catch  D. running; to catch

44. Jackson likes ______, but he doesn’t like ________ today.

A. to fish; to fish  B. fishing ; fishing  C. to fish; fishing  D. fishing; to fish

45. I saw the man ______ on a bus and go away.

A. to get  B. get  C. was getting  D. getting

46. With you _____by, I can’t say any more.

A. stood  B. stand  C. to stand  D. standing

47. ______, the city looks beautiful.

A. Seeing from the hill  B. Seen from the hill

C. To see from the hill  D. To be seen from the hill

48. That day I saw some villagers ______ at the back of the classroom, ______ to the headmaster.

A. seating; listening  B. seated; listening  C. sitting; listening  D. sat; listening

49. Whom will you __________ with you ?

A. have to go  B. having going  C. have gone  D. have go

50. The girl wrote a composition without ______.

A. ask  B. asking  C. being asked  D. to be asked

51. He finished his homework and then went on ______ me.

A. helping  B. with help  C. with helping  D. to help

52. ______ where to go, he asked a policeman .

A. Having lost his way and not knowing  B. Losing his way and didn’t know

C. Having lost his way and didn’t know  D. Lost his way and didn’t know

53. ______ her friend was badly hurt, she burst into tears.

A. Hearing  B. Having heard  C. To hear  D. Heard

54. ______ his team had won, his face lit up at once.

A. Knowing  B. When knowing  C. After knowing  D. when he knew

55. _______ over and over again, but he still couldn’t understand .

A. Having explained  B. Having been explained

C. Explaining   D. It had been explained

56. ______ no buses, he had to walk home.

A. There was  B. There is  C. There being  D.  Being

57. Several  Chinese people were killed in the bomb, three journalists ______.

A. be included  B. including  C. included  D. have been included

58. I can hardly imagine such a disabled boy _____ so great a thing.

A. do  B. to do  C. doing  D. to have done

59. The surface of the lake is ______ with _____ leaves.

A. covered; fallen  B. covered; falling  C. covering; fallen  D. covering; falling

60. What have we said _______ you so unhappy ?

5.英语语法总结及习题 篇五

2.There weren’t any … 以前没有…

3.How about …=What about ……呢? 4.lots of = a lot of 许多 5.talk about 谈论

6.many years ago 许多年以前 7.cook on a fire 在火炉上做饭

8.make a cake 制做蛋糕 9.I’ve got =I have got =I have 我有 10.for lunch 做为午餐 11.give sth to sb =give sb sth 把某物给某人12.Here’s… 这是…Here are…这些是 13.be good at 在某方面擅长 14.Here they are.他们在这里 15.in two week’s time 在两周后 16.It’s easy with a computer.用电脑很方便 17.find out 找出 18.in a dictionary 在字典里on the CD-ROM 在CD上in the newspaper 在报纸上 in the library 在图书馆里at the zoo 在动物园里on TV 在电视上19.take …to…把…带到 20.buy sb sth =buy sth for sb 为某人买某物 21.It’s got =It has got =has 它有 22.It’ll=It will23.be easy for sb 对某人来说很容易 24.we’ll take it =we’ll buy it.我们将会买下它25.Of course.= Certainly.= Sure.26.in the east of … 在…的东部27.stay with 和…呆在一起 28.in +月份 29.ride a horse 骑马 30.have a lovely time = have a good time 玩得开心31.send an email 发送电子邮件 32.from A to B 从A到B 33.click on 点击34.Why don’t you do?=Why not do ?为什么不…

35.take sth for sb 为某人带某物

36.What about + 名词 ?= How about +名词 ?

