短文写作词汇(共8篇)
1.短文写作词汇 篇一
第二部分
短文写作模板
1.画图式(1)双图类比
Upon carefully observation,we will find that the two pictures above are closely related in meaning.In the upper one,______①.In the lower one,however,_______②.The pictures convey a clear and strong message to us that _______③ 描述段:
①此处应该填写第一个描述句:第一幅图画的内容 ②此处应该填写第一个描述句:第二幅图画的内容 ③总结两幅图的表层含义
The pictures are thought-provoking,and what they illustrate is a common
phenomenon
in
today’s society:______④.______⑤.Hence,______⑥,ais shown in the pictures given above.Aside from that,another telling example is ______⑦.解释段:
④点出图画寓意
⑤展开寓意,挖掘其深层次含义 ⑥再次总结,强调寓意
⑦此处应该填写一个与图画主题相似的例子,并加以说明。⑧Considering the current issue and worsening situation,we should call for some
immediate
action
imposed
by
the authorities.⑨Nevertheless,it is the responsibility of _______to_______in building a wholesome outlook toward the world and life.Therefore,it’s the duty of ordinary people to actively participate in the action.In my opinion,what’s most important is ______⑩.评论段(消极)
⑧对图画进行消极评论,经典结尾段开头句
⑨笔锋一转,对这样的消极现象,谁(如政府、社会、家长等)应该承担怎么样的责任
⑩提出作者的评论
(2)双图类比
Nowadays,_______①has become a matter of great concern of the general public in our society,especially for those who are confronted with this problem.There are,ais vividly illustrated in the pictures.In the left picture ______②,while in the right ______③.This is something we should give more though to.描述段
①总结图画主题,一般可以用 and 或 or 连接两个名词。注意英语喜欢用名词作标题类的内容。
②此处应该填写第一个描述句:第一幅图画的内容 ③此处应该填写第二个描述句:第二幅图画的内容
The purpose of the drawing is to show us that _______④,yet the symbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously._______⑤.Such cases can be found in almost all walks of life.解释段
④此处应该填写第一个描述句:点出图画寓意 ⑤展开寓意,挖掘深层次的含义
⑥Accordingly,it is vital for us to derive positive implications from these thought-provoking drawings.On the one hand,_______ ⑦.On the other hand,______⑧.⑨Only by _______can_______.⑩Therefore,it’s the duty of ordinary people to actively participate in the action.评论段(积极)
⑥对图画进行积极评论,经典结尾段开头句 ⑦评论一 ⑧评论二
⑨使用了 only by doing sth.can sb.do sth 的倒装句型 ⑩经典高度抽象的结尾末句。
(3)单图动态
What is
presented
here
is
a
rather
meaningful drawing.______①.What makes this drawing extraordinary is________ ②,which clearly indicates ________③.描述段
①此处应该填写若干个描述句,注意动态图应该用现在进行时 ②此处应填写图画亮点(人物,动作或场景)③总结图画的含义 Undoubtedly the drawing conveys the meaning that _______④.That is to say,_______⑤.Such a practice is very helpful in terms of the following aspects.⑥For one thing,______.For another,_______.解释段
④展开寓意,挖掘深层次的含义 ⑤强调寓意
⑥此处填写两个解释句,分析该图画现象的意义
Numerous examples can demonstrate_______⑦.A case in point is _______⑧.Another illustration is closely related to us,_______⑨.On the whole,these examples effectively clarify the saying that_______⑩.举例段(积极)
⑦举例段万能末尾首句,该处填入图画寓意 ⑧例证一 ⑨例证二
⑩点明主题,可以填入一个谚语或文章主题
(4)单图静态
Ais conveyed in the picture,_______①.Simple as it is,the drawing renders us pondering awfully.Accordingly,what this thought-provoking picture depicts reflects a common phenomenon in today’s society:_______②,which has aroused great concern and should be given enough consideration.It goes without saying that its symbolic meaning that _______③,with the harmonious society echoed vigorously nowadays in China ought to be weighed conscientiously.描述段
①描述图画内容,注意静态图应该用一般现在时 ②此处填入一个反映当今社会现实的情况的句子 ③点出图画寓意
Why do we lay emphasis on this,several points analyzed below might equip us with the deeper understanding of what we are heading for.④For one thing ______,for another.No better illustration of this idea touched on above can be maintained than the case as listed below,_______⑤.It follows that,no issue in china is as basic to _______⑥.解释段
④此处填入对图画寓意进行分析的陈述句 ⑤此处填入一个反映图画寓意的事例 ⑥进一步说明
Judging from what has been argued above,people have come to realize ______⑦.As for me,it is necessary that some effective steps be made to ______⑧.To begin with,we should______;moreover _______⑨.Only by undergoing these measures,can we _______⑩.态度段
⑦展开寓意,挖掘其深层次含义 ⑧联系自我,总结、强调寓意 ⑨此处填入表达作者态度的陈述句 ⑩展望前景,经典结尾末句,使用倒装
(5)单图单意-----积极图
When we use the word / phrase _______①,we do not simply mean _______②,Which is a very narrow definition.The picture below illustrates the real meaning of it,by stressing the fact that_______③.描述段
①根据图画凝练一个单词或词组 ②此处填入该单词和词组的字面意思 ③描述图画内容
The implied meaning of the drawing should be taken into account seriously.To begin with,______④.What’s more,______⑤.As an example of ______,we should remember ______⑥.And the social phenomenon has arisen the great concern of our whole society.解释段
④此处填入揭示图画积极涵义一的陈述句 ⑤此处填入揭示图画积极涵义二的陈述句 ⑥围绕主题,举例说明
As far as I am concerned,the best way to ______⑦.We should always be ready to ______ ⑧.In this way,we can help to make______better,for,as the picture shows,______⑨.态度段
⑦此处应填入我的态度 ⑧从个体扩展到群体,深化主题 ⑨把图画内容再次简单描述,画龙点睛
(6)单图单意----消极图
Ais vividly depicted in the cartoon,_______①.The scene is presented in an artistic and ironic manner.What is strikingly noticeable is _______②,but it can be easily explained by _______③show in the picture.描述段
