高考英语语法介词分类

高考英语语法介词分类（共6篇）（共6篇）

1.高考英语语法介词分类 篇一

介词的固定搭配，大多数是可以通过分析快速理解的，比如for life中的for用的是“为期……”的含义。有些很难或者无法分析的固定搭配，则可以进行机械地熟悉，并通过大量的英语阅读和造句、说写英语巩固和掌握。

1.为了(目的)

They are working for a better life.

他们在为更好的生活而工作。

She didn’t choose the job for money,but for more chances.

她选择这个工作不是为了钱，而是为了更多的机会。

2.用于(表示作用)

This toy is forboys, not for girls.

这玩具是给男孩玩的，而不是给女孩的。

We have a kind of special ink for your pen.

我们有一种特殊的墨水用于你的钢笔。

3.向，朝(方向)

Jane is leaving here for London.

珍妮就要离开这里去伦敦。

She was heading for the park.

她正走向公园。

4.代替;交换

Mr. Li will teach for you.

李先生将代替你上课。

Could I give this orange for that pear?

我能用这个桔子换那个梨吗?

5.对于(表示愿望、爱好、特长等)

Mary has an artistic eye for colors.

玛丽对着色有艺术眼光。

John had a sharp ear for melody.

约翰对于旋律有很敏锐的听觉。

6.赞成，拥护

We are for this plan.

我们造成这个计划。

Are you for or against this action?

你赞成还是反对这一行动?

7.因为

Thank you for your help.

谢谢你的帮助。

The kids jumped for joy.

孩子们高兴得跳了起来.

8.尽管，虽然

For all his shortcomings, he is a nice man.

尽管他有这些缺点，他仍是一个很好的人。

For all these defects,this place is better than most other places.

尽管有这些缺点，这个地方比其他大多数地方还是要好一些。

9.当作，作为

Don’t take others for fools.

不要把别人当傻瓜。

I hold it for certain.

我把那当作肯定的事。

10.就……而言，至于

He is rather tall for his age.

就他的年龄来说他算是相当高的了。

That coat was too small for me.

那件大衣对我来说太小了。

11.索取，要

The man asked for a cup of cool boiled water.

那了讨了一杯凉开水。

Jane came back for her handbag.

珍妮回来取手袋。

12.(时间)为期;(距离)计

My uncle worked here for 40 years.

我叔叔在这工作过40年。

They walked slowly for 10 kilometers.

他们慢慢地走了10公里。

2.高考英语语法介词分类 篇二

从传统的英语语法书来看, 小句和介词短语的区别在于语法范畴层级的高低, 小句比介词短语在层级上高一级。从系统功能语法的角度来看词素在最下层, 然后是词, 接着是短语和词组, 最上层的是小句。本文着眼于小句与介词短语在功能语法角度的不同。在进行研究前, 首先要从传统语法角度进行回顾。下边的例子 (1) - (4) 是小句, (5) - (8) 则是介词短语。从动词的限定性上来看小句, 例 (1) 和 (2) 里的动词walk是非限定性动词, 句子是省略的小句;而例 (3) 和 (4) 句子是包含完整主谓宾的小句。

(1) when walking along the road, (2) while walking along the road, (3) after they walked along the road, (4) when they walked along the road, (5) on her way to school, (6) on walking along the road, (7) with the children away, (8) after walking along the road, 黄国文曾从功能句法角度对类似于例 (4) when they walked along the road的例子分析过, 而且, 他还从功能语言学视角详细阐述了介词短语。结论如下:例 (6) 和 (8) 不是介词短语, 从系统功能句法来看, 是属于小句。本文的理论基础是系统功能语法, 主要是从功能句法角度进行讨论, 挖掘出小句与介词短语的区别, 主要弄清的疑问如下: (1) 探究出例 (5) 属于介词短语, 而例 (6) 和例 (8) 属于小句的原因。 (2) 例 (7) 是属于小句范围还是介词短语范围。3) 把例 (3) 和例 (4) 放在小句行列的话, when和after应该按什么范围的词类处理。

意义与形式

在韩礼德提出的系统功能语法中, 对意义与形式关系进行了论证, 即意义的表达是由形式来表现出来的。功能句法分析正是用来分析形式如何体现意义的。对以上八个例子进行分析时, 要从形式和意义角度对英语的使用进行探讨。以例 (5) 和例 (6) 为例进行分析, 形式上动词的出现, 即表示“situation”或“figure”, 就是通常指的小句;与形式相匹配的, 是意义上的“process”, 体现在动词上。形式层和意义层的中心成分分别是动词和过程。在例 (6) 中, walking是一个主要动词, 所以例 (6) 是一个小句;而在例 (5) 中, 没有动词出现, 所以它不是小句而是短语。以上说明的即是“存在过程/动词表示情形/小句”原则。

在现实中, 一些形式不出现或不必要出现, 而意义却表现出来了。以下以例子来阐述。例 (9) 中的knocking (不是动词形式上的撞倒, 而是撞倒的意义) 这个过程包含了时间、地点等发生的环境因素, 还有撞倒的当事者和受事者, 即被撞倒的人和实施撞的动作者。

