高考人教版地理会考必背知识点

2024-11-02

高考人教版地理会考必背知识点(精选4篇)

1.高考人教版地理会考必背知识点 篇一

初中地理必背知识

世界的气候

第一节、天气和气候

1、天气指某一个地方短时间内的大气状况。特点是多变。如:狂风暴雨、风力大等。

2、气候指一个地方多年的天气状况。特点是有相对的稳定性。如:炎热干燥,冬冷夏凉等。

3、识记常用的天气符号,会读简易天气预报图。

第二节、气温和降水

1、气温:⑴世界年平均气温的分布规律:从低纬度向高纬度气温逐渐降低;同纬度的陆地和海洋气温不同。

⑵北半球一年当中平均气温最高是七月,最低是一月;南半球则相反。

2、降水:

⑴、降水的三种形式:对流雨地形雨锋面雨

⑵、世界上年降水量的分布规律:赤道地带降水多;两极地区降水少;南、北回归线两侧大陆东岸降水多,西岸降水少;中纬度内陆地区降水少,沿海地区降水多。

3、气候资料的表示方法:

⑴、气候资料用表格,坐标图和等值线图等表示。

⑵、举例说明。

第三节、影响气候的因素

1、影响气候的因素有:地球的形状、地球的运动、海陆分布、地形地势、人类活动等。

2、地球的运动(见下表)。

运动方向转动中心方向转动周期产生的现象

自转地轴自西向东一天昼夜交替

公转太阳自西向东一年四季变化

注:认真看世界地理(上册) P49 图。

3、地球上五带的划分:

⑴、热带:回归线之间23.5°N—23.5°S(太阳光有直射);

⑵、北温带:北回归线与北极圈之间23.5°N—66.5°N(有四季变化);

⑶、南温带:南回归线与南极圈之间23.5°S—66.5°S(有四季变化);

⑷、北寒带:北极圈内66.5°N—90°N(有极昼、极夜);

⑸、南寒带:南极圈内66.5°S—90°S(有极昼、极夜);

注:从五带分布来看,非洲最热,南极洲最冷。

4、海陆分布:纬度相同地方,夏季陆地气温高,海洋气温低,冬季则相反。

5、地形、地势的分布:

⑴、不同的地形区,气温不相同。如:安第斯山脉东西两侧的降水和气温则不相同。

⑵、随地势升高,气温降低。一般情况下,地势每升高100米,气温降低0.6℃。

6、人类活动可以影响局部地区气候。如:人工造林、修建水库和灌溉工程等。

第四节、世界主要气候类型

1、热带气候:

类型地表景观气候特征主地分布地区

热带雨林气候热带雨林全年高温多雨

亚马孙平原、刚果盆地、马来群岛热带季风气候热带季雨林全年高温,一年分雨季(6—10月)和旱季(11月—次年5月)

印度半岛和中南半岛热带草原气候热带草原全年高温,一年分干季(11—次年5月)和湿季(6月—10月)

热带雨林气候的南北两侧如:非洲

大陆热带沙漠气候热带沙漠全年炎热干燥西亚和北非、澳大利亚中部

2、亚热带季风气候:

类型地表景观气候特征主地分布地区

亚热带季风气候亚热带常绿阔叶林夏季高温多雨,四季分明中国、美国、巴西等国东南部

地中海气候亚热带常绿硬叶林冬季暖和多雨,夏季炎热干燥南北纬30°—40°大陆西部,地中海沿岸最典型

3、温带气候:

类型地表景观气候特征主地分布地区

温带季风气候温带落叶阔叶林冬季寒冷干燥,夏季暖和多雨,雨热同期中国东北部,俄罗斯东南部,朝鲜半岛及附近地区等

温带海洋性气候温带草原冬暖夏凉,年降水量较多,季节分配较均匀中纬度地区的大陆西岸。如:欧洲西部大西洋沿岸等

温带大陆性气候森林草原、荒漠冬冷夏热,年降水量较多,夏季多雨亚欧大陆和北美大陆内陆地区

亚寒带针叶林气候耐寒的针叶林冬长而严寒,夏短而暖和,降水较少俄罗斯和加拿大

4、寒带气候:

