被动句的意思, 被动句的解释(精选4篇)
1.被动句的意思, 被动句的解释 篇一
下面是一些最经典常用的被动语态表示说话者感觉,我们来一起体会一下:
I was really amazed by ….我被…震撼了。
I was really amazed by the Forbidden city in Beijing.
I was really amazed by the World Expo in Shanghai.
I was impressed by……我对…印象深刻。
i was impressed by the West Lake in HangZhou.
I was impres ssed by his English.
I felt adj./done感到…
I felt relaxed & refreshed 感到被放松,被清新
I feel pressured 感到被压迫
I feel content 感到满足
I feel satisfactory 感到满意
我所想说的是…… The thing I want to say is that…
我所想说的是现代人更加喜欢在假日旅游而不是呆在家里
The thing I want to say is that modern-day people are much keener on travelling rather than staying at home during holidays.
我上次所看到的主要是是……The thing I saw last time was mainly that…
我上次所看到的主要是全国的游客都井然有序的排队参观每一个馆在2010世博会上。
The thing I saw last time was mainly that tourists nationwide all queue up for each pavilion in great order inside the 2010 World Expo Park.
我所珍惜的自由是……The freedom that I cherish is that…
我所珍惜的自由是我自己一个人主,独立安排自己的学习和休闲,不再和父母及他们的唠叨在一起了。
The freedom that I cherish is that I now live on my own, independently managing my study & leisure time, not living with my parents & their nagging any more.
我所要提一提的是……The point that I want to say is that…
我所要提一提的是现在的生活水平和消费层次已经大大好于前了
The point that I want to say is that the living standard & the consumption level are much better and higher than those two 20 years ago.
所进入我脑海的第一点是……The first thing that sprang into my mind is that…..
所进入我脑海的而第一点是古建筑可以让访问它的人鲜明的学到历史而不是从书本上。
The first thing that sprang into my mind is that visitors to those historic buildings can learn history in a vivid way rather than from a book.
之所以……是因为……The reason why…is because…
之所以我想成为一名英国大学的教师是因为我想在西方国家传播中国的文化。
The reason why I want to become a professor in a university in UK is because I hope to deliver Chinese culture in western countries.
之所以我们中国学生要学好英文是因为它可以我们能够更多的机会和更广阔的发展平台。
The reason why we Chinese students have to learn English well is that it can provide us with more opportunities & wider stage for development.
由于这样一个事实……This is due to the fact that….
现代人应该经常去健身房,这是因为运动可以拉升身体,肌肉,韧带;对于久坐的办公室工作阶层,运动对他们的脊椎也是很好的。
Modern-day people should go to the gym regularly. This is due to the fact that exercise can stretch our bodies, muscles and ligaments, for those who sit for too long, sports can really do good to their spines.
这是因为……It is because…
我们要多吃蔬菜和水果,这是因为他们富含维他命和纤维对我们的消化和新陈代谢系统是很好的。
We can try to eat more vegetables and fruits, it is because they are full of vitamin & fiber, helping our digestion & metabolism system.
雅思口语注意事项
1,test number事先要把你的号码用英语读得非常流利
2,name告诉他你名字的特殊含义,还有最好是告诉他你的family name
3,student or work,程度,where are you study?
4,what major?Do you like it?why?plan after graduate?
5,food, the most like food (dislike food), describe healthy food, eating bobby, eating habits? How to change your eating habits?
6,what kind of food do you like? Why? Do you find any problem in food nowadays? Are people pay more attention to the health food? Compare the people’s food habit in modern time and in the past?
7,music, like or dislike music? Which kind of music do you like? Why?音乐对人的情绪有影响吗?小孩应不应该学乐器?你有没有玩过乐器?which song do you like? When do you listen to the music? What difference between china music and western music?
8,weekend, what do you do at the weekend? What would you like to do at the weekend? What is the most important thing at your weekend?两天的weekend够不够?