(9) Her grandpa was knocked over by a car in a traffic accident.在例 (9) 中, knocking涉及了当事者和受事者, 即Her grandpa和a car, 其中还有环境因素是a traffic accident。然而, 在例 (10) 中, “实施撞的动作者” (a car) 和环境因素 (in a traffic accident) 虽然都没有体现在形式上, 但是意义却还是很明了。 (10) While her grandpa was walking along the road, a car ran to him.He was knocked over.在例 (10) 中的第三个小句中“实施撞的动作者” (a car) 和环境因素 (in a traffic accident) 没有出现, 但是作为读者能够明白谁是事故的肇事者和事故发生的时间。

在以意义为中心进行功能句法分析的原则指引下, 我们进行例子 (7) 的探讨。从形式上, 例子中没有出现动词, 但从语义层来看, 例子中是不是包含一个关系过程呢?换一种说法, 从意义上来看, 其中是不是存在with the kids being away的意义呢?更深层次上来说, 它所表达的意义是不是和since/while/when the children be away表达的意义一样呢?Martin对此持肯定态度。以下是他们的观点, 例 (7) 是归属型关系过程, 不过在形式上未体现出be这一代表关系过程的词。在他们看来, 例 (7) 不是介词短语是个小句, 是个表示关系过程的小句。在这个小句里, the children是小句的载体 (主语) , away则是小句的属性 (表语) 。根据上述探讨, 从句法上看例 (7) 是个小句, 然而它的特殊之处在于过程be并没有在句法层从形式上表现出来。例 (7) 中的引导词是with;它的补足语是两个, 并且是“主语———补足语”的关系, 动词be可以插入其中。

一般语法意义上来说, with结构表明的是伴随状态, 伴随的结果和状况。从功能句法角度来看, with的两个补足语存在一种“载体”和“属性”的关系, 这一关系实际是由动词be隐性地进行衔接的。从这个意义上来说, 例 (7) 是个小句, 也可以从句法来看, 是个小句, 是个省略的非限定性小句。

小句的引导词

总结上述分析, 例 (6) (7) (8) 均为小句由于这些小句从语义层来看都存在着过程。在回答了引言中第一、第二个问题的基础上, 我们试图进行第三个问题的解答。从传统语法上来说, 例 (5) — (8) 中的引导词on, with, after均为介词, 例 (1) — (4) 中的引导词为从属连词。同样是after, 在例 (8) 是介词, 在例 (3) 中是从属连词, 而例 (1) (4) 中when都是从属连词。不同于传统功能语法, 系统功能语法的分析主要着眼于结构中是不是有过程出现。小句中有过程出现而未出现过程的则非小句。这样看来, 例 (1) — (8) 中, 只有例 (5) 不是小句, 由于不存在过程, 其他7个均为小句。

在对词类进行分类的问题上, 传统语法存在不足。下边以before和know为例进行说明。

我们须要指出before和know的不同, know在句子中充当的是动词词性, 相对于know, before的用法稍微复杂些, 在 (A) 中是介词, (B) 中是连词, (C) 中是副词。以上说法显然有不足之处。对此, Huddleston和Pullum认为, 可以把上述before的用法统一看成是介词词性。

结语

本文研究表明, 介词短语和非限定小句都可以由介词引导出来, 语义层上的“过程”有无决定了二者的区别, 短语是停留在句法词汇层面上, 语义层面上的则是小句。出现在英语教学中的“介词+名词词组”与“介词+动词ing”结构有本质区别, “介词+V-ing”结构属于非限定小句。

参考文献

[1]黄国文.两类英语介词短语的功能语法分析[J].外语教学与研究, 2012 (6) :32-34.

[2]管乐.英语存在句人际功能的应用性探讨[J].湖南科技学院学报, 2010 (11) :17.

[3]陈旸, 黄国文.识解经验与过程参与者的确定[J].中国外语, 2010 (2) :121-125.

[4]路洋.英语转述现象多层面分析[J].延边党校学报, 2009 (2) :25-30.

3.高考真题语法分类练习（三） 篇三

1. （2012四川） They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house ___ .

A. is being rebuiltB. has been rebuilt

C. is rebuiltD. has rebuilt

2. （2012全国Ⅰ） “Life is like walking in the snow，” Granny used to say， “because every step ___ .”

A. has shownB. is showing

C. showsD. showed

3. （2012全国Ⅱ） — Did you ask Sophia for help？

— I ___ need to — I managed perfectly well on my own.

A. wouldn’tB. don’t

C. didn’tD. won’t

4. （2012全国Ⅱ） The manager ___ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.

A. has toldB. is telling

C. has been tellingD. will have told

5. （2012安徽） In order to find the missing child， villagers ___ all they can over the past five hours.

A. didB. do

C. had doneD. have been doing

6. （2012江西） — Look！ Somebody ___ sofa.

— Well， it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it.

A. is cleaningB. was cleaning

C. has cleanedD. had cleaned

7. （2012北京） George said that he would come to school to see me the next day， but he ___ .

A. wouldn’tB. didn’t

C. hasn’tD. hadn’t

8. （2012重庆） —Kevin， you look worried. Anything wrong？

— Well， I ___ a test and I’m waiting for the result.

A. will takeB. took

C. had takenD. take

9. （2012天津） The three of us ___ around Europe for about a month last summer.

A. traveledB. have traveled

C. had traveledD. travel

10. （2012浙江） Peter had intended to take a job in business， but _____ that plan after the unpleasant experience in Canada in 2010.

A. had abandonedB. abandoned

C. abandonD. will abandon

11. （2011四川） All visitors to this village ___ with kind-ness.

A. treatB. are treated

C. are treatingD. had been treated

12. （2011四川） — What a mistake！

—Yes. I ___ his doing it another way， but without success.

