合同范本英文

合同范本英文（8篇）

1.合同范本英文 篇一

补偿贸易英文合同范本

COMPENSATION TRADE CONTRACT

Contract No.： __________

Date of Signing： _________

Place of Signing： _______

The two Parties：

Party A： ____________解决企业和个人难题http://hi.baidu.com/new/zhubajiewa____________________

Address： ________________________________

Tel：_________________Fax： _______________

E-mail： _________________________________

Party B： ________________________________

Address： _______________________________

Tel：_________________Fax： ________________

E-mail：_________________________________

WITNESSETH

Whereas Party B has machines and equipment, which are now used in Party B's manufacturing of _______, and is willing to sell to Party A the machines and equipment； and

Whereas Party B agrees to buy the products, _______, made by Party A using the machines and equipment Party B supplies, in compensation for the price of the machines and equipment, and

Whereas Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the machines and equipment, and

Whereas Party A agrees to sell to Party B the products, _______, in compensation of the price of Party B's machines and equipment； Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree a follows：

ARTICLE 1 TRANSACTIONS

A）Party B agrees to provide Party A with _________ machines to be used in production, their auxiliary machinery, accessories and spare parts and a variety of measuring and testing instruments required in the process of production.The details of the models, names, specifications,quantity, prices, packing, delivery , etc.thereof shall be specified in an additional equipment-import agreement to be concluded by and between both parties which shall serve as an component part hereof.B）The total value of the machines, auxiliary equipment, etc.supplied by part B shall be paid off by Party A with part of the manufactures made therewith and/or other goods, or with（designate name）products made in（Name of the plant）if both parties agree.The specific name（s）, quantity, price, delivery, etc.of the goods granted as the make-up payment shall be decided in an additional compensation goods-supply agreement made by the parties which shall serve as a component part hereof.The equipment-import agreement and compensation-goods-supply agreement aforesaid may be merged as one called sales agreement on compensation trade（See appendix）.ARTICLE 2 PAYMENT

Both parties agree to open letters of credit in favor of each other, i.e.Party A will open, at regular intervals, long term letters of credit in favor of Party B to pay by installments the total cost of the machines and auxiliary equipment provided by Party B； whereas Party B will open sight letters of credit in favor of Party A to pay the products to be delivered by Party A.Party A shall pay for the total cost of the machines and auxiliary equipment with the money remitted by Party B as reimbursement for the products to be delivered by Party A.In case the sum to be paid by Party B fails to cover the value of the long-term letters of credit opened by Party A, the difference shall be made up by Party B by paying that much

to Party A in advance, before the long-term letters of credit are due, to enable Party A to reimburse on time the long-term letters of credit it opens.The payment of the long-term letters of credit opened by Party A is based on Party B's opening a sight letter of credit under the provisions and on its paying the advance required herein.Thus, Party B warrants, guarantees and covenants that it will open the letters of credit and pay the advance as provided herein.ARTICLE 3 REIMBURSEMENT

Party A shall reimburse Party B for all the machines and auxiliary equipment supplied by Party B by delivering goods to Party B on a monthly basis and the reimbursement will last for___ year（s）and ____months（s）.The reimbursement shall start approximately ____month（s）after the first delivery of the machines and, in principle, the money to be reimbursed per month shall be ______percent of the total amount due for the machines.With a ______month（s）notice to Party B, Party A may reimburse Party B in advance.Within the reimbursement period, Party B shall, under the provisions of the additional sales agreement aforesaid, open, sight, irrevocable, divisible and assignable letters of credit, covering the full amount, in favor of Party A.ARTICLE 4 STANDARD MONEY AND PRICE STANDARD

The standard money for this transaction is（Name of currency）.All the machinery, auxiliary equipment and measuring and testing instruments , etc.provided by Party B shall be valued with（Name of currency）, while the goods provided by Party A to Party B as reimbursement shall be valued with the basis price（Name of currency）of the same goods exported by Party A at the time when this agreement is entered into, and the total price（Name of currency）shall be changed into that of（Name of currency）in accordance with the exchange rate then.ARTICLE 5 INTREREST

Party A shall pay the interest on its long-term letters of credit and the interest on the cash in advance rendered by Party B.The annual interest rate is agreed upon at_____%.ARTICLE 6 TECHNICAL SERVICE

The machinery, after arrival at its destination, shall be installed by Party A, Party B shall dispatch its technicians to render spot instructions and other necessary technical assistance during the installation of the main machines, as may be requested by Party A in case of necessity, Party B shall be liable for the losses resulted in such a course of installation from technical default on its part.ARTICLE 7 ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT

During the enforcement of this agreement, if it is found necessary that, in addition to the machinery and equipment listed herein, some new accessories or measuring and testing instruments are needed for completion of the project,（an）additional order（s）may be made through negotiation by the parties.The new items thus added shall be incorporated in agreement.ARTICLE 8 INSURANCE

The machinery and auxiliary equipment, after shipment, shall be insured by Party B.The title thereof shall be transferred into Party B after full payment therefore is made by Party B, thereafter, the unforeseeable losses concerning the machinery and auxiliary equipment shall be indemnified for first by the Insurance Company to Party B, then Party B shall remit for Party A,in proportion, the sum already paid by Party

A for the machinery or equipment involved in the contingency.ARTICLE 9 LIABILITY FOR BREACH OF AGREEMENT

Party B shall , if it fails to comply with this agreement to make purchase of the goods delivered by Party A as reimbursement, or Party A shall, if it fails to comply with this agreement to deliver the goods it

is due to provide, be deemed liable for a breach of agreement and shall compensate the non-breaching Party for the loss caused thereupon and shall pay the non-breaching Party a fine accounting for % of the total value of the goods in question.ARTICLE 10 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE

To guarantee the implementation of this agreement, each party shall submit to the other party a letter of guarantee issued by its bank respectively.The guaranteeing bank of Party A is ______ Bank, ______, while the guaranteeing bank of Party B is ______Bank, ______.ARTICLE 11 AMENDMNET

The modification of this agreement in particular cases shall be agreed upon by both parties through negotiations.ARTICLE 12 Force Majeure

In case that one or both parties are impossible to perform the duties provided herein on account of force majeure, the party（or parties）in contingency shall inform the other party（or each other）of the case immediately and may, provided the case is duly verified by the competent authorities, delay in performance of or not perform the relevant duties hereunder the be partially or entirely exempted from the liability for breach of this agreement.ARTICLE 13 ARBITRATION

Any dispute arising from or in connection with this Contract shall be submitted to China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission,Shenzhen Commission for arbitration which shall be conducted in accordance with the Commission's arbitration rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration.The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties and the applicable law is the material law of P.R.C.Notwithstanding any reference to arbitration, both Parties shall continue to perform their respective obligations under the Contract unless

otherwise agreed.ARTICLE LANGUAGE AND EFFECTIVE DATE

There are two originals hereof made respectively in Chinese and ______, both of which are of the same effect.This agreement shall come into effect on the date when both parties set their hands hereunto and remain effective for_____ years.Upon its expiration, the parties may, if they choose, extend the term hereof for _____years or execute a new cooperation agreement, provided they apply to and approved by the Authority agencies concerned.Party AParty B