⑴、高山高原气候:主要分布在中低纬度的山地高原,气温较低,降水较少,自然景观的垂直变化显著为基本特色。

⑵、极地气候:①、苔原气候:亚欧大陆和北美洲的北冰洋沿岸,终年严寒,分布有苔藓和地衣等。

②、冰原气候:终年严寒。主要分布 北极地区和南极洲,无植物生长。

初中地理基础知识

认识大洲

第一节、亚洲及欧洲

1、比较亚洲和欧洲:

亚洲欧洲

纬度位置大部分在北半球,少部分在南半球全部在北半球

海陆位置东南北临太平洋,印度洋和北冰洋西、南、北临大西洋、地中海和北冰洋

地形特征①地形以高原、山地为主,平均海拔高。②地面起伏大,高低悬殊③中部高、四周低①地形以平原山地为主,平均海拔较低;②地面起伏较小;③南北高、中间低。

气候特点①气候复杂多样,(没有温带海洋性气候)②大陆性特征和海陆差异特征显著①、温带气候显著(热带气候没有);②、海洋性气候显著。

河流特点①发源于中部高山高原顺地势呈放射状向四周奔流入海②、河流长,水量较大。③、多内流河。如长江,湄公河,塔里木河。①、发源南部山地、是顺地势呈放射状向四周奔流入海;②、河流短小,水量丰富。如:多瑙河、莱茵河、伏尔加河等。

人口特点世界上人口最多的大洲(36.72亿)人口过亿的国家有6个东部、南部人口稠密人口居世界第二位(7.27亿)人口增长率最低,西部人口最稠密。

2、需要识记的一些内容

⑴、亚、欧两洲的分界线:乌拉尔山、乌拉尔河、大高加索山脉。

⑵、亚洲、北美洲的分界线:白令海峡。

⑶、“地球之巅”——珠穆朗玛峰;世界陆地最低点——死海(-400米)。

⑷、北半球的.“寒极”奥伊米亚康(俄罗斯);世界雨极——乞拉朋齐(印度)。

⑸、亚洲最长的河流---长江(世界第三长河,注入东海),流经国家最多的河流----湄公河(中国境内叫澜沧江)流经中国→缅甸→老挝→泰国→柬埔寨→越南等国,注入南海。

⑹、欧洲最长的河流——伏尔加河,注入里海;流经国家最多的河流——多瑙河(流经8个国家),注入黑海。

⑺、亚洲、欧洲的湖泊:

贝加尔湖(俄罗斯)——世界最深的湖泊;

里海(中亚)——世界最大的湖泊;

死海(西亚)——世界上湖面海拔最低

巴尔喀什湖(中亚)—一半咸水,一半淡水

第二节、非洲

1、地理位置:

⑴、地理位置:赤道从中部穿过,地跨南北两半球。

⑵、海陆位置:东临印度洋,西临大西洋,北隔地中海和直布罗陀海峡与亚欧相望,东北和东面隔苏伊士运河和红海与亚洲分界。

2、非洲是世界上国家最多的大洲(54个)。二战前,只有三个国家独立:埃及、埃塞俄比亚、利比里亚。

3、非洲地形:⑴、地形多以高原为主(高原大陆)海拔500—1000米

⑵、势东南高,西北低。

⑶、主要地形区:

①、埃塞俄比亚高原—“非洲屋脊”;

②、乞力马扎罗山——非洲最高的山峰;

③、刚果盆地-----世界最著名的盆地;

④、东非大裂谷----世界最长的裂谷带;

⑤、撒哈拉沙漠------世界最大沙漠;

⑥、几内亚湾-------非洲最大海湾;

⑦、马达加斯加岛------非洲最大岛屿。

4、气候:⑴、非洲绝大部分在热带,平均气温高(25℃以上)称为“热带大陆”,是世界上干旱面积最大的国家。

⑵、气候特点:以赤道为轴,南北对称分布(气候类型见下图)

A、G地中海气候

B、F热带沙漠气候

C、E热带草原气候

D、热带雨林气候

M、高原气候

注:非洲有世界上最大的热带草原气候区,地中海气候区适于栽柑橘、葡萄、橄榄等。

5、河流:⑴、尼罗河——世界上最长河(6000千米)注入地中海;

⑵、刚果河——水量次于亚马孙河,注入大西洋。

6、物产丰富(“富饶大陆”):