9,shopping,你经常去shopping吗?chinese喜欢在网上shopping吗?男人愿意shopping还是女人愿意?人们一般去哪里shopping?why?介绍你们那里的商场的情况。
10,seasons, the most like season? Why? What do you do in that season?介绍你住的地方的气候。And so on~
11,traveling. Have you ever been any other cities in china before? do you like travelling ?why?do you like travelling alone or with other people? who &why?
12,photograph, do you like photograph? what kind of photograph you are taking? What kind of photograph on your home wall?
13,a school of your childhood?
14,holiday.
15,你喜欢一天中的哪个时段?why?平时喜欢干什么?你认为你的业余时间够吗?重要吗?
16,reading, do you like reading? When to read? How often?
17,hometown.swheresis your hometown?你现在住在什么地方?为什么住那里?以后想搬家吗?如果有一个very nice flat, but no air-conditioner,你愿意住吗?
雅思口语Part2物品类题库:网上学到的东西
Describe something interesting you learnt from the Internet.
You should say:
what you learnt
which website you learnt it from
how you learnt it
and explain why you think what you learnt was interesting.
My friend Amy is a travel-holic and is constantly on the road. When I told her my trip plan to Indonesia, she introduced me this travel website called Couch surfing. Technically, it doesn’t tell you anything about your destinations. But what it does is it lists the names and profiles of people who are happy to show you around their city and provide local perspectives.
How it works is simple. You just send a request to potential hosts and if it is accepted, then you can get to sleep on their couch, or sometimes in their bed. What’s more attractive is they are all for free. The aim of the website wasn’t to make money but to provide a platform for people who are interested in exchanging their languages, cultures, and making new friends from different backgrounds.
The most valuable lesson I learnt from the site is to share. After staying for two days at my Indonesian host’s place, I was so impressed by the family’s hospitality. Even though they didn’t have much, they offered me all they had. My stay with them completely changed the way I treat strangers and my view toward sharing.
雅思口语Part 2新题范文之家中访客
Describe a visitor in your home
You should say:
Who was this visitor
When did he/she visit your home
Why did he/she come to visit
And explain whether you like him/her or not
1-4月雅思口语新题part2范文之:家中访客Describe a visitor in your home)
雅思口语8分范文:
I’m going to talk about an occasion when a very close friend of mine visited where I live.
He is a Chinese person. His real name is Xin Lin, but we usually call him by his English name, which is Steven. He was studying in the same university with me in England when we did our Master’s last year, and we both lived in the same flat in the university halls of residence. We were so close with each other because we spent a lot of time cooking and talking with each other, but we haven’t met for a few months since we left England.
So the occasion was a month ago when he visited Vietnam to travel. He had never been to my country although China is right next to Vietnam. So, he decided to come to my country to visit me.
We were really excited to meet each other again, and he was excited as well to come to my house for the first time. I invited him for dinner, and I myself cooked something very special for him, which was a traditional Vietnamese dish. We talked a lot during the meal, and we reminded each other of the memories we shared in England.
I was very happy when Steven came to see me. The reason is because we had not had a chance to see each other for a long time, and you know, it always feels good seeing an old friend. The occasion brought back a lot of good memories that I think I can never forget.
2.被动句的意思, 被动句的解释 篇二
被动句和主动句一样,是英语中的一种重要句式。据国外一些语言学家统计,在物理、化学等以英语为语言的教科书里的全部限定动词中,至少有三分之一用的是被动语态。科技英语大量地使用被动语态是因为科技论著注重描写客观事实,被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩;并且被动结构更能突出主题,说明对象,引人注目。此外,英语中被动语态还被广泛地运用在新闻英语等其他领域,受到以下几个方面因素的影响:
1. 不知道或没有必要说明动作的施事者。如:
The event has been put off till Tuesday.
2. 便于上下文衔接连贯。如:
The pop star stepped off the plane and she was immediatelysurrounded by the journalists.
3. 突出说话的中心———施事者。如:
The money was donated by a teacher.