①描述图画内容
②此处填入消极图中的关键人物或事物 ③通过图画中的其他场景或人物得到解释
The purpose of the drawing is to show us that due attention has to be paid to
the
_______④.First
and foremost,_______.⑤Furthermore,_______.Last but not least,_______.解释段
④点出图画寓意
⑤此处应填入造成这种现象原因的陈述句
⑥It is imperative for us to take drastic measures.To begin with,relevant laws and regulations should be made to severely punish those who ______⑦.In addition,we should ______⑧.⑨Only in this way can we curb the current evil phenomenon revealed in the picture.解决段 ⑥对图画所折射的社会消极现象提出解决方案,经典结尾段开头句
⑦方案一,此处应该填入社会消极现象或行为的制造者 ⑧方案二
⑨万能解决段结尾末句,使用倒装句,表示强调
(7)单图双意
①Anyone who takes a closer look at the data in the drawing can be surprised to find that ______②.③It goes without saying that _______.Nevertheless , _______④.Why does this phenomenon appear? 描述段
①此句含有定语从句,被动语态,且为长主句结构,是经典的开头句
②此处应该填写一个描述图画内容的句子 ③谚语;不言而喻,此处应该填写反驳的观点 ④此处应该填写要支持的观点
⑤It is______that______.To get a sense of that,we must turn first causes for it._______,⑥two cases in point are _______.⑦If you push the exposure further,you will see that_____also has its negative aspects.In fact,______.What would our society be like if there were no ________⑧? 解释段
⑤强调句,强调图画主题的积极方面 ⑥解释图画主题的积极方面
⑦采用两分法,提出图画主题的消极方面 ⑧特殊虚拟句,表达强烈感情
It is obvious that we should face up to every new trouble,so the top priority task for us to set about is to ______⑨.Perhaps,it is ripe time for us to tackle _______⑩.解决段
⑨提出扬长避短的方案
⑩强调寓意,深化主题,展望未来
(8)图中带字
As it is show in the picture above,_______①.Accordingly,this far-reaching picture reflects a common phenomenon in today’s society:______②.描述段
①结合文字,描述图画内容 ②解释深层含义
As a matter of fact,it is not rare to find in our every day life deeds of similar nature.For in stance,_______③There are several reasons accounting for this.Since we have to live in an on-the-move lifestyle,we may_______④.Furthermore , ________⑤.解释段 ③此处应该填写一个或几个例子,为主题服务 ④此处应该填入原因一 ⑤此处应该填入原因二
Judging from what have been argued above,people have come to realize the value of _______⑥.⑦It is,therefore,necessary that some effective steps be made to _______.To begin with,_______ ⑧ In addition,_______ ⑨.Only in those ways,can we make people,even _______,_______⑩.解决段
⑥经典末段首句,承上启下,此处应该填入文章主题 ⑦句式的多样性,采用了形式主语 ⑧此处应该填入方案一 ⑨此处应该填入方案二
⑩万能解决段结尾末句,使用倒装,插入语..2.图表式
(1)模板一
It is obvious in the graphic / table that the rate / number / amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes.It has gone up / grown / fallen / dropped considerably in resent years(as X varies).At the point of X1,Y reaches its peak value of _______① 描述段
说明:X,X①和 Y 都是表示图表上的某一点或数量 ①此处应该填入数量的多少 What is the reason for this change?Mainly there are _______② reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic / table.First of all,_______③.More all,_______⑤.解释段
②此处填入几个原因 ③此处填入第一个原因 ④此处填入第二个原因 ⑤此处填入第三个原因
From the above discussions,we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future.The trend decided in the graphic / table will continue for quite a long time⑥[(if necessary measures are not taken)].评论段
⑥括号里的适用于那些不太好的变化趋势
(2)模板 2 The chart gives us an overall picture of the _______①.The first thing we notice
is
that
_______②.This
means
that
importantly,_______④.Most
important
of as_________,________③.描述段
①此处应该填入图表主题 ②此处应该填入图表的最大特点 ③进一步说明图表主题 We can see from the statistics given that _______ ④.⑤ After V.ing _______,the_______.The figures also tells us that ________ ⑥.In the second column,we can see that ________accounts for ________⑦.解释段
④图表细节一(强调幅度和时间)⑤细节一中的第一个变化 ⑥图表细节二 ⑦进一步描述
Judging from these figures,we can draw the conclusion that _______⑧.The reason for this ,as far as I am concerned is that ________⑨.It is high time that we ________⑩.观点段
⑧此处应该填入结论 ⑨此处应该给出原因 ⑩发出倡议
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2.短文写作词汇 篇二
一、巧用象征, 意蕴丰富
在《日》中, 开篇写的是“飞蛾”, 一种渺小不美丽的生物, 但是它“为着追求光和热, 将身子扑向灯火, 终于死在灯下, 或者浸在油中, 飞蛾是值得赞美的。在最后的一瞬间它得到光, 也得到热了。”文章又从飞蛾到夸父, 从渺小写到伟大, 他们都是为了光明, 为了热量, 而宁愿放弃自己的生命。这里的飞蛾和夸父已经不仅仅是简单的生物和远古神话中虚无缥缈的人物了, 巴金赋予了他们一个新的内涵。而人也要像他们那样, 应该“为着追求光和热”, “宁愿舍弃自己的生命”。
在《月》中, 作者生发联想, “但是为什么还有姮娥奔月的传说呢?”从某种程度上来说, 这里的姮娥和《日》中的飞蛾、夸父都是相似的, 为了理想而放弃原有的一切, 只不过飞蛾和夸父是追求光和热, 而姮娥却“妄想”去改变这个冰冷的星球, 改变那冰冷的月光, 他们都是作者理想的化身, 是作者所运用的象征, 是为了追求光明不惜牺牲自己生命的美好人格的象征。他们都代表着一种力, 一种向上的、不屈不挠的力, 是作者对人生、对生活的一种希望和信念。
二、情感浓烈, 爱憎分明
《日》充分表现了巴金热情洋溢的一面, “我甘愿做人间的飞蛾”, “飞向火热的日球, 让我在眼前一阵光、身内一阵热的当儿, 失去知觉, 而化做一阵烟, 一撮灰。”文章倾注了作者浓烈的情感, 表达了作者执著地追求理想的人生, 为了得到光和热不怕粉身碎骨的献身精神。
在《月》中, 作者以细腻的语言, 写面对冷月的独特感受。一个人踱步在月光之下, 孤寂凄清, 作者有着沉重的忧愁。但作者没有就此沉溺, 表达了对“姮娥”的渴望, 对她的精神进行了不遗余力的赞美, 表达了作者对光和热的一种向往和渴求。
三、精心对比, 突出表达
在《日》中, 作者主要写光和热, 同时提到了冷, 冷和热是一种极强烈的对比, 而事物在对比之下, 特征才会更加突出, 这就是为什么作者会在不同的两篇文章中提到同样的东西。正因为对光和热的向往和追求, 对美好事物的企盼和渴望, 更要远离寒冷和冰冷, 远离黑暗和死亡, 所以作者才别有深意地这样写。将两篇文章贯通起来, 更可以充分理解和感受作者的良苦用心, 理解在这样一个特定的年代里, 作者热切期待光明的心情。
3.短文写作升级要诀 篇三
所以要想在高考英语写作中取得高分,就必须使用一定的高级词汇及复杂句式,提高文章的层次。我们可以从遣词和造句两个方面着手:
遣词
1. 措辞具体、贴切。试比较下面句子: 一个人正在街上闲逛。
A man is walking down the street.