…怎么样?(表建议)

6.英语语法总结及习题 篇六

1 英语语法教学现状分析

(1) 英语语法的重要作用和地位

语法教学是外语教学的一部分, 更是教学的重要内容。纵观历史, 语法教学曾经受到Krashen (1982) 理论观点的影响, 语法教学一度被忽略。Krashen认为“语法可以在意义输入和具有互动机会的课堂上自然习得。”这个反语法运动的结果导致学习者在口语和听力方面取得快速进展, 但影响中介语的准确性。此外, 对于中国外语教学 (TEFL) 产生消极影响。忽视语法教学的英语教学, 导致学生识字能力下降, 听力理解和口语表达的准确性也受到影响, 从而最终限制了学生沟通能力的发展。所以特别值得重申语法的显著地位, 重新确立语法教学的重点。

(2) 新课程推动语法教学方法革新

近年来, 由于对语法教学存在不同的争论与分歧, 目前英语教学中的语法教学实践探索与理论研究相对较少;有关英语语法教育科研课题少;将语法确立为授课内容的各级各类试验课少;语法教学研究具有相当大的空间, 为英语语法教学的方法和策略的研究提供了机遇。

《英语课程标准》进一步强调教学应紧密联系学生的生活实际, 尽量创设真实的语言情境, 组织具有交际意义的语言实践活动。英语教师应学会如何巧妙自然地寓英语学习于生活体验之中。所以, 开展英语语法教学改革, 创设体现真实生活的语言交际情景, 语法教学由重视单一语法知识向知识与交际能力相结合推动, 由机械操练向重视活动参与转化, 向情感体验的情境教学法指导下的英语语法教学模式转变。因此情境教学法运用于语法课堂的潜力很大。

2 国内外英语语法教学观

(1) 国外语法教学观

正如Rutherford (1987) 说, 语法教学几乎就是外语教学的同义词。虽然传统外语教学中占主导地位的教学法是语法翻译法, 其典型特征是高度重视语法规则的操练和讲解。但最终却是采用“归纳法”教授语法。其后, 听说法代替语法教学, 仅把语法重点从词法转向句法。认知法主张在理解语言知识和规则的基础上操练外语, 强调有意义的学习, 因而重视语法教学。英语教学的目的是培养学生的听、说、读、写能力。掌握语法并不等于掌握语言运用能力, 但语法知识的欠缺会对学生准确运用英语产生一定的影响。教学实践证明, 传统的语法教学, 过于强调语法知识讲解, 忽视语言技能培养, 造成了“聋哑”英语的现象。但是受krashen二语习得理论的影响, 语法教学受到排斥, 语法教学曾一度在部分外语课堂上消失。Krashen提出外语教学的“自然法” (Natural Approach) , Krashen (1982) 反对语法教学, 并对语言习得和语言学习进行区分, 指出“语言习得是通过交际中运用目标语言, 自然生成语言体系的过程”。

(2) 国内语法教学之分歧

近年来, 许多语言学家和一线教师经过教学实践与反思, 认识到削弱语法教学的种种弊端, 因而又重新思考语法在外语课堂教学中的地位和作用。随着显性语法教学 (explicit grammar teaching) 与隐性语法教学 (implicit grammar teaching) 这一对立概念的出现, 当前语法教学最关心的问题是何种教学方法最有利于学生交际能力的形成, 并探讨改进语法教学的具体措施。Ellis (2001, 2002, 2003) 指出, 目前的研究强烈支持在交际语言学习中有意识地传授语法知识。经过反思, 人们再次确立语法教学在外语学习中的地位, 重新关注语法教学。

因此, 在我国的英语教学中语法不是教不教的问题, 而是转变认识和改变教法的问题, 是如何优化语法教学以帮助学生更好地习得知识。英语教学中, 教师必须遵循语言本身的规律, 既不能片面夸大语法教学的作用, 也不能全盘否定语法教学的意义。

3 英语语法教学发展之趋势

(1) 国内外情境教学法发展研究成果

习得母语时, 人总是置身场景中进行恰当表现, 再进一步学习语言规则, 此规律强调情境在语言习得过程中的关键作用。现今, 情境教学法已经在英语教学中得到广泛使用。

1) 国际领域

情境教学方法或口语情境法有着坚实的心理学理论基础。是20世纪30年代至60年代由英国语言学家倡导和发展起来的。言语和结构是语言的基础, 尤其是口语能力。现在中国教育领域广泛运用情境教学法, 尤其是中文、艺术和英语课程。

