选修5有机实验教案(精选5篇)
1.选修5有机实验教案 篇一
Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors(The First Period)Teaching content :New words and phrases in Unit 5 Teaching aims: 1.Enable students to read all of yhe words and expressions in this unit.2.Enable all students to use these words and phrases correctly ,especially some important words and phrases.3.Be able to finish all the exercises in this unit.Teaching important points : Teach all students to read and use these words and phrases correctly.Teaching difficult points : Finish all exercises about words in Unit 5 correctly.Teaching tolls: The recorder Teaching process: Step 1.Class organization 1.Greetings between the teacher and students.2.Tell the students the main purpose of this period –to learn the new words and expressions in Unit 5 Step 2.New words teaching 1.Play the tape ,and get the students to listen to and repeat after the tape.2.Help the students to read the words and phrases with the help of English phonetics.3.Help the students learn to use some important words and phrases by listening to and translating some sentences.Step 3.Practise consolidation 1.Ask the students to read through the sentences on page 40,ex 1, 2and 3,try to complete them with the words right forms learned in Unit 5.2.Check the students’answers and help them master the words learned in this lesson.Step 4.Homework 1.Read and remember the words and expressions in this unit,and try to finish the exercises on page about words in this unit ,page 79,ex1and 2.2.Preview the passage on page 37 to 39.(The Secondand and Third Period)Teaching content:Warming up,Reading Teaching aims:
1.Target language: Key words and phrases: archaeology, tentative, accuracy, excavate, interrupt, ornament, assume, regardless, sharpen, cut up, scrape, ample, primitive, preserve, bead, botany, botanical, analysis, specific, seashell, specifically 2.Ability aims 1).Help the students learn how to give opinion and describe objects 2)Enable the Ss to tell the differences between modern people and Peking man and learn how Peking man lived their lives 3)Enable the students to talk about the archaeological evidence and knowledge and learn to describe people and practice giving opinions.Teaching important point: 1.Help the student understand the passage better and learn something about primitive people’lives.2.How to help the students improve their reading ability.Teaching difficult point: Understand the text about the lives of our ancestors and know something about archaeology.Teaching aids: The media Teaching process: Step 1.Lead in and warming up By talking about the ancient civilization.1.Ask them the four Great Ancient Civilizations.2.Ask them to give some account of each great civilization, for example, speaking China, they can talk about China’s brilliant civilization, like four great inventions(papermaking, printing, gunpowder, compass)3.Ask Ss to identify each picture in this part.4.Ask them to have a discussion to complete the task listed in Activity 2(to complete the table), What is it made of? What’s its use? And today’s alternatives? Step 2 Pre-reading 1.Ask Ss to assume what Peking man might have done and use thousands of years ago.2.Then by showing the following pictures to show whether their assumptions are right or wrong.Modern people Peking man Accuracy Places of living Modern architecture, which is huge, like boxes with flat roofs, sharp corners and glass walls Caves Very accurate Furniture Beautiful furniture with lots of ornaments mostly made of wood or other special materials Natural furniture made of stone or wood Accurate Entertainment Watching TV, surfing the Internet and traveling Enjoy the nature or family get-together Inaccurate Food A good variety of cooked food, which tastes delicious Natural food, such as nuts and fruits Accurate Clothing Clothes made form special material, such as cotton and wood Clothes made form animal skins Accurate Step III Reading
1.Play the tape once, and ask the Ss what they have learned about Zhoukoudian Caves 2.Skimming What is the text about? Andfind out the the main idea of the dialogue: An archeologist is showing a group of students from England around the Zhoukoudian Caves and telling them something bout the caves.3.Scanning Ask them to read puickly and discuss the questions.Ask them to write down the three ways in which the life of early people differs from modern ones.Homes: Peking man lived in Zhoukoudian Caves of rocks and trees.Tools: They used needle that was made of bone sharpened stone tools and scraper made by stones.Dress: They wore clothes form animal skins and they also wore necklace made from seashells or animal teeth.4.Careful reading Ask the student to read the text carefully again and try to understand the text completely ,underline the sentences and words that they can’t understand.Step IV Post-reading
1.Ask Ss to fill in the chart on the life and habits of Peking man on page 39 and compare it with the list they made in the pre-reading.What differences are there? And then to clarify Ss’ difficult points in the text.Ckeck the students’answers.2.Difficult sentences explanation.1).It a great pleasure to meet you students from England,who are interested in archaeology.2).You must be aware that it’s here that we found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world.3).We have been excavating here for mang years and...4).We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick,which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter.Step V Homework
Write a brief introduction to the Zhoukoudian Caves.(The fourth and fifth period)Teaching content: Extebsive reading 1.The feast :18,000 BC 2.A great archaeological discovery in the 20 century Teaching aims : 1.Get students to learn the useful new words and expressions in these two passages.2.Let students learn something about world great archaeological discoveries.3.Develop the students’reading ability.Teaching important points: 1.Let studens know some great world famous archaeological discoveries.2.Have students learn different reading skills.Teaching difficult points: 1.Develop students’ reading ability.2.Enable students to talk about primitive people’s lives and ancient archaeological discoveries.Teaching process : Step 1.revosion 1.Help students revise words and expressions learned in this unit.2.Revise the passage learned in this unit to consolidate some important language points learned last period.Step 2.Extensive reading.thTell students that today we are going to read two passages to knoe some further about primitive people’s lives and a world great archaeological discoveries.1.Get students to read THE FEAST :18,000BC on page 43 as quickly as possible and try to fillin the chart on page 42 about the possible work dixision between men and women in primitive societies then check their answers.2.Ask student to scan the passage again and try to answer the following questions: 1).When they work co-operatively and when they do tasks alone? 2).Who does the most dangerous tasks ? 3).Where the danger comes from ? 4).Whether the tasks are shared between men and women ? 3.Get students to read the passage on page 82 quickly,and try to complete the chart on page 83 about A GREAT ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN THE 20 CENTURARY.4.Scan the passage again ,trying to answer the following questions : 1).How did they know whose tomb it was ? 2).Why do you think they thought these things came from another civilization ? 3)Why did Carter get excited when he noticed the dooor to the tomb was still fatened ?(check students’ answer orally)Step 3.Home work.Ask students to write a famous world archaeological
THdiscovery themselves after searching information on the line.