Representative of___ Representative of____

（Authorized Signature）___（Authorized Signature）

2.合同范本英文 篇二

写作合同之前的准备工作十分重要, 要确定合同的写作提纲, 重要的问题要考虑周全, 避免遗漏。可以要求客户列出合同交易的要点, 也可以说是合同的清单、目录或概述, 还可以在办公室的电脑中或是在网上搜索类似的合同范本。可以在电脑中搜寻类似的合同范本, 要么是你给其他客户准备的, 要么是你和其他律师共同协商起草的, 使用这些旧合同可以节省时间和避免打印错误。

一、起草合同时应注意的问题

在确定了合同的写作提纲之后, 就可以开始正式的写作了。在起草时, 要注意一些细节问题, 这些内容可能会影响到合同的法律效力。标题上注明“Contract” (合同) 字样, 如果你的客户需要合同, 就要注明是合同, 如果想让你的文件成为具有法律效力的合同, 就要在标题中注明“合同”字样。一般来说起草合同要尽量写短句子, 因为短句子比长句子更容易理解, 不容易产生误会, 意思也更清楚、明了。

在合同的写作中, 要多用主动语态, 少用被动语态。相对而言, 主动语态的句子更简短, 措词更精练, 表达更明白。让我们来看一个例子, “Sellers shall sell the Property to Buyer” (卖方将把此物卖给买方) 和“The Property shall be sold to Buyer by Seller.” (此物将被卖方卖给买方。) 显然, 前者要比后者更简洁、明了。

二、注意合同的措辞, 要准确、清晰, 避免歧义

合同中的用词要严谨, 意思应该清楚, 不要用“Lessor”and“Lessee.” (“出租人”和“承租人”) , 这对一个租赁合同来说是不好的别称, 因为他们容易被颠倒或者出现打印错误。可以用“Landlord”and“Tenant” (“房东”和“租户”) 来代替他们。要把握的一条原则是, 在整个合同中, 对合同一方只能用一个别称。

使用术语“herein” (本文, 也可译为“在这里”) 时要注意, 为了避免含糊不清, 使用“本文”时最好特别申明一下“本文”是指整个合同, 还是指其所在的某一段落。

如果你想用“including” (包括) 这个词, 就要考虑在其后加上“but not limited to…” (“但不限于……”) 的分句, 除非你能够列出所有被包括的项, 否则最好用“但不限于……”的分句, 来说明你只是想举个例子。

三、掌握一些英文合同常用语句

合同中有些语句是模式化的, 在大多数的合同中都会出现, 在平时的学习和工作中, 可以积累一些这样的语句, 也可以直接从现成的合同文本中引用, 比如:

The contract is made out in English and Chinese languages in quadruplicate, all texts being equally authentic, and each Party shall hold two copies of each text.

(本合同用英文和中文两种文字写成, 一式四份。双方执英文本和中文本各一式两份, 两种文字具有同等效力。)

The contract shall be valid for 10 years from the effective date of the contract.On the expiry of the validity term of contract, the contract shall automatically become null and void.

(本合同有效期从合同生效之日算起共10年, 有效期满后, 本合同自动失效。)

The outstanding claims and liabilities existing between both parties on the expiry of the validity of the contract shall not be influenced by the expiration of this contract.The debtor shall be kept liable until the debtor fully pays up his debts to the creditor.

(本合同期限届满时, 双方发生的未了债权和债务不受合同期满的影响, 债务人应向债权人继续偿付未了债务。)

参考文献

[1]黄始谋:《漫谈商务英语合同的翻译和理解》, 《商场现代化》, 2007, (13) 。

[2]黄始谋:《漫谈商务英语合同中的介词和介词短语使用特点》, 《商场现代化》, 2007, (08) 。

[3]张慧清:《商务英语合同中的名词化结构及其语篇功能》, 《长沙大学学报》, 2007, (04) 。

[4]莫再树:《商务合同英语的词汇特征》, 《山东外语教学》, 2003, (06) 。

[5]王友琴:《商贸英语合同写作特点与翻译探析》, 《牡丹江大学学报》, 2007, (10) 。

3.合同范本英文 篇三

【关键词】商务英文合同概括性法律语言翻译

1．概括性法律语言的语言特点

1.1 词汇特点

（1）专业术语的使用

如，“Execution”作为一个常用词时是“执行”，然而在法律语言中意义是“签订”。“presents” 作为一个常用词是“礼物”，然而在法律语言中意思是“本文件”。

（2）古体词的使用

在商务英文合同中, 以下词用的很多，如，“herein”, “hereafter”, “hereto”, “hereunder” “therein”, “thereunder”, “whereby”, “wherein” 等等。

（3）外来语的出现

如，“bar” 意为“法庭，审判台”（法语）, “coemptio”意为“买卖婚姻”（拉丁语）。

（4）同义词的大量使用

如，“loss, injury or damage” 指“伤亡”。 “terms or condition”, 为 “条件”。 “stipulations and provisions” 意为“条款”。

（5）shall的使用

Party B shall warrant the promised condition of the work within one year after the date of receiving the work by Party A.（张福林，1998：297-298）

1. 2句式特点

（1）长句的使用

The seller shall not be responsible for delay in shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which has occurred during the manufacturing process or in the course of loading or in transit.

（2）條件句的使用

Subject to the conditions hereinafter set forth, ABC company will indemnify and protect the Purchaser against any losses or damage.

（3）平行句的使用

An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following reasons:

a) if it is dissolved by law.

b) if it is disbanded.

c) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or

d) for other reasons.

（4）被动句的使用

If his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.

（5）命令句式

The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.

（6）名词化句式

Smuggling of goods whose import or export are subject to prohibition or restrictions, which constitute criminal offences shall be subject to…

2．概括性法律语言在商务英文合同中的翻译

2.1词法层面的翻译

2.1.1 古体词

在商务英文合同中经常使用古体词来增加合同的规范性与正式性，所以在翻译的过程中，对于主要的古体词应该着重强调。（孙致礼，2003：70-73）

（1）“Here-prep” type 基本的意思是：“本……”，“此……”。如，hereafter翻译成“以下”“此后”“下文中”等等。

2.2.2 同义词

在商务英文合同中，有一些同义词词义相似互补，但仍然存在细微的差别。译者应该尽可能的找到中文里相应的对等词。如，deterioration, defect or loss，损蚀、缺陷或损失。

2.2.3 shall

Shall一词通常情况下翻译成应该和必须，但是在表示权利的时候，可以省略。

The seller shall not be held liable for the delay in shipment. 卖方概不负责。

2.2 句法层面的翻译

2.2.1条件句的翻译

通常 “should + S + V” 结构的句子，表示可能性很小，通常翻译成 “若”，“如果”。如，Should the quality and specifications of the goods be found not on conformity with the contract, the buyer is entitled to put up claim against the seller. 如果发现货物的数量和合同规定不符，买方有权向卖方提出索赔。

2.2.2长句的翻译

长句的原因大致有三种：多重修饰、平行结构与复杂句子结构。关键是先找主干。根据刘宓庆对长句的分析，最基本的一些策略，包括植入埋藏策略、剪辑策略、倒置策略等等。

如，植入埋藏策略

The seller shall not be responsible for delay in shipment or non-delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which has occurred during the manufacturing process or in the course of loading or in transit. 因在生产、装运或运输过程中发生的不可抗力事件，卖方对迟交或未交货不负责任。

2.2.3状语从句的翻译

Where 句子的翻译中，where经常被翻译为“如果”。（杜金榜，2004：245）如，Where no settlement can be reached, the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration. 如果得不到解决，应将争议提交仲裁。

参考文献

[1]杜金榜，法律语言学[M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2004。

[2]张福林，实用法律英汉翻译[M]，武汉：武汉测绘科技大学出版社.，1998.10

4.中英文抵押合同和贷款合同 篇四

Mortgage Contract

No. J.K.D.—032

hereinafter referred to as the main contract) signed by (borrower) and Party A Party B is willing to use the property owned or disposable according to laws as mortgage; Through verification, Party A agrees to accept the property mortgage of Party B;

According to relevant laws and regulations, based on mutual negotiations, Party

A and Party B make agreement in the following articles:

Article 1 Collateral of Party B

Party B uses the property in the List of Collateral (appendix) for mortgage. Party

B guarantees its ownership or right of disposal according to laws.