⑴、矿产资源:非洲金刚石、黄金储量和产量居世界第一位。几内亚湾的铝土,南非的黄金储量和产量居世界首位,赞比亚的铜,尼日利亚的石油也非常有名。

⑵、名贵树种:桃花心木、檀木、花梨木等。

⑶、农作物:咖啡、枣椰、油棕的主产地。

⑷、大型野生动物的种类和数量居世界首位如狮子、大象、斑马、长劲鹿等。

7、经济:

⑴、非洲是世界上人口自然增长率最高的大洲。是世界上经济发展最低的一个大洲。

2.初中人教版政治必背知识点 篇二

①淫秽的读物、音像制品等是一种精神鸦片。未成年人在涉“黄”后,轻者会想入非非,精神萎靡,无心学习;重者极易诱发违法犯罪,造成更大伤害。

②赌博是一种恶习,也是社会公害之一,赌博极易害人害己害国害家。未成年人染上赌博恶习后,不仅影响身体健康、学习进步,扭曲人际关系,而且极易诱发盗窃、抢劫、诈骗等违法犯罪的行为。

③吸毒会严重摧残身心健康,传染和导致各种疾病,甚至死亡;会破坏家庭幸福,诱发刑事犯罪;会败坏社会风气,危害社会治安。

④“”是以_为首的反科学、反人类、反社会的邪教组织。“”等邪教宣扬歪理邪说,蒙骗群众,敛财害命,挑动制造事端,是威胁人民生命财产安全和社会安定的毒瘤。

⑤总之,“黄赌毒”和“”邪教等不良诱惑,会伤害人的身体,毒害人的灵魂,危害人的身心健康;会使人不思进取,放弃美好追求,影像个人进步和发展;会使人无视法律的尊严,损害他人和社会,走上违法犯罪的道路。

2、怎样抵制不良诱惑?

(1)在日常的学习生活中,努力提高自己的思想品德修养和科学素养,慎交朋友,提高自己的判断能力,正确识别真假美丑,不为假象所迷惑,防止受骗上当。

(2)克服猎奇和盲目从众心理,提高自己的控制力,在自己心中筑起一道抵制不良诱惑的坚固长城。

(3)运用法律手段同不良诱惑进行坚决的斗争,以保护自己,净化我们成长的环境。

(4)战胜不良诱惑的方法和技巧:避开诱因、学会拒绝、联想后果、培养良好的兴趣爱好、专时专用、请人监督。

3、法律是社会行为规范,与道德、纪律等规则相比较,法律具有哪些基本特征?

(1)由国家制定或认可

靠国家强制力保证实施

(2)对全体社会成员具有普遍约束力

(3)违法行为,是指不履行法律规定的义务或者做出法律所禁止的行为。他可以分为一般违法行为和犯罪行为。

(4)一般违法行为,是指违法情节较为轻微,对社会的危害性不大,还没有触犯刑法,只是违反了刑法以外的法律,法规的行为。

3.高考人教版地理会考必背知识点 篇三

注意:1、不要逐字翻译,字数为60-80词。

2、开头语、结束语已为你写好。

June 28th,2000

Dear Miss Li,

I’m a student in Senior One. I like English very much . But I have a lot of trouble in learning it. I find it difficult to remember English words and I often make lots of mistakes in grammar. Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well?

I’m sorry for giving you so much trouble.

I would be most grateful if you could write to me.

Best wishes!

Yours respectfully,

Zhang Ming

二.请你按要求写一篇日记(字数60-80)。要点如下:

1、月29日星期五乘车去爬山;2、原定早上8点钟出发,汽车9点钟才到;

3、车在路上出了毛病;4、到达山脚时天下大雨;将近下午5点钟雨才停。

文章开头和结尾已给出,不计入总字数

Dec. 29th , Friday Rainy

My family and I decided to climb a mountain today. We had planned to set off at eight by bus. For some reason the bus didn’t come until nine o’clock. Unluckily (Unfortunately) for us, something went wrong with the bus on the way to the mountain. But when we arrived at the foot of the mountain, it began to rain heavily. It was nearly five o’clock in the afternoon when it stopped raining. Son we had to come back.

How disappointed I am today!

三.假如你是李刚,你写信邀请你的英国笔友Jackie来参加你班将举办的暑假夏令营(Summer camp)活动,并请他回信告诉你他是否能来。(字数:100字左右。) 内容要点如下:

1.活动时间:7月20日至7月27日; 2.地点:之江渡假村(holiday village);

3.内容:参观杭州风景名胜;语言学习讲座;举办晚会等;

Dear Jackie,

Haven’t been able to write to you for a long time. I wonder how you are getting on recently.

