定语从句的处理办法

定语从句的处理办法（共11篇）

1.定语从句的处理办法 篇一

定语从句与同位语从句的区别

一、从词类上区别

同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等表示抽象意义的名词。而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。如：

We are looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.我们正在调查的是他是否值得信赖的问题。（同位语从句）

Word came that he had gone abroad.据说他已经出国了。（同位语从句）

The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.你找的那位医生在房间里面。（定语从句，名词the doctor作先行词）

Our team has won the game, which makes us very happy.(定语从句，which代表前面提到的整个句子)His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他妈妈尽最大努力帮他学习。（定语从句，代词all作先行词）

二、从性质上区别

定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。如：

The news that our team has won the game is true.我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句，补充说明news的内容。）

The news(that)he told me yesterday is true.昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。

(定语从句，that 从句作定语修饰news

I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。(同位语从句，补充说明promise)The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺。(定语从句，that从句作定语修饰promise

三、从引导词及其在句子中的成份上区别有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。如:

That question whether we need it has not been considered.我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。同位语从句）

引导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语或宾语（指物时还可以用which代替），并且作宾语时常常省略。

That在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当任何成份，并且不能省略，也不能用 which来代替。

The order that we(should)send a few people to help the other groups

was received yesterday.我们应派几个人去帮助别的几个小组的命令昨天已收到了。

同位语从句，是对order的具体解释，(that虽不作成份，但不能省略）

The order(that)we received yesterday was that we(should)send a few people to help the other groups.我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。定语从句，是名词order的修饰语，that在从句中作received的宾语，可以省略）

定语从句与强调句型的区别

强调句型的句式结构为：“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who从句”。在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，一律用that，而不用when, why或how；在强调主语和宾语时，如果主语和宾语指代人，则可用who和whom来代替that, 但是从句中的人称和数要

与被强调的主语和宾语保持一致。这些都容易与定语从句混淆。

定语从句和强调句型的判断方法：若将句中的“It is/was”和“that/who”去掉，而句子不缺成分，结构完整，说明原句是强调句型；若句子结构不完整，则说明原句为定语从句。定语从句中的主谓一致

1、当关系代词作从句的主语时，那么从句的谓语必须与先行词保持一致。

e.g.Last Sunday we visited a farm which is located in the suburbs

of Hangzhou.Those who are present at the meeting are all lawyers.2、one of + 名词后面的定语从句谓语用复数； the(only)one +名词后面的定语从句谓语用单数。

e.g.Jack is one of the journalists who know Russian but the only one who knows French in our News Agency.3、主语是I，时态是一般现在时，谓语be动词用am.e.g.I, who am your close friend, will offer you a room for free

2.定语从句的处理办法 篇二

高职学生普遍英语成绩都不理想, 对英语学习有畏难心理, 因而对英语学习缺乏兴趣, 但另一方面又不得不通过高等学校英语应用能力考试, 在这种情况下, 学好占分比重很大的定语从句显得尤为重要, 具体来说, 可以从三方面着手。

1 提高学生对定语从句的学习兴趣

爱因斯坦曾说过, “兴趣是最好的老师。”要使学生学好定语从句, 首先教师就应想方设法地提高学生对定语从句的学习兴趣。高职教师要从多方面着手, 激发并培养提高学生学习定语从句的兴趣, 进而提高学习英语的兴趣。定语从句部分内容很多, 注意点也很多, 教师如果一开始就把那么多的条条框框灌输给学生, 学生一是记不住, 二是很可能会产生厌烦情绪。在这种情况下, 教师不妨采用语文老师经常使用的方法, 列举一些含有定语从句贴近生活的耳熟能详的俗语、谚语, 来吸引学生的注意力, 从而激发他们的兴趣, 例如, “All that glitters is not gold. (发光的不都是金子) ”, “kill the goose that lays the golden egg (杀鸡取卵) ”。学生学了这些在生活中能使用的俗语、谚语之后, 会不时地在日常对话中用这些俗语、谚语来和同学交流, 久而久之, 不仅记住了这些俗语、谚语, 而且还对这些句子中所包含的一个共同的语法结构———定语从句有了初步的印象。通过这种方法, 教师首先让学生们感兴趣, 其次可以诱导学生通过使用这些句子、短语去发现这些句子或短语中一个共同的语法现象———定语从句。教师合理安排教学内容, 增强学生实际运用语言的能力[1], 这样的教学既能引发学生的兴趣, 又能培养他们的自学能力, 发挥他们学习的主观能动性, 进而主动去学习、探索定语从句的有关知识。

2 对于定语从句的讲解尽可能深入浅出, 使之简单化、公式化、生活化, 突出重点、难点

定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。形式上, 非限定性定语从句和先行词之间由逗号隔开, 而限定性定语从句和先行词之间却无逗号隔开;意义上, 限定性定语从句与主句的关系十分密切, 对先行词起限定作用, 在翻译时往往把从句放在先行词之前, 而非限定性定语从句与主句关系不十分密切, 一般起补充说明的作用, 翻译时常单独用完整的句子表达出来[2]。

在定语从句的学习中, 一个非常关键的环节就是弄清关系词关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系副词较简单, 在从句中就是充当状语, 主要有where, when, 和why。关系代词比较复杂, 在从句中可充当主语、宾语、定语, 主要有that, which, who, whom, whose等。