2.选修5有机实验教案 篇二
三维目标
(1).知识和能力
能理解中心内容,领会中心意思,有一定的速度,养成良好的阅读习惯。
理解并掌握细节描写在写作中的作用。
(2).过程和方法
阅读、探究、合作
(3).情感态度和价值观
感受超越阶级的父爱,体味父爱的深沉与伟大。
教学课时:2个课时
第一课时
教学目标:
1.了解作者泰戈尔
2.把握文章的故事情节
3.分析主题
新课导入:
有这么一句话,“天空不留下鸟的痕迹,但我已飞过。”同学们,你们听过吗?还有这么一首诗:“世界上最遥远的距离/不是生与死/而是我站在你面前/你却不知道我爱你……”“如果错过了太阳时你流了泪,那末你也要错过群星了。”“使生如夏花之绚烂,死如秋叶之静美。”“我不能选择那最好的,是那最好的选择我。”
这些名句大家熟悉吗?相信同学们都听过,这些名句名诗的作者是?
不错,他就是泰戈尔。泰戈尔,印度诗圣。我们今天一起来学习他的一篇短篇小说《喀布尔人》。请同学们翻开课本第133页。
(写题目)
一、整体感知:
1.在上课前,我们先来认识一下生难字词。齐读一遍。
敷衍()污秽()蜿蜒()疟疾菌()
荒唐无稽()温煦()婚筵()
2.作家生平与作品
至于泰戈尔的生平与作品,同学们翻开课文第139页“知识链接”,在这里,老师补充一些:
(1)泰戈尔
1861年5月6日出生于加尔各答,1941年8月7日逝世于加尔各答。是一位印度诗人、哲学家和民族主义者,19他获得诺贝尔文学奖,是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的亚洲人。
出生于孟加拉加尔各答一显贵家庭,家庭属于商人兼地主。他13岁即能创作长诗和颂歌体诗集,14岁发表爱国诗篇《献给印度教徒庙会》。1878年赴英国留学,1880年回国专门从事文学活动。泰戈尔是中国人民的真诚朋友,曾严厉谴责过日本帝国主义对中国的侵略。1924年到中国访问,对中国文化给予高度的评价。
以上就是泰戈尔的一些生平介绍。
同学们,要记一下他的两部作品--
《新月集》(1913)《飞鸟集》(1916)
他共写了50多部诗集,被称为“诗圣”。印度和孟加拉国的国歌使用的就是泰戈尔的诗。
“泰戈尔是孟加拉文学以及印度文学现实主义短篇小说的开拓者。”
他以自己丰富多采的作品开创了孟加拉文学的新时代,对印度其他民族的文学发展也起了极大的推动和促进作用。他不愧为印度文坛的泰斗,举世瞩目的伟大作家。
此外,中长篇小说:《四个人》(1916);《沉船》(1906)、《戈拉》(1910)、《家庭与世界》(1916)、《两姐妹》(1932)短篇小说:《还债》(1891)、《弃绝》(1893)、《素芭》(1893)、《人是活着,还是死了?》(1892)、《摩诃摩耶》(1892)、《太阳与乌云》(1894)
同学们,泰戈尔真的是个多面手啊,是吗?而他的这些成就是不是让我们对他佩服得五体投地啦?(是的,是吧?)
(2)泰戈尔与中国
泰戈尔是中国人民的真诚朋友,曾严厉谴责过日本帝国主义对中国的侵略。1924年到中国访问,对中国文化给予高度的评价。
3.简洁介绍喀布尔
同学们听说过喀布尔吗?哪位同学们说说它的地理位置与环境?
(同学们地理还真不错,老师也来说说)
喀布尔是阿富汗共和国的首都和第一大城市,是全国的政治、经济、文化中心,也是个历史上的英雄城市。它位于阿富汗东部,兴都库什山南麓,北纬34度,东经69度。群山环抱呈U字形,海拔1950米。在古代,喀布尔是著名的东西方通商要道“丝绸之路”上的重要城镇。而喀布尔人在印度多为小贩。
二、好,现在我们进入文本的解读。5分钟的时间,请同学们阅读全文,带着下面几个问题进行课文的解读。(故事情节)
1.故事中的喀布尔人是什么身份?
2.喀布尔人是怎样与小敏妮成为朋友的?
3.喀布尔人因为什么事情被投入监狱的?
4、故事的结局是怎样的?
同学们可以在以上问题的基础上简要概括本文的情节来。(哪位同学来说说)
一个穷苦的喀布尔小贩结识了一位富裕的孟加拉作家5岁的小女儿敏妮。小贩把对遥远故乡独生女儿的爱,全部倾注在敏妮身上。这种爱使他们跨越了年龄的鸿沟,成了无所不谈的好朋友,并持续了多年。这种真挚之爱也感动了敏妮的父亲。在喀布尔人从监狱里出来看望敏妮时,他紧缩敏妮的婚礼开支,资助喀布尔人回家,尽力使这久出不归的父亲能与自己亲生女儿重逢。
(不错,这位同学概括得很好。)
三、主题探讨
那再请同学们看课文,找出喀布尔人疼爱敏妮的原因是什么?
(喀布尔人把对遥远故乡独生女儿的爱全部倾注在敏妮身上,所以对敏妮特别疼爱。)
恩,同学们回答得很好。那么作为父辈,喀布尔人是如何把爱传递给敏妮的呢?
作为朋友呢?
作为小贩呢?
插入细节描写的讲述。
那为什么喀布尔人拉曼为什么要把喀布尔人把对遥远故乡独生女儿的爱全部倾注在敏妮身上呢?
提示:同学们回过头来看课文题目冒号后的一个短语:一样的父爱。
“一样的父爱”中的一样该如何理解?
提示:他们两人有个共同身份是什么?
明确:都是一位父亲。
那么他们对敏妮都是怎样的啊?
明确:疼爱。
那么他们给予敏妮都是父亲的疼爱。也就是父爱。
那么,老师还想问一下同学们,我们知道这个喀布尔人是个什么人啊?他的职业是?他有钱吗?
明确:喀布尔人是个小贩,贫穷的。
那么“我”呢?
明确:作家。较为富有。
那么在当时,那么两个人的地位是一样的吗?
明确:不是。不同地位,是吗?
那么,就是不同的阶级,是吗?
那好,我们了解到敏妮得到的是不同阶级的父爱。是吗?