A. was suggestingB. will suggest

C. would suggestD. had suggested

13. （2011全国Ⅰ） Planning so far ahead ___ no sense—so many things will have changed by next year.

A. madeB. is making

C. makesD. has made

14. （2011全国Ⅰ） I wasn’t sure if he was really interested or if he ___ polite.

A. was just beingB. will just be

C. had just beenD. would just be

15. （2011全国Ⅰ） When Alice came to， she did not know how long she ___ there.

A. had been lyingB. has been lying

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C. was lyingD. has lain

16. （2011全国Ⅱ） If you don’t like the drink you ___ ， just leave it and try a different one.

A. orderedB. are ordering

C. will orderD. had ordered

17. （2011重庆） Look at the pride on Tom’s face. He ___ to have been praised by the manager just now.

A. seemedB. seems

C. had seemedD. is seeming

18. （2011山东） When I got on the bus， I ___ I had left my wallet at home.

A. was realizingB. realized

C. have realizedD. would realize

19. （2011山东） She was surprised to find the fridge empty； the children ___ everything！

A. had been eatingB. had eaten

C. have eatenD. have been eating

20. （2011北京） Experiments of this kind ___ in both the US and Europe well before the Second World War.

A. have conductedB. have been conducted

C. had conductedD. had been conducted

形容词和副词

1. （2012四川） I make $2，000 a week， 60 surely won’t make ___ difference to me.

A. that a bigB. a that big

C. big a thatD. that big a

2. （2012四川） The hotel is almost finished， but it ___ needs one or two weeks to get ready for guests.

A. onlyB. also

C. evenD. still

3. （2012全国Ⅰ） The result is not very important to us， but if we do win， then so much ___ .

A. the bestB. best

C. betterD. the better

4. （2012湖北） Can you tell the ___ difference between the words “require” and “request”？ I sometimes get puzzled by their meanings.

A. dramaticB. regional

C. apparentD. subtle

5. （2012湖北） Whether the buildings in this area should be pulled down has remained ___ ； people are still looking for other possible solutions.

A. unchallengedB. relevant

C. controversialD. contradictory

6. （2012天津） The dog may be a good companion for the old. ___ ， the need to take it for walks may be a disadvantage.

A. BesidesB. However

C. ThereforeD. Instead

7. （2012天津） The secretary arranged a（n） ___ time and place for the applicants to have an interview.

A. importantB. spare

C. publicD. convenient

8. （2012福建） Anyone， whether he is an official or a bus driver， should be ___ respected.

A. especiallyB. equally

C. naturallyD. normally

9. （2012福建） — Can you lend me the book Gone with the Wind？

— Sorry. I returned it to the library just now. Maybe it is still ___ .

A. availableB. affordable

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C. acceptableD. valuable

10. （2012浙江） The research lacks ___ evidence， and therefore， its conclusions are doubtful.

A. solidB. fierce

C. severeD. potential

11. （2011全国Ⅱ） It is one thing to enjoy listening to good music， but it is ___ another to play it well yourself.

A. quiteB. very

C. ratherD. much

12. （2011福建） Nowadays， there is a ___ increase in children’s creativity， for they are greatly encouraged to develop their talents.

A. sharpB. slight

C. naturalD. modest

13. （2011安徽） ___ ， I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.

A. HopefullyB. Normally

C. ThankfullyD. Conveniently

14. （2011浙江） The professor could tell by the ___ look in Maria’s eyes that she didn’t understand a single word of his lecture.

A. coldB. blank

C. innocentD. fresh

15. （2011浙江） I’ve been writing this report ___ for the last two weeks， but it has to be handed in tomorrow.

A. finallyB. immediately

C. occasionallyD. certainly

16. （2011浙江） My schedule is very ___ right now， but I’ll try to fit you in.

A. tightB. short

C. regularD. flexible

17. （2011湖北） The old engineer’s eyes still shone bright in the wrinkled brown face and his step as he came across the room was ___ ， though slow.

A. shakyB. heavy

C. casualD. steady

18. （2011湖北） An unhappy childhood may have some negative effects on a person’s character； however， they are not always ___ .

A. practicalB. avoidable

C. permanentD. beneficial

19. （2011湖北） The state-run company is required to make its accounts as ___ as possible for its staff to monitor the use of money.

A. transparentB. reasonable

C. secureD. formal

20. （2011江西） She has already tried her best. Please don’t be too ___ about her job.

A. specialB. responsible

C. unusualD. particular

4.初中英语语法介词与常见短语 篇四

一、概念

介词(preposition)表示与名词、代词等其它词的关系，不能单独做句子成分，介词后面的成分称为宾语。

二、分类

介词可以用来表示时间、地点、方位、方式、手段等。

①重点词整理解析

(atinonyeforeafteruntilforsince)

at

1. at+点钟 at one o’clock 在七点钟

2. at+the+n’ s (shop) at the baker’s (shop) 在面包店 at the hairdresser’s (shop)在理发店

3. at noon/night/midnight 在正午/夜晚/午夜

4. at home/work/school/church 在家/上班/上学/做礼拜

5. at breakfast/lunch/dinner 在吃早/午/晚饭

6. arrive at+小地点 arrive at the airport 到机场

7. at+节日 at Spring Festival 在春节期间

8. call sb at+号码 打...号码找某人

9. email sb at+邮件地址 发...电子邮件给某人

10. call at +地点 拜访某个地方

11. 其它固定搭配 at the price/speed...of 以...的价格、速度

in

1. in+年、月 in 2019/May 在2019年五月

2. in+季节 in Summer 在夏天

3. in the morning/afternoon/evening 在早上/下午/晚上

4. in+世纪 in the twenty-first century 在21世纪

5. in+颜色 表示穿着 the girl in red 穿红色衣服的女孩

6. in+语言 in English/Chinese 用英语/汉语

7. in+声音 in a weak voice 用微弱的声音

8. in+时间段 表示将来 in five minutes 五分钟以后 (划线提问用 ‘how soon’)