Article 2 Method of Mortgage Guarantee

1. When the debt stipulated in the main contract is due, the guarantee responsibility of the loan provided by Party A to Party B yet not repaid by Party B is ascertained according to the scope of mortgage guarantee in Article 3 of this contract; before the debt stipulated in the main contract is due, if Party A conducts recourse on the borrower in advance according to the main contract, Party B shall also take the guarantee responsibility with the collateral.

2. If Party A and Party B (or borrower) make written agreement of extending duration on the debt duration, interest rate, amount and etc. stipulated in the main contract, or Party A makes an adjustment in the interest rate according to the main contract during the debt duration stipulated in the main contract, it is not necessary to

get consent from Party B or to inform Party B and Party B agrees to all, then the mortgage guarantee responsibility undertaken by Party B shall not be affected.

Article 3 Scope of Mortgage Guarantee

The scope of mortgage guarantee includes the entire principal stipulated in the main contract, interest, overdue interest, penalty interest, compound interest, default fine, compensation for loss, all charges to enforce the mortgage right and realize the creditor’s rights (including but not limited to legal costs, arbitration fees, costs of preservation, announcement fees, assessment fees, appraisal charges, auction costs, travel expenses, communication expenses, counsel fees and etc.) and all other payable expenses of the debtor in the main contract.

Article 4 Custody of Ownership Certificate and Registration

of the Collateral

Party B shall deliver ownership certificate of the collateral to Party A on the date of contract signing, and both parties agree that within days after the contract is signed, Party B shall unconditionally assist Party B with relevant mortgage registration procedures. Ownership certificate of the collateral shall be in the custody of Party A during mortgage period.

Article 5 When there are other mortgage guarantee, pledge guarantee or guarantees in the creditor’s rights of Party A, if Party A gives up or removes other mortgage guarantee and pledge guarantee or dismisses guarantee responsibility of guarantees, Party B shall still take mortgage guarantee responsibility regarding Party

A according to articles stipulated in this mortgage contract.

If Party A suspends granting the loan that has not been granted or collects granted loan in advance based on the articles in the main contract, the guarantee responsibility undertaken by Party B according to this contract shall not be affected.

Article 6 Cost Bearing

Relevant costs stipulated in this contract such as assessment fees, insurance premium, appraisal charges, registration fees, custody charges and etc.

Article 7 Custody of the Collateral

1. During the mortgage period, the collateral shall be in custody of Party B or the entrusted agent of Party B; Party B and the entrusted agent of Party B shall maintain proper custody of the collateral and have the obligation of repair, maintenance and keeping it intact and shall accept the inspection of Party A at any time.

The mortgage period refers to the period from the day this contract comes into effect to the expiration day of statute of limitations of creditor’s rights stipulated in the Loan Contract.

2. During the mortgage period, Party B shall not take any actions that will reduce the value of the collateral; if such actions occur, Party A has the right to demand Party B to stop and recover the value of the collateral, or to provide new collateral accepted by Party A within 2 days after Party A informs Party B. Costs resulted from the recovery of the collateral of providing new collateral shall be undertaken by Party B.

3. Party B shall purchase property insurance for the collateral during the mortgage period, and the first beneficiary of the property insurance shall be Party A. Insurance documents shall be in custody of Party A. During the mortgage period, if losses within the insurance scope of the collateral occur or the value of the collateral is reduced because of the actions of the third party, insurance compensation or compensation for losses shall be used to liquidate the debt stipulated in the main contract in advance or shall be deposited by Party B in the account appointed by Party A, and Party B shall not use during the mortgage period.

Article 8 During the mortgage period, if the collateral causes environmental pollution or other damages, Party A alone shall take the responsibility.

Article 9 During the mortgage period, without written consent from Party A, Party B shall not give away, remove, rent, transfer, remortgage or dispose in other ways the collateral stipulated in this contract.

Article 10 During the mortgage period, with written consent from Party A, payment received from the transfer of the collateral by Party B shall be used to liquidate the mortgaged creditor’s rights of Party A in advance.

Article 11 In the expiration of the time limit of the main contract, if the borrower cannot liquidate the debt, Party B has the right to discount the collateral or take priority in compensation with the payment from the auction or selling off of the collateral.

Article 12 Party A has the right to realize the mortgage right through disposal of the collateral in advance, suspend the grant of loan stipulated in the main contract or collect the principal and interest of the granted loan stipulated in the main contract in advance when one of the following circumstances occur:

1. There are defaults of the articles or agreement stipulated in the main contract made by the borrower;

2. There are violations of in the agreed responsibility stipulated in Article 4, Article 7, Article 8, Article 9 and Article 10 of this contract or other actions of default; or Party B fails to fulfill resposibilities stipulated in this contract.

3. When Party B is a legal person or other organizations, situations that will affect its ability to liquidate debts or lack of good faith in debt liquidation occur such as suspension of business, suspension or annulment of business license, application or

being applied for bankruptcy, dissolution and etc.

4. When Party B is a natural person, death without heirs or devisees occurs;

5. When Party B is a natural person, heirs or devisees of Party B give up the inheritance or bequest and refuse to fulfill the obligation of repaying loan principal and interest;

6. Other events that will endanger the realization of creditor’s rights of Party A stipulated in the main contract.

Article 13 Responsibility for Breach of Contract

1. If Party B violates Article 7 of the contract through reduction in the value of the collateral resulting from the carelessness in the repair and management of the collateral, or actions of Party B directly endanger the collateral and result in the reduction in the value of the collateral, Party A has the right to demand Part B to immediately stop the violating actions towards the mortgage right of Party A, to demand Party B to provide other collateral accepted by Party A, and to dispose the collateral in advance.

2. If Party B violates Article 9 of the contract and arbitrarily disposes the collateral, the action is not valid; Party A has the right to demand Part B to immediately stop the violating actions towards the mortgage right of Party A, to demand Party B to provide other collateral accepted by Party A;

3. If Party B conceals the fact that the collateral is involved in co-ownership, disputes, seal-up, impoundment, rent, existing mortgage, legal priority right with lower mortgage right (including but not limited to priority right of construction project payment) or no ownership or disposal right of Party B and etc., Party A has the right to demand Party B to provide other collateral/ pledge property accepted by Party A;

4. When any of the above circumstances violating the contract occurs, if Party B fails to provide other collateral according to the requirements of Party A, Party B shall pay Party B a default fine amounting to of the loan principal stipulated in the main contract. If economic losses are caused to Party A, Party B shall compensate Party A for all the economic losses.