恩。很好。
贯穿我们全文的也是这种感情,是吗?
这种感情也是我们学习这篇小说的主题。(超越阶级的深沉的父爱)
明确:无论是孟加拉人、喀布尔人,还是作家、小贩都存在着爱,并且这种爱,超越了国界,超越了阶层。
在这篇作品里,泰戈尔把父女的感情和对穷人的同情完美地糅合在一起,挖掘和表现极为深刻。爱的力量,消除了喀布尔和孟加拉之间迢遥万里的距离,也消灭了富有的作家和贫穷的小贩之间地位悬殊的差别,因为他们都是钟爱自己女儿的父亲!这怎么能不“在人们心灵中唤起善良的感情”(高尔基语)。
四.主题迁移与拓展
同学们,拉曼给予敏妮的爱让我们感动。那么我们的父亲呢?相信每人想起自己的父亲也肯定有很多话要说的。哪位同学来讲讲?可以是一个片段,也可以是你自己的心理感悟。同学们,给个机会你们,让你们谈谈你们的父亲。(学生讲)
小结:
高尔基:“父爱是一部震撼心灵的巨著,读懂了它,你也就读懂了整个人生。”总有一个人将我们支撑,总有一种爱让我们心痛,这个人就是父亲,这种爱就是父爱。父爱无形,细细品读,我们会痛,痛过之后,我们要学会珍惜,学会豁达,学会理解,理解父亲,理解人生。。。。
板书:
我小敏妮
超越了国界
超越了阶层
拉曼小女儿
第二课时
教学目标:
1.分析人物形象
2.分析文章的艺术特色
教学重点:分析人物形象
教学难点:分析文章的艺术特色
一、导入:
同学们,昨天我们已整体把握了全文,并且知道文章的主题是:超越阶层的深沉的父爱。今天,我们继续来学习课文。
同学们,迅速浏览全文,思考:文中“我”对喀布尔人的态度是一直都很友好的吗?发生了怎样的变化?
现在来检查一下同学们的思考成果。
“我”一开始只是把他当作一个普通的小贩看待,所以当喀布尔人送干果给敏妮时,“我”给了他钱。
后来发现他与敏妮成了好朋友,开始慢慢改变看法,并相信他对敏妮不会有什么威胁,,也就放心了。
婚礼上他的到来,让“我”有了不好的预兆,态度有点冷淡。直到看到他小心保存的自己女儿的手印,才终于明白了这个喀布尔人,对他的所有疑虑都烟消云散,并缩减婚礼开支,资助他回家与女儿团聚。
明确:“我”对喀布尔人的看法是由一般→放心→冷淡→感动→帮助
二、分析艺术特色(细节描写)
1.文中有多处用到细节描写,请同学们找出来并谈谈这些细节描写对于刻画人物、表现作品主题的作用。在找之前,首先请同学们明确一下:什么叫细节描写?细节描写的类型有哪些?(哪位同学来讲讲)
(那老师也来讲讲)
明确:细节描写是指对文学作品中的人物、环境或事件的某一局部、某一特征、某一细微事
实所作的具体、深入的描写,它是刻画人物性格、推进情节发展、表现生活环境的重要因素。
细节描写的范围很宽广,它的作用也是多方面的,但主要还是刻画人物性格,塑造人物形象。一个个传神的细节,犹如人体身上的细胞,没有了它,人就失去了生命;文章少了细节,人物形象就失去了血肉和神采。作家李准说:“一个细节在揭示人物的性格特征的作用上,有时和一个情节、一场戏肩着同样的作用。”正如平常所谓的“于细微处见精神”。
细节描写的类型:动作、语言、神态、环境
2.那同学们明白了回忆一下以前学过的什么文章有过细节描写的?表现人物什么形象?
明确:如《背影》里的父亲买橘子时的动作。一“探”一“攀”一“缩”,买橘子的艰辛与父亲对儿子的疼爱在此可以体现。
我看见他戴着黑布小帽,穿着黑布大马褂,深青布棉袍,蹒跚地走到铁道边,慢慢探身下去,尚不大难。可是他穿过铁道,要爬上那边月台,就不容易了。他用两手攀着上面,两脚再向上缩;他肥胖的身子向左微倾,显出努力的样子。这时我看见他的背影,我的泪很快地流下来了。
又如《孔乙己》描写孔乙己去咸亨酒楼喝酒是给钱的.动作是:孔乙己一到店,所有喝酒的人便都看着他笑,有的叫道,“孔乙己,你脸上又添上新伤疤了!”他不回答,对柜里说,“温两碗酒,要一碟茴香豆。”便排出九文大钱。一个“排”字就看出孔乙己摆阔炫耀的虚荣心理。
再如《林教头风雪山神庙》:林冲要去沽酒来吃,离开草料场时,“将火炭盖了……把两扇草场门反拽上锁了。”草厅被雪压倒后,林冲“恐怕火盆内有火炭延烧起来”,便“探半身入去摸时,火盆内火种都被雪水浸灭了”,这才“把门拽上,锁了”,到山神庙里去安身。这些细节描写,一方面表现了林冲安分守己、办事谨慎的性格,另一方面也告诉读者,草料场起火的原因并不是因为林冲疏忽,使情节发展合情合理。
关于刀枪武器不离身的细节描写。林冲离开天王堂时、到市井买酒时、奔山神庙安身时,都有关于随身携带尖刀、花枪的细节描写,最后,才有“挺着花枪”冲出门去杀死仇人的情节。这个细节描写,既符合林冲禁军教头的身分,表现他细心、谨慎的性格特点,又使故事情节天衣无缝。
好了,那同学们从课文里找找看。
例:“他伸手到宽大的长袍里,掏出一张又小又脏的纸来……上面有一个小小的手印,
不是相片,也不是一幅画像……当他每年到加尔各答街上卖货的时候,他自己的小女儿的印迹总在他心上”。(P138第三段)
2.同学们觉得里面有哪几个动作让你印象最深的?