As you know. the summer vacation in China is coming. And the students in our class are going to have a summer camp. Would you please have the pleasure to come and join us? The summer camp is going to be held in the Zhijiang Holiday Village from July 20th to July 27th. In the summer camp,we are going to pay a visit to the places of interest in Hangzhou. And we are going to have talks on the study of languages and have parties as well.

Oh, I’m sorry I have to stop here now. Would you please write to tell me whether you can come and when if you can.

Best wishes.

Yours,

四.书面表达(满分10分)

根据以下提示,以Our Great Country为题,写一篇60-80个词的短文,要求要点齐全,不要逐词翻译。

1.中国位于亚洲东部,是世界上最大的国家之一。

2.首都北京是政治文化(cultural)中心,有许多名胜。

3.伟大的祖国,历史悠久,人口众多,人民勤劳勇敢。

4.我们热爱我们的祖国。

Our Great Country

China, which lies in the east of Asia, is one of the largest countries in the world. It is a great country with a long history. Beijing, the capital of China, is the political and cultural centre and has many places of interest. China has a large population and the Chinese people are brave and hardworking. We love our great country.

五.A New Use for Tony‘s Model Plane为题,根据上面图画所

描绘的故事,写一篇80词左右的短文。

A New Use for Tony’s Model Plane

Tony was flying his model plane in the fields. There were

dark clouds gathering in the sky . Suddenly it began to

pour down very heavily . Tony was wet all over and

had to stop flying his plane . But soon the rain stopped.

Tony started to fly his plane again. But this time he used

the cord of his plane as a clothes-line to dry his wet shirt.

So he found a new use for his model plane.

六.你(林兰)去找美国朋友Jenny不遇,留下一张便条。(词数:60-80字)

内容如下:

1. 今晚去蓝石电影院看影片“藏龙卧虎”(Hidden Dragon Crouching Tiger)

2. 7点30分在电影院门口见面

3. 在学校门靠附近乘301路公共汽车。在第三个站下车,向前走约5分钟,电影院在大型超市旁边。

Jenny,

I’ve come to tell you that we’re going to see the film Hidden Dragon Crouching Tiger this evening. We will meet at the gate of the Blue Stone Cinema at 7:30. I guess you would like to see the film. You can take a No301 bus near the school gate and get off at the third stop. Then walk straight ahead. It takes about 5 minutes. You’ll see a big super market. The cinema is next to it. You can’t miss it.

七.请以日记形式记录一次体育课的情况。(词数:60-80字)

内容要点如下:

1. 时间: 星期一下午 2. 上课内容:跳远

3. 过程:做准备活动(warm-up exercises):老师讲解并示范; 我紧张而失败;不灰心,反复练习;终于跳过三米。

4. 体会:只要有恒心(perseverance)就一定会成功

November 6, Tuesday Cloudy

Yesterday afternoon we had a PE lesson. After warm-up exercises, our teacher told us the way of long jump and showed us how to do it. Then we followed the teacher and practiced one after another. Soon came my turn and I felt a little nervous. I failed the first time but I wasn’t discouraged. I kept on practicing. At last I managed to jump over three metres. From the lesson I came to see that one will succeed if one has perseverance.

八.假定你是张玲,你写信给某报编辑投诉服装质量问题.

内容包括:

1. 上星期天你在红星百货商店买了一件衬衫 2. 洗衣服时发现衬衫腿色

3. 回商店要求换一件,遭拒绝 3. 希望生产长厂家ABC公司关注产品质量

说明: 1.不要逐字翻译题目 3. 词数60-80字

3. 信的开头和结尾已给出(不包括在词数内)

Editor,

I am writing to complain about the poor quality of a blouse produced by the ABC Company.

Last Sunday, I bought a blouse at Red Start, the largest department store in the city. The salesgirl said it was of good quality. But in fact, there was something wrong with it. When I washed it, the colour ran. I went back to the store to change it, but was refused. I felt very disappointed. I do hope the company will pay more attention to the quality of their goods if they want to get into the world market.

Thank you very much.

Yours faithfully,

Zhang Ling

样题

Notice

Our English club has decided to organize a trip to the Nanhaizi Milu Park next Saturday, the 20th of October. We will meet at the school gate at 7:00 a.m. The school bus will leave at 7:15 a.m. Please be there on time.