Article 14 Payment from Exercise of the Mortgage Right by Party A Shall be Assigned in Priority of the Following Order:

1. Payment of charges related to the exercise of the mortgage right;

2. Liquidation of interest payable by the borrower to Party A;

3. Liquidation of loan principal, default fine (including penalty interest), compensation and etc. payable by the borrower to Party A;;

4. Payment of other cost.

Article 15 Delivery

Except for other agreement, both parties designate the communication method and contact address stipulated in the contract as the basis, and any written notification delivered to the address shall be considered effective arrival. Party B shall promise that if there is any change in the communication method and contact address, Party A fails to notify the other party about the change in the communication method or contact address according to the agreement resulting in this party not receiving the notification from the other party, this party shall undertake corresponding consequences by itself.

The signing of personnel authorized by Party B or arranged by Party A for come-and-go files, legal papers or relevant notifications shall be regarded as the arrival to Party B, except that Party B explicitly notifies Party A in the written form that the personnel is not entitled to sign the come-and-go files, legal papers or relevant notifications.

Article 16 Terms of Compulsory Execution

1. Party A and Party B both confirm that according to relevant laws and regulations, they have specific understanding of the definition, content, procedure and effect of notarization that gives compulsory execution effect, and through conscious consideration, all parties agree to apply to the notarization authority for notarization and give this contract effect of compulsory execution.

2. Party B promises to accept compulsory execution according to laws when failing to fulfill or completely fulfill obligation of repayment stipulated in the contract; Party B gives up the right of pleadings.

3. When Party B fails to fulfill relevant obligations stipulated in the contract, Party A has the right to conduct collection and interpellation to Party B through mail delivery, telephone notification, announcement delivery and etc. Party B shall fulfill relevant obligations stipulated in the contract within three days after the collection and interpellation of Party A. If Party B still fails to fulfill relevant obligations stipulated in the contract, Party A has the right to apply to notarization authority for execution certificate.

5.英文合同翻译 篇五

例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文:

业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。

例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.参考译文：

特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。

例3：

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party

A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.参考译文：本合同双方，公司（以下称甲方）与 公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于 年 月 日在中国（地点），特签订本合同。

例4：

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).参考译文：本协议特由中国 公司（以下简称甲方）与 公司（以下简称乙方）于 年 月 日订立。

例5

Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.参考译文：

6.英文采购合同 篇六

contract no.:xxx

sales and purchase contractfor

manganese ore

the buyer:

address:

tel:

the seller :

address:

tel:

whereby seller agrees to sell to buyer and buyer agrees to buy from seller manganese ore under following the terms and conditions stipulated below:

concentrated manganese ore

article 2 specifications

concentrated manganese ore

size: 0-5mm(90% min)

% mn min.40.0%

% fe max.15.0%

% silica(sio2)max.1.0%

% aluminum(al)max.4.0%

% s max.0.20%

% p max.0.10%

moisture max.7%

article 3 quantity:

500 mt, partial shipment not allowed.article 4 origin and port of loading

4.1 republic of abc

4.2 loading port:

article 5 packing/delivery

5.1 in50 kg sack

5.2 incontainer shipment, more or less 20 tons.article 6 shipment/delivery

6.1 500mt(+/-5%)partial shipment not allowed

6.2 shipment will be 90 days after signing of this contract and after the acceptance of the letter of credit by seller’s bank.l/c will be openedafter buyerreceivingproforma invoice from sellerwith confirmation of the delivery schedule.6.3 the buyer has the right to appoint the independent surveyor or his representative to conduct the pre-shipment inspection and/or conduct the joint-inspection of the material with buyer for his own account.article 7 contracted price and values

price:mn: 48% and above47.9%-usd 0.00 /%/dmtcfrcy port, china

the mn content will be average of the joint-inspection testing result at loading port.article 8 payment

8.1 payment shall be effected in full by an irrevocable letter of credit, which will be opened by 1stclass bank in hong kong or singapore, 100% at sight upon presentation of shipping documents.a.seller’s banking details:

bank name :

bank address :

account name :

s.w.i.f.t.code swift :

b.buyer’s bank issues l/c to the sellers bank via s.w.i.f.t.wire transfer.buyer’s banking details:

bank name :(will be advised)

bank address :

account name:

s.w.i.f.t.address swift :

article 10 inspection of analysis & weight

the shipmentinspection and analysis shall be done byccicappointed by the seller and one independent surveyor(i.e.: sgs or geo-chem, etc)appointed by the buyeras agreed by both parties at site before loading to container.while final weightand qualitydetermination shall be done atloadingportby the above joint-survey.moisture content shall be deducted from the total weight shipped.article 11 documents

seller shall present the following documents to the buyer:

b.certificates of quantity, quality and weight issued byccicand one independent surveyor appointed by the buyer.c.certificate of origin issued by abc department of trade or concerned government authorities, i original and 2 copies.d.weight list, showing total weight , 1 original and 3 copies.e.bill of lading, 3 original copies and 3 non-negotiable copies.article 12 force majeure

article 13 arbitration

7.合同范本英文 篇七

随着经济全球化脚步的不断加快和中国对外开放政策的进一步深化, 中国的对外经济活动也越来越活跃。作为对外经济活动过程中的重要环节, 合同的签订与执行对整个经济活动过程进展的顺利与否具有至关重要的影响。对英文商务合同条款的正确理解并认可是签订合同的前提, 而对合同的正确翻译则是这一切的重中之重, 与公司利益休戚相关。合同功能的特殊性也决定了合同文本有着区别于其它文本的词法、语法和句法特征。只有在熟谙其区别性特征的基础上, 才有可能对合同文本有透彻的理解和准确的翻译。因此, 对英文商务合同的文本进行认真的剖析和对其词法和句法进行系统的研究就显得尤为重要。

2 英文合同概述

文中所述英文合同, 其背景是指母语为英语且法律体系隶属英美法系。众所周知, 英美国家实行判例法, 判例法的两大司法原理便是私法的高度自治和先例的高度遵循, 受这两大司法原理的直接影响, 判例法国家的律师起草英文商务合同在文本上也有着明显的自身特点。其特点便是:合同鸿篇巨制、句式冗长繁复、表述法言法语、逻辑严谨且富于规律。

从合同的结构形式上来看, 英文合同通常有以下四部分构成:标题、前言文字、正文部分以及结尾。这其中的标题部分常可省略, 这是由于合同的核心是民事法律关系, 而订立各方之间的法律关系如何以及各方的具体权利义务内容都会在合同主体部分的各项条款中具体界定, 标题的作用只是表明合同性质, 对明确合同各方民事法律关系并无实质意义。因此, 标题的省略对各方正确理解合同内容并无影响, 为方便标识而注加标题, 中文商务合同也有类似操作。

从合同内容上来看, 中英文商务合同有着较大区别。语言是思维的工具, 中西方思维的差异、文化的差异同样也会反映在合同语言当中。中文商务合同语言会有一些词汇在英文中找不到完全相同的概念或者完全对等的译文。在语言衔接方面, 英语“形合”的特点要求文字表达具备严密的逻辑, 环环相扣。所以, 在语言层面上会有很明显的特点, 比如:长句居多。而中文商务合同由于受到汉语语言的表意特点的影响, “意合”思维的作用使得语句的表达较之英文表述更倾向存在一定的模糊性。因此力克模糊, 便成为英文合同汉译时译者必须注意的地方。