没错,一个“抹”字
这一细节使人们终于认识了喀布尔人,任何疑虑和担心都会云消雾散,而且会对喀布尔人肃然起敬。泰戈尔对“小小的手印”这一细节的渲染,使喀布尔小贩这一形象更加血肉丰满,洋溢着浓厚的生活气息。生动逼真的印象使人终生难忘。仿佛一提到父爱,便会使我们想起这个喀布尔人,想起这一细节--它对喀布尔人爱子之心的展示,起到不可忽视的作用,更具文学史的典型意义。
例:我说,一面拿出一个八安那的银角子来,递给给了他。这人不在意地接了过去,丢进他的口袋里。(P134倒数第二段)
表现喀布尔人的不为名不为利的特点。
例:拉曼长长地舒了一口气,就在地上坐了下来。(P138倒数第四段)
表现拉曼的失落。
例:你什么时候到公公家去呢?(P135倒数第四段)
表现两人的友好。
例:我把他接
过来,正要给他钱,但是他抓住我的手说:“你是很仁慈的,先生,永远记住我。但不要给我钱!--您有一个小姑娘;在我家里我也有一个像她那么大的小姑娘。我想到她,就带点果子来给您的孩子--不是想赚钱的。”(P138第二段)
表现拉曼的善良,自尊,真挚。
(板书)
我小敏妮
超越了国界
超越了阶层
拉曼(善良、不为名利、、、)小女儿
3.诗味的分析
诗化风格:把抒情诗和短篇小说结合了起来,从而抒发出激荡肺。
请同学们找出文中自己认为比较诗意的句子。就是觉得它们挺优美的句子。
(P137第二、四段)让学生读(P135最后一段)让学生齐读(P138倒数第三段)让学生齐读。
(在泰戈尔的短篇小说的创作中,语言也像诗一样凝练含蓄。整齐的句式,和美的韵律;形象的比喻,象征的手法;凝练的语言,高度的夸张原本都是诗体创作的特征,泰戈尔却将这些特征天衣无缝地运用到他的短篇小说中,使之婉约生动、如诗如画、温馨动人。例如:“那些日子是秋天的早晨,正是古代的帝王出去东征西讨的季节;我却在加尔各答我的小角落里,从来也不走动,却让我的心灵在世界上漫游。”
“在街上一看到一个外国人,我的脑子里就要织起梦想的网,--他那遥远的家乡的山岭啦,溪谷啦,森林啦,布景里还有他的茅舍和那些远方山野的人们自由独立的生活。”
“看到这个喀布尔人,我立刻神游于光秃秃的山峰之下,在高耸的山岭间,有许多窄小的山径蜿蜒出入。我似乎看见那连绵不断的、驮着货物的骆驼,一队队裹着头巾的商人,有的带着古怪的武器,有的带着长矛,从山上向着平原走来。
“早晨是晴朗的。雨后的空气给人一种清新的感觉,阳光就像纯金一般灿烂,连加尔各答小巷里肮脏的砖墙,都被照映得发出美丽的光辉。
“婚礼的喇叭吹起来了,温煦的秋天的阳光倾泻在我们周围。”
泰戈尔用丰富的想象,整齐的句式,随情的描绘,使小说读来像一首首诗。流露着浓浓的诗情画意。
好,同学们,打开133页,齐读季羡林对泰戈尔的一段评价。
泰戈尔,他诗化的语言深深地影响了后人。如冰心,徐志摩。
好了,这篇课文就和同学们学习到这里了,希望同学们在写作上能很好地借鉴这种手法。
3.选修5有机实验教案 篇三
一、教材分析
讲解电路上的电压损失,是本教材新增加的.目的是希望学生对输电问题有更全面、更深人和更接近实际的认识,知道影响输电损失的因素不只一个,分析问题应综合考虑,抓住主要方面.但真正的实际问题比较复杂,教学中并不要求深人讨论输电中的这些实际问题,也不要求对输电过程中感抗和容抗的影响进行深入分析.教学中要注意掌握好分寸
二、教学目标
1、知识目标
(1)知道“便于远距离输送”是电能的优点之一.知道输电的过程.了解远距离输电的原理.
(2)理解各个物理量的概念及相互关系.
(3)充分理解 ; ; 中的物理量的对应关系.
(4)知道什么是输电导线上的功率和电压损失和如何减少功率和电压损失.(5)理解为什么远距离输电要用高压.2、能力目标
(1)培养学生的阅读和自学能力.
(2)通过例题板演使学生学会规范解题及解题后的思考.
(3)通过远距离输电原理分析,具体计算及实验验证的过程,使学生学会分析解决实际问题的两种基本方法:理论分析、计算和实验.
3、情感目标
(1)通过对我国远距离输电挂图展示,结合我国行政村村村通电报导及个别违法分子偷盗电线造成严重后果的现象的介绍,教育学生爱护公共设施,做一个合格公民.
(2)教育学生节约用电,养成勤俭节约的好习惯.
三、教学重点、难点
1、重点:(l)理论分析如何减少输电过程的电能损失.
(2)远距离输电的原理.
2、难点:远距离输电原理图的理解.
四、学情分析
学生常常容易将导线上的电压损失面 与输电电压混淆起来,甚至进而得出错误结论.可引导学生进行讨论,澄清认识.这里要注意,切不可单纯由教师讲解,而代替了学生的思考,否则会事倍功半,形快而实慢.
五、教学方法
实验法、学案导学法
六、课前准备:电能输送过程的挂图一幅(带有透明胶),小黑板一块(写好题目).
七、课时安排 1课时
八、教学过程:
(一)预习检查、总结疑惑
检查落实了学生的预习情况并了解了学生的疑惑,使教学具有了针对性。
(二)、创设情境,导入新课
讲述:前面我们学习了电磁感应现象和发电机,通过发电机我们可以大量地生产电能.比如,葛洲坝电站通过发电机把水的机械能为电能,发电功率可达271.5万千瓦,这么多的电能当然要输到用电的地方去,今天,我们就来学习输送电能的有关知识.
(三)、自主、合作、探究
1、输送电能的过程
提问:发电站发出的电能是怎样输送到远方的呢?如:葛洲坝电站发出的电是怎样输到武汉、上海等地的呢?很多学生凭生活经验能回答:是通过电线输送的.在教师的启发下学生可以回答:是通过架设很高的、很粗的高压电线输送的.
出示:电能输送挂图,并结合学生生活经验作介绍.
板书:第三节 电能的输送
输送电能的过程:发电站→升压变压器→高压输电线→ 降压变压器→用电单位.)
2、远距离输电为什么要用高电压?