A man is wandering down the street.
通过比较可以看出, 前一句不如后一句表达得具体、生动。一个词越具体, 那么在特定的场景中恰当地使用它,会收到更好的效果。
2. 善于运用短语。短语用得好, 会给评卷老师留下深刻印象。例如:
When he was a child, he wanted to learn everything. (普通)
When he was a child, he had a strong appetite(胃口) for knowledge. (高级)
造句
1. 巧用非谓语动词。运用非谓语动词,可使句子看起来更简洁,使语言层次丰富, 重点突出。
I covered my ears, trying to keep the noise out, but failed.
2. 巧用with复合结构。“with+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/介词”结构,常作伴随状语以增加被描绘内容的生动程度,使文章读起来更简洁明了。试比较:
He slept all the night and the window was open. (一般)
He slept all the night with the window open. (高级)
3. 巧用复合句。评分标准鼓励考生尽量使用较复杂的结构,并对由此产生的错误采取了宽容态度。所以恰当运用各类从句,会大大增加文章的亮点。
Soon I became one of the top students in my class, which greatly increased my confidence and got me motivated. (定语从句)
4. 巧用倒装句、感叹句、强调句、虚拟语气等。使用这些句式可化平淡为生动,加强语气,使评卷老师感受到作者的强烈情感。
Disappointed as I felt at the shabby campus and the poorly-equipped classroom, I found the teachers patient and considerate. (倒装句)
5. 巧用排比等句式。如能运用排比句、对偶句、不定式或短语, 可使文章增色不少。
The purpose of the program is to make our school more beautiful, to make the air cleaner and fresher, and to turn our school into a better place for us to study and live in.
注意事项
1. 不要使用没有把握的词汇、句式,小心弄巧成拙。
2. 杜绝汉语思维的影响。某些名词和动词搭配已约定俗成,不要随意打乱其搭配习惯,否则会显得生硬不说,还会词不达意。如汉语中的“学到知识”, 英语不能说learn knowledge, 而要说acquire knowledge。类似的动宾结构还有achieve success, gain reputation, attain one’s end等。
综上,遣词造句是为优质语篇打基础,除了以上要点,还要注意在不知道如何表达某个要点时,可以采用“曲线救国”的手段,换个说法以回避之,这样可以将损失降至最低。
4.短文写作妙笔生花开头语 篇四
文章的开头除了要表明主题外,还有一个重要的任务就是吸引阅卷老师的注意。因此,开头一定要具有与众不同的吸引力,这样才能给阅卷老师留下深刻的印象。下面介绍几种实用有效的开头方式及常用句型:
1)现象法
所谓现象法,就是在文章开头就指出某种社会现象或问题。这种开头方式在六级写作中十分常见,主要应用于现象解释型作文和问题解决型作文。
【常用句式】
① Recently/ Presently the phenomenon/ issue/ problem of„ has been brought into focus./ aroused public attention/ become a heated topic/ been in the limelight.② With „, there arises a heated debate as to„
③ With the steady/ rapid/ amazing development of„, people begin to„④ In the past„ years, many„ have been faced/ troubled/ confronted with„
⑤ Nowadays/ Recently, one of the hottest/ most popular topics/ problems many people complain/ concern about/ talk about/ discuss is„
⑥ Nowadays, our society is/ we are witnessing more and more„
⑦ In the past„ years, there has been a sharp/ dramatic increase/ growth/ rise/ decline in „ According to an official report/ survey/ poll, „
⑧ In recent„years, „has experienced an alarming increase/ growth/ rise/ decline in„
【例13】
Nowadays, one of the hottest problems many people complain about now is piracy.Books, tapes, VCDs and other high-tech products have been pirated.For instance, when a new product comes onto market, most probably, its pirated version will soon show up in the market, too.【分析】本段文字是关于如何解决盗版问题的文章开头,运用了现象法,段首句使用了句式⑤。
2)对立法
所谓对立法,就是引出人们对要讨论问题的不同看法和观点,然后提出自己的看法或者表明自己偏向哪一看法。这种开头方式方式一般用于有争议的主题,主要适用于对比选择型作文。
【常用句式】
① When asked„, a great/ vast majority of people/ most„ say that„ But I think/ view quite differently./ But in my eye/view,„
② When it comes to„, some people believe that„, but some others argue/ claim that„(the opposite/ reverse is true).There is probably some truth in both arguments/ statements, but „(I tend to agree to/ would prefer the former/ latter.)