选用什么样的关系词是定语从句学习中的一个难点, 不妨考虑以下三个步骤。首先, 确定先行词和定语从句部分。教师在教学过程中遇到含有定语从句的句子, 可以先提醒学生, 然后让学生自己判断哪个是先行词, 哪部分是定语从句。这一步虽然简单, 但是对克服学生的畏难心理、树立学好定语从句的自信心是很有帮助的, 而且也加深了学生对定语从句这一概念的印象。其次, 分析关系词[3]。这主要从两个方面着手:一是关系词在从句中充当什么成分;二是看先行词的性质和意义。这一步紧承第一步, 如果先行词未找准确或是定语从句部分判断错误, 都会影响对于关系词的正确选择。除此之外, 学生还应会对一些简单的句子结构进行分析。从这一点我们可以看出, 英语学习不是一个个琐碎的、互相独立的单元, 而是像一台庞大机器上的一个个细小的齿轮, 一个衔接一个, 构成一个有机的整体。这也是定语从句比较难学的原因之一, 涉及到句子结构分析, 因此, 教师在讲解定语从句之前不妨复习一下如何分析句子结构, 这样可能会起到事半功倍的效果。最后一步, 就是要注意, 句子中有没有一些特定的搭配。例如, 先行词是物时, 不是任何情况下都可用which或that, 例如, 在“This is all that I want to say”中, 关系代词只能用that而不能用which, 因为先行词是指物的不定代词all[4]。针对这一点, 教师在讲完定语从句的基础知识之上, 把一些情况下必须得用某一特定关系词的例句罗列出来, 让学生在理解的基础上一一记忆, 这样由面到点的学习会让学生更容易掌握并运用定语从句。

3 结合考试题型, 熟记注意点和考点

在考试中, 学生不仅要辨别出含有定语从句的句子, 还要能完成涉及到定语从句有关知识点的各种题型, 特别是选择和填空题, 并且要保证得分, 因为定语从句内容虽然多且琐碎, 但考试中涉及到的知识点一般来说不会超出这个范围。在平时的教学过程中, 学生基本已经学会辨别并分析定语从句。因此, 如何做好与定语从句有关的选择和填空题才是考试中真正需要解决的问题。高等学校英语应用能力考试中涉及到的与定语从句有关的问题主要有以下几个。首先是关系词的选用, 这在第二点中我们已经具体阐述过。其次, 搭配问题。关系代词如果在从句中充当主语, 谓语动词的单复数形式要根据先行词而定, 因为关系代词就指代先行词。第三, 当关系代词指代整个主句而不是某个词或短语时, 要用非限定性定语从句, 这时关系词能用which和as两种[5]。例如, “He said nothing at the meeting, which made us angry.”“He didn't pass the exam, as we had expected.”这些都是考试中最容易出现的与定语从句有关的问题。教师在讲解定语从句时, 可以结合以往的考试题目, 让学生们对此类题型有个初步的认识和了解。

几乎整个英语学习阶段都会遇到定语从句, 要学好这一语法, 首先要结合高职高专学生自身的特点, 对症下药, 结合实际、联系生活激发其学习定语从句的兴趣, 克服其畏难心理, 在此基础之上, 把这个语法点简单化, 使之浅显易懂, 并结合考试中的相关题型, 深入浅出地将之阐述、消化, 重点突出并能做到举一反三, 确保学生在今后的阅读或是考试中对于跟定语从句有关的问题都能迎刃而解。

摘要：定语从句是英语学习中一个非常重要的语法点, 由于高职高专学生自身的特点, 学好定语从句对于高职高专学生来说尤为重要。本文从教师角度, 主要从三个方面来阐述高职学生如何学好定语从句。首先教师必须激发并提高学生对定语从句的学习兴趣;其次教师应将这一知识点简单化, 突出重点、难点;最后结合考试题型, 确保学生能解决考试中遇到的与定语从句有关的问题。

关键词：高职学生,定语从句,关系词

参考文献

[1]张慧.高职学生英语学习兴趣提高策略浅析[J].科技信息, 2007, (22) :175.

[2]谢永明.英语 (第一册) [M].苏州:苏州大学出版社, 2009:230-238.

[3]季红缨.浅析定语从句的学习[J].成功 (教育) , 2007, (1) :83.

[4]何金敏.浅谈定语从句的基本用法[J].民营科技, 2008, (11) :85.

3.定语从句的处理办法 篇三

定语从句就其与先行词的关系而言，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，两者之间有如下区别:

1.限制性定语从句在意义上与先行词关系密切，是不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开，关系代词有时可以省略。例如:

That is the girl who came to see you this morning.

那就是今天上午来看你的女孩。

The Great Wall is a place (that) I’ve always wanted to travel.

长城是我一直想参观的一个地方。

2.非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚;从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。用来引导非限制性定语从句的有关系代词which， who， whom， whose和关系副词where， when这些，而that一般不用来引导非限制性定语从句。例如:

Yesterday I visited Mr Wang， who looked very tired.

昨天我拜访了王先生，他看上去很疲倦。

Mum bought me a computer as my birthday present， which was just what I longed for.

妈妈给我买了台电脑作为生日礼物，这正是我所渴望的。

3.比较:

He has two sisters who are studying abroad.(限制性定语从句:He has more than two sisters.) 他有两个在国外留学的姐姐。

He has two sisters， who are studying abroad.(非限制性定语从句:He has only two sisters.) 他有两个姐姐，她们在国外留学。

She will wear no clothes which will make her different from others.

她不会穿一些与众不同的衣服。

She will wear no clothes， which will make her different from others.