提问:为什么远距离输电要用高电压呢?学生思考片刻之后,教师说:这个实际问题就是我们今天要讨论的重点. 板书:(高压输电的原理)
分析讨论的思路是:输电→导线(电阻)→发热→损失电能→减小损失
讲解:输电要用导线,导线当然有电阻,如果导线很短,电阻很小可忽略,而远距离输电时,导线很长,电阻大不能忽略.列举课本上的一组数据.电流通过很长的导线要发出大量的热,请学生计算:河南平顶山至湖北武昌的高压输电线电阻约400欧,如果能的电流是1安,每秒钟导线发热多少?学生计算之后,教师讲述:这些热都散失到大气中,白白损失了电能.所以,输电时,必须减小导线发热损失.
3、提问:如何减小导线发热呢?
分析:由焦耳定律 是减小输电线电阻,减小发热,三是减小输电电流 ,有以下三种方法:一是减小输电时间,二.
4、提问:哪种方法更有效?
第一种方法等于停电,没有实用价值.第二种方法从材料、长度、粗细三方面来说都有实际困难.适用的超导材料还没有研究出来.排除了前面两种方法,就只能考虑第三种方法了.从焦耳定律公式可以看出.第三种办法是很有效的:电流减小一半,损失的电能就降为原来的四分之一.通过后面的学习,我们将会看到这种办法了也是很有效的. 板书结论:(1:要减小电能的损失,必须减小输电电流.)
讲解:另一方面,输电就是要输送电能,输送的功率必须足够大,才有实际意义. 板书:(2:输电功率必须足够大.)
5、提问:怎样才能满足上述两个要求呢?
分析:根据公式 提高输电电压 .,要使输电电流 减小,而输送功率 不变(足够大),就必须板书:(高压输电可以保证在输送功率不变,减小输电电流来减小输送电的电能损失.)
变压器能把交流电的电压升高(或降低)
讲解:在发电站都要安装用来升压的变压器,实现高压输电.但是我们用户使用的是低压电,所以在用户附近又要安装降压的变压器.
讨论:高压电输到用电区附近时,为什么要把电压降下来?(一是为了安全,二是用电器只能用低电压.)板书:(3.变压器能把交流电的电压升高或降低)6.远距离输电的实例分析
A.阅读教材了解输电的技术指标 B.物理过程:大型发电机发出的电压不可能符合远距离输电的要求,因此要在发电站内用升压变压器升压,再经过一次高压变电所,二次高压变电所,再输送给不同用户。C.实例分析
发电机的输出电压为220V,输出功率为44KW,每条输电线电阻为0.2Ω,求用户得到的电压和电功率各是多少?如果发电站先用变压比为1:10的升压变压器将电压升高,经同样输电线路后,再经过10:1的降压变压器降压后供给用户,则用户得到的电压和电功率又各是多少?
分析与解答:输送电路原理图如图。
发电站输出的功率P出是一定的,当以220伏的电压输出时,输出电流应该是:
I=P出/U出=44000W/220V=200A
两条输电线路的总电阻为0.4Ω,则导线上损失的电功率为:
P损=I2r=(200A)2×0.4Ω=16kW
用户得到的电功率为P=P出-P损=44kW-16kW=27kW
在导线上损失的电压为: U损=I2r=200V×0.4Ω=80V.
用户得到的电压为:U=U出-U损=220V-80V=140V
如果用1:10的变压器将电压升高到2200V后再输送出去,则输出电流为:
I=P出/U出=44000W/2200V=20A
P损=I2r=(20A)2×0.4Ω=160W
用户得到的电功率为P=P出-P损=44kW-160W=43.83kW
在导线上损失的电压为: U损=I2r=20V×0.4Ω=8V.
加到用户端变压器上的电压为:U=U出-U损=2200V-80V=2192V
经过变压器降压后输送给用户的电压为:219.2V.
引导学生看课本,了解我国输电电压,知道输送电能的优越性.
(四)反思总结,当堂检测。
教师组织学生反思总结本节课的主要内容,并进行当堂检测。反思:课本中讲了从减少损失考虑,要求提高输电电压;又讲了并不是输电电压越高越好.希望帮助学生科学地、全面地认识问题,逐步树立正确地分析问题、认识问题的观点和方法
(五)发导学案、布置预习。
九、板书设计
第三节 电能的输送
高压输电的原理
要减小电能的损失,必须减小输电电流 输电功率必须足够大.
(3)高压输电可以保证在输送功率不变,减小输电电流来减小输送电的电能损失. 2.变压器能把交流电的电压升高或降低
3.远距离输电的实例分析
十、教学反思
1.在本节课的教学设计上能体现出课改精神,重在过程,重在发现,而不是象以前只重结论。
2.采用探究式教学法。体现了学生的主体地位。让学生主动参与其中而不是被动接受教师的结论。
3.最后的实验设计能令学生深刻意识到高压输电的效果。
4.老师教态自然,语音、语速等不错。
5.时间控制上有待改进,有点前松后紧。
6.个别概念(如P总不变)强调得不够。
4.选修5有机实验教案 篇四
阅读理解
阅读THE ROAD IS ALWAYS AHEAD OF YOU,然后回答下列问题。
1. What’s the main idea of the passage? Give one sentence to describe it.
2. What did Ashrita achieve recently?
3. Ashrita has been one of Sri Chinmoy’s students. Sri Chinmoy believes that _______
A. it is not so important for people to develop their bodies as it is to develop their minds.
B. there is physical limitation.
C. there is no physical limitation.
D. people just need to develop their hearts and spiritual selves.
4. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Ashrita was asked by his spiritual leader to enter the marathon after doing some training.
B. Ashrita moviation to keep trying to break records comes through his devotion to his teacher.
C. Ashrita broke his first Guinness record in New York’s Central Park in 1978.
D. Before the bicycle marathon Ashrita believed that the seemed to be able to accomplish anything.
5. From the passage we can infer that ________.
A. the events Ashrita participates in are childish.
B. the events Ashrita participates in only cause laughter.
C. people show no respect to Ashrita though he has broken many Guinness records.
D. the events Ashrita participates in really require an enormous amount of strength and fitness as well as determination.
再次阅读THE ROAD IS ALWAYS AHEAD OF YOU,然后完成下面表格。
when facts
As a child Ashrita was _________ and was not at all interested in _________. However, he was _________ by the Guinness Book of World records.
As a teenager Ashrita began _________ deeper meaning in life. He studied _________ and aged 16, discovered an Indian _________ called Sri Chinmoy.