3 英文合同文本特征

3.1 词特征

词汇的运用总离不开特定的文体。不同的文体体现了不同层面的语言正式性。通常来讲, 格式文体 (the frozen style) 的正式程度最高, 其次便是正式文体 (the formal style) , 商询文体 (the consultative style) 次之, 正式程度靠后的是随意文体 (the casual style) 以及排在末端的亲切文体 (the intimate style) 。作为法律文件的合同, 属格式文体, 其语体正式程度最高, 多为程式性语言, 具最高语言稳定性, 遣词造句最为严谨。准确、严密的用词才能避免似是而非引起误读, 才能有效防止合同在执行的过程中由于双方的误读而致纠纷的产生。合同翻译过程中, 准确而规范的措辞与文学翻译时讲求的文意如画、诗韵修辞由此可见不同。英文合同措词由于受到文体风格、历史传承、文化背景等因素的影响而独具特色。

3.1.1 古语词

英美法系发源地的英伦三岛的原住民凯尔特人 (Celts) 在历史上由于一直受到外族入侵, 所以, 外来语言对其后世有着较大的影响。五世纪初, 在罗马帝国衰败之后, 罗马大军撤离三岛, 不久日耳曼铁蹄登岛, 足迹覆盖岛上大部分地区, 而当时日耳曼人所操盎格鲁撒克逊语也因此逐渐成为当地官方的法律语言。古语词的使用可使合同更为正式和庄重, 常见的古语词有以“here”, “there”和“where”为词首与“by”“after”“under”“with”“to”“of”“at”组合而成的复合词。在这些复合词中, “here”表示“本合同、该文件、该协议, 等等”, 而“there”则表示“那份合同, 或前述所指合同、文件, 等等”。现列举少部分这类复合词, 并做简单解释:hereafter, 表示在此之后;hereby, 表示以此、特此;herein, 表示在此、于此;herewith, 意为同此、由此;hereunder=表示在此文件下、此合同下;hereinafter, 意为在下文;hereinbefore, 意为在上文;thereafter, 表示在其后;thereby, 借以;therein, 意为在其中;thereinafter, 可理解为在其下文;thereof, 由是、由此;thereupon, 因其、由其所知;whereon=on what, on which等等。此外, 现今为人所熟知的英文修辞方式之“头韵” (Alliteration) 最早也是来自于盎格鲁撒克逊人所使用的法律语言之中, 如:any and all以及aid and abet等。这些古语词可以赋予商务合同以庄重、凝练之感, 使文本更显清晰、连贯。比如:合同中常见的“IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this PURCHASE AGREEMENT has been signed by their duly authorized representatives of the BUYEY and the SELLER.”中文意思是“买卖双方各自的合法授权代表签署本协议, 以兹为证。”这里的短语“IN WITNESS WHEREOF”是典型的格式语体, 口语中不可能听到这样的表达, 但在严谨的法言法语中这几乎成了所有合同结尾签署部分的统一措辞, 可译为“特此为证”。其他常见的古语词有:action, 相当于lawsuit;color相当于reason, pretext;mesne相当于middle, intermediary等等。在日常生活中, 我们根本不会用到这些古语词, 即使是正式文体写作时也很少用到。但正是由于这些词的使用, 才更加突显出商务合同文体的正式语体特征。

3.1.2 借入词

合同用词正式、趋于保守还体现在借入词的使用上。英语在吸收借入词方面是开放的, 大概有百分之八十的词汇为借入词汇。但在词汇的来源上却相对稳定, 合同中的借入词大多数来自于拉丁语, 也有部分来自于法语。对于中世纪的英格兰来说, 公元597年基督教的到来不仅仅意味着英国人生活上和政治上的变化, 同时, 这对英语语言的影响也有着深远的意义, 尤其是对英国法律和法律语言来说更是如此。因为, 基督教义中富含拉丁文, 在基督教得到广泛推广的同时, 进入并渗入到人们生活中的还有拉丁语, 这种语言使用的变化也充分地反映到当时的法律文书中。比如:status quo (现状) , vice versa (反之亦然) , ad hoc (特别, 临时) , as per (按照) , de facto (事实上的) 等等词汇都是来源于拉丁语。在英国历史上, 发生于公元1066年的“诺曼征服 (the Norman Conquest) ”除了给英国人在日后多年的心理上对法国总是有种非常微妙的特殊情结之外, 在语言上, 也使法语在之后的很长一段时间内成为英国的官方语言。从此, 法语源源不断地进入英语。十四世纪初期, 英国开始使用法语首先书写其成文法条。在此后又过了约两百年左右的时间, 对法语的使用范围逐渐扩大, 逐步发展成为从法条的书面书写到最终的呈堂诉讼的口语语言。这样的状况一直延续到1417年英王亨利五世带兵攻打法国, 随着两国关系不断恶化, 英王亨利五世决定弃用法语, 转而改用英语立法, 并用英语书写官方文件。由于政治可以随历史风云而散, 但语言的影响绝不可能是过眼烟云, 此后也曾有英国议员提议将法律条文中法语和拉丁语翻译成英文, 但正如有法学家曾指出:法律概念一旦以术语的形式固定下来, 其地位便并正式确立, 任何尝试性的修改都只会是无意义的冒险。来源于法语的词有:force majeure (不可抗力) , quasi-delict (准侵权行为) , estoppel (禁止翻供) , grace (特赦) 等等。

3.1.3 短语并置

短语并置指的是在合同英语中同义词、近义词或者反义词的并列使用现象。这也是英文商务合同庄重正式文体的另一体现。合同起草者行文中常常会使用一些词义具有细微差别的同义词或近义词, 目的不是为了增强阅读的节奏感, 而是通过调整词义的外延, 达到严谨表达的目的。例如:

原文:“No terms or provisions of this Agreement shall be varied or modified by any prior or subsequent statement, conduct or act of either of the Parties, except that the Parties may amend this Agreement by written instruments referring to and executed in the same manner as this Agreement.”

译文:“任何一方均不得以事先或事后的声明、举动或行为修改或变更本合同的任何条款或规定, 但双方可以以本合同提及的和以本合同相同方法签署的书面文件修改本协议。”

往往初涉商务合同的外行会认为这是种无谓的重复。殊不知, 合同语言作为格式文体最具严密性, 任何歧义和误解都可能给交易各方带来巨大损失, 这也是为避免日后可能的纠纷的需要。另外, 英语语言和汉语本身固有的差别之一便是英语语言更具形合性, 也就是更加注重语言层面的逻辑和严谨, 这不同于汉语的意合性, 后者更重语义, 而相对轻形式, 这一区别性特点在语体正式性最高的法律文本的商务合同中得到了完美体现。其他类似的例子如:“packing and wrapping expenses”, “be null and void”, “custody, charge or care of any child”等。

反义词连用同样在英文商务合同中频繁使用, 这样做的目的是使合同表述更为完整, 避免片面而引起疏漏。以上句为例:“…modified by any prior or subsequent statement…”中“prior”和“subsequent”是对相反的概念, 并列使用以强调双方任何时候 (除了例外条件) 都不得修改合同已订立条款, 突出了合同的严肃性。再比如:

原文:“Shipment:To be shipped on Feb.26, 2013, neither before nor after the mentioned date.”。

译文:装船:2013年2月26日当天装船。

在这里, “before和after”这对相反的概念更清楚地对装船日期进行了界定, 务必在2013年2月26日当天, 而不是之前或之后。

以上所述可见合同用语较之普通英语措词更显繁琐, 由于一直以来合同的准确和严密性被放置很高的地位, 所以这略显繁赘的表述也是情有可原, 实际上自20世纪以来, 随着法律英语变革步伐不断加快, 合同用语也有趋于简化的态势。

3.1.4 情态动词

在英文商务合同中, 一个常见的现象就是情态动词的频繁使用。这也体现了合同语言的规范性和严谨性。英文商务合同中常见的情态动词主要有:shall, should, may, must。这其中“shall”的使用频率最高。“shall”在法律文件中通常来表示义务, shall not表示禁止, 而且shall不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化。举例说明:

原文:In case of any discrepancy, the Chinese language text should prevail.