③ Now, it is commonly/ generally/ widely believed/ held/ acknowledged that„.They claim/ believe/ argue that„ But I wonder/ doubt whether„
④ Nowadays there is no agreement among people as to„.Some people focus on/ advocate/ favor „ while others may think„.(From my point of view, „)
⑤ When faced with/ In the face of„ quite a few people claim that„ but other people argue„⑥ There is much discussion/ public debate/ controversy nowadays as to the problem of„ Some people say that„ Others hold that„
⑦ There is a general debate over the phenomenon of „ People who are against/ object to it claim/ hold „ But people who advocate it, on the other hand, claim/ argue „
⑧ The value of this form of„ is now being questioned by„/There is growing skepticism toward„
【例14】
Nowadays there is no agreement among people as to the best measure of a country’s success.Some people focus on rich economy while others may think it is the quality of life that has nothing to do with money
【分析】本段文字是关于什么是社会成功的标准的文章开头,运用了对立法,段首句使用了句式④。
3)观点法
所谓观点法,就是开门见山,直截了当地提出本文要论证的观点或要解决的问题。这种开头方式主要适于观点论证型作文和问题解决型作文。
【常用句式】
① Now there is a growing awareness/ recognition of the necessity to„/Now people are becoming increasingly aware/ conscious of the importance of„
② It is true that„ No one can deny „
③ „, which has been generally accepted.The truth of it is deep and profound/ self-evident.④ Now people in growing/ significant numbers are beginning/ coming to realize/ accept/ be aware that„
⑤ Nowhere in„ / Never in history has the issue/ change/ idea of„ been more evident/ visible/ popular/ serious than in„
⑥ Perhaps/ Maybe we should/ it is time to rethink/ reexamine/ have a fresh look at the idea/ value/ attitude/ wisdom/ desirability that„
【例15】
Now there is a growing awareness of the necessity to protect our natural resources form being exhausted.Having realized that natural resources cannot be reproduced if they are exhausted, people are turning to other things for replacement of natural resources.【分析】本段文字是关于如何保护自然资源的文章开头,运用了观点法,段首句使用了句式①。
4)比较法
所谓比较法,就是通过对过去、现在两种不同的倾向、观点进行比较,从而引出文章要讨论的观点。一般来说,对过去的观点都只是一笔带过,而将写作的重点放在现在的即文章要讨论的观点上。这种开头方式主要适用于观点论证型作文。
【常用句式】
① For years, „had been viewed as„ But people are taking a fresh look now.With the growing/ development of„, people„
② People used to think that„(In the past, „)But people don’t share this view now.③ It is a tradition/ custom/ practice/ traditional way„ But now/in recent decades things have changed.【例16】
People used to think that children should be obedient.If they were obedient, their parents would be very proud and very pleased, and consequently, they would be the favorite ones of their parents among other children.But people do not share this view now.They now think it is of great
importance that their children have their own thoughts.【分析】本段文字是关于孩子应该有独立的思想和观点的文章开头,运用了比较法,段首句使用了句式②。
5)问题法
所谓问题法,就是先将要讨论的问题进行设问,然后在解答的过程中引出观点。这样开头的好处在于从一开始就能引起读者的兴趣,但需要注意的是,如果问题设计不好,就会导致首段中心不突出,主题句表达苍白等负面效果,因此使用时要慎重。这种开头方式主要适用于对比选择型作文和现象解释型作文。
【常用句式】
① Should/ What„? Opinions of/ Attitudes towards/ Answers to„ vary widely/ greatly/ from person to person.Some„ are favor of/ view/ regard/ think of„ Others believe/ argue/ claim„② “Why do/ have „?” Many „ often ask/ pose the question like this.③ One of the basic/ hot topic facing our society is: What/Why „?
④ How do you think of the problem of „? In seeking answer to this q
⑤ Why is there a „ in society? It is no easy task to identify the causes for it.【例17】
Should euthanasia be legalized? Answers to this question vary greatly from person to person.Some people are in favor of the idea of euthanasia.Others argue that the legalization may bring about some problems.【分析】本段文字是关于安乐死是不是该合法化问题的文章开头,运用了问题法,段首句使用了句式①。