9. in+地点(大地点) in Qingdao 在青岛

10. in+物体 在...里面 in the glass 在杯子里

11. in+方向 in the west 在西边

12. 其它 in front of 在...前面 in the end 最后 in the past few years 在过去的几年里

on

1. on+具体日期/礼拜 on May 8th 在五月八日 on Wednesday 在周三

2. on+ 节日(带Day 的节日) on Mother’s Day 母亲节

3. on+地点 on the table(在桌子上) on the train(在火车上)

4. call on+sb call on your friend 拜访你的朋友

5. 表示方位(毗邻、接壤) Russia is on the north of China. 俄罗斯与中国北部相连。

6. 关于(和about 相比比较正式) He is writing a book on science.他正在写一本关于科学的书。

7. 接近、靠近It is on a river. 它靠近一条河。

8. 其它 on exhibition 在展览 depend on 依赖、依靠

by

by+时间点,表示在... 之前，例如by the end of this year，在今年年底之前，用将来完成时;by the end of last year, 在去年年底之前，用过去完成时。另外by还有在...旁边的意思，相当于beside.，例如：stand by a tree站在树的旁边。

before

before表示在...之前，可以直接加时间点，例如before seven o’clock 在七点之前，也可以加句子，引导时间状语从句，注意从句用过去时，主句用过去完成时，例如：He had finished his homework before he went swimming yesterday. 昨天去游泳之前，他先完成作业。before还用于完成时，表示之前，例如：I have never met him before.我之前从未见过他。

after

after表示在...之后, 可以直接加时间点, 例如：after seven o’clock 在七点之后，也可以加句子，引导时间状语从句，注意从句用过去完成时，主句用过去时，例如: He went swimming after he had finished his homework. 另外after+时间段，用于过去时;after+时间点，用于将来时。

until

until与否定词连用，表示直到...才，谓语动词用瞬间动词;until用在肯定句，表示直到...为止，谓语动词需要用延续性动词。例如：I didn’t leave until my father came back.

for/since

for/since这两个词常常用于现在完成时，其中for+时间段，since+时间点，句子中的谓语动词用延续性动词。例如：I have studied English for six years. / I have studied English since 2013.

中考原题重现

Tim is going to give his father a surprise____ Father’s Day.

A. in B.at C.on D.by

解析：此题考查介词的用法，在父亲节用介词on , on Father’s Day, 选C.

Doctors says that the first 10 minutes_____ a traffic accident is important for saving a life.

A. in B.before C.after D.during

解析：此题考查介词的用法，根据语境，意思是交通事故发生后的前十分钟是救命的重要时间，所以选择C.

②易混介词辨析

in/on/to

这三个词表示方位，用法区别如下：

如上图，in表示B区在A区的内部，

例如: Zhejiang Province is in the south-east of China.浙江位于中国的东南部。

on表示A区和B区接壤、毗邻，

例如：Russia is on the North of China. 俄罗斯与中国北部相连。

to表示A区和B区彼此独立，互不属于，

例如：China is to the west of South Korea. 中国在韩国的西边。

on/over/above

这三个词都表示上方，区别是on是贴面的，比如，the glass on the table(桌子上面的杯子);over和above都不贴面，其中over表示正上方,above表示在上方，但不一定是正上方。

in front of/ in the front of

这两个词组都表示在...前面，in front of是指物体外部的前方，例如：The teacher is in front of the blackboard. 老师在黑板前面。in the front of是指物体内部的前面，例如：The teacher is in the front of the classroom.老师在教室前面。

in/into on/onto

in和on都表示静态的，在...里面;into/onto则表示动态，例如：jump into the car(跳上车)，jump onto the tree(跳到树上)。

in the tree/ on the tree

这两个词组都是在树上的意思，其中in the tree是外部物体或者人长在树上，例如：a cat in the tree 树上的猫; 而on the tree是指树上长着的东西，例如：leaves on the tree，树上的叶子。

between/among

between是两者之间，例如：Lucy is sitting between her father and mother. Lucy坐在爸爸妈妈之间。among是指三者及以上的之间，例如：The teacher is among the students.老师在学生们中间。

across/through

两个词都表示穿过，其中across是指从表面穿过，例如：swim across the river 游过这条河; through是指从空间穿过，例如：pass through the tunnel，穿过隧道。

in/with/by

这三个词都可以表示使用，其中in后面跟声音或是语言，例如：in English 用英语;with跟工具，例如：write with a pen 用笔写;by后面跟方式或者交通工具，例如：by train 坐火车。

except/besides

两个词都表示除了，其中except指除此之外不包括，例如：Everyone is here except Lucy.除了Lucy以外，大家都来了。(说明只有Lucy没来) ;besides是指除此之外还包括，例如：Everyone is here besides Lucy。除了Lucy以外，其他人也来了。(说明Lucy和大家都来了)。

中考原题重现

A woman stood____ the window, watching the children playing games in the garden.