她不穿衣服，这会使她显得与众不同。

二､非限制性定语从句引导词的选择

1.关系代词的选择

(1)非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能用that。指人的，如引导词作主语用who，作宾语用whom;指物时要用which。即使引导词作宾语也不能省略。例如:

Mr Zhang， who came to see me yesterday， is an old friend of my

father’s. 昨天来看我的张先生，他是我父亲的一位老朋友。(作主语)

(2)as和which的选择

as和which都可用来引导非限制性定语从句，来指代整个主句的内容。非限制性定语从句位于句末且as或which在从句中作主语､宾语或表语时，两者常可互换。例如:

He failed in the exam， which/as was natural.

他考试没及格，这很自然。(作主语)

He is an honest boy， which/as anybody can see.

任何人都能看得出来，他是个诚实的孩子。(作宾语)

The man seemed a German， which/as in fact he was.

那个人似乎是个德国人，事实上他就是德国人。(作表语)

但要注意以下区别:

①如果非限制性定语从句位于主句之前或插在主句之中时，只能用as。例如:

As we have seen， oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.

我们已经看到，海洋占地球面积的百分之七十多。

This kind of computer， as is well-known， is out of date.

众所周知，这种计算机现在已经过时了。

②as在从句中作主语，后面常跟行为动词的被动式;which在从句中作主语，后常跟行为动词的主动式。例如:

She has been late again， as was expected.

她又迟到了，这是预料之中的。

It rained hard yesterday， which prevented me from going to the park.

昨天雨下得很大，使我无法去公园。

③当从句和主句语意一致时用as，表“正如”;反之用which。例如:

The thief came again， as was expected.

小偷又一次来了，这是预料之中的。(语意一致)

The elephant is like a snake， which is not right.

大象像一条蛇， 这是不对的。(语意不一致)

④as常用在 as often happens， as was pointed out， as was said above， as I remember， as I understand等结构中。例如:

Jack has won the first prize， as often happens.

像往常一样，杰克获得了一等奖。

2.关系代词和关系副词的选择

在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词和关系副词的选择方法和限制性定语从句一样:引导词在从句中作主语､宾语､表语､定语时，用关系代词;作状语时用关系副词。例如:

I want to buy the house， which has a garden.

我想买那个房子，那个房子有一个花园。(作主语)

The place， which I visited before， has changed greatly.

这地方我以前来过，现在变化很大。(作宾语)

The story in the book takes place in Canada， where Doctor Bethune was born.

书中故事发生在加拿大， 白求恩大夫就是在那里出生的。(作状语)

3.关系代词､人称代词和指示代词的选择

选关系代词还是人称代词，关键是分清句子结构。如果是非限制性定语从句(两句中间用逗号隔开，且无连词)，用关系代词; 如果是并列句(全句中有连词，两句中间用句号或分号)，用人称代词或指示代词。例如:

He has three sons， none of whom is a doctor.

He has three sons， who are doctors.

He has three sons， but none of them is a doctor.

He has three sons; they are doctors.

4.定语从句的处理办法 篇四

一、从句法功能上来看

同位语从句中连接词that在从句中不作句子成分，也没有词汇含义，只起连接作用，其作用大致相当于一个冒号；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，且在句中充当句子的成分(主语或宾语)。如：

I hold the belief that where there is a will, there is a way.(that引导的是同位语从句，它在从句中不充当句子成分)

The letter that I received yesterday was from my sister.(that引导的是定语从句，它在从句中充当宾语)

二、从意义上来看

同位语从句所表达的内容与作为中心词的名词所表达的内容是一样的，两者之间可以划等号；而定语从句则是限制或修饰中心词的，中心词所表达的内容不等于定语从句所表达的内容。如：

He told me the news that his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day.(that引导的是同位语从句，其中the news = his uncle would come home from abroad on National Day)

This is the factory that we visited last month.(that引导的是定语从句，其中 the factory≠ we visited last month.)

三、从中心名词上来看

同位语从句中的中心名词常是一些表示概括意义的抽象名词，这类名词有fact, idea, view, thought, order, suggestion, news, truth, hope, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, problem, proof, question 等。而定语从句中的中心名词是没有限定的。如：

5.小结定语从句的注意事项 篇五

1.用that不宜用which的情况

that和which指物，在定语从句中都可作主语或宾语，作宾语时，均可省略。通常情况下，可互换使用。但有时that和which却不宜互换。

（1）当先行词是不定代词all, little, few, much, something, anything, everything, nothing, none, some等时用that。He did everything that he could to help us.他做了一切能做的事来帮助我们。

All that can be done has been done.一切能做的都已经做完了。（2）先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the every, the right, the last, few, just等修饰时用that。

All the things that we can do is to give you some advice.我们唯一能做的就是给你提供一些建议。

This is the very book that I want.这正是想要的书。

Music is the only thing that interests me.音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。

（3）先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时用that。

That’s the most expensive hotel that we should do now is to find a local guide.我们现在要做的第一件事就是找一个当地的向导。（4）当先行词既有人又有物时用that。The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.客人们高度赞扬了这些孩子及他们在少年宫观看的孩子们的表演。

She described in her composition the people and places that interested her most.她在作文中描述了最让她感兴趣的一些人和地方。（5）以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时用that。

Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那个人是谁？ Which of us that knows something about physics cannot join electric wires?我们中间懂物理的谁不会接电线？ 2.用which不宜用that的情况