Since the early 1970s Ashrita has been one of Sri Chinmoy’s students. Sri Chinmoy says it is just as important for people to develop _________ as it is to develop their _________, _________ and _________. He believes that there is _________ to people’s physical abilities.
In 1978 Ashrita _________ in 24-hour bicycle marathon in New York’s Central Park. He came to understand that his body was just an _________ of the _________ and that he seemed to be able to use his spirit to _________.
In 1979 Ashrita broke _________ with 27,000 jumping jacks.
Over the last 25 years Ashrita has broken _________ 93 Guinness records. More than twenty of these he still _________, including the record for having_________.
答案:
阅读:
1. Ashrita Furman is a sportsman who likes the challenge of breaking Guinness records.
2. He achieved his dream of breaking a record in all seven continents.
3-5. C B D
文脉理解:
very unfit; sports; fascinated; searching for; Eastern religion; meditation teacher; their bodies; minds; hearts; spiritual selves; no limit; came third; instrument; spirit; accomplish anything; his first Guinness record; approximately; holds; the most records
Unit 2
阅读SAILING THE OCEANS 然后回答下列问题。
1. What is the text mainly about?
________________________________________
2. What would seamen use to navigate without modern navigational aids then?
________________________________________
3. What part of nature could seamen use to help navigate?
________________________________________
4. How many navigational instruments are mentioned in search of longitude and latitude?
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7
5. What does the word “random” in “Finding latitude” stand for?
A. organized B. intentional
C. arbitrary D. planned
6. Without secure method of measuring longitude before the 17th century, the British sailors really knew________.
A. how to estimate longitude using speed and time.
B. how to measure speed involved throwing a knotted rope.
C. how to count the knots as a ship advanced through the water.
D. what to do deal with the compass to calculate longitude
7. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A. The bearing circle was the first instrument to measure position between the sun and the ship.
B. The quadrant was awkward to handle and used a moving ship as a fixed point of reference.
C. The astrolabe, quadrant and sextant all connected were developed into the most accurate and reliable instrument, sextant.
D. The astrolabe was a special instrument to tell the distance among the ship, the sun and stars.
8. We can infer from the passage__________.
A. Earliest seamen explored the oceans since latitude and longitude made it possible to plot a ship’s position.
B. Earliest sailors only used celestial bodies, the weather, and tides and currents to navigate.
C. The first seamen began to use navigational instruments to find longitude instead of using nature.
D. In history of sailing the oceans, man mainly used nature to sail before navigational instruments were made.
再次阅读SAILING THE OCEANS 然后完成下面表格。
Seamen explored the oceans by using _______ and navigational _______.
Using nature navigators could keep alongside the _______, use such celestial bodies as North Star to _______ their positions, as the sun overhead to _______ by, as clouds over islands to indicate land close by. Wildlife, especially _______ could tell how far or close the ship was to land and _______ could be use to show the way. Fog could help identify the _______ of a stream or river and winds direct the sailing. Certain tides and currents could be used to carry ships to the _______.
Navigational instruments helped the sailor to find ______. They used the compass to calculate longitude and find the _______ for the ship to go. The _______ was the first instrument to measure the sun’s position. The astrolabe could tell the position of the _______ in relation to the _______ and stars. The quadrant measured how high stars were above the _______ and the sextant was the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant, measuring the _______ between two fixed objects outside the ship. It _______ to be the most accurate and reliable of the earlier _______ instruments.
答案:阅读:
1. It explains how seamen explored the ocean and what kind of navigational instruments were used at sea before the 17th century use nature and navigational instruments to sail the oceans.
2. They would use nature and navigational instruments to sail the oceans.
3. They could use celestial bodies, wildlife, the weather and the sea.
4-8: B C A C D
文脉理解
nature, instruments, coastline, plot, navigate, seaweed, sea birds, position, destination; longitude, direction, bearing circle, ship, sun, horizon, angle, proved, navigational
Unit 3
阅读课文的五篇短文,然后回答下列问题。
1. What topic.ruiwen.common to all five text?
2. What does Text 1 “Glimpses Australia” mainly tell us?
3. On Australia Day, ________.
A. people sing and dance together
B. people enjoy Australian food
C. some people from overseas were accepted as the citizens in Australia
D. people can travel all over Australia
4. If you trip from Sydney to Perth, you can see _______.
A. mountains and trees
B. mountains and plains
C. mountains, plains and wildlife
D. plains, trees and wildlife
5. The rock in Uluru is amazing because _____
A. it is very high
B. it is very large
C. it is sacred
D. I can change colour
6. How many World Heritage areas is mentioned in the five texts?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 14
再次阅读课文的五篇短文,然后完成下列表格:Something about Australia
Official name
Capital
Population ______________ million, approximately 80% live in the _________
Area _________km2,the _________ country in the world.
The number of states
Two largest cities
Famous for
Australia Day On_________, more people who come from overseas will become _________
Travel from Sydney to Perth View_________,_________ and_________
Travel from Adelaide to Darwin Observe_________, _________ and _________.
Uluru Rock It appears to _________, from _________, _________ and _________
Cradle Mountain National Park It is famous for _________, _________ and _________.
There is a _________ track and _________.
答案:
阅读:
1. The five texts are about some aspect of Australia.
2. A general description of the physical features and ecology of Australia and its political organization.
3-6: C C D C
文脉理解:
Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 20 million; the south-eastern coastal area, 7,686,850; sixth largest, Six, Melbourne and Sydney, it huge, open spaces, bright sunshine, enormous number of sheep and cattle and it unusual wildlife, 26 January; Australian, Blue Mountains; plains of Nulbarbor, a variety of wildlife, the rolling hills, the rusty reds of Australia’s center, the tropical splendour of Darwin, change colour, grey-red at sunshine, burning red at he dusk, it’s mountain peaks, lakes, ancient forests, walking, a range of short walks
Unit 4
阅读Plant exploration in the 18th and 19th centuries, 然后回答下列问题。
1. What’s the main idea of the passage?
2. Of the following plant collectors, who had ever been to China?
Robert Fortune, Father Farges, E.H.Wilson, Sir Joseph Banks, James Cook, Dr. Nathaniel Ward, Father d’Incarville
3. Who first sent seeds of the Dove Tree to Europe? And what about the seeds?
4. What can we learn from the passage?
A. The Tree of Heaven in Europe was firstly brought in from China.
B. The first plant collecting expedition recorded in history was unknown.
C. Father d’Incarville was sent to Beijing in the 1740s. And he took some Tree of Heaven seeds back to England.
D. Robert Fortune was the earliest French plant collectors to use Wardian cases.
5. What resulted in the complete change of plant exploration?
A. James Cook’s first voyage.
B. The invention of the Wardian case.
C. The Dove Tree’s growing in Europe.
D. French Catholic missionaries’ set up.
6. Who had ever been to Australia?
A. Ward. B. Banks.
C. Robert. D. Both A and B
再次阅读Plant exploration in the 18th and 19th centuries, 然后下列表格。
When Who What
1500BC Queen of Egypt sent ship away to gather plants, animals and other goods.