情境教学法首先由Brown Collin、Duguid在1989年一篇名为《情境认知与学习文化》 (Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning) 的论文提出“知识只有在它们产生及应用的情境中才能产生意义。知识绝不能从它本身所处的环境中孤立出来, 学习知识的最好方法就是在情境中进行。”

Harold Palmer和A.S.Hornby是情境教学法的倡导者, 他们致力于找寻一种科学的英语教学方法。通过系统研究, Palmer视语法为潜在的口语句型结构。口语情境法自1950年以来被应用于各个教学领域, 得到语言学家们的一致肯定。20世纪50年代, Hornby发表了一系列关于情境英语教学的文章, 促进了情境教学法的广泛运用。

20世纪60年代, 保加利亚医学博士、心理学家乔治·洛扎诺夫首创了暗示教学法, 是根据人类大脑如何学习而提倡的行之有效的学习和教学方法。乔治·洛扎诺对教学环境进行精心的设计, 用暗示、联想、练习和音乐等各种综合方式建立起无意识的心理倾向, 创造高度的学习动机, 激发学生的学习需要和兴趣, 充分发挥学生潜力, 使学生在轻松愉快的学习中获得更好的效果。暗示教学法把情境教学推向了新的阶段。

2) 国内研究

充分运用情境、合作、对话等学习环境要素, 充分发挥学生在学习过程中的主体性、积极性和开拓进取精神, 最后达成学习目标, 使学生真正了解所学知识的意义。李吉林, 中国著名的儿童教育专家, 开创了我国情境教学的新局面。李吉林认为各种情境“均以‘智’为核心”, 即“情感”伴随“理性”。然而, 方展画认为“情境教育”是以“情”为核心, 用“认知”伴随“情感”, 强调通过学生的情感活动或体验促进学生知识的增长与能力的发展。情境教学是有意识的心理活动和无意识的心理活动的统一, 在认知方面有启迪学生的可暗示性, 从而使学生有意识或无意识地接受教育输入。

“情境教育”是一种以“情感”为核心的典型的情感型教育。情境学习理论坚持两条最基本的原则:一是对知识和技能的学习应当置于一个真实度很高的情境中;二是学习需要社会交互与合作。大量参与和奖励场景的创建, 使学生沉浸在丰富的自然和半自然环境, 运用视觉来创建有趣的场景。情境教学设计不仅要考虑教学目标分析, 还要考虑有利于学生建构知识的情境问题创设, 并把情境创设看做教学设计的最重要内容之一。此外, 情境教学法具有“启发学生认知, 促进综合语言运用能力, 使其自然无意识地输入知识。换句话说, 建立积极逼真的情境是情境教学法的关键环节。

(2) 调查研究证实情境语法教学具有理论和实践价值

1) 基于多种英语教学法倡导情境语法教学

Widdowson (1990) 在Aspects of Language Teaching一书中, 分析了单词、语法和语境之间的关系。可见国外语法教学重视语境和词汇相结合。

直接法表明外语学习者可像儿童掌握母语一样的方式学习语法。使用实物、图片、模型、手势和面部表情吸引学习者的注意, 适用于语言沟通。

认知法基于一种认识:语言规则的掌握有利于语言学习。坚持课堂以学生为中心, 注重在语法学习过程中将知识融入实际交际情境中进行运用和操练。

视听法重视在情境中进行语法规则和语言点的学习, 它着重于图像资源、音像制品的充分利用, 创造生动的学习情境, 促进教学。

交际法充分运用真实的情境来激发学生参加课堂交际活动, 语言教学的目的是为了在语境中提升学生的交际能力。

任务性教学法强调在真实的情境中为学生提供意义任务以实现语言教学目标和完成学习目标。

2) 传统语法教学之弊端呼唤情境教学法

在传统英语课堂语法教学中常常采用“满堂灌”、“填鸭式”的教学方法, 导致下列语法学习现状的产生:a、只学到内容, 仅注重语法形式, 而不是用语言来解决实际的问题;b、大多数学生不理解他们正在学习的内容;c、学生们的英语学习目标仅仅是为了在考试中得到的高分。