译文:如有差异, 应当以中文文本为准。

需要注意的是:“should”虽与“shall”有相似功能, 但相比起来, shall语气更强, 在特定上下文中, 两者是差之毫厘, 谬以千里。

另外一个比较常用的情态动词是“may”, 在法律文件中常常表示权利, 通过may提出的要求不带强制性。比如:

原文:The terms in this contract may be modified or terminated only when…

译文:只有当……的时候, 本合同条款可以予以更改或终止。

“may not”和“shall not”相比语气较弱, 也没有“shall not”更为常用。

3.1.5 专业术语

对大多数非专业人士来讲, 看懂合同并非易事, 因为合同中存在着很多我们平时很难用到, 甚至是很难见到的词汇。实际上, 各行各业都有自己的特定表达。这些特定表达就是专业术语。专业术语, 是在某个特定领域内, 为领域内、通常仅限于领域内人士所熟知的、通用的一些固定表达。律师和商人由于职业关系, 就会经常用到一些术语, 这些术语会频繁出现在合同中, 并具有特定的意义所指。比如:甲方party A;乙方party B;缔约双方the two contracting parties;各方each party;第三方a third party;买方the Seller;卖方the Buyer;受方the Recipient Party;供方the Supplying Party等等。除此以外, 还有一些常用专门术语, 如:agency, agent, at will employment, certification (of a check) , certiorari, consideration, conveyance, covenant, demur, deposition, discovery, domicile, double jeopardy, encumbrance, easement, ex parte, fee simple, holding (of a case) , intestate, jurisdiction in personam, jurisdiction in rem, laches, lien, principal, punitive damages, recuse, recision, restitution, specific performance, statute of limitations, surety, tort, unilateral contract, variance, verdict, will, 等等。

这些术语当中, 有些看似常用词汇, 但在法律文本的语境中则有特殊含义, 比如:“agency”指代理, “consideration”作为一般词汇指考虑, 而作为商业术语在一定的上下文中可以指对价。“double jeopardy”表示双重受刑的可能性, “ex parte”意指单方的, 是一个非常重要的术语。定义严格, 具有确切的含义, 这些都是法律术语的特点。英文商务合同中法律术语的大量使用保证了作为格式语体的商务合同所具有的严谨性和准确性。

3.1.6 正式用语

所谓“法言法语”, 其实是我们对合同用语非常正式的习惯描述。正式用语不仅是英文商务合同的突出的词汇特点, 在中文合同中法言法语也是随处可见。正式用语又称为学者用语 (learned words) , 可经常见诸于一些理论著作、正式演讲和法律文书当中。当我们要表达一些特定的意思的时候, 当然可以选择很多不同的方式和文体, 但在合同写作中, 正式用语当然不让地成为我们的最佳选择。一些正式的词汇可以让商务合同更显庄重。为了让合同文本达到相应的法律效力, 合同签订双方就必须字句斟酌, 述其所想, 想其所述, 不给误读留出半点空间。因为任何似是而非抑或是含混不清的内容表述都可能会导致合同执行的不作为和法律纠纷的产生。比如说:合同用语更倾向于诸如“terminate”, “provided”, “save”, “assistance”, 而不是与他们相对应的非正式措词, 如“end”, “if”, “except”和“help”。合同文本的正式性也因其措词正式而得以彰显。例如:

At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to provide the site assistance to Party B to install the equipment.鉴于乙方要求, 甲方同意提供现场服务协助乙方进行设备安装。

在该句中, “assist”为正式用语, “help”则口语体更浓。用“assist”代替“help”更加凸显了合同文本的庄重文体色彩。正式、庄重是合同文本的基本特点, 这一点自是不言而喻。诸如此类的例子更是不胜枚举, 略举数例, 也是管中窥豹。

3.2 句特征

词汇和句子是文章不同层级的组成部件, 但句子不是词汇的简单叠加, 如果将写文章比喻成造房子, 那么词汇就是单纯的建筑材料, 而造句便是将这样的建筑材料合理地安置在建筑框架上。语言表达是以句子为单位进行的, 所以, 要全面了解英文商务合同的文本特征, 除了了解其词法特征以外, 对句法特征的了解则尤为必要。文本的某些特点只有在进行句法分析时才能获悉, 比如, 时、体、态等等。英文商务合同文本有很多显著的句法特点, 比如:长句、从句以及被动语态的使用等等。以下逐一分析。

3.2.1 长句的使用

句子有长短之分。短句有着简练、易懂的特点。长句之于短句之优势就在于它能传达更大信息量的复杂概念。短句常用在文学作品中, 因其穿插在长句中可变换阅读节奏, 增强文章的可读性。在阅读英文商务合同时, 我们经常可以碰见长句迭出的现象。这是因为商务合同所拟制的条款通常纷繁复杂, 牵涉到内容的诸多方面, 与此相适应, 长句结构复杂结构、逻辑严谨, 这样的特性也正符合了商务合同表达上的要求, 与商务合同严谨、缜密的特性相契合。因为句子的长度经常被作为判断句子表达正式程度的标志之一。长句中通常会有修饰语堆砌, 从句套从句, 从句附主句的句中有句现象。在增加了阅读难度的同时, 复杂的句结构, 也使语言更加严谨, 逻辑更加清晰, 从而有效避免对合同文本的歧义理解。合同文本中长句比比皆是, 很多长句超过50个词, 下面这个长句有78个单词之多。

Some academics, whilst accepting that terms like ratio decidendi (判决依据) and obiter dicta (附带意见) are used in judgments, and whilst accepting that at least some judges think they construct their judgments, on the basis of ratio and obiter in previous judgments, believe that important influences on decisions made by judges are to be found in the nature of matters such as the social background of judges, the economic circumstances of the time or even the very nature of language itself.

英文商务合同长句的特色, 实际上和英语语言的特点不无关系, 英语是形合性的语言, 讲求语言的逻辑型, 主语+谓语的句子主干上, 可以附着很多成分, 如:动词不定式、介词短语、关系从句、状语从句等等, 加上适当的连接词, 句子可以变得很长很长。英语这样的语言特点结合合同文体严谨、正式、缜密和庄重的要求, 无怪乎长句成为英文合同文本的一大特色。

3.2.2 陈述句的使用

英语句型从功能表述上可分为四种:陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句。陈述句是用来表述、解释、判断。合同的目的就是要清楚地表述和界定合同订立双方可以行使的权利以及必须承担的义务, 合同签订后, 双方须按照订立的条款履行合同, 这对双方都具法律约束力。所以, 合同的核心作用就是陈述, 陈述在法律的约束下双方的意思表示, 各方的权利和义务, 以及权利遭受侵害之后的救济途径。所有这些都是对整个合同履行过程双方权责具针对性的明确叙述, 而不是评论或抒情。客观中立、明确权责这一特点也决定了合同语篇中应以陈述句为主。英文合同必须客观阐述各种条款, 以维护双方当事人的权利义务, 不得带有主观感情色彩。例如:

原文:RECITALS

A.The parties acknowledge that the Party A produces and sells[describe goods or the goods listed in the Current Product List attached to this Agreement]and may develop and manufacture additional[type of goods]for similar purposes in the future (the“Goods”) .