A. past B.through C.across D.by

解析：此题考查方位介词的用法，past表示路过经过，through表示从空间穿过，across表示从表面穿过，by表示在...旁边，根据题是一位女士站在窗户旁边，看孩子们正在花园里玩游戏。所以选D.

18个常用“be+形容词+for”结构

be anxious for 渴望

be bad for 对……有害，对……不利

be bound for 前往

be celebrated for 以……出名

be convenient for 对……方便，在……附近

be eager for渴望

be famous for 因……闻名

be fit for 合适，适合

be good for 对……有益(方便)

be grateful for 感谢

be hungry for 渴望得到

be late for 迟到

be necessary for 对……有必要

be ready for 为……准备好

be sorry for 因……抱歉

be suitable for 对……合适(适宜)

be thankful for 因……而感激

be well-known for 以……出名

6个常用“be+形容词+from”结构

be absent from 缺席，不在

be different from 与……不同

be far from 离……远，远远不

be free from 没有，免受

be safe from 没有……的危险

5.高考英语语法介词分类 篇五

例： on Octorber the first 1949 1949年10月1日

on February the thirteenth l893 1893年2月13日

on May the first 5月1日

on the first 1号

on the sixteenth 16号

on the second of January 或 on January the second 1月2日

on a summer evening 在夏天的一个夜晚

on Boxing Day 在节礼日(圣诞节次日)

on New Year‘s Day 在元旦

on my birthday 在我的生日

但 in the Christmas holidays在圣诞节假期; in the eighteenth century 在十八世纪; in ancient times 在古代; in earlier times 在早期; in modern times 在现代，则用in，the present time 现在，at the present day当今则用at.

on May Day 在“五?一”节

on winter day 在冬天

on Decenber 12th 1950 l950年12月12日

on Sunday 在星期天

on Monday 在星期一

on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨

on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午

on Friday evening 星期五晚上

但last night 昨夜;in the evening 在晚上; on time准时，in time及时，等则不同。

年月日，加早午晚，of之前on代in

例： on the morning of 18th 18日早晨

on the evening of 4th 4日晚上

On the eve of their departure they gave a farewell banquet and their head gave a garewell speech. 他们在临行前夕举行了一次告别宴会，他们的团长发表了告别讲话。

收音、农场，值日on

例：Did your supervisor like the story over (or on) the radio last night?

您的导师喜欢昨天从收音机里听到的故事吗?

I heard the news over (or on) the radio. 我从收音机里听到了这一条消息。

taIk over the radio 由无线电播音

on TV 从电视里……

hear something on the wireless 在无线电里听到

My brother works on an Army reclamation farm. 我哥哥在一个军垦农场工作。

The students are working on a school farm. 学生们正在校办农场劳动。

This is a farmer‘s house on a farm. 这是农场的农舍。

Who is on duty， tody? 今天谁值日?

We go on duty at 8 a.m. 我们上午8点钟上班。

关于、基础、靠、著论

例： This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation. 今天下午我们要听关于国际形势的报告。

Professor Shen will give us a talk on travelling in America. 申教授将给我们做关于美国之行的报告。

You are wrong on all these issues. 在这些问题上你的看法都错了。

The belief is based on practical experience. 这种信念是以实际经验为基础的。

Theory must be based on practice. 理论必须以实践为基础。

The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米。(靠)

The citizens live on their salaries. 城市人靠薪金生活。

You can‘t afford luxuries， on an income of 100 yuan a month. 靠月薪100元的收入，你是买不起奢侈品的。

Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food. 她用精饲料喂养她心爱的狗。

He is just a scrounger， who lives on other people. 他正是一个小偷，专靠损害别人过日子。

Keep the kettle on the boil (=boiling)。让水壶的水一直开着。

6.高考英语语法介词分类 篇六

1、介词的分类与语法功能

（1）介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等）构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、for等；合成介词，如within、inside、onto、througout等；短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。

常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如：

①It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather

forecast.

②He quarrelled with her yesterday.

③He succeeded in passing the final exam.

④I’m still thinking of how I can fulfil the task ahead of time.

⑤The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.

（2）介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如：

①This machine is in good condition.(表语)

②Where is the key to my bike?(定语)

③Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)

④She always thinks herself above others.（宾补）

2、介词搭配

（1）“动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。

①rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“夺去、除去”意

义的动词与of 连用)

②supply us with food / fill the glass with wine（“供给”意义的动词与with连用）

③make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat（“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用）

④介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系（=动词 + sb.’s + 部位，可换用）

strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用)

catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by连用)

hit the boy in the face（“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in连用）

⑤prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止”意义与from连用)

⑥persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.（“说服，建议”意义与into连用）

⑦buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意义与for连用)

⑧tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意义与to连用)

⑨give sth. to sb.（give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意义与to连用）

注意：⑦⑧⑨可换成buy sb.sth.双宾结构。

⑩say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。

同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。

for（寻找） to sth. of(听说) on(拜访)

look to (眺望) agree with sb. hear call for(需要)

at（看） on sth. from(收到信) in(请)

同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。

reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和……唱（跳），amount to 达到，加起来有……，devote to把……贡献给，drink to为……干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜……，ask … for … 寻找，use … for用作，leave for前往，take … for误以为，call of倡导，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补损失，turn to求助（救）于，help oneself to随意，agree to同意，compare … to把……比作，send for派人去请（拿）……，sail for驶向，航向，set out for动身去，go in for爱好……。