（1）关系代词前有介词且指物或事时用which。

The house in which I used to live has become a clothes shop.我过去住的房子现在变成了一家服装店。

The pen with which you are writing is Jeff’s.你正用来写字的那支笔是杰夫的。

（2）先行词本身就是that时用which。

What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?刚才天空中一闪而过的是什么东西？

I don’t like that which he did.我不喜欢他做的那件事。3.用who不易用that的情况

（1）先行词是指人的不定代词时用who。

先行词是指人的不定代词，如one, anyone, no one, all, nobody, anybody, none, those, people等，用who。

Those who have good manners will be respected.那些有礼貌的人会收到人们的尊重。

Anyone who wants to swim writes his name on a piece of paper.想去游泳的人把名字写在了一张纸上。

（2）词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定语从句中时用who。

6.定语从句的处理办法 篇六

There is a man downstairs who wants to see you。

楼下有人要见你。

In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention。

在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。

We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity。

我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志

She had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere。

她在银行里的存款足以使她到处受到欢迎

4.状译法

(1)译成表示“时间”的分句

A driver who is driving the bus mustn’t talk with others or be absent-minded。

司机在开车时，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。

(2)译成表示“原因”的分句

He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs.Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable。

他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话，因为她现在异常无礼，令人厌烦。

(3)译成表示“条件”的分句

Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families。

人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。

(4)译成表示“让步”的分句

He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for

尽管他并没有这样的需要，他坚持要再买一幢房子。

(5)译成表示“目的”的分句

He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter。

为了引起公众对这一事件的注意，他想写一篇文章。

He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument。

为了证明他的论点，他正在收集确凿的材料以。

(6)译成表示“结果”的分句

They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country。

他们企图镇压反抗，结果反抗愈来愈烈，遍及全国。

(7译成表示“转折”的分句

She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was。

7.定语从句的重难点归纳 篇七

选择关系代词还是关系副词主要看关系词在定语从句中所起的作用。

一、关系代词的用法

1. 只能用t hat引导定语从句的情况。

(1) 当先行词是指物的不定代词anything, something, nothing, all, alittle, afew, none, ay, much, the one等时。

(2) 当先行词被all, any, ever, each, few, no, some或t he very, the only, the same等修饰时。

(3) 当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。

(4) 当先行词既有人又有物时。

(5) 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句。

2. 关系代词whose的用法。

例:This is a book whose cover is blue.

=This is a book the cover of which is blue.

=This is a book of which the cover is blue.

whose既可指人也可指物。指物时, 可以与of which结构互换。指人时, 可以与of whom结构互换。

3. 关系代词as的用法。

as引导限制性定语从句常出现于the same…as, such…as, as…as, so…as中, 应特别注意的是:不能改为like。

例“Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.

偶尔t hat也可用在same后面, 这时as与t hat所表示的意义不同。

试比较:She wore the same dress that she wore at Mar y's wedding. (同一物)

She wears the same dress as her sister wears.

(同类不同物)

as引导非限制性定语从句与whi ch的用法比较。

as和whi ch都可在定语从句中做主语或宾语, 代表前面整个句子。as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前, 也可以放在主句之后甚至可以分割主句。whi ch引导非限制性定语只能放在主句之后, 另外, as常常有“正如, 正像”的含义。

例:I'm very interested in, as you know, classical music.

As you know, I'm very interested in classical music.

They remarried, which we hadn't expected.

4. 介词+关系代词引导定语从句。

在这种结构中, 关系代词若表示人就只能用whom, 若表示事物就只能用whi ch。

这结构中较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题, 介词的选择取决于多种因素:

(1) 动词与介词的搭配。

(2) 名词与介词的搭配。

(3) 形容词与介词的搭配。

例:He has found a good job for which he is qualified. (qualify…for…使…具有…资格)

This was the house in which we use to live.

He bought t he cell phone for more than 3, 000 yuan about which his father was angry.

从定语从句中, 关系副词=介词+which

例:This is the room where we lived last year.

=This is the room in which we lived last year.

二、定语从句需注意的事项

1.what, how不引导定语从句。

2.way做先行词时, 常用that/in which引导, 也可省略。point, situation等做先行词时, 如果定语从句中不缺主、宾或表语时通常由where引导。如果缺少则由which/t hat引导。

3.主谓一致问题。

关系代词在定语从句中做主语时, 定语从句的单复数形式与先行词一致, 需特殊注意的是:“one of+复数名词”后的定语从句谓语用复数形式。“the (only/very) one of+复数名词”后的定语从句谓语用单数形式。

4.that引导的同位语从句与关系代词that引导的定语从句的区别。

连词that引导的同位语从句时, 应在某些抽象名词之后, 如fact, news, hope等, 对前面的名词起补充说明的作用, 此时连词that只起引导同位语从句的作用, 在从句中不担当任何成分, 因此that引导的同位语从句是完整的, 不缺少任何的成分。

关系代词that引导定语从句时, 关系代词that一方面起引导定语从句的作用, 另一方面, that在定语从句中担当主语、宾语或表语。因此that引导的定语从句是残缺的。

例:We heard the news that pleased ever ybody. (that充当了主语, 定语从句)

We heard the news that our team had won. (that只起引导作用, 不担当任何成分, 同位语从句)

5.定语从句与状语从句的区别。

when, where引导状语从句时, 前面没有表地点的先行词。

6.定语从句与强调句式的区别。

在强调句型中, 去掉it is和that/who句子仍然成立, 但是定语从句不可。

例:Was it what she said or somet hingt hat she did that you were angry at so much?

7.注意成分的残缺。

试比较:Is this fact ory the one that you visited last week?