这样的现状导致学生英语学习没信心, 能力低, 是造成“哑巴英语”的根本原因。因此, 作为新课程的主体, 英语教师应学会如何巧妙自然地将学生的英语学习融入生活体验。通过创设“美、趣、智”的学习情境, 教师在“权威、顾问、同伴”三种角色的选择中, 推进师生形成良性的和谐关系。

(3) 教育教学改革推动情境语法教学发展

新课程标准要求英语教学应着重培养学生的听、说、读、写能力。新课标要求教师在英语学习过程中努力创建舒适、民主、和谐的气氛, 并尽可能为学生提供感兴趣的探究话题。教师应帮助和指导学生在现实生活中尽可能掌握并习得语言。良好的教学情境能引发学生的认知冲突, 刺激学生的学习兴趣, 活跃课堂气氛, 建立良好的师生关系, 提高学生的交际能力。因此, 学生通过具体情境下的操练与应用, 系统掌握分级词汇、句型和语法结构, 促进目标语言的意义习得。

(4) 英语课堂教学实践验证情境语法教学可操作性

通过情感与认知相结合, 激发学习者的学习愉悦感, 激活内心的学习渴望。在语法教学过程中逼真情境的应用, 能充分调动学生感官在情境中系统掌握词汇、句型和语法结构, 促进意义建构, 促使语言能力提升, 从而实现个体综合全面发展。情境教学就是这样一种有效的教学方式, 为学生提供了实际运用的语言空间, 使乏味的语法学习变得生动活泼。

情境教学被证明是一个将情感与认知有效结合的教学方法。情境在语法教学中的应用改变了以往单纯的语法条款记忆式的学习方式, 将枯燥的语法知识融入逼真的环境中对于语法教学是一个挑战, 需要教师倾入精力, 大力更新观念, 提高教学水平。情境语法教学通过教学效果调整教学策略, 理论性与实践性相结合必将对英语教学改革产生借鉴意义。

参考文献

[1]Brown, John&Collins, A&Duguid, P.Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning[J].Educational Researcher, 1989 (1) :32-41.

[2]范建峰.改进中学英语语法教学的对策[J].晋中师范高等专科学校学报, 2004 (3) .

7.冠词语法讲解及练习题 篇七

1. a用于辅音发音开头的词前, 如:a book; an用于元音发音开头的词前,如:an apple, an hour. 请区别:a useful machine, an umbrella, a “u”, an “h”。

2.指上文提到过的人或物,用定冠词the。

3.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the. 如:the sun, the moon, the earth。

4.the用于序数词,表方位的名词和形容词最高级前。the first, the best , in the south。

5.在复数姓氏前加the,表示××一家人,常看成复数。如:the Browns。

6.在介词短语中常用定冠词the,如:in the box ,behind the chair。

7.不能用定冠词the的几个方面: (1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如:in summer, in August 请区别:in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指,故加the)(2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如:have breakfast ,play football

(3)一些固定词组中,如:go to bed ,go to school, by bus ,at night.

8.在有些词组中,有冠词和无冠词意思不同,请注意区别:

in front of 在…前面, in the front of 在…范围内的前部

in hospital (生病)住院, in the hospital 在医院里。

二、练习题

1. When Linda was a child, her mother always let her have ______ bed.

A. the breakfast in B. the breakfast in the C. breakfast in D. breakfast in the

2. Beyond ______ stars the astronaut saw nothing but ______ space.

A. the, 不填 B. 不填,the C. 不填,不填 D. the, the

3. Alexander Graham Bell invented ________ telephone in 1876.

A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one

4. After watching ____ TV, she played _____ violin for an hour.

A. 不填,不填 B. the, the C. the, 不填 D. 不填,the

5. Many people are still in ____ habit of writing silly things in ____ public places.

A. the, the B. 不填,不填 C. the, 不填 D. 不填,the

6. Paper money was in ____ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ____ thirteenth century.

A. the, 不填 B. the, the C. 不填,the D. 不填,不填

7. Have you seen ______ pen? I left it here this morning.

Is it ____ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.