（2）常见“形容词 + 介词”搭配。

of担心…… about / at sth.

afraid angry

for 替……而担心 with sb.

for sth.渴望…… different from与……不同

amxious

about sth. / sb担心…… different to … 不关心……

of讨厌 with sb.

tired strict

from/ with因……疲倦 in sth.要求严格

at擅长 with sb.受……欢迎

good for对……有益 popular in some place流行在……

of sb. to do so友好 for … 因……而流行

with + 名词或what从句

pleased helpful to对……有帮助

at + 抽象名词（听 / 看到……而高兴）

to sb.为人所知

known for因……而出名 be familiar with熟悉

as作为……出名 be familiar to为……熟知（悉）

sorry for … 替……后悔 disappointed at sth.失望

from缺席

rich in富有…… absent

in离开此地去了……

worthy of值得的，glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事高兴，far from离……远，grateful for sth. to sb.为某事感激某人，free from没有……（免除……），proud of(take pride in)自豪，satisfied with (by)满意，sure of / about确信，fond of喜欢，fit for适合，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙着干某事，full of充满，ready for准备，similar to相似，wrong with不对；有毛病……

（3）“名词 + 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。

the absence of water缺水

the hope of success成功的希望

have a chance of (for) entering college上大学的机会

take pride in them为他们感到骄傲

the key to the question问题的答案

a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药

the ticket for tomorrow明天的票

in Beijing去了北京

his abesence

from Beijing不在北京

to study学习方法

the way

of studying maths学习教学的方法

3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析

（1）表示时间的介词in的用法如下。

表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，

如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May。

还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意：

①at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night（大夜间）。

②in five days（weeks, months, years）中in意思是“在……以后”。

③in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如：

during the discussion in discussing the problem

during her stay in Hubei in playing basketball

during the course of in digging the tunnel

（2）在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。

on Sunday(s).on Tuesday morning

on Christmas Day(但at Chrismas),on Christmas Eve, on

Children’s Day

on March 8, on the morning (afternoon, evening)of Oct.1

early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late / early morning of Oct.1)

on a rainy night, on warm winter days

(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。

at breakfast(supper, lunch),at six

at noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, dawn)

at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。

注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。如：

next day、last Sunday、that morning、these years

one、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some day

one day、yesterday / afternoon,the night before

（4）till、until、to的用法。

①till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如：

He waited for me till twelve o’clock.

He didn’t get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to).

但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如：

Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.

②to表“终结”时常用和from连用，但要注意不与from连用时的意

义。如：from July to September, from six to(till)eight（从……到……为止），但from morning till night（从早到晚），不能用to。from … to常构成习惯搭配，不可换用其他介词。（A）表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。from time to time(不时，有时)，from day to day (天天),from hand to hand(不断传下去)，from place to place（处处，到处），from side to side(左右摇摆)，from door to door（家家户户），from house to house（挨家挨户），from shop to shop（一个商店接一个商店）。(B)表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化。from beginning to end(从头到尾，自始至终)（from the beginning to the end of…）;from hand to mouth(仅能糊口)，from bad to worse(越来越糟)，from head to foot(从头到脚),

from top to bottom（整个地，彻底地），from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish（自始至终，从头到尾）。（C）from one + 名词 + to another表示“依次”。如from one car to another（顺着车厢依次地）。（D）名词 + by + 同一单数名词，表示“一个一个地”，要与from … to短语区别开：one by one 一个一个地；little by little(bit)一点一点地；step by step 一步一步地，逐渐地（但by and by 不久以后）；sentence by sentence逐句地；day by day一天一天地；side by side(with…)(和……)并肩，一起；shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地，齐心协力；hand in hand 手拉手，紧紧地;face to face面对面。

（5）in、after、later

①in + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在……之内”时，用于各种时态。

②一段时间 + later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。

③after + 一段时间表示：“在……之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用after,即after + 点时间，用于各种时态。

The doctor will be with us in six minutes.

She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.

He received her letter after four weeks.

另外，in + 一段时间 + ’s + time 与 within + 一段时间的用法如下：

in a week’s time = in a week

They will arrive in three days’ time.(与将来时连用)

My brother’s birthday is in two weeks’ time.（作表语）

I’ll finish the book within two weeks.(within = in less than…用于各种时态，不超出，在……之内)

（6）地点介词at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。

①at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，on在……的平面上。如at the

door、at the airport、at the station、at 55 Park Street、in China、in the north、in Asia、on the desk、on the wall等。

②on、at、in还可以表示两地相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接用on；无边缘的衔接有to。如：

Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)

Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.（范围之外）

Hunan province lies on the west of Hubei province.(毗邻)

The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)

③地点介词的引申、比喻意义：in the sun在阳光下，in the dark(ness)在黑暗中，in the dark不知道，in freezing weather在严寒天气中，in the mud在泥中，in the earth在地下,in the desert在沙漠中,in a heavy rain 在大雨中，in the snow / wind在雪/风中,in public 当众，in trouble 在困境中，get into trouble陷入困境，out of trouble摆脱困难，beyond hope绝望。

④across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。如：

They walked across the playground.

I walked through the forest.

⑤over / under / above / below。

over、above译作“在……之上”；under、below译作“在……的下面”，其区别在于over、under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above、below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如：

A little boat is now under the bridge.

There is a bridge over the river.

The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线)

The window is well above the tree.