一直以来,被动句受到语言学界的高度重视,许多语言学家从不同的角度来研究被动句。传统语法认为,被动句是由主动句经过转换而来的。一般说来,当主动句为SVO句型时,通常可以转换为相应的被动句。一些语言学家认为,世界上的自然语言虽然种类繁多,形态各异,但人类大脑中与生俱来的语言能力存在着普遍语法(universal grammar)。根据句法学中相关理论,每个句子都必须有主语。这条原则不仅适用于英语,而且适用于其它各种语言。英语中,根据施事与受事的逻辑顺序,句子可分为主动句和被动句。形式主义语言学对被动句的研究主要限于句法层面。不论是传统语法还是生成语法都没有充分阐释被动句,无法更好地揭示被动句的功能。本文将从Halliday功能语法角度和Leech的主题意义观点出发,探讨英语被动句的成因及被动句的功能。
二、被动句的功能语法阐释
功能语言学家根据小句(clause)是否具有施事性,从语义的角度把小句重新分为中动句和非中动句。施事作主语的非中动的小句是主动句;而中介作主语的非中动小句是被动句。著名功能学家Halliday认为使用被动句式的原因是:(1)中介作主语;(2)让施事成为新信息或者隐含。Halliday指出从交际功能角度出发,任何句子均可切分为主位和述位。主位是信息的出发点,它是一个小句形成的主要依据。因此,在语篇中,不同主位的选择将会产生不同的意义。一般来说,主位常为已知信息,述位一般包含新信息。功能学派认为人类行为是一种特定环境下发生的有意义、有目的的行为。在特定情况下,作者出于自身的考虑会有意识地选择被动语态。由此,被动句在英语中的功能主要体现在突出信息焦点和衔接语篇。
由功能语法相关理论可知,“已知信息+新信息”是最基本的信息结构。新信息的最高点即信息中心往往是信息单位的最后一个位置;更确切地说,是最后一个“实义词项”(lexica item)。通常我们在建构语篇过程中,信息的组织要遵循末端重心原则。被动句的运用可以把交际者想要传达的重要信息置于句末,使之成为信息焦点。如:
The meeting was attended by various people, including the American President Obama.
此例句主要想说明这次会议是非常重要的,因为与会者包括了美国总统布什。即通过突出与会人物来说明会议的重要性。如:
Searchers on Mount Tai may have to stop their efforts today.There’s fresh snow on the way.Two men are still missing and rescue workers are begin to recognize signs that they may not have survived.A third man’s body was found Monday.
以上是关于泰山登山者遇难的报道,因此伤亡情况是读者最想要了解的信息,于是报道者重点报道伤亡者的数目。而被动句在这里发挥了重要的作用。
被动句另一个重要功能在于能够更好地衔接语篇。如:
The number of the prisoners was 150.When they were ordered to enter the cell, they imagined that the soldiers were joking;and, being in high spirits on account of the promise of the Nabob to spare their lives, they laughed and jested at the absurdity of the notion.They soon discover their mistakes.
在这段文字中,如果第二句用主动句“When the soldiers ordered them to enter the cell”的话,则显得不协调,因为上文中没有提到或是暗示soldiers。只有使用被动句才能使得整段话显得自然、流畅。又如:
They’d managed to get themselves on the wrong coach at Exeter.They were rescued by a solider that spotted them both crying.He took them back to Exeter on another bus.
这段文字中,在信息重组过程中,被动句不仅通过与主动句的交替使用促使信息均匀分布,而且保证了语篇的衔接和连贯。
三、被动句的主题意义阐释
著名语言学家Leech把意义从广义上划分为七类,其中他对主题意义(thematic meaning)的定义如下:主题意义是说话者或写文章的人借助组织信息的方式(语序,强调手段,信息焦点的安排)来传递的一种意义。根据主题意义的观点,Leech分析了被动句不同于主动句的交际价值。如:
1.Mrs.Bessie Smith donated the first prize.
2.The first prize was donated by Mrs.Bessie Smith.