6)引用法
所谓引用法,就是在文章开头引用名人名言、箴言、谚语或有代表性的看法,来引出文章要论述的观点。这种方法通过引用切合主题的名言警句,一方面可以突出主题,另一方面也能为文章增加文采,容易给人留下深刻的印象。但是这种开头要求考生必须有一定知识储备,对所使用的名言警句等要应运自如。另外,所引用的名言警句一定要为中心服务,不能单纯为了增加文采而引用。这种开头方式主要适用于观点论证型作文。
【常用句式】
① One of the great/ early writers/ philosophers/ scientists said/ wrote/ remarked, “„”If this is true/ the case, then the present/ current view/ value/ attitude/ situation should make us wonder whether„/ ponder over„
② “„” The same idea/ complaint/ attitude is voiced/ echoed/ shared by„
③ “„” How often we hear/ We are used to hearing/ Many people have heard(such)statement/ words/ complaint like/ as this/ those.④ There is an old/ popular saying/ proverb which goes that„.The truth of it is profound and significant./ Under its simplified cover, a truth is ironically pointed out, that is, „
⑤ One great „ had ever said/ once remarked, “„”Now it still has a realistic/ profound significance./ Now it is still working in our modern society./ Now more and more people share this belief./ The remark is still confirmed by people in today’s society./ the remark has been shared by generations./ The view has been echoed by many …
【例18】
There is an old proverb which goes that the grass is always greener on the other side of the valley.Under its simplified cover, a truth is ironically pointed out, that is, people are not contented with the already blessing situation.On the contrary, we always think that there are people around us
5.考研英语短文写作备考试题 第 篇五
一句话点评
本文的论述极其客观和真实,最后一段的例子非常贴切,全文用词准确。
全文翻译
如同上面的图画所生动地显示一样,面对过多的专业选择,一名学生感到茫然,这是学生中一种非常典型的现象。这幅图画所传达的含义非常发人深省。
上面图画所传递的含义可以简述如下。首先,学生对于专业重要性的过分重视不应该被忽略。一些学生认为他们的专业将决定其整个人生的成功或失败。由于他们对专业的不满,一些学生丧失对学习的兴趣。并且他们当中的一些甚至走向极端以致自杀。扭转当前严峻的情况是我们的.当务之急。此外,就进行专业选择而言,一定要避免从众行为。我们知道,社会需要不同的人在社会工作中扮演不同的角色。所有的人都选择同样的专业并且做同样的工作是不可能的。当学生做出有关其专业的最终决定时,一定要充分评估和认真考虑个人性格、兴趣和优点。总之,学生一定要保持冷静并且拥有一个客观的态度对待自己的专业。
以我自己为例,我来自于大西北的一个小山村。充分利用我的知识来帮助我家乡的农民脱贫的志向在我心中已经扎根。当我是个孩子的时候,我就对植物有兴趣。考虑到这一切,我选择农学作为我的专业。我的确认为如果我坚持我选择的专业,我就会有一个光明的未来。
重点写作词语点睛
major n. 专业
option n. 选择
over-emphasis 过分强调
reckon v. 认为
go extreme 走向极端
follow suit 跟着做,照着做
attitude n. 态度
6.短文写作词汇 篇六
一、考纲点击:鉴赏评价 E级
1.鉴赏文学作品的形象、语言和表达技巧;
2.评价文章的思想内容和作者的观点态度。
3.湖南考纲“补充说明”规定,主要从“主题思想及其表现”、“艺术手法”和“构思技巧”三个方面设题
二、鉴赏文写作评分标准(2006年)
A等12-16分:把握准确,分析深刻,评价中肯,叙析评有机结合,语言流畅优美。
B等9-12分:对赏析要点和角度把握基本准 确,有一定分析,评价基本合理,叙析评结合,语言合要求。C等4-8分:对赏析要点和角度把握不准 确,叙析评三者有缺失,语言不合要求。D等0-3分:穿靴戴帽,或言不及义,或另起炉灶,酌情给分。
注:字数不足100,在C等以下计分,字数不足200,在B等 以下计分。
三、基本步骤
1.分析主题思想
2.表达主题思想
3.整合成文学短文
第一步:分析主题思想
1、研究标题、头尾
2、抓关键词句推测中心
3.分析主要人和事
4.联系作品背景
5.注意作者情感的常见表达形式
方法:抓关键词句推测中心
一般隐含或明示主题思想的关键句:
①反复句 有的文章中,反复出现的语句最能表现作者思想情感。
②概括句 这是集中表现文章主要内容、主要思想的语句,常常以议论、抒情等表达方式出现。
③主旨句 点明题旨,表达文章中心的句子为主旨语。它最能集中地体现作者的主要观点态度。
④过渡句 一般文章的过渡句能显示文章的层次脉络.故能由此探寻到文章的主要思想。
⑤标题句 它往往和作者的写作意图有密切的关系,有的标题可以概括文章的主题或体现文章主题的基本精神。
除了关键句,我们还要注意作者情感的常见表达形式:
①作者现身 作者常常打断叙事过程,主动站起来进行“说法”,直接表达个人见解。如《史记》,以“太史公
曰”的形式直接表述了自己的见解。
②情节昭示 通过情节的发展来表现自己的思想倾向性。如《雷雨》,作者通过一个家庭内部的矛盾发展,揭示
了封建大家庭的罪恶。
③人物语言 作者通过作品中的某些人物语言来宣扬自己的学说、倾诉自己的情感。如《屈原》,郭沫若通过主人
公屈原之独自,强烈地鞭挞了罪恶的世界.表达了对光明理想的渴望。
④细节暗示 为了透露思想倾向性,作者常常注重细节的渲染。如《祝福》,小说写道:“极分明的显现出壁上挂
着的朱拓的大“寿”字.陈抟老祖写的;一边的对联已经脱落,松松的卷了放在长桌上,一边的还在,道是‘事理通
达心气和平’。”这一描写揭示出了鲁四老爷虚伪的性格特点.蕴含着作者强烈的憎恶之情。
第二步:表达主题思想
方法:掌握基本模式和具体模式
1、基本模式
运用了(什么)手法(比如:表达方式、修辞手法、表现手法等),记叙了(什么)过程或描写了(什么)形象、表现了(什么)特点,抒发或表达了(什么)思想感情。
2、具体模式举隅
(1)、本文小中见大,从我们所熟知的„„入手,抓住„„的„„特点,让我们从平常小事中领悟到„„这
个深刻的生活道理。(或从平常小事中体现出了崇高的思想境界;或从平常小事中表现出美好的精神品质。)
(2)、托物言志:本文巧妙地运用了托物言志的写法,作者紧紧抓住„„的„„的特点,精心刻画,从而含
蓄地表达了作者„„的理想(或人生观或生活态度或精神品质)
(3)、象征:本文运用象征的写作手法,抓住了„„与„„相似的特点,通过对„„准确的描写,更好地
达到了表现„„的目的。
3.表达格式
本文通过„„,抒发了(赞美了、表达了、批判了)„„,并流露出„„(也是鉴赏短文的第一段)
第三步:整合成文学短文