A. a, the B. the, the C. the, a D. a, a

8. She is _____ newcomer to ____ chemistry but she has already made some important discoveries.

A. the, the B. the, 不填 C. a, 不填 D. a, the

9. Many people agree that ___ knowledge of English is a must in ____ international trade today.

A. a, 不填 B. the, an C. the, the D. 不填,the

10. ______ usually go to church every Sunday.

A. The Brown B. A Brown C. Browns D. The Browns

11. The train is running fifty miles ______.

A. an hour B. one hour C. the hour D. a hour

12. ___ earth we live on is bigger than___ moon.

A. The, a B. The, the C. An, a D. An, the

13. — What’s the matter with you ?

—I caught ___ bad cold and had to stay in ___bed.

A. a, / B. a, the C. a, a D. the, the

14. —Do you know ___ lady in blue?

—Yes. She is a teacher of a university.

A. the B. a C. an D. /

15. —Where’s ___ nearest supermarket?

—It’s over there, just around the corner.

A. a B. an C. the D. /

16. The young man will work in ___ school as a maths teacher.

A. the B. a C. an D. /

17. Most of the representatives think that ______ the meeting was very successful.

A. on whole of B. on a whole C. on the whole D. on the whole that

18. The investigators found that more should be done for ______ in India.

A. those poor B. a poor C. poor D. the poor

19. He grabbed me ______ and pulled me onto the bus.

A. a arm B. an arm C. the arm D. by the arm

20. “How did you pay the workers?”

“As a rule, they are paid ______.”

A. by an your B. by the hour C. by a hour D. by hours

21. What _____ exciting football match! Our team beat Tom’s team at last.

A. a B. an C. the D. /

22. In the United States, Father’s Day falls on _____ third Sunday in _____ June.

A. the,不填 B. the, a C. 不填, the D. a, 不填

23. I have two dogs. ______ black one is two years old and ______ yellow one is three years old.

A. A, a B. The, a C. The, the D. A. the

24. ______ new bridge has been built over ______ Huangpu River.

A. The, a B. A, / C. A, the D. An, an

25. -What colour is ______ orange?

-It’s _____ orange.

A. an, an B. an, the C. an, / D. /, an

参考答案:

1. C 2. A。太空中的星体或世界上独一无二的东西前应加定冠词。Space作“宇宙空间”解时,也是抽象名词,通常不加冠词

3. C。作invent宾语的名词只能用“the+单数可数名词”,表示发明的某类东西。

4. D。watch TV是习惯搭配,不必用冠词。表示乐器的名词前应用定冠词。

5. C。in the habit of是习惯用语,正如in the morning, on the other hand一样,其中的定冠词不可或缺。Public places是复数名词短语,表示泛指概念,其前面不必用定冠词。

6. C。be in use是习语,在这习语中没有任何冠词。 Thirteenth是序数词,在序数词前应用定冠词。

7. D。问句和答语中的pen均非特指,而是泛指,故应用不定冠词。

8. C。newcomer是单数可数名词,泛指某类人中的一个,要用不定冠词。抽象名词或学科名称前不加任何冠词,chemistry是表示学科的抽象名词,因此前面不加the。

9. A。虽然knowledge是不可数名词,但有of English修饰,故用不定冠词。Trade是抽象名词,前面不应加the。

10. D 11. A 12. B 13. A

14. A。考查the 表示特指的用法。根据题意知道是特指“穿蓝色衣服的那个夫人”。

15. C。考查“the 用在形容词的最高级前”的用法。题意为“最近的超市在哪里?”

8.情态动词语法讲解及练习题 篇八

You don’t look well. You ought to go to see the doctor.

你气色不好,应该去看病。

Ought to 用于否定句,其否定形式可缩略为oughtn’t ,如:

You oughtn’t to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。

也可以用于疑问句,如:

Ought you to smoke so much?你应该抽这样多烟吗?