8.谈谈定语从句的翻译 篇八

一、 翻译教学的理论探索

翻译的实践应用相比翻译教学而言更加随意，更为人们所关注。作为一门课程而言，翻译教学旨在教授学生如何翻译，在英语教学中，老师一般都会先告诉学生在翻译中必须遵循有理有据原则，并将理论具体化。根据“形式与功能匹配”原则，定语从句主要分为两种：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，两者在意义表达和修辞方面存在一定的差别，应该将它们区分开来，分别进行探索讨论。既然这两种定语从句表达的意义和功能有所不同，在对它们进行翻译时，必须注重它们的区别。在翻译教学过程中同样值得注意的一个原则是，教导学生学会从语言的形式来认识语言的意义和功能。如果只注重翻译的技巧和一些原则性的东西，而忽略语言本身的形式，那么英语翻译教学和实践将会受到一定的负面影响，甚至可以说是会很糟糕。

二、 定语从句的翻译

（一） 定语的功能

在英文中，对定语从句是这样定义的，对某一名词、代词、各类短语进行修饰、限制和说明的整个句子的从句。定语从句一般都是位于整个句子的先行词之后，是起形容词作用的主谓结构。定语从句在英语表达中非常常见，是最基本的重要句型之一，句子结构有繁有简，长短不一，先行词被限制的程度也不一样。有些定语在逻辑上还具有表原因、结果、条件、假设、让步和目的之意义。

（二） 非限制性定语从句的翻译

非限制性定语从句在一定程度上可以等同于并列句。当主语不受定语从句限制时，可以用“and + 代词”的结构表示关系代词，“and + 副词”来表示关系副词。对这种定语从句进行翻译时，可以把它们当成一个后置的并列分句来翻译。在语义上相当于and连接的并列句，对主句进行补充说明。

非限制性定语从句中，先行词和从句的关系不很紧密，从句只对先行词起附加说明之义，即便去掉从句，句子仍然是个完整的句子。一般常用逗号将主句与从句分开，在翻译时可以当成两个句子对待。所用的关系代词与限制性定语从句基本相同， that一般不会被用在非限制性定语从句中。

例1. All the magazines here， which have beautiful pictures in them， were written by him. 这里所有的杂志都是他写的，里面都有漂亮的图画。

例2. Our teaching assistant， who was a Spaniard， was a handsome boy. 我们的助教是一个西班牙帅小伙。

例1与例2均有非限制性定语从句，去掉它们的定语从句，句子仍然是一个完整的句子，意思仍然通顺，定语从句只对句中的先行词起补充说明的作用，翻译时可直接当成两个句子来对待。

（三） 复杂定语从句的翻译

对结构复杂的英语定语从句进行翻译时，不能直接翻译成和汉语对等的结构，要按照独立的语言单位来翻译。

例3. He is a surgeon， as is clear from his fingers. 他是个外科医生，这可以从他的手指上明显地看出来。

例4. It seemed to him that his heart was bound with cords， which an unseen hand was tightening with every tick of the clock. 他觉得他的心让许多绳子捆着，有一只看不见的手跟着闹钟的滴答声一下一下地把它收紧。

（四） 限制性定语从句的翻译（汉译英）

对于以汉语为母语的语言翻译工作者而言，汉译英的难度要比英译汉的难度更大。将英语翻译成汉语时，重在对全文进行准确的理解定位，而将汉语翻译成英语时，则更侧重于对译文的准确表达。定语在英语和汉语中的语序完全相反，汉语中具有修饰作用的定语常位于名词前，而英语则位于后面。在实际翻译过程中，汉译英必须遵循三条准则：译文必须体现英语遣词造句的特色，注意不同时代背景下的语法应用；必须符合英语语法；必须符合欧美人常见的表达方式。

例5. 这就是我去年玩过的玩具。

This is the toy with which I played last year.

（五） 具有状语含义的定语从句的翻译

定语从句有时表转折或对比关系，对主句进行补充说明，相当于but， while等连接的并列句。

例6. I meet Mark by chance， whom I didn??t recognize right now. （= but I didn??t recognize him right now.） 我碰巧遇到马克先生，但并没有马上认出他来。

例7. He was always optimistic， which （= while） his wife seldom was. 他一直很乐观，而他妻子却愁眉苦脸。

9.定语从句专题 篇九

定语从句

阎婕

一、什么是定语从句

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。在定语从句中，被修饰的这一名词或代词叫做先行词。在定语从句中的引导词叫做关系词。关系词又分关系代词和关系副词。定语从句是由一个句子作定语，修饰主句中的名词，代词（不管他们是句中的主语，宾语还是表语）或整个主句。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引出，放在被修饰词后。

二、关系词有哪些

关系词的作用：

1）连接主从句；

2）代表先行词；

3）在定语从句中充当一个成分（主语，宾语，介词宾语，定语，状语或表语）

1.关系代词：which（指sth.），that（指sb.或sth.），who（指sb.作主语或宾语），whom（指sb.作宾语），whose（指sb.或sth.，作定语）

2.关系副词：when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因）

关系词的使用：

关系代词：

Who：修饰人，在从句中作主语

Those who are against the plan please put up their hands.The boy who is reading newspapers to us is our monitor.Whom：修饰人，在句中作宾语, 在口语和非正式文体中可省略

The student who(whom)the teacher is talking to is my brother.The student to whom the teacher is talking is my brother.Do you still remember the person whom I introduced to you when I was in Beijing last year? Whose：修饰人，也可修饰物，表示所属关系，在从句中作定语，在修饰物时可以与of which搭配

The girl whose composition was read just now studies very well.A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.I live in a room whose window faces south.Please pass me the book whose cover is blue.Please pass me the book the cover of which / of which the cover is blue.Which：修饰物, 有时也可修饰整个主句, 在从句中作主语或宾语, 还可作介词宾语Last week, we visited a factory which produces very good bicycles.I once worked in the factory which my students are going to visit next week.We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden.The scientist discovered a new element, which made him famous.That：可修饰人也可修饰物, 在句中作主语或宾语, 因此修饰人时可代替who 或whom, 修饰物时可代替which, 但that 不能直接作介词宾语

Who is the person that is speaking now?