体裁:赏析短文——议论文,有标题.观点————评:评价、总结
论据————叙:复述、引用
论证————析:解剖、分析
写法:采用叙议结合、评析结合的写法。
在文学短文中,叙是指对作品内容的复述、介绍或引用,议则包含分析和评价两方面。分析,是对作品的
思想内容、艺术特色等进行揭示的过程,评价,则是作者通过分析得到的结论,即对作品或作者艺术创造的总的看法,也就是文学评论的中心论点。
四、方法指津
1.基本采用总分总的模式。
2.第一段概括主题(总)
3.第二段析表现,采用层进式结构(即按文章组织顺序采用叙评结合的方式由开头至结尾进行鉴赏)(分)。
4.第三段表述,通观全文,„„(总结照应,概括,评价)(总)
五、涉及主题、意境、感情方面的术语
主旨深远,言近旨远,主题(中心)突出,深化主题(中心)。
7.词汇衔接与高职英语写作教学 篇七
在《《英语的衔接》(Cohesion in English,1976)一书中,Halliday和Hasan提出了“语篇衔接”的概念、基本理论框架及其在语篇中的具体体现。该书的出版标志着衔接理论的成立。韩礼德认为:句子与句子之间的纽带关系就是语篇的衔接。当一个成分依赖另一个成分得以解释时便产生了衔接。在该书中,衔接分为五类:指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)、连接(conjunction)和词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)。哈桑在《语言·语境·语篇》(韩礼德、哈桑,1985)一书中,扩大了衔接范文,把结构衔接(如对称结构、主位—述位结构等)和有机关系(如连接关系、相邻对、延续关系)纳入衔接范畴。胡壮麟在《语篇的衔接与连贯》(1994)一书中,进一步扩大了衔接范围和手段,提出了语篇衔接与连贯的多层次思想。
2 词汇衔接
词汇衔接通过词汇选择在篇章中建立一个贯穿语篇的轴线,从而建立语篇的连贯性。词汇衔接不仅仅是相邻两个句子间的连接,而且能与上下文相隔较远的句子相连而构成词汇衔接矩阵。词汇衔接是多种衔接机制中唯一一种能够形成多重关系的衔接手段。研究语篇衔接在许多情况下就是研究词汇衔接。Hoey曾说“词汇衔接是衔接中最突出最重要的形式,占篇章衔接纽带中的40%左右。”如何有效地运用词汇衔接组织语篇决定语篇质量的高低。
Halliday和Hasan将英语语篇的词汇衔接手段分为复现(reiteration)和同现/搭配(collocation)两大类。
2.1 复现
复现包括原词重复(repetition)、同义词/近义词(synonym)、上下义词、概括词等。
1)原词重复:…we shall fight on the seas and oceans,we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air,…,we shall fight on the beaches,we shall fight on the landing grounds,we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,we shall fight in thehills;….(选自丘吉尔《向议会报告敦刻尔克大撤退的奇迹》)fight一词重复出现多次,读起来朗朗上口,气势恢宏,从而增强了语句效果,引起了读者共鸣,起到了连贯的作用。2)/
2)同义词/近义词:使用不同的词汇来表示同一个项目,同时意义没有增加或减少。这是个广义的概念,不受词性限制。这种方式的使用,可以避免原词重复过多带来的累赘感。同时由于它们在意义上的相同之处,可以互为补充,有助于更好地理解语篇。
These features show that it makes little sense to blame the po-lice,judges or correctional personnel for being soft on criminals…Most prisoners gain early release not because parole boards are tooeasy on crime,….此段话中,soft和easy属于同义词。同义词避免了重复,使语篇富有变化。
3)上下义词:两个词项在语义上形成概括和具体,上义和下义的关系。下义词与上义词之间属于“A是B的一种”。前者被称为上坐标词,即上义词;后者被称为下坐标词,即下义词。
As disasters go,this one was terrible,but not unique,certainlynot among the worst U.S air crashes on record.此句中,Disaster是上义词,air crash是下义词。他们在词义上有共同的成分——very bad accident in which a lot of people are killed。它们在语义上的衔接关系有时会相互替代、解释或共同出现,从而促进语篇深层结构上的连贯。
4)概括词:指的是能够起到泛指作用的一小类相对固定的名词。概括词比上义词意义更广泛。概括词要通过上下文来体现其意义。所以过分使用语篇会空洞乏味。
est of all the Golden Arches in America,and has the earliest Mc-Donald’s building design.…These people are angry that the building is now in danger of being destroyed,along with their memo-ries.此段话中,building就是Golden Arches的概括词。
2.2 同现/搭配
同现/搭配指词汇共同出现的倾向性(co-occurrence tendency)。在篇章中,围绕着一定的话题,一定的词就会同时出现,而其它一些词就不大可能会出现。词汇同现/搭配是建立在词汇语义基础上的,由语义场决定。任何两个相似搭配模式的词汇,即倾向于出现在相似语境中的词汇,如果他们出现在相邻句子中,就会产生衔接力。词汇的同现/搭配关系分为两种:一是语法性搭配,即语法所要求的词语之间或词语与语法结构之间的配合,这种搭配常被称为“固定搭配”,另一种是词汇性搭配,是在语义的层面上,两个或更多的词习惯性连用或共现。
1)反义关系:体现了语篇中词项间的相反、相对或互补的关系,表达了语篇中语义的对立性,从对立面阐述意义,语篇的主题和意义在对照中得到深化。反义词不受词性限制,也不受语言单位大小的限制,是两个意义相反的单词或短语。
You are on your way to being that new species of mechanized …to be a civilized human.此段话中,mechanized savage和civilizedhuman就是一对反义词。
2)互补关系:只有两个对立项组成,就是非彼即此或非此即彼,因而对一个词项的否定就意味着对另一个词项的肯定,双方形成对立统一体。如single—married,dead—alive即属于此类。
Now and then you might see the light of a cigar store or of an …store a man leaned,…此段话中light和hardness就属于互补关系。
3)整体与部分关系:可细分为两类:有序和无序关系。有序关系:year和January,February,March,April等构成的关系。无序关系:flat与living room,bedroom,bathroom以及kitchen构成的关系。
1991年Hoey在《语篇中的词汇模式》(Patterns of Lexis in Text)一书对词汇衔接方式进行了细致的研究,并将词汇衔接分为7中模式:
1)简单词汇重复:词形变化不大于词形变化表中的变化,即词类不变。词形有时仅根据语法需要作细微调整,如名词复数形式、过去式、分词等。如apple—apples,say—says—saying—said,这些都是简单词汇重复的范畴。
2)复杂词汇重复:词根相同,但形式不同。因此所有的派生词都可以归为此列,如act—action—actor—actress,mean—meaning—meaningful—meaningless。或形式相同但语法功能不同。如work(n.)—work(v.)