很明显,这两个句子具有不同的交际意义,因为它们使我们联想到不同的上下文:主动句似乎隐含着这个问题:“Wha did Mrs.Bessie Smith donate?”而被动句似乎回答了以下问题:“Who donated the first prize?”由此可以看出,虽然两个句子描述的是同一件事情,但是交际价值有所不同。
从信息角度来看,出现在句首的位置往往具有“情景”设置的功能,目的在于对下文的内容作铺垫,使读者或听话人有着足够的背景知识为接受下文的信息奠定基础。位于句末的成分往往带有结局性质,在信息上更为重要,并有可能是高潮。从信息的有效性角度来看,成功的交际就是要在恰当的位置使用恰当词语,以准确无误、行之有效地传达意欲传达的信息。从这个意义上说,我们使用被动句是因为我们有意识地利用句子前面的已知信息作铺垫来突出句子的结尾部分,也就是我们想强调的信息焦点。
从广义上讲也是如此,一个话语或一篇思想连贯的篇章正是以已知信息为背景引导未知信息,而未知信息又成为已知信息去引导新的未知信息。在实际的话语或篇章中,新信息与已知信息的联系可以通过时空关系、相似关系、对比关系、包含与被包含关系、因果关系等建立起来。如:
A.The fire didn’t cause the destruction of the house.
B.The destruction of the house was not caused by the fire.
例A与例B的语义不同。从例A中可以推出“房子已经毁坏”这一结论,但是从例A中却推不出这一结论。由此可见,主位信息一般不受否定的影响,因为它们作为谈话的主题是双方共知的信息,至少是说话人认为听话人应该拥有的知识,它是整个话语述位信息所依赖的基础。
四、结语
综上所述,传统语法和形式主义语言学对于被动句的分析都是从功能,语用的角度进行分析。功能语言学对被动句的篇章功能进行了阐释,为我们探索被动句的本质提供了一种新的视角。而通过主题意义的理论对被动句的分析,我们不难发现,被动句的主要功能是通过信息强调表达作者或说话人的意图,并且推动语篇的发展。与功能语法对被动句的阐释不谋而合,也为揭示被动句的语用功能提供一个新的平台。
事实证明,正是多角度、多层次的语言研究为人们认识被动句这一语言现象的本质奠定了基础。我们甚至可以从人类认知的角度出发,把被动范畴归到是人类思维中被动观念体现在语言表达层面的一种基本语法范畴,所以,被动句也是人类认知的产物。当然,这值得我们进一步研究。
参考文献
[1]Halliday, M.A.K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2000.
[2]Leech, Geoffrey.Semantics:The Study of Meaning[M].Eng-land:PenguinBooks, 1981.
[3]朱跃.英语与社会[M].合肥:安徽大学出版社, 1999.
3.英语被动句的记忆方法探索 篇三
下列情况很特殊,被动语态不接触:
一是状态动词作谓语;二是联系动词作谓语;
三是宾语组、地、处;四是宾为反代、相互代,还有同源动名和不定;
五是动宾是固定;六是度量衡短语作状语,千万别认为是宾语。
妙解:(1)状态动词无被动式:have,belong to,cost,fit,last,have on,con-sist of,lack,become,suit等。
典例:The war——four years,
A.last
B.lasted
C.was lasted
D.1asting
Key:B.
(2)联系动词无被动式:appear(好像),feel,get(变),grow(变),keep(保持),look,remain(保持),seem,sound,smell,stay(保持),taste,turn(变),turnout(结果变得)等。
典例:The desk
smooth.这张桌子摸起来很光滑。
A.feel
B.is feeling
C.feels
D.is felt
Key:C
(3)宾语为地点、处所或组织,动词是leave、enter、join、join in时,无被动语态。
典例:They entered the room one by one.
They left our motherland three years ago.
He jioned the paay five years ago.