They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school.This is the very book that I’ve been longing for.关系副词：

When: 修饰表时间的名词, 如time, hour, day, month, date, year等, 在从句中作时间状语Do you still remember the day when you first came to school?

The first time that I came to school was in 1982.I can’t remember the exact time when(that)I went to visit the Great Hall of the People.是不是所有表示时间的名词作先行词就用when作关系副词呢？

不是的！要具体分析该名词在从句中的成分，如：

The day which / that I can’t forget was my first day at school.I can’t forget the day when I first met him.Where: 修饰表示地点的名词,在从句中作地点状语

It’s the room where I used to live in my childhood.The factory where we worked last year is now being rebuilt.是不是所有表示地点的名词作先行词就用where作关系副词呢？

不是的！要具体分析该名词在从句中的成分，如：

You father once worked in the factory which we visited yesterday, didn’t he?

I often think of the days which I spent together with my classmates.Why: 表原因, 在句中作原因状语从句, 只修饰先行词reason

Do you know the reason why he is absent today?

三、关系代词和关系副词有何区别

主要是它们在从句中所起的作用不同。关系代词在从句中一般作主语或宾语。而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。分清楚这一关系并在做题时想着这个原则，就不会出原则性的错误了。

四、定语从句解题步骤——重点

1.找对先行词。

2.确定先行词在定语从句中的位置，也就是在定语从句中担任何成份。这一点可以帮助我们划分使用关系代词还是关系副词。

eg：This is the place that/which I visited years ago.This is the place where I lived years ago.分析：这两句的先行词都是the place，由于第一句中的先行词在定语从句中作visit的宾语，所以选择关系代词，如果作宾语时关系代词可省略。而第二句的先行词则在定语从句中作状语，因为live是不及物动词，因此选择关系副词where。

3.区别各关系代词的使用。

五、关系代词中的which和that如何区分

在先行词为物情况下，一般情况两者可通用，但也有不可互换的情况。

以下几种情况只用that：

1.先行词all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词

He did all that he can to help me.There is nothing that can be done in this situation.Everything(that)we saw was of great interest to us.I’ve read all the books(that)you gave me.2.先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, 等修饰。

3.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。

The Summer Palace is the most beautiful park that I’ve been to.The first thing that I should do after returning to China is to see my old parents.This is the best novel(that)I have ever read.This is the first composition(that)he has written in English.4.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, the next 修饰时。

That white flower is the only one that I really like.This is the very book that I want to have.The last place that we visited was the chemical works.Is oxygen the only gas that helps fire burn?

Is this the same tool that you used yesterday?

That white flower is the only one(that)I really like.This is the very book(that)I want to find.The last place(that)we visited was the chemical works.5.有两个或两个以上的分别表示人和物的先行词，从句应用that,而不是其他。

He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited in Germany.They talked for about half an hour of persons and things that they remembered at school.6.当主句是以who, which 开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句多用that,而不用who(whom),which。Who is the person that is standing at the gate?

Who is the man that called on you just now?

Which of the subjects that you are studying is the most difficult.?

只用which 不用that 的情况：

1.在非限定性定语从句中

The bus, which was full, was surrounded by an angry crowd.2.在介词后

This is the room in which planned our future life.Soon we go to a hill at the top of which was a temple.如果介词不前置可用that

The room which / that we live in is very clean and tidy.3.在修饰整个句子时

Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.He tried to make some excuses, which made his teacher very angry.He tried to catch the moon in the water, which was impossible.定语从句练习

单项填空：

从A、B、C、D中选出可以填入空白处的正确答案。

1.This is the only one of the students _____ the truth.A.that knowsB.who knows

C.who knowD.which knows

2.Do you know the girl _____?

A.whom he often talk toB.to who he often talks

C.to that he often talksD.he often talks to

3.The world _____ we live is made up of matter.A.on whichB.of which

C.at whichD.in which

4.There are no children _____ love their parents.A.that do notB.who does not

C.thatD.who

5.I’m one of the boys _____ never late for school.A.that isB.who are

C.who amD.who is

6.Abraham Lincoln, _____ led the United States _____ these years, was _____ of the greatest presidents.A.he;for;aB.whom;in;one

C.who;at;oneD.who;through;one

7.Who is the girl _____ wearing a red dress?

A.whoseB.that

C.whomD.that’s

8.The old man _____ yesterday is a scientist.A.I spokeB.I spoke to

C.whom I spokeD.that I spoke to him

9.The young man _____ is an engineer of our factory.A.that you just talkedB.whom you just talked to

C.which you just talked toD.who you just talked

10.The dictionary _____ is sold out in the bookshop.A.you needB.what you need

C.which you need itD.that you need it

11.Is this the shop _____ sells children’s clothing?