3)简单释义(simple-paraphrase):若一个词项在一个语境中替代另一个词项,替代时另一个词项的意义得以全部保留,且未增加其他意义,这种情况即为简单释义。如:mad—crazy(You must be mad.How can you be so crazy about racing and spend all of your savings on it?)。
4)复杂释义(complex paraphrase):如果一个词项的意义包含另一个词项或体现/牵涉其某一个方面/对立面,那么这个词项就构成了复杂释义。如sad—happy,creator—produce,novel—character等。
5)上下义重复:如writer—novelist,climate—weather等。
6)共指重复:如my uncle—Tom,Japan—one of the countries with strongest economy in the world。
7)其他重复关系:人称代词、指示代词、替代词的重复关系归于此类。
3 高职高专学生英语写作
词汇的使用涉及它的意义和用法。对于高职院校学生来说,词汇衔接手段的使用最为复杂,也最难掌握。高职院校学生英语基础薄弱,作文普遍存在内容深度不够、词汇贫乏、用汉语思维方式遣词造句、语法及拼写错误、语言平淡、句式单一等问题。但更为严重的问题是其语篇意识淡薄。具体表现为:语篇结构层次不清,思想表达混乱;句子之间,段落之间缺乏衔接,语义不连贯。究其原因,有两点:1)学生语篇知识的运用能力较差。英语是显性语言,善于运用各种有形衔接手段,而汉语则是隐性语言,是意念上的衔接,句法功能呈隐性。受汉语的影响,中国学生在英语写作过程中缺乏不善于运用衔接手段组织语篇,需要读者剥丝抽茧,找出句与句、段与段之间的联系;2)学生语言基础知识特别是对作文质量产生重要影响的同义词、反义词、词语搭配等词汇衔接手段的合理运用,简单重复使用过多。
4 词汇衔接理论对写作教学的启示
1)加强在语篇环境下的词汇教学。词汇知识的掌握是决定作文质量的关键因素之一。没有一定的词汇量及扎实的词汇知识,词汇衔接理论就是空中楼阁,如同巧妇难为无米之炊。现实情况是:高职学生普遍存在词汇量小,没有掌握大部分词汇的所有常见意思和用法。究其原因,很多学生没有掌握正确的词汇习得方法。在语篇环境下运用语块学习策略习得词汇。
2)加强理论知识教学,加深学生对词汇衔接的理解。
词汇衔接是语篇连贯最重要手段,对语篇的起-承-转-结起着至关重要的作用。尽管研究表明,衔接是产生语篇的必要但不充分条件。有词汇衔接的语篇并不总是连贯的语篇,并不能总能使读者对语篇作出连贯性的解释。但是词汇衔接是以语言形式来表现的。同时它也是一种语义概念,是意义上的一种关联。正是通过这些手段,语篇内部才得以在意义上连接起来。英语学习者对于词汇衔接手段的了解和应用有助于梳理自己的思维,使文章逻辑缜密、严谨,行文流畅、连贯。因此,教师在课堂教学中应加强理论知识教学,加深学生对词汇衔接的理解。同时教师可以引导学生从词汇衔接角度对例文进行分析,在实践中学习词汇衔接。
摘要:词汇衔接在语篇构建中起着举足轻重的作用,与写作质量有着密切关系。该文通过理论介绍和具体个例分析,探讨了词汇衔接对于语篇连贯及作文质量的提高所起的作用。因此,教师在教学中应加强语篇环境下的词汇教学及词汇衔接理论知识教学。
关键词:词汇衔接,语篇,写作
参考文献
[1]王绍梅.词汇衔接在英语写作中的应用[J].外语艺术教育研究,2008(3).
[2]李欣.词汇衔接手段对于语篇的作用及语言习得的帮助[J].语文学刊:外语教育教学,2009(11).
[3]戴敏.语篇衔接与大学英语写作[J].徐州教育学院学报,2007,22(2).
[4]蒋丽梅.衔接理论在大学英语写作中的应用[J].湖南第一师范学报,2009,9(3).
8.开放式短文写作Ⅰ 篇八
请根据以下提示,并结合事例,用英语写一篇短文。
A man who fears suffering is already suffering from what he fears.
注意:
1. 无须写标题,不得照抄英语提示语;
2. 除诗歌外,文体不限;
3. 文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称;
4. 词数为120左右。
写作思路和注意事项
首先要注意审题,把题目的意思看清楚。这个题目的意思是说“怕苦者正因为怕而苦”,因此我们不要害怕困难,要克服恐惧心理从而战胜困难。在第一段里,大家要开门见山,清楚明确地点题,然后用一个具体的事例来支持自己的观点。注意事例一定要和自己表达的中心思想紧密结合。并且事例要写出时间,事情的经过、发展和结果。最后一段归纳总结,呼应或升华文章中心。
范文
Such is human nature that we will be frightened when meeting with trials and tribulations, which turns out to be unnecessary in reality. It is not the hardships but the fear caused by those that makes us scared. If we can ignore the thought of fear or face it bravely, we will surely overcome the difficulties no matter how hard they are, as it did in the following case.
In the depth of my memory, I was not good at math in junior middle school. I always felt nervous before the math exam came. But the more scared I felt, the lower grades I had. Little by little, I realized that fear didn’t help at all. So I tried to face it. Feeling fearless and calmer, I managed to be buried in my math study, thus making great progress in the last exam.
Based on the story above, I hold the view that we should work hard to improve the present situation but not to fear it. As a matter of fact, working hard is the most effective way to get over our fear.
点评
这篇文章审题准确无误,内容切题,应用的语法结构和词汇准确,句型多变,恰当地使用了语句间的连接成分,全文结构紧凑。
第一段思路很清晰,先用such引导的倒装句引出“害怕困难是人之常情”,用which引导的非限制性定语从句说明“在现实生活中没有必要害怕”,为什么呢?接着用一个强调句型强调“是我们所想的而不是困难本身让我们害怕”。最后提出自己的观点“如果我们不去想恐惧或能勇敢地面对它,我们就肯定能克服苦难。”后面文章还用as引导了一个非限制性定语从句承上启下,引出下面的例子。
第二段一开始用in the depth of my memory 这个介词短语导入事例:在初中由于害怕与紧张,自己的数学一直不好。这里the more...,the more... 结构用得很好,突出了害怕导致的不良后果“越害怕,考得就越差”,后来意识到害怕根本没用,就决定面对它并想办法克服它。little by little, so 这些词都使全文更连贯。最后一句话也写得很好,用动词ing形式作状语,后又用thus doing引导结果状语,使文章显得很紧凑。
第三段用based on结构承上启下,I hold the view that ... 引出自己的观点,最后用as a matter of fact 连接克服困难的办法。全文连贯,一气呵成。
案例二
请根据以下提示,结合具体事例,发表自己的见解。
Neither a wise man nor a brave man lies down on the tracks of history to wait for the train of the future to run over them.
注意:
1. 开头已给出,无需写标题,不得照抄英语提示语;
2. 除诗歌外,文体不限;
3. 内容必须结合生活中的一个事例;
4.文中不得透漏个人姓名和学校名称;
5. 词数为120左右。
写作思路和注意事项
这是美国第七位总统艾森豪威尔说过的一句话,意思是“聪明人和勇敢者都不会躺在历史的车轮前,等着未来的火车从他们身上压过”。那么我们到底该怎么写呢?这句话意思就是过去的已经过去,未来还没到,没有必要瞻前顾后。文章的开头要直接点题:我们要做的就是要把握住现在,从现在做起。事例可写因为沉浸在以前的荣耀中,一度生活得不愉快,经过调整,终于融入了现实生活。在结尾,对“忘掉过去,把握现在”这一主题再作呼吁。
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范文
As is illustrated from the above sentence, people tend to miss those days that have gone and expect the days that haven’t come. Actually, instead of missing what can’t be seized, it is of greater significance to try our best to make full use of the present.