In the 1740s Father d’Incarville was sent to __________
______ Father d’Incarville had some seeds of Tree of Heaven sent back to England.
In 1769 __________ Collect quantities of plants in Australia which had never been found by Europeans before.
In 1784 __________was introduced in North America.
_______ __________ shipped two cases of British plants to Sydney.
In 1835 Ward made a return trip with some __________ species back to London successfully.
Between 1843 and 1859 Robert Fortune shipped __________ from Shanghai to India as well as introduced __________ of plants to Western gardens.
_______ Father Farges one of Catholic missionaries sent to China from ________, sent the seeds of __________ back to __________.
In 1899 E H Wilson of the western plant collectors to China, also collected many seeds of __________ and many other new plants to __________.
答案:
阅读理解:
1. It’s about plant exploration in the 18th and 19th centuries and some plant collectors, who came to China and Australia to look for plants species.
2. Robert Fortune, Father Farges, E.H.Wilson, Father d’Incarville
3. Father Farges first sent 37 seeds of the Dove Tree back to France in 1897, but one of them grew.
4-6: A B D
文脉理解:
When: In 1751, In 1833, In 1897
Who: Banks, Ward
What: Beijing, Tree of Heaven, Australian, 20,000 tea plants, over 120 species, France, the Dove Tree, France, the Dove tree, Western gardens
Unit 5
阅读HOW ADVERTISING WORKS, 然后回答下列问题。
1. What’s the main idea of the text?
2. What is an advertisement and what is its function?
3. Effective advertisements are supposed to _____.
A. appeal to customers
B. identify different target groups
C. use a suitable medium
D. A, B, & C
4. The environmental protection advertisement “We only have one clear sky and this belongs to us all.” will __________.
A. attract everyone in the World
B. appeal to our conscience or our desire to be worthy citizens.
C. persuade us all not to pollute the air.
D. earn much money
5. Government all over the world pay a great deal of money for ads so as to __________.
A. benefit from ads
B. promote produce sales
C. persuade people to buy goods
D. make people aware of social problems or policies and change their opinions
6. The first paragraph of the text implies that ____.
A. ads are found here and there
B. advertising works
C. we can avoid being controlled by ads
D. there are many effective advertisements
再次阅读HOW ADVERTISING WORKS, 然后完成下列表格。
Advertisement A ________ or announcement that ________ or influences people.
Make effective ads ________ the target groups, understand their interest and try to make the product ________ their lives. ________ to varieties of customers, grab their attention and meet their ________. Choose and use a suitable medium in order to reduce the advertising expense/fee.
effective ads If people likely to be ________ to buy products or their opinions to be________ by ads, these ads should be effective.
答案:
阅读理解:
1. The text mainly tells us about how advertising works and the way to make effective advertisements.
2. An advertisement is a message or announcement that informs or influences people. Ads can inform or educate the public; Frequent advertising helps companies to increase product sales or to promote a new product.
3-6: D B D A
文脉理解:
5.选修5有机实验教案 篇五
原子核
新课标要求
1.内容标准
(1)知道原子核的组成。知道放射性和原子核的衰变。会用半衰期描述衰变速度,知道半衰期的统计意义。
(2)了解放射性同位素的应用。知道射线的危害和防护。
例1 了解放射性在医学和农业中的应用。
例2 调查房屋装修材料和首饰材料中具有的放射性,了解相关的国家标准。
(3)知道核力的性质。能简单解释轻核与重核内中子数、质子数具有不同比例的原因。会根据质量数守恒和电荷守恒写出核反应方程。
(4)认识原子核的结合能。知道裂变反应和聚变反应。关注受控聚变反应研究的进展。
(5)知道链式反应的发生条件。了解裂变反应堆的工作原理。了解常用裂变反应堆的类型。知道核电站的工作模式。
(6)通过核能的利用,思考科学技术与社会的关系。
例3 思考核能开发带来的社会问题。
(7)初步了解恒星的演化。初步了解粒子物理学的基础知识。
例4 了解加速器在核物理、粒子物理研究中的作用。
2.活动建议:
(1)通过查阅资料,了解常用的射线检测方法。
(2)观看有关核能利用的录像片。
(3)举办有关核能利用的科普讲座。新课程学习
19.1 原子核的组成
★新课标要求
(一)知识与技能
1.了解天然放射现象及其规律。
2.知道三种射线的本质,以及如何利用磁场区分它们。3.知道原子核的组成,知道核子和同位素的概念。
(二)过程与方法
1.通过观察,思考,讨论,初步学会探究的方法。2.通过对知识的理解,培养自学和归纳能力。
(三)情感、态度与价值观
1.树立正确的,严谨的科学研究态度。2.树立辨证唯物主义的科学观和世界观。★教学重点
天然放射现象及其规律,原子核的组成。★教学难点
知道三种射线的本质,以及如何利用磁场区分它们。★教学方法
教师启发、引导,学生讨论、交流。★教学用具:
投影片,多媒体辅助教学设备 ★课时安排 1 课时
★教学过程
(一)引入新课
教师:本节课我们来学习新的一章:原子核。本章主要介绍了核物理的一些初步知识,核物理研究的是原子核的组成及其变化规律,是微观世界的现象。让我们走进微观世界,一起探索其中的奥秘!
我们已经知道,原子由什么微粒组成啊? 学生回答:原子由原子核与核外电子组成。
点评:由原来的知识引入新课,对新的一章有一个大致的了解。
教师:那原子核内部又是什么结构呢?原子核是否可以再分呢?它是由什么微粒组成?用什么方法来研究原子核呢?