A.whichB.where

C.in whichD.what

12.Qingdao is the most satisfactory place _____ we’re going to visit.A.whichB.where

C.thatD.in which

13.The magazine _____ Betty paid one dollar was very good.A.thatB.which

C.for whichD.to which

14.The two things _____ they felt very proud were Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.A.about whichB.of which

C.in whichD.for which

15.He was the man _____ Master of Game was translated.A.by whomB.by who

C.by whoseD.by him

16.This is the museum _____ we visited last week.A.whichB.where

C.whoD.in which

17.Is this museum _____ we are going to visit tomorrow?

A.whichB.that

C.whereD.the one

18.Ahead of me I saw a woman _____ I thought was my aunt.A.whoB.whom

C.of whomD.whose

19.This is the key _____.A.which you are looking forB.for which you are looking

C.for that you are lookingD.you are looking for which

20.The woman _____ is his mother.A.of whom he takes careB.of that he takes care

C.he takes care ofD.whom he takes care

答案：

1—5 ADDAB6—10 DDBBA11—15 ACCBA16—20 ADAAC

难题解析：

17题，要把一般疑问句还原成陈述句，This is museum…由于museum前少了冠词不合英语语法，所以要补充完整就是：This museum is the one we are going to visit tomorrow.因此，得出一般疑问句应该是

10.定语从句教案 篇十

衡东欧阳遇中学

谭麦华

教学目的：了解定语从句，关系代词和关系副词的区别和应用。教学难点：1.如何判定用哪个关系代词还是用哪个关系副词

2.定语从句与其他从句的区别 教学方法：观察，总结，练习教具：Multimedia, question paper Step1:定语的概念：

定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。比如：

(先试试用横线划出下面短语中的定语，然后在后面的括号里注明是什么在作定语)a beautiful girl（）three boys（）

a shoe factory（）Jim’s father()

our teacher()

the man in the car（）the man standing at the door（）

the man who is talking with Sam（）

step2:定语从句的概念及主要特征：

1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词；定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后；引导定语从句的词叫关系词。请划出下列句子中的定语从句、先行词及关系代词：

The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.2.定语从句的主要特征：

（1）先行词要在从句中充当一定的成分；（2）what永远不能引导定语从句；（3）翻译时先译从句，翻译成“„„.的” Step3:定语从句的基本用法：

定语从句的引导词关系代词指人指物who(主语、宾语)，whom(宾语)，that(主语、宾语), whose(定语)that(主语、宾语),which(主语、宾语)whose(定语)where(地点状语)关系副词when(时间状语)why(原因状语)

Step4:高考常见考点

考点一：指物时只用that 的情况 1.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：

This is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。

2.当先行词是不定代词everything, anything, nothing(something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：

All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做好了。There is little that I can do for you.我不能为你干什么。

3.当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。

4.当先行词被表示“正是”的the very, the only修饰时。如：

This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.这正是我要买的词典。

After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。

5.当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：

Who is the man that is standing by the gate?

站在门口的那个人是谁？ Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？

6.当关系代词在从句中作表语时：

Mary is no longer the girl(that)she used to be.China is no longer the country that it used to be.7.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：

They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。

考点二：以下情况只能用which引导定语从句 1,逗号后面

2,介词后面

1.Jim passed the driving test, ______

surprised everybody in the office.（2008）

A.which

B that

C this

D.it 2.The day ______ he was born was

Aug.20 ,1952.A.on which

B that

C which

D.this

考点三：关系代词 as 的用法

1)直接引导定语从句: 作用相当于which

He was late, as / which is often the case.2)与such 连用, 引起定语从句

There are no such writers as you mention.区别：It gave him such a shock that his face turned white.3)与same 连用, 引起定语从句

☆ the same „ as 表示同一类人或物；

the same „ that 指同一个人或物

eg.This is the same pen ______I lost yesterday.A.as

B.that

C.the one

D.A&B

考点四：as 与 which 的区别 ★as 在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，★如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。

She has been late again, _______ was expected.Tom has made great progress, _______ made us happy.总结: 1.which的先行词可以是名词，也可以是句子的一部分或代替整个句子；which从句不能放句首;

2.as 一般代替整个句子, 从句则可以放句首, 句中或句尾, 表示“正如”，“或像…一样”。

例如：as is known, as everyone knows ,as is said, as often happens, as you can see, as it is……;当先行词前有as, so, such, the same 修饰时,关系代词常用as。

___is known to us all, Taiwan is a part of China.考点五—易混句型

1.定语从句与并列句

1).a.I saw some trees, and the leaves of ____ were black with disease.b.I saw some trees, the leaves of ______were black with disease.2).a.The professor is a little man, on the nose of ___there is a pair of glasses b.The professor is a little man, and on the nose of __ there is a pair of glasses 解题点拨 : 是否有连词是区分定语从句和并列句的关键 ２.定语从句与同位语从句

1).a.The news ______our volleyball team won the match made us excited.b.The news _____he told me yesterday is exciting.2).a.I made a promise ___ if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.b.The mother made a promise ______pleased all her children.解题点拨：that引导的定语从句是对其先行词的修饰或限制；在句中作成份(作宾语省略),指物时可用which代替；而同位语从句是对前面名词的说明和解释。that在从句中仅起连接作用,不充当成份，不能省略,不能用which代替。

11.浅谈定语从句的教法 篇十一

【关键词】翻译 分析 选准 句子结构 关系词

定语从句是中学英语语法教学的重点和难点。学生在学习这一语法过程中,常常不能准确地找出先行词和定语从句,选不准关系词。如何让学生更好地掌握这一语法,而且学得轻松自如,本人在多年的教学中,不断就此进行探索,得出以下几点教学体会。

一、借助翻译法,帮助学生分析句子结构,找出先行词和定语从句。

1. 那个在我们班上发音最好的学生是李萍。

译作:That student in our class pronounces best is Li Ping.