Ought to 在间接引语中表过去时形式不变,如:

He said you ought to tell the police.

9.英语语法总结及习题 篇九

关键词:英语,语法,汉语

一、职业教育中英语语法教学中的问题

(一) 职业教育中英语教学的地位和作用

教育部颁布的《高职高专教育英语课程基本要求 (试行) 》要求:高职高专的英语教学应贯彻“实用为主, 够用为度”的教学指导方针, 提出以培养应用能力, 特别是实用能力为教改主攻方向。明确提出:“英语课程不仅应打好语言基础, 更要注重培养实际使用语言的技能, 特别是使用英语处理日常和涉外业务活动的能力”。

作为一个发展中的大国, 我国将在未来相当长的时期处于“五化” (工业化、信息化、城镇化、市场化、国际化) 同时推进并深入发展的过程中。在经济全球化条件下, 国内市场国际化和国际市场国内化日趋明显的趋势为职业技术人员提供了广阔的舞台, 同时也对人才提出了更高的要求。激烈的就业以及竞争环境要求他们不仅需要具有过硬的专业素质, 同时需要具备良好的国际英语交流能力。社会己经习惯将英语水平看成是衡量人才的一个重要指标。英语已经由人际交往的语言工具变成掌握世界先进技术的基础平台, 由过去升学的敲门砖变成进入跨国公司、现代企业就业的职业附加能力。

(二) 职业教育中英语语法教学存在的问题

1. 众所周知, 在英语教学中, 语言的三要素 (词法、句法、语法) 都是学生要掌握的基础知识。

其中语法是研究词形变化和句子结构的规则体系, 它是为培养技能形成语言交际能力服务的。语法知识对高效率的交际起着制约的作用, 语法是交际能力的一部分。然而近年来, 我国职业英语教学中有一种说法在逐渐传播, 说要“淡化”语法, 甚至有人认为可以不教语法。所以好多本来就对语法头疼的学生便想当然地认为学习语法没有用处, 甚至可以不学。

2. 很多学生认为语法都是一些枯燥的条条框框的规则, 难于记忆。

即使记住这些规则, 在使用时也不会恰当应用, 因此对语法教学没有兴趣, 甚至厌恶。

3. 语法教学的方式过于单一, 教学效果不佳。

传统的语法教学大都是先讲解语法概念和规则, 然后做相应的练习, 学生在教学中始终处于被动接受的地位。好多学生在谈论语法学习的经历时普遍反映课堂上好像听懂了, 会用了, 过一段时间又感觉很陌生, 尤其是把几个语法现象放在一起之后他们就更加手足无措了。

4. 语法教学缺乏系统性, 大多数学生的语法概念不清晰。

学生在入学前至少都有六年学习英语的经历, 对语法并不陌生。但是, 学生对于语法的认识只是一些零星的概念, 他们在头脑中没有建立起一个整体认识和完整的框架, 使用时难免顾此失彼, 频繁出错。

5. 英语和汉语属于两个不同的语系, 语法规则大不相同, 这些不同使中国学生犯一些典型错误。

如:冠词的用法相互混淆、名词的数的概念和规则掌握不好、动词的形式相互混淆、混淆动词的时态概念和形式、连词的不用或用错、被动语态的形式和用法不能运用自如、虚拟语气形式的复杂性和用法的灵活性令学生感到困惑、主谓一致中忽视“一致性”问题等等。

二、职业院校学生英语教学常见问题的处理探索

语法是语言的骨骼, 支撑着语言体系。英语语法是为听、说、读、写、译各方面的能力服务的。语法是英语学习的基础, 语法结构掌握的好坏直接影响到学生听、说、读、写、译的能力, 离开了语法知识而想真正提高英语水平只能是空想。扎实的语法功底能帮助学生更快更好地学习和发展英语, 达到事半功倍的效果。因此教师在听、说、读、写、译等方面都应加强英语语法的训练。