Please get something ready for a picnic lunch. Be sure to wear strong shoes as we shall do a lot of walking. And don’t forget to bring your cameras.

We hope everyone in our club will join the trip.

会考训练1

12 Guang Ming Road

Oct. 16.

Dear Li Yun,

Next Monday is my birthday. I’m going to hold a birthday party at home in the evening. It will begin at 7:30. Would you like to come? I’ve also invited some of my classmates and some friends of ours.

Now I live at 12 Guang Ming Road. You can take Bus No.23 or No.45, and get off at the stop of Guang Ming Road. Then walk south for 50 metres. It’s a red house with a white door. You can’t miss it.

I do hope you will come.

Yours,

Xiao Hua

会考训练 2

Today we had a new English teacher. His name is Zhang Wen. He is a tall, young man with a pair of glasses. He told us that he was glad to teach us English.

When he taught, he spoke English. At the beginning, I found it a bit hard to understand him, but at the end of the lesson I felt much better. I was really happy, because I could not only read English, but also understand English through listening.

会考训练 3

Notice

Oct. 12,2001

In order to help with the study of English, the Students Union will hold an English report next week. We have invited Professor Cook from Sydney University to give us a talk. The lecture is about some features of Australian English. The talk will be given at the Lecture Hall on Oct. 12, starting at 3:30 P.M. Each class may send 10 students to attend the lecture.

Do be there on time.

Students Union

会考训练 4

no smoking , please!

Smoking is a bad habit. It is bad for the health of the smokers themselves and the people who are around them. In fact, many kinds of diseases are caused by smoking. Every year, millions of smokers die from smoking tobacco.

Smoking itself is a waste of money. It costs one so much money. Besides, many fires are often caused by careless smokers.

Young people! Don’t join the group of people in hospital, the group of dying people, because they smoke.

测试2

An English summer camp is going to be held in the Dinghu Mountain by the school from Auguest 1 to Auguest 10.

4.高考地理必背知识点总结 篇四

①以中小企业为主;

②以轻工业为主;

③集中了大量同类或相关企业;

④生产高度专业化;

⑤企业分布于小城市甚至农村,实行家庭包工等形式,生产过程分散。

2、传统工业区当前发展状况:

(1)原料和能源消耗量大,运输量大,污染严重;

(2)20世纪70年代以来出现衰落,急需改造。

3、德国鲁尔工业区:

(1)主要区位条件:

①丰富的煤炭资源(铁矿较少,需由法国和瑞典进口);

②充沛的水源;

③便捷的交通;

④广阔的市场。

(2)衰落原因:

①生产结构过于单一;

②煤炭地位下降;

③世界性钢铁过剩;

④新技术革命的冲击。

(3)整治措施:

①调整产业结构;

②发展第三产业;

③调整工业布局;

④完善交通网络;

⑤消除污染,美化环境。

4、新工业区基本特征:

(1)时间新:出现于二战后;

(2)地区新:形成于无传统工业基础的乡村地区;

(3)形式新:以中小型企业为主;

(4)部门新:以出口型轻工业或高科技电子工业为主。新工业区主要包括两种类型:

①以新兴工业即高新技术产业为主的工业区,如美国硅谷、德国慕尼黑、日本九州岛、英国苏格兰地区、俄罗斯新西伯利亚。

②以出口型轻工业为主的出口型工业区,如意大利萨索洛、普拉托。

5、德国鲁尔工业区、英国中部工业区、美国东北工业区(五大湖工业区)、中国辽中南工业区等都属于传统工业区,它们的主要特征:

(1)建立在丰富的煤炭、铁矿等原料及燃料基地附近;

(2)以煤炭、钢铁、机械、化工、纺织等传统工业为主;

(3)以大型企业为核心。

6、美国硅谷电子工业区:

(1)主导区位:科技、环境、交通。

(2)主要优势:

①地理位置优越,环境优美;

②气候宜人;

③高等院校集中,科技发达,人才集中;

④便捷的交通;

⑤稳定的市场(美国国防部的军事定货);

⑥创新环境和创新文化。

(3)主要特点:

①从业人员具有高水平的知识和技能;

②增长速度较传统工业快,产品更新换代周期短;

③研究开发费用在销售额中所占比例高;

上一篇:会计电算化教学改革思考下一篇:凝聚亲情的作文800字