2. 我们昨晚看的电影很有趣。

译作:We saw the film which last night is very interesting.

显然,这两个句子的译法是错的, 这时可借助翻译法帮助学生分析句子结构,准确地找出先行词和定语从句。

翻译法是以语法为基础, 用母语来教授外语的方法, 借助这一方法教学, 可以起到事半功倍的效果。运用翻译法的步骤如下:

第一,按英语的结构形式把汉语句子分成主句和从句两个部分。

第二,在主句中找出被修饰的词,即先行词,找到先行词也就是找到了定语从句,定语从句的作用相当于形容词,作定语用,修饰主句中的先行词,常放在先行词之后。

上述例句1可作如下分析:

那个在我们班上发音最好的学生是李萍。

说明:这个句子的主句是“那个学生是李萍”,译成:The student is Li Ping. “在我们班上发音最好的”,译成:pronounce best in our class, 是修饰主句中的主语“学生”的。因此,学生是先行词,“在我们班上发音最好的”是定语从句,然后,确定用哪个关系词,再通过扩句可译作:

The student who pronounces best in our class is Li Ping.

例句2可作如下分析:

我们昨晚看的电影很有趣。

说明:这个句子的主句是“电影很有趣”,译为:The film is very interesting. “我们昨晚看的”,译成:we saw last night, 是修饰主句中的主语“电影”的。因此,电影是先行词,“我们昨晚看的”是定语从句,然后,确定用哪个关系词,再通过扩句可译作:

The film which we saw last night is very interesting.

二、选准关系词

掌握定语从句,关系词的选择十分重要。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词两种,关系代词和关系副词既联系定语从句和它的先行词,同时又充当定语从句的一个成分。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、表语和定语,有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等。关系副词在定语从句中作状语,有when, where, why等。

1. 要想准确无误地选定关系词,我认为首先要找准先行词,然后看看该关系词在定语从句中作何成分,最后根据语法规则,选定关系词。如:

(1)The students who(that) have finished their homework can go home now.

完成作业的学生现在可以回家了。

此句的先行词是the students, 指人,关系词代替the students,在定语从句中充当主语,所以确定关系词为who或that。

(2)The teacher (whom) I want to see is in the office. 我想见的老师在办公室。

此句的先行词是the teacher, 指人,关系词代替the teacher,在定语从句中作宾语,所以确定关系词为whom, 可省略。

(3)This is the novel which(that) is written in English. 这就是那本用英语写成的小说。

此句的先行词是the novel, 指物,关系词代替the novel,在定语从句中作主语,所以确定关系词为which或that。

(4)The car (which/that) he bought yesterday is made in Japan. 他昨天买的那辆车是日本制造的。

此句的先行词是the car, 指物,关系词代替the car,在定语从句中作宾语,所以确定关系词为which或that, 可省略。

(5)The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. William. 他女儿教你英语的那位教授是威廉博士。

此句的先行词是the professor, 指人,关系词代替the professor,在定语从句中作定语,所以确定关系词为whose。

(6)I never forget the day when I met him. 我永远不能忘记碰见他的那一天。

此句的先行词是the day, 指时间,关系词代替the day,在定语从句中作时间状语,所以确定关系词为when。

2. 先行词找不准,关系词难以确定,特别是在定语从句与先行词分隔的情况下。如:

(1)He was the only person in my office who was invited. 他是我们办公室唯一被邀请的人。

此句的先行词是person, 而不是office, 所以根据先行词和关系词在定语从句中所作的成分, 确定关系词为who。

(2)There are boats on all large lakes (which) take people from one side to the other. 所有较大的湖上,都有船只把人们从这边送到那边。

此句的先行词是boats, 而不是lakes, 所以根据先行词和关系词在定语从句中所作的成分, 确定关系词为which。

3. 先行词确定后, 不同时搞清所需关系词在定语从句中作何成分,也选不准正确的关系词。如:

(1)This is the university where we are going to visit a famous professor. 这就是我们要拜访一位著名教授的大学。

(2)Tom led me to the university which I was going to visit. 汤姆带我去我要参观的大学。

很明显,这两句话的先行词都是university, 表地点。但从句子意思看,前面句子中的关系词在从句中作地点状语,所以关系词为where, 后面一句中的则作visit的宾语,所以关系词为which。

4. 确定先行词后,有时还要看看先行词的词性以及是否被其它词所修饰,否则也选不准关系词。如:

(1)I will tell you everything that I know about this matter. 我会告诉你我所知道的关于这件事情的一切。

此句的先行词是everything,指物,是不定代词,所以确定关系词只能用that,不能用which。

(2)This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的一部电影。

此句的先行词是film, 指物,但其被形容词的最高级所修饰,因此关系词只能用that, 不能用which。

(3)They are talking about the persons and things that they have seen in America. 他们正在谈论他们在美国见到的人和事。

此句的先行词是persons and things, 既指人又指物,因此关系词只能用that,不能用which或who。

以上几点是我在教授定语从句时重点讲解的内容,当然,要学生完全掌握定语从句,还要靠他们平时多练习,多运用。

参考文献

郭文章. 1991. 怎样翻译定语从句(下). 《中学生英语》, 1991年第二期

肖斌凡. 1992. 如何选准关系词. 《中学生英语》, 1992年第三期