学生思考讨论。
点评:带着问题学习,激发学习热情
教师:人类认识原子核的复杂结构和它的变化规律,是从发现天然放射现象开始的。1896年,法国物理学家贝克勒尔发现,铀和含铀的矿物能够发出看不见的射线,这种射线可以穿透黑纸使照相底片感光。
居里和居里夫人在贝克勒尔的建议下,对铀和铀的各种矿石进行了深入研究,又发现了发射性更强的新元素。其中一种,为了纪念她的祖国波兰而命名为钋(Po),另一种命名为镭(Ra)。
学生一边听,一边看挂图。
点评:配合挂图,展示物理学发展史上的有关事实,树立学生对科学研究的正确态度。
(二)进行新课 1.天然放射现象
(1)物质发射射线的性质称为放射性(radioactivity)。元素这种自发的放出射线的现象叫做天然放射现象.具有放射性的元素称为放射性元素.
(2)放射性不是少数几种元素才有的,研究发现,原子序数大于82的所有元素,都能自发的放出射线,原子序数小于83的元素,有的也具有放射性.
学生一边听,一边看书。2.射线到底是什么
教师:那这些射线到底是什么呢?这就激发着人们去寻求答案:把放
射源放入由铅做成的容器中,射线只能从容器的小孔射出,成为细细的一束。在射线经过的空间施加磁场,发现射线如图所示:(投影)
思考与讨论:
①你观察到了什么现象?为什么会有这样的现象?
②如果射线,射线都是带电粒子流的话,根据图判断,他们分别带什么电荷。③如果不用磁场判断,还可以用什么方法判断三种射线的带电性质? 学生分组讨论,回答问题以及实验方案。
①射线分成三束,射线在磁场中发生偏转,是受到力的作用。这个力是洛伦兹力,说明其中的两束射线是带电粒子。
②根据左手定则,可以判断射线是正电荷,射线是负电荷。③带电粒子在电场中要受电场力作用,可以加一偏转电场,也能判断三种射线的带电性质,如图
点评:给出实验现象,设置问题情境,引导学生自己得出结论,培养学生的观察,分析,探究的能力。培养学生合作式学习的能力
用多种方案解决一个问题有利于培养学生的扩散散性思维。
教师:我们已经研究了这三种射线的带电性质,那么这些射线还有哪些性质呢?请同学们阅读课文后填写表格。
学生看书,进行总结。
点评:培养学生自学,总结的能力。教师:(帮助小结)
①实验发现:元素具有放射性是由原子核本身的因素决定的,跟原子所处的物理或化学状态无关。不管该元素是以单质的形式存在,还是和其他元素形成化合物,或者对它施加压力,或者升高它的温度,它都具有放射性。
②三种射线都是高速运动的粒子,能量很高,都来自于原子核内部,这也使我们认识到原子核蕴藏有巨大的核能,原子核内也有其复杂的结构。
学生对照表格,理解书本知识。
点评:通过对照表格,可以让学生更好的掌握规律性质。3.原子核的组成
教师提问:
①质子:由谁发现的?怎样发现的? ②中子:发现的原因是什么?是由谁发现的? 学生看书,然后回答问题
①卢瑟福用粒子轰击氮核,发现质子。
②查德威克发现中子。发现原因:如果原子核中只有质子,那么原子核的质量与电荷量之比应等于质子的质量与电荷量之比,但实际却是,绝大多数情况是前者的比值大些,卢瑟福猜想核内还有另一种粒子。
教师:(帮助小结)
①质子(proton)带正电荷,电荷量与一个电子所带电荷量相等,mp1.67262311027kg
中子(nucleon)不带电,mn1.67492861027kg
②数据显示:质子和中子的质量十分接近,统称为核子,组成原子核。点评:加强学生对书本知识的理解能力,以及语言概括能力。教师:提问:
③原子核的电荷数是不是电荷量? ④原子荷的质量数是不是质量? 学生看书,然后回答问题:
③不是,原子核所带的电荷量总是质子电荷的整数倍,那这个倍数就叫做原子核的电荷数。
④原子核的质量几乎等于单个核子质量的整数倍,那这个倍数叫做原子核的质量数。点评:加强学生对书本知识的理解能力,以及语言概括能力。小结:
③原子核的电荷数=质子数=核外电子数=原子序数 ④原子核的质量数=核子数=质子数+中子数
A⑤ 符号ZX表示原子核,X:元素符号;A:核的质量数;Z:核电荷数
教师:给出思考与讨论题。
一种铀原子核的质量数是235,问:它的核子数,质子数和中子数分别是多少? 学生回答:核子数是235,质子数是92,中子数是143。点评:学生回答调动他们学习的积极性。4.同位素(isotope)
(1)定义:具有相同质子数而中子数不同的原子,在元素周期表中处于同一位置,因而互称同位素。
(2)性质:原子核的质子数决定了核外电子数目,也决定了电子在核外的分布情况,进而决定了这种元素的化学性质,因而同种元素的同位素具有相同的化学性质。
学生一边听,一边看书。提问:列举一些元素的同位素? 学生回答:
氢有三种同位素:氕(通常所说的氢),氘(也叫重氢),氚(也叫超重氢),符号分别123是:1H,1H,1H。
14碳有两种同位素,符号分别是12C,66C。
点评:举例说明同位素的性质,加深对这一概念的理解。例:下列说法正确的是()A.射线粒子和电子是两种不同的粒子 B.红外线的波长比X射线的波长长 C.粒子不同于氦原子核 D.射线的贯穿本领比粒子强 学生回答:BD
点评:本题考查了粒子的性质及电磁波波长的比较等基本知识。19世纪末20世纪初,人们发现X,,,射线,经研究知道,X,射线均为电磁波,只是波长不同。可见光,红外线也是电磁波,波长从短到长的电磁波波谱要牢记。另外,射线是电子流,粒子是氦核。从,,三者的穿透本领而言:射线最强,射线最弱,这些知识要牢记。
(三)课堂小结
1.天然放射现象及其规律。2.三种射线的性质。3.原子核的组成。学生总结,讨论。
(四)作业:
1.认真阅读课后的“科学足迹”。完成问题与练习。
2.探究活动:射线的来源:原子核内没有电子,射线如何而来?
点评:学生课后探究。激发学生学习的热情,为以后的学习作好准备。
★教学体会
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