(4)宾语是反身代词、相互代词、同源宾语、动名词、不定式时无被动语态。
典例:The child is old enough to dress himself.(反身代词)
We should help each other.(相互代词)
We live a happy life.(同源宾语)
I looked forward to seeing you.(动名词)
He promised to come and help me.(不定式)
(5)动宾为不可分割的固定短语时,无被动语态。
典例:He always keeps his word.他总是信守诺言。
(6)表示度量衡的名词短语放在谓语后是作状语的,因此没有被动语态。
典例:The room measures 15 bv 8 square metres.
但Energy is measured in calories.能量以卡为计量单位。
巧记2:下列不定式的主动形式表被动含义
难易、轻重、舒适合适、贵贱和安全的形容词不简单,后边的不定式主动形式表示被动含;there be句型也不简单,名词后的不定式也表示被动含。
妙解:难hard,difficult;易easy;轻light;重heavy;舒适comfortable;fit,suitable合适,贵dear,expensive;贱cheap;安全safe等形容词后的不定式主动形式表示被动含义:there be句型中名词后边的不定式主动形式也表示被动含义。
典例:The job is easy________.
A.do
B.to do
C.to be done
D.doing
Key:B
There is a lot of work______.
A.do
B.to do
C.to be done
D.doing
Key:B
巧记3:动名词主动形式表示被动含义
需要值得不简单,后接动名被动含。
妙解:需要(need,want,require,demand)和值得(worth,deserve)等后边的动名词主动形式表被动含义。
典例:Mywatch Heeds________.
A.repair
B.repairing
C.being repaired
D.repaired
Key:B
The film is well worth________.
A.see
B.seeing
C.to see
D.to be seen
Key:B
特别注意:need,want,require,demand,deserve后跟动名词时可换成不定式的被动式。
典例:A World Without Thieves deserves seeing a second time.=A World with-out thieves deserves to be seen a second time.《天下无贼》值得再看一遍。
巧记4:下列动词与副词连用时常表示被动含义:
快来看,快来瞧,我卖的“三耐牌”服装就是好,耐穿耐洗耐磨不易烂,因此销量大提高;我卖的钢笔就是好,写着光滑又流利,成绩一定会提高。
妙解:上述叙述中动词sell,wear,wash,break,write等与副词well,easily等连用时常表示被动含义。
典例:These apples taste____and sell______.
A.good.good
B.well.well
C.good.well
D.well.good
Key:C
巧记5:remain后加undone,可以换成to be done。
妙解:remain undone,可以换成to be done,表被动关系。
典例:Whether travelling does good to the old remains_____.
A.see
B.unseen
C.to be seen
D.Both B and C
4.浅谈汉俄被动句的类型和语义 篇四
被动句有一个很大的特点, 就是受事主体的述谓特征均表示状态, 即使是表动作的动词, 也由表动作转为表状态。被动态表达的是主语表示的事物处于一种由谓语所表示的状态之中, 即它的语义功能是把过程性的事件表达成状态性的事件。从语义原型上讲, 实际俄汉被动句都带有“无标记”特征, 俄汉被动句均产生于事件的状态观, 表达的是一个自足的 (即没有“外使因”出现的) 理想化的状态性事件, 反映在句法上就是两种语言有相同的“受影响者+ 状态”结构, 其中后者是对前者的说明。
(一) 汉语中的被动句
由于汉语缺乏形态, 有些被动句并无明显的形态标记。如果句子的主语是行为的受事 (受动者) , 句子就是被动句。被动句可以分为两大类:一类句中带有表示被动意义的虚词 (被、让、叫、给等) 作为形态标记, 这类句子在汉语语法中称为“被”字句。另一类句子无任何形态标记, 形式上与主动句无甚区别, 这类句子称为意义上的被动句。
意义上的被动句无形态标记, 也可称为无标记被动句。它的唯一特点就是句子是主语是受事, 是行为的受动者。这类句子汉语中在很多场合广泛使用。有四种类型的意义上的被动句。
1. 主动形式的被动句:主语为受事主语, 语义上是谓语动词的客体。例如:
论文写好了。
Диссертация написана.
希望小学建成了。
Школа《Надежда》построена.