B.The Party A desires to appoint the Party B as its sole and exclusive Party B in[state and/or country] (“Territory”) .

C.The Party B desires to act as the exclusive Party B for the Party A’s Goods in the Territory.

Therefore, the parties agree as follows:

译文:序言

A.双方同意由甲方生产并销售【描述货物或附件中列明的当前产品目录】, 并且在将来可能开发并生产具有类似功能的其他【货物种类】。

B.甲方希望指定乙方作为在【州或国家】 (“区域”) 内的独家的并且排他经销商。

C.乙方希望成为该区内的销售甲方货物的独家排他性经销商。

有鉴于此, 双方同意如下:

上句采用陈述句型, 清楚地规定了双方意图, 甲方所承担的产品生产、开发方面的责任, 以及甲乙双方对彼此的希望。显然, 感叹句和疑问句无法胜任在合同责权表述方面的角色, 这就是为什么合同语言大部分是陈述句, 也会有少部分祈使句型。

3.2.3 条件从句的使用

合同的语言是典型的法言法语, 遵循着法理学所提倡的大前提、小前提、结论的三段论逻辑关系, 这使得合同语言不但在措辞上较其他文本语言更加严谨, 而且在句法结构上也更经得起推敲。这样的逻辑三段论总是描述在一定条件下产生的各方可预计的行为方式或者特定条件下产生的可预计的因果联系。这样的结构安排使得合同的执行结果更具期待性, 从而使商业风险降到最低。所以, 在合同文本中我们可以见到大量的条件状语从句, 提出一定的情形假设, 再提出特定情形一旦发生, 双方该有的行为方式。普通英语中, 条件句通常是由“if”引导, 法律文本中的一般假设也会用“if”, 如:

原文:If the parties mutually owe matured liabilities, and if the varieties and quality of targeted matters of the liabilities are the same, either party may offset its liabilities against those of the other party, except for the liabilities that cannot be offset according to the provisions of laws or according to the nature of the contract…

译文:当事人互负到期债务, 该债务的标的物种类、品质相同的, 任何一方可以将自己的债务抵销, 但依照法律规定或者按照合同性质不得抵销的除外。

以上这句是合同法第99条的规定, 在民事主体签订合同时具有普遍指导意义, “if”引导的条件句也具有假设的普遍适用性。

商务英文合同中的条件状语从句, 由于正式程度较高, 除了具有普遍适用意义的条款的假设状况需要由“if”引导, 更多的情况下, 是按照假设的不同实现程度而使用不同的引导词或短语, 这类表达常见的有:where, in case, in the event, should。以下句为例:

原文:Where/In case/In the event/Should the Party A sells products out of the list that both parties have agreed upon, the Party B has the right to terminate the agreement.

译文:如果甲方销售先前甲乙双方达成协议销售商品之外产品, 则乙方有权终止本合同。

以上这句的中文译文可以这样翻译, 但是不同的引导词实际上产生的隐含意思也不同, where引导的条件句假设的可能性最强, 预示着一旦甲方销售订约之外的产品, 乙方终止合同无疑。In case的可能性异味已较where减弱, 但还是强于in the event, 用should引导条件状语从句时的可能性最小, 这句如果是should开头, 隐含意思则是甲方不太可能销售约定之外产品, 但退一万步讲, 若是销售了, 合同是否继续履行, 要看乙方的意思。

4 结束语

英文商务合同的词句特征体现了商务合同撰写的言语特点以及写作与修辞的风格。用词凝练、表达缜密、文体正式、法言法语, 这些都突显了合同词汇和句型的复杂性以及与相对其他文本的区别性, 这一特性也正体现了商务过程的性质和内在要求, 那就是严密、复杂、正式、庄重而系统。英文合同的文本特点也受到诸多因素的影响, 其中影响较大的因素有历史原因、政治因素、文化背景、法律和语言自身的发展变化。语言既有相对稳定的一面, 同时又是常新的, 英文合同文本的词句特点也有着简化的趋势, 作为一名英语工作者, 应当密切关注语言的发展, 以便更好地处理诸如英文合同之类的文本翻译工作。

摘要：随着中国加入WTO, 越来越多的企业由原来的国内市场转向国际市场。随着对外贸易的增加, 人们越来越多地接触到商务合同。了解合同、翻译合同显得越发迫切与重要。商务合同作为一种独特的文本形式, 在词汇、句法、篇章方面都有区别于其他文本的特征。由于英汉两种语言的差异, 以及文化、历史、政治等诸多因素的影响, 准确地理解并阐释合同文本成为摆在翻译工作者面前的一大挑战, 也自然成为确保经济活动顺利进行的重要因素。这也是笔者作为一名英语工作者着手该文的初衷, 笔者尝试从文本核心的词句特征对合同进行了分析和探讨。希望可以帮助翻译工作者加深对英文合同文本的了解, 促进翻译过程的顺利完成。

关键词：文本,合同,特征

参考文献

[1]陈建平.经贸合同英语词法特征及其翻译[J].中国科技翻译, 2006 (1) .

[2]段梦敏.现代商务英语翻译策略[J].中国科技翻译, 2005 (3) ,

[3]顾维勇.实用文体翻译[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2005.

[4]洪明.论商务合同的创译原则及译者的自由度[J].广东技术师范学院学报, 2010 (1) .

[5]胡庚申.国际商务合同起草与翻译[M].北京:外文出版社, 2003.

[6]吕昊, 刘显正, 罗萍.商务合同写作及翻译[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社, 2005.

[7]宋德利, 张坚.国际商务英语实用手册[M].北京:中国纺织出版社, 2006.

[8]孙圣勇.商务英语精要及案例分析[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2008.

8.合同范本英文 篇八

背景经历

我们先来看看摘自2006年考研英语阅读文章的一个句子。

Stratford-on-Avon， as we all know， has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.

请问，你刚才在阅读过程中遇到下面这几个词组时是不是这样反应的。

Stratford-on-Avon：咦，这是什么鬼？不懂！（或许还会有读者把Stratford误读成了Stanford [斯坦福]。）

as we all know：嗯，这个我知道，是“众所周知”的意思。

has only one industry：这个简单，意思是“只有一个工业”。

William Shakespeare：这我知道，是指莎士比亚。

distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches：这一长串单词有点不确定啥意思了，开始有点小纠结了。

下面笔者来与大家分享一下自己读这个句子的心理过程。读到Stratford-on-Avon时，笔者想：“哦，这不就是莎士比亚的故乡嘛，我去过这个地方。”Stratford是英国中部的一个小镇，靠近埃文河（即Avon），因为是莎士比亚的出生地和埋葬地而著名（a town in central England on the River Avon； birthplace and burial place of William Shakespeare），下图的房子就是莎士比亚的故居。

因此，这个小镇每年吸引来自各地的游客，旅游业是该镇的一个支柱产业。这就是为什么下文说“has only one industry—William Shakespeare”，只有一个产业，那就是经营与莎士比亚相关的旅游业。因此，若把这里的industry理解成“工业”，就不对了。

因为有这一旅行经历，笔者看到Stratford-on-Avon这组文字符号时，就能够立即从脑海中提取以往的生活经历，准确地理解这个专有名词的含义，能够把Stratford-on-Avon与下文的William Shakespeare联系起来，并准确理解“has only one industry—William Shakespeare”这部分内容。

通过这个例子，我们看到，如果有与英文文章相关的背景经历，那么文章理解起来就轻松多了。也就是说，你的生活经历、人生阅历、相关的知识背景会帮助你理解文章所要表达的思想内容。

语言知识

以上笔者是凭借自己的背景经历从“信息内容”的方面来解读Stratford-on-Avon这个短语的。看到这里，也许有读者觉得这有点不公平，因为不是每个人都有这样的经历，都去过这个小镇。那么，现在笔者就换个视角来解读Stratford-on-Avon，从“语言知识”的角度来分析。具体来说，就是凭借对介词on的语义和用法的掌握，笔者也能准确地理解这个短语所要表达的内容。我们先来看下面这个图片。

这是一条海岸（coast）。当我们汉语里说“海岸边”时，既可以指靠近陆地的这一边，也可以指靠近海水的这一边。也就是说，汉语里的“海岸边”是有歧义的，分不清在陆地上还是在海水里。但是，英文可以明确区分：陆地这边的“海岸边”英文是on the coast，海水里的“海岸边”英文是off the coast。请比较。

1. a. He lived on the coast.