⑥表示地点介词的静态性和动态性

He walked to the station（静态，表示方向和目的地）

He walked towards the station.(动态，只表示方向)

He is kind to (towards)us.（两者通用）

He is at the station.(静态，表示地点)

They arrived at the station.(动态，表示地点)

He swam away from the ship.(动态“离开”)

He stood away from the shop.(静态“远离”)

He fell onto the floor.(动态“到地面”)

The city is on the Changjiang River.(静态“平面”)

Go off the road.偏离了道路（动态“离去”）

Come along the river.沿着河过来（线）

across the fields 跨过田野……，over the desert跨越沙漠

across the river横跨这条河……，over the hill翻过这座山

be in the house(静态，在这里……)stay out of the car(静态，在……外)

go into the house(动态，进入)fly out of the country(动态，离开)

（7）表示方式、手段、工具的介词

①by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如He rent a house by the year(day,hour).(按by+the+单位名称)但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计。

②表泛指的方式、手段

by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescop

③交通工具类

by bus/train/car/taxi(road)

by bike/bicycle,on horse back/on foot

by plane/jet/spaceship,by air

by ship/boat/lifeboat,by sea/by water

另外：by means of 用……方法，by way of 经由，取道于，用……方法，with the help (permission)of sb./with sb.’s help (permis-

sion)。

④表方式、手段的其他用法

He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具机器)

One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官，但by hand“手工，用手”)

He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)

注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如：in high (good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise,in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)

（8）表示“除……之外”的几组常用介绍比较。

①besides 除……以外，（还有）。作副词时意思是“而且，更何况”。

Well all went to the cinema besides Shaw.除了肖外，我们都去了电影院。

It was too late to see a film, and besides, I was tired.

②except除去，除……之外（不再有）。

We all went except John.我们都去了，约翰没有。

在否定句中，两词可以换用，如：

He has no other hats except / besides this one.

③except for除了……（对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明）后接名词、代词或what从句，此时与except that + 句子意思相同。

He was very clever except for carelessness.

④except that … 除了……一点以外。

He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.

⑤but与except

but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：

①前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。

All but one are here.

Nobody but I likes making model ships.

②后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。

He has nothing to do but wait.（前有do,后省to）

③but与一些固定结构连用。

have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……，but for … 如不是……

（9）between与among.

between通常指两者之间。也可以用于三者以上的两者之间。如：

Ann is between Tom and Bill.

Switzer land lies between France, Germany, Australia and Italy.

They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)

She was busy between cooking, washing, sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)

A horse can be seen between trees now.

among表示三者以上之间。如：

The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.

He was happy to be among friends again.

We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)我们必须达成共识。

London is among the largest cities.( = one of与最高级连用)

（10）表原因的介词for、because of、due to。

He didn’t come to the meeting because of his illness.

The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.

He was praised for his bravery and courage.

The accident is due to your careless driving.

(11)不定式复合结构中的for、of。

这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。

①It is clever of you to answer it like that.

②It is quite hard for me to explain why.

注意：两句中的of和for的使用，表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of,如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等则用for。

（12）兼作连词和副词的介词。

①after、since、till / still、before这些词既是介词，又是连词。

The children went home at once after school.

They went to bed after they had finished the job.

②in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介词可兼作副词。

He ran down the hill.（介词）

Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me ?(副词)

③有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。

All the students got to school before me.(before为介词)

We do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)

Haven’t I seen you before?(before为副词)

（13）介词的省略。

①表示时间的介词on、at 、in的省略。在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、one、any、every、all等词之前，可以省略，也可以不省略。如（at）last weekend、（on）that day等。

②介词for表示时间的省略要求。（A）以all开头的名词短语，for要省略。如：I stayed with her all he morning.（B）表示一段时间的短语之前，for可以省略，也可以不省略。如：I have been waiting hereI (for) more than three hours.（C）否定句中，表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如：I haven’t seen you for thirty years.(D)时间状语在主句之前，for不能省略。如：For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.

③某些动词短语之后的介词可以省略。

Nothing can prevent me(from)doing the job.

She spent nearly two hours(in)translating it.

（14）某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。

①要求接to的名词有：key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。

②要求接in 的名词有：interest、satisfaction、expert等。

He is expert in teaching small children.

(15)几个常用的并列连词。

①both … and, either … or, neither … nor

both … and“双方都”，连接句子的两个主语时，其后谓语动词通常用使用复数形式。either … or与neither … nor注意采取“就近原则”。

②not only … but also, as well as

注意：两者强调对象不同，not only … but also强调的是but also之后部分，而as well as则强调其前面的部分。not only … but also采取“就近原则”，而as well as只是一个插入语，采取“就远原则”。如：

Mr.Smith, as well as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.

not only … but also结构中的not only可用于句首，连接两个分句时，第一个从句主谓要倒装。

Not only is he clever ,but also he is hard working.

（16）几个常用的从属连词。

①when、while、as都表示“当……时候”，when引导的从句的动作与主句的动词可同时发生，也可先后发生；as、while引导的从句则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。如：

When I go to the station, the train had already left.

He sang merrily as he was working.

②till、until均表示“到……时候止”，肯定句中的谓语必须是延续性动作。如：I worked till late at night.若主句谓语是终止性动词，则主句要用否定形式，意为动作“到……才……”开始发生。如：

She didn’t get up until her mother came in.

注意：till和until通常情况下可以互换，只是在句首时until比till更常用。

③though、although均引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然……”，although较正式，though最常用。如：

Thouth (Although)he was tired,he kept on working.