There was one time when I was lost in depression at the beginning of high school because it was hard for me to adjust to the new environment which was not what I had expected before. Therefore, I always missed the glorious days before and imagined what would happen in the future. Nevertheless, nothing has changed. What we can do, in fact, is to cherish the present and make good use of it. It was not until I realized it that I could adapt myself to the new life. Then I began to become part of the class, thus finding life was also enjoyable.
As Tagore says in his verse, if you shed tears when you miss the sun, you also miss the stars; that is to say yesterday is a history, tomorrow is a mystery, but today is a gift,which is why it is called present. So, we should seize and cherish our present!
点评
整篇文章思维缜密,条理清晰,结合高中生的生活实例给人很亲切的感觉。文章开头利用提示语点题:我们不能留恋过去,想着未来,重要的是把握好现在。第二自然段结合刚上高中时的经历,进一步印证前面的主题。结尾用泰戈尔的诗句“假如你为失去太阳而落泪,你也同样会失去群星”引出下文,并巧用present这一双关词结束并总结全文。
这篇文章的连贯性很好,首段使用了As is illustrated from the above sentence引出下文,中间段用There was one time when ... 举例说明,结尾用As Tagore says in his verse引出诗句。本文还用了actually, therefore, nevertheless, in fact, etc. 连贯全文。此外本文还使用了定语从句,宾语从句,强调句型等。
案例三
请根据以下提示,结合具体事例,发表自己的见解。
Life is like a heavy truck, so happiness and sorrow are like the two wheels. No cross, no crown. No pain, no joy. There are two different minds. One thinks happiness depends on material life; the other argues happiness lies in spiritual life. So what is the happiness in our life?
注意:
1. 开头已给出,无需写标题,不得照抄英语提示语;
2. 除诗歌外,文体不限;
3. 内容必须结合生活中的一个事例;
4.文中不得透漏个人姓名和学校名称;
5. 词数为120左右。
写作思路和注意事项
这篇英语提示的重点在最后一句话,幸福是什么?取决于物质方面还是精神方面?我们在写的时候最好在首段直接陈述自己的观点,然后再举例说明。
范文
Many people tend to link happiness to money, which is, in my opinion, a fairly wrong idea. There is no denying that money is of great importance in our daily life, but it doesn’t mean that the more money you possess, the happier a life you will live. Therefore, happiness doesn’t lie in substances but in our hearts.
In the book Three Days to see, Helen says when she has experienced the loss of the things taken for granted, she lives her life with more appreciation. Whether we’re rich or poor, healthy or disabled, as long as we live every day with appreciation, we can always see that life is full of surprise, warmth, and happiness.
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As far as I am concerned, it is the spiritual life rather than material basis that determines whether you will be happy. There is a limit to what money can do while spiritual wealth can bring you a sense of fulfillment and happiness. Love your own life and life will reward you with bright sunshine, gentle breeze and most importantly, pure and simple happiness.
点评
本文思路清晰,开头就陈述了自己的观点Therefore, happiness doesn’t lie in substances but in our hearts. 第二段举了海伦凯勒的事例,陈述了她对幸福的理解。最后一段进行总结,发表自己的观点:it is the spiritual life rather than material basis that determines whether you will be happy.如果我们能尽情地享受生活,那么生活也会赋予我们丰厚的馈赠。
本文内容切题,语言表达准确、得体,句式丰富,恰当地使用了语句间的连接成分,表明作者具备了较强的语言运用能力。
【练习】
请根据以下提示,并结合事例,用英语写一篇短文。
Perhaps you are always very confident, but do you have the patience to wait a little longer when you’re in despair?
注意:
1. 开头已给出,无需写标题,不得照抄英语提示语;
2. 除诗歌外,文体不限;
3. 内容必须结合生活中的一个事例;
4. 文中不得透漏个人姓名和学校名称;
5. 词数为120左右。
请根据以下提示,并结合事例,用英语写一篇短文。
We may not be able to do better than everyone else to be Number One, but we are able to improve ourselves all the time. Those who are always trying to improve themselves are the real heroes.
注意:
1. 开头已给出,无需写标题,不得照抄英语提示语;
2. 除诗歌外,文体不限;
3. 内容必须结合生活中的一个事例;
4.文中不得透漏个人姓名和学校名称;
5. 词数为120左右。
请根据以下提示,并结合事例,用英语写一篇短文。
“I thank God for my handicaps, for, through them, I have found myself, my work, and my God.” —Helen Keller
注意:
1. 开头已给出,无需写标题,不得照抄英语提示语;
2. 除诗歌外,文体不限;
3. 内容必须结合生活中的一个事例;
4.文中不得透漏个人姓名和学校名称;
5. 词数为120左右。
请根据以下提示,并结合事例,用英语写一篇短文。
Many things are important in our life, such as friendship, love, family, health, life(生命), the environment we live in and so on. Sometimes, we never know what we have got until it is gone. We should learn to cherish.
注意:
1. 除诗歌外,文体不限;
2. 内容必须结合生活中的一个事例;
3. 文中不得透漏个人姓名和学校名称;
4. 词数为120左右。
5. 请根据以下提示,并结合事例,用英语写一篇短文。
请你根据以下提示,结合你生活中的一件事,用英语写一篇短文。
Sharing is something that is learned as we progress through life. We share food and books. We even share knowledge and ideas. By sharing, we are helped or help people in need. By sharing, we contribute to society. By sharing we lead a meaningful life.
注意:
1. 无需写标题,不得照抄英语提示语。
2. 内容必须结合你生活中的一个事例。
3. 词数120字左右。
请你根据以下提示,结合你生活中的一件事,用英语写一篇短文。
Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. How do you look at stress? How do you handle pressure in your life?
结合事例说明,在面对压力时,你是如何调适的。
注意:
1. 无需写标题,不得照抄英语提示语。
2. 内容必须结合你生活中的一个事例。
3. 词数120字左右。
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