他住在海岸边。

b. The boat was anchored off the coast.

船停泊在海岸边。

这里b句中船与海岸的位置关系就是off the coast，如果需要具体说明离海岸多远，比如距离海岸两公里，就可以说成two kilometers off the coast。

上述表达方式同样适用于河流的岸边。据此，当笔者读到Stratford-on-Avon时就可以推断，这里的Avon是指一条河流，然后用on表示临近河流的陆地区域，即河畔。这个小镇的名字叫Stratford，音译成“斯特拉特福德”，而Stratford-on-Avon就可译成“埃文河畔的斯特拉特福德小镇”。这是从语言角度来对这个地名进行解析。由此可见，深厚的语言基本功是正确解读英语信息的关键。你即使没有相关的背景经历，只要有强大的语言功底，也能读出很多信息。

简单来说，语言知识主要包括两方面：词汇知识和语法知识。如果一个句子里的单词都认识，但还是不懂句子意思，这就是语法知识问题。在阅读文章中，读者会遇到大量的长难句，这些句子包含了生词以及复杂的句式结构，需要我们有强大的词汇和语法知识作为理解的保证。

词汇和语法还有一个差别，那就是笔者常说的：“对于生词，我们知道自己不知道；但对于语法，我们不知道自己不知道。”由于学习者没有相关的语法知识却不自知，这就容易导致误读英语句子意思的现象发生，而且误读的时候我们自己还浑然不觉。比如下面这组例句。

2. a. Stratford-on-Avon， as we all know， has only one industry.

nlc202309032046

b. Stratford-on-Avon as we all know it has only one industry.

这里的a句摘自文章开头的句子，而b句则是对a句稍作修改得到的，具体来说，是在a句的as we all know后面加了it。这一修改使得两个句子的意思完全不同（注：在本栏目笔者曾经讨论过as we know与as we know it的区别，此处不再赘述，可参见本刊2012年9月号或是本栏目的结集图书《英语语法新思维——语法难点妙解》）。这显然就不再是词汇问题，而是句法问题，是英文的思维逻辑问题。

语篇逻辑

强大的词汇和语法知识能够保证我们精准地理解单句的意思，但是对于阅读英文文章来说，我们还要关注整个文章的语篇逻辑。具体来说，我们的注意力不能仅仅停留在单句层面，而是要把单句放在具体语境中去理解它话里话外的意思。也就是说，一个单句不仅有自己的字面意思，还有在特定语境中的言外之意。比如，汉语一句“外面下雨了”，我们可以根据语境解读出无数的言外之意来（比如可以是“赶紧收衣服啊”“给你妈送把伞去”等等）。对于英文，同样如此，我们需要在上下文语境中理解句子的言外之意，要搞清楚句与句之间的逻辑关系，分清论点与论据，区分文章作者的观点和作者转述别人的观点，理清作者的论证方式以及文章脉络的起承转合等等。总之，要把握文章的逻辑结构，也就是笔者标题中所说的语篇逻辑。

站在这个角度来读英文文章，我们就不能做一个被动的信息接受者，而是要主动地与作者对话、交流，对作者的文章内容要进行预测、判断、评价、总结等。现在我们再回头看本文开头的句子。

Stratford-on-Avon， as we all know， has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.

单看这句话，它的大意是：“众所周知，埃文河畔的斯特拉特福德小镇只有一个产业，那就是经营莎士比亚。但是，这个产业现有两个泾渭分明且日益敌对的派别。”从语篇角度来看，我们不能仅满足于理解这个句子本身的意思，而是要积极思考和预测。比如，看完这句话，我们至少可以向作者提出下面两个问题：

1. What are the two branches？ （这两派都是谁？）

2. Why are they becoming increasingly hostile to each other？ （这两派之间为什么越来越敌对？）

带着这两个疑问，我们继续往下读。

①Stratford-on-Avon， as we all know， has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. ②There is the Royal Shakespeare Company （RSC）， which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. ③And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come， not to see the plays， but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage， Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.

我们看到，这一段的第②句和第③句立即回答了这敌对的双方：一方是皇家莎士比亚公司（RSC），它在埃文河畔的莎士比亚纪念剧院上演经典的莎翁剧目；另一方则是基本上靠游客来谋生的当地居民。游客们来到镇上，不是为看戏，而是为了参观安妮·海瑟薇（莎士比亚的妻子）的小屋、莎士比亚出生地以及其他景点。

至此，作者只是回答了笔者的第一个问题，但还未回答笔者的第二个问题。带着这个疑问，我们继续看文章的第二段。

①The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. ②They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors， them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness.③It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare， who earns their living， was himself an actor （with a beard） and did his share of noise-making. （那些可敬的小镇居民认为该剧院没有给他们增添一丁点儿收入。他们坦言不喜欢皇家莎士比亚公司的演员，这些演员留长发、蓄胡子、穿凉鞋、很吵闹。当你想到为他们提供生计的莎士比亚本人就是个留着胡须也爱吵闹的演员时，这真是个可笑的讽刺。）

第一段只是说了存在两派并且两派之间的关系是敌对的。第二段进一步说明了两派敌对的原因：通过第二段的句①、句②，我们明白了双方为什么互相敌视，原来当地居民认为剧院没有给当地收入做出贡献，同时他们也不喜欢剧院的演员们。这里的句①、句②是作者在转述别人的观点和情感态度。句③是作者通过deliciously ironic （可笑的讽刺）在发表评论，并暗含了自己的情感态度：极具讽刺的是，他们赖以生存的莎士比亚当年做演员的时候也是留着胡须并且终日吵闹不堪的。言外之意是，要是莎士比亚在世，难道你们也会如此讨厌他吗？作者对当地居民的嘲讽不言而喻。而对于剧院，作者上文用了superb productions （极好的演出）表达了赞扬。因此，对于敌对双方，作者是比较偏袒剧院这一方的。

综上所述，读懂文章需要我们具备三方面的条件：①相关的背景经历，②深厚的语言知识（词汇和语法），③把握语篇逻辑的能力。其中，深厚的语言知识是基础和关键，句间的逻辑关系和篇章的逻辑结构也很重要，而具有相关的背景知识则会更加有助于我们理解文章的思想内容。作为语言学习者，我们需要在语言知识方面下功夫，而把握语篇逻辑属于阅读技能的层面，需要我们在阅读实践中去训练，才能慢慢提高。

张满胜老师“英语语法新思维”系列图书再添四本新作：《句子成分超精解》《定语从句超精解》《名词从句超精解》和《语法难点妙解》。