注意：though、although引导的从句不能与but、however连用，但可以与yet、still连用。though还可以与别的词结合使用，如even though、

as though,而although则不能这样搭配。

④no sooner … than、hardly … when、as soon as三者都表示“一……就”，“刚刚……就”的意思。（A）as soon as 置于主句前后都可以，而且有备各种时态。如：As soon as she gets here I’ll tell her about

it. Mary left as soon as the finished the work.(B)hardly … when、no sooner … than不能表示将来的事，其主句的谓语动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时。若将hardly或no sooner放在句首，句子要倒装。如：No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

⑤某些表示时间的名词（词组）也可用作从属连词。它们是：the moment, the minute,the instant, the day, the time, the first(second, third …)time, the spring (summer, autumn,winter),every(each,next,

any) time(day),by the time,都可引导时间状语从句。如：

His mother died the spring he returned.

Call me up the minute he arrives.

二、精典名题导解

选择填空

1. The home improvements have taken what little there is _________my spare time.(NMET 2001)

A.from B.in C.of D.at

解析：答案为C。本题考查句子结构中介词of的有法。what引导的从句作谓语have taken的宾语，而从句中的基本句型为“there is little of …”,表示“……有很少”，what 修饰little提到了从句句首。注意正确把握句子结构和介词用法，要明白of my spare time和in my spare time的区别。

2. ____________ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.(NMET 2000)

A.As B.For C.With D.Through

解析：答案为C。本题考查with的复合结构作状语的用法。“with + 名词 + 不定式/分词/名词/形容词/介词短语等”可在句中作伴随、时间、原因、条件等状语。本题中with的复合结构作伴随状语。

3. The changes in the city will cost quite a lot, ___________they will save us money in the long run.（2000春季高考题）

A.or B.since C.for D.but

解析：答案为D。本题考查并列连词or、for、but和从属连词的意义和用法。并列连词or通常表示选择关系；for表示因果关系；but表示转折关系；从属连词since表示原因。通过比较前后两个分句意思可知，它们是转折关系。

4. After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand ________.

A.on B.up C.above D.by

解析：答案为A。不定式“to stand + 介词”作定语修饰a tall box,其中被修饰词在逻辑意义上是不及物动词，只有加上吊尾介词，句子意思才完整。吊尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少，吊尾介词使用的场合有：

（1）定语从句中，先行词被一个不及物动词所修饰，不及物动词后要接介词，先行词被“动词 + 介词”组成的短语动词所修饰，介词常在句尾。

He is the man I just spoke to.

(2)what、whose、who、whatever等引导的宾语从句，宾语从句出现吊尾介词。

I can’t imagine what it is like.

(3) 强调句型，特殊疑问句中由于被强调部分和疑问词位置变更，常出现吊尾介词。

It was the poor boy that we gave the books to.

What for? Where to? Who with?

(4)不及物动词的不定式修饰表“涉及对象、场合、工具、方式、材料”等意义的名词时常带吊尾介词。

a room to live in, a bench to sit on

There is nothing to worry about.

She is a good girl to work with.

(5)某些形容词后接不定式或“动词 + 介词”型短语，动词的不定式形式表“反射”，常用吊尾介词。

①fit、easy、hard、comfortable、difficult、heavy等形容词后。

②The river is good to swim in.

The box is too heavy to carry.

③be worth doing sth.,be worthy of being done / to be done, want/

require / need doing

介词与连词

1．We offered him our congratulations his passing the college entrance exams．

A．at B．0n C．for D．of

2．Let’s walk over--the sun．

A．in B．to C．under D．by

3．We’re all going to the games．Why don’t you come ?

A．up B．across C．along D．to

4．If you are worried about the problem，you should do something it．

A．about B．for C．against D．with

5．I wanted two seats Madame Curie for Friday night，so I rang the cinema to see if I could book two tickets．

A．of B．about C．to D．for

6．He thought the jar made of earth little value and 1et me have it only one dollar．

A．with；for B．of；for C．of；by D．with；by

7．We can’t feel that we are going forward as everythjng us is moving the same speed．

A．around；at B．around；with C．before；at D．with；in

8．The two rings are so alike that it is difficult to tell one the other．

A．very；to B．much；to C．much；from D．very；from

9．It’s so nice to go out for a walk a cool nice summer evening．

A．in B．on C．for D．a

10．He decided to the matter himself．

A．look through B.look into C．look after D．look up

11．I ran an old friend of mine yesterday，whom I hadn’t seen for ages．

A．across B．cross C．after D．for

12．The scientist is well known us his great achievement．

A．to；for B．by；for C．by；as D．to；in

13．This article is quite me．There are too many new words

A．above B．against C．upon D．beyond

14．Does John know any other foreign languages French？

A．except B．but C．besides D．beside

15．She thought I was talking about her daughter， ，in fact，I was talking about my daughter．

A．whom B．where C．which D．while

16．They were surprised that a child should work out the problem they themselves couldn’t．

A．once B．then C．while D．if

17．My name is Robert， most of my friends call me Bob for short．

A．then B．instead C．however D．but

18．-I don’t like reading watching TV．What about you?

-I don’t like reading all day， I 1ike watching TV plays．

A．and；but B．and；and C．or；and D．or；but

19．It was raining hard， ，the peasants went on with their work．

A．but B．and C．however D．although

20．-What do you want those old boxes?

-To put things in when I move to the new flat．

A．by B．for C．of D．with

介词与连词