2. 主谓谓语句:句子的主语是受事, 谓语是主谓词组, 主语在语义上为主谓词组中动词的受动者, 从语用上说, 主语起话题的作用, 主谓谓语对话题作说明。
这本书我五年前读过。
Эту книгу я читал пять лет назад.
3. 含遭受意义的被动句:句子以“受” (挨、遭等) 作谓语, 以动词作“受” (挨、遭) 的宾语, 而宾语动词所及的客体 (受事) 作句子的主语。如果句子出现行为主体 (施事) , 它应置于“受”之后。例如:
旧社会妇女受歧视。
В старом обществе женщины подвергалисьдискриминации.
4.“是……的”句:汉语中广泛使用“是……的”句, 它可以表达多种意义, 其中之一是表示被动, “是”字后面的成分得到强调。例如:
这个错误是一个青年学者首先发现的。
Эта ошибка впервые была обнаружена молодымученым.
(二) 俄语中的被动句
俄语中被动句最常用的有两类:1. 未完成体及物动词加尾缀-ся 构成的形式, 她具有未完成体动词固有的体的意义 (行为过程、经常、反复、多次行为等) ;2. 完成体及物动词的被动形动词短尾形式, 它表示受事主语 (受动主体) 的特征。被动句中行为主体用名词第五格形式作句法上补语出现, 这类句子称为三项结构被动句;如果句子中无表示行为主体的第五格名词, 则这类句子称为二项结构被动句。并不是所有带尾缀-ся 的未完成体及物动词都表示被动。句子的被动意义通过动词的词汇意义或从具体语境推知。如有第五格名词表示的行为主体, 被动意义就比较明显。
俄语中有一类及物动词作谓语的句子, 当把直接补语 (行为客体) 移到谓语动词之前, 尽管句法上仍是直接补语, 它已转化为受动主体, 句子语义上相当于被动句。例如: Роман написал молодой писатель./Роман написанмолодым писателем.
二、俄汉被动句的基本语义性能
(一) 汉语被动句语义
汉语被动句语义标记的特点表现为:在表达“纯被动”意义上是无标记的, 有些被动句表达的可能是中动态的意义。而在表达“褒”或“贬”的评价语义方面总体上是有标记的、有较大的主观评价性, 这集中表现为它要体现“受影响而产生变化”语义关系。因为从历时的角度看, “遭受”义是汉语被动句的基础, “被”字在汉语中本来就表示“受不利影响”的意思。如:所有道路被雪埋住了。/ 森林被雷电击中起火。如果句中动作行为不会对作用对象或受事主体产生任何影响, 则被动句极可能不成立:他被人写了一封信。
(二) 俄语被动句语义
俄语被动句语义标记的最大特点是“无标记”, 一方面它可以表示“纯被动”意义, “把逻辑客体当作动词 (述谓) 特征的载体” (А.Бондарко1991) , 在一定程度上突出“动作—过程”语义。俄语被动句中立的、纯客观性的被动句在俄语中常见, 较多用于追求抽象、概括性和客观性的科学语体和政论语体。
三、结语
了解汉俄被动句对翻译的实践有很大帮助。俄语被动句形式方面的成分多一些、形式机制的作用要强一些, “遭受”义并不是其普遍特征, 而汉语被动句语义上的因素更多, 控制汉语被动句的主要是语义—意合机制。俄汉语被动句的差异在各自的语法标志上也有体现。俄语被动句总有语法标记-ся 或-н/-т。
俄语被动句语义上可以表示褒义、贬义和中立的意义关系, 而汉语被动句除了表示“有损”义之外, 在现代汉语中语义也在不断扩大。受事主体要受影响而发生变化, 只要有“受影响而发生变化”这一语义特征, 不论表现的是褒义、贬义还是中立意义, 该被动句都成立, 这也是汉俄被动句在语义共性方面的特征。
参考文献
[1]姜宏.汉俄语被动句语用功能之对比分析[J].俄语语言文学研究, 2005 (2) .
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