(一) 听

教师可指导学生通过听写练习和精听课外有声材料学习语法。教师除了在课堂上加强学生听写练习外, 还要鼓励学生多听英语广播或其他听力练习材料, 让他们反复听并记录所听内容, 由此会发现所学语法知识在不同语境中的语用功能 (包括语音、语调、词义及句子结构等) 。因为精听时要求学生听懂每一个单词、每一个句子, 所以能提高学生对语言形式和意义的意识程度, 培养学生的语感。此外, 可通过对听写记录的检查, 发现语法错误并加以改正。这样既提高了听力, 又学习了语法知识。掌握了英语语法, 熟悉句子结构, 才能抓住主要信息, 才不会产生误解。例如, 听到“You should have come here earlier”是要表达一种批评的语气:“你本应该早点来的。”如果没有弄清这些语法现象, 只是抓住了“have come here earlier”必然会误解这句话的意思。

(二) 说

英语语法知识是英语口语准确流利的前提。掌握了一定的词汇和语法才能准确地表达自己的意思。语法错误虽然有时不会影响意思的表达, 但留给对方的印象必定大打折扣。加强口语训练, 使语法在口语练习中得以应用。教师可根据需要学习的语法结构给学生设计不同的语境进行情景对话。以学习“被动语态”为例, 老师可根据“被动语态”的结构和特点给学生创造不同的语境进行情景对话练习。通过学习, 学生虽对被动语态的概念和形式有所了解, 但是应用起来容易出错。这时, 老师可让学生以小组进行假设情景对话, 让学生尽量将所学的被动语态运用到对话中。这样学生既练习了口语又掌握了语法知识的应用。此外, 还可以通过各种口语练习方式达到熟练掌握英语语法的目的, 如看图说话、讲故事、提问、回答等口头交际方式。这些措施都会使语法教学显得生动、活泼、有趣。

(三) 读

要提高阅读能力, 不仅需要有一定英语词汇量, 还需要正确的阅读方法, 更需要厚实的英语语法知识。首先, 通过掌握语法中的词法部分, 能够很好地帮助学生扩展词汇量。而且如果有某个单词不认识, 还可以利用构词法、同位语、定语从句等词法或者句法知识, 通过上下文来猜测单词的含义。其次, 在一篇文章中要想以最快的速度获取所需的信息, 同时又不误解文章意思, 就需要掌握语法知识。另外文章中的长句是英语阅读的一个难点。在遇到长句时, 就需要利用语法中的句法知识, 先抓住句子的主干部分, 再理解对句子起的修饰补充说明作用的成分。此外, 学生还可以利用课外阅读材料自主进行语法学习, 从而发现语法现象, 学习语法规则, 掌握语法知识。

(四) 写

掌握一定的英语语法知识是英文写作的基础, 没有清晰的语法概念, 是不可能写出一篇高质量的文章的。一篇好的作文是语言形式和意义的完美结合。由于书面语言比口头语言更严谨, 学生必须在作文中正确地运用所学的语法知识, 因此, 作文是对语法知识最直接的检验。学生可以从老师的批改中或者从互相批改作文中学习和掌握语法知识。另外, 还可鼓励学生自学语法, 教师应该向学生介绍一些比较实用的语法书, 鼓励学生借助语法书解决学习过程中遇到的语法问题, 进行自学。

(五) 译

翻译综合了阅读和写作两方面的能力, 更是离不开英语语法了。翻译的三条标准是:正确、通顺、易读 (correctness, smoothness, readability) 。要正确理解原文, 翻译通顺, 文字表达正确无误, 没有语法是不可能实现的。

总之, 通过教师和学生的共同努力, 持之以恒, 就一定能解决学生英语学习中出现的语法错误, 进而全面提高学生综合运用英语的能力。

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[2]翟象俊, 余建中.21世纪大学实用英语[M].复旦大学出版社, 2007.

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[4]范晓航.大学教学语法的新思路[J].安徽文学, 2007, 12.

[5]林瑜.浅谈大学英语语法教学[J].福建论坛, 2008.

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