圣诞节的历史英语作文

圣诞节的历史英语作文（精选6篇）

1.圣诞节的历史英语作文 篇一

每年逼近十二月时，已经可以发现街边、商店里开始布置圣诞节的装饰了，每个人都期待这个热闹温馨的节日。什么？老师竟然在这个快乐的节日布置英语作文？没关系，下面我们就呈上一篇关于圣诞节的英语作文，供大家学习借鉴！

Christmas is one of the most important celebrations of the year for the western countries.It falls on the twenty-fifth of December and has the same importance as Chinese New Year to people with English backgrounds.The celebration is for the birth of Jesus Christ, who is the son of God in Christianity.Now days Christmas is no longer only celebrated by the Christians, but by most people from all over the world.第一段，首先简单介绍一下圣诞节的起源背景。

On the twenty-fourth of December everyone gets excited for it’s the day before Christmas which is called Christmas Eve.The children are usually sent to bed early and are warned that “Santa Claus will only come and give you a present if you be good.” The younger kids actually believe that Santa will come down the chimney on the sleigh that’s pulled by his reindeers.Food like short bread and beer are prepared for Santa when he comes, however most times parents just eat them.Some children put socks and sacks up for the holding of the presents(that their parents put in).这一段，文章描写了圣诞节前一晚——圣诞夜的一些怪诞传说。

Rise and shine on Christmas morning!The children are always the first ones to wake up, some even do at four.Present wrappers everywhere!They look into their presents with a big smile on their face and oh dear….I hope no one’s disappointed.I feel sorry for anyone that got pink underwear.Children play while dinner is prepared by the adults.The Christmas dinner are usually eaten together by relatives.The tradition of Christmas pudding and roosters are usually eaten with deserts afterwards.The rest of the day is usually games and fun before the good days all come to an end.第三段，来到了圣诞节当天，具体描写了圣诞节的活动、传统，如拆礼物、圣诞大餐。

I wish everyone a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year！!最后一段，以一句十分简短的祝福结束了整个圣诞节，可以看出圣诞节的兴奋以及对他人的美好祝福。

这是一篇十分真实的圣诞节英语作文，整个文章是总分的形式来进行记叙，十分容易模仿以及借鉴，怎么样，大家有灵感了吗？

2.圣诞节的历史英语作文 篇二

从某种程度而言, 英国的历史实际上是外来者征服的历史, 并且英语实际上也是外来者使用语言的转变。罗马征服可以算得上是第一次文化入侵。

大约在公元前2世纪, 凯尔特人通过欧洲大陆驻军不列颠。他们讲凯尔特语, 这是古英语里面三大外来语的来源之一。凯尔特语并没有书面形式的文字, 它对古英语最主要的贡献就是地名。比如现在我们学习的伦敦:London, 在凯尔特语中被叫做Lunden;又比如约克:York, 在凯尔特语中被叫做Eoforwic。并且有一些河流的名字是源自于凯尔特语, 例如英语当中对伦敦的泰晤士河称作:Thames, 而凯尔特语中被称之为Temese。之后, 罗马人占领了不列颠, 并实现了罗马征服。此时的罗马人以拉丁语作为官方语言, 并也成为了凯尔特上层人士的第二语言。公元前3世纪左右, 通过罗马传教士将基督教带入到不列颠岛上, 拉丁语是基督教教会的语言, 当时曾非常流行。教会对于百姓的生活也有着非常重要的影响, 很多日常生活用品以及服装方面的古英语词汇都有拉丁语的身影, 因此, 拉丁语也成为了古英语的一个主要来源。到了公元前4世纪, 罗马人因为要解决本土危机, 不得不撤离不列颠。

之后位于西北欧的三个日尔曼部落的朱特人、盎格鲁人-萨克森人以及撒克逊人来到了不列颠并趁虚而入, 开始征服不列颠的凯尔特民族。这三个部落虽然讲的是日耳曼语中的三种不同语言, 但是相互之间是可以听得懂的, 又因为在入侵时, 盎格鲁-萨克森人的数量最多, 他们就以盎格鲁-萨克森语作为第一语言, 也就是现在的英语的发源史。到了公元6世纪, 逐渐出现了英语, 当时的英语只能成为古英语, 它靠近日耳曼语, 具有浓烈的日耳曼语的复合词特色。

据调查显示, 很多史诗当中, 约有一半的语句都是以复合词的形式出现的, 有的复合词里不重读的内容, 渐渐变得没有独立位置, 而变成了后缀, 例如in-、for-等。在古英语的诗歌里具有一种极为特别的修辞方法, 可以称之为头韵, 因此出现了很多短语并一直使用至今。有两大历史事件对英语影响较大。其中之一就是在公元5世纪末, 罗马教皇一世指派教士奥古斯丁前去不列颠创办教会, 让罗马文化和习俗渐渐融入到不列颠内, 这个举动对盎格鲁-萨克森这样的简单、粗糙的语言带来了非常大的影响, 通过二者的融合, 逐渐形成了当今的英语。因此, 这也是英语历史上的第一次文化入侵, 它开创了英语时代, 让英语从中吸取了充足的养分, 并且一直使用至今。由此可见, 罗马征服对英语的影响非常重大。

二、第二次文化入侵:北欧人进入英国

英语历史上最重要的另一件事情就是北欧人进入英国。斯堪的那维亚征服, 成为了第二次文化入侵。

在公元前7世纪末时, 大批斯堪的那维亚人涌入英国并且定居。通过斯堪的那维亚人与英国人之间的频繁来往, 很多斯堪的那维亚的词汇融入到英语中, 斯堪的那维亚语又被叫做古诺斯语, 成为了古英语中的第三大外来语。英国人将这些侵略者称之为丹麦人。

之后, 有更多的丹麦人侵略英国, 到了公元9世纪末, 艾尔弗雷德同丹麦人进行抵抗, 将他们的势力范围限制在泰晤士河北区的位置。到了10世纪末, 由于挪威人及丹麦人军队的侵入, 英国人必须要纳贡才可以换得相对平安的日子。一直到了11世纪初期, 丹麦国王将英国变成了丹麦的一部分, 并兼任了英国国王。由于侵略, 使得英国北部以及苏格兰地区有数以千计的以斯堪的那维亚语为主的移民在此定居。他们同当地的英国人相互来往、通婚, 渐渐被英国人同化。并且, 英国人也将斯堪的那维亚的语言吸收进来, 并且融会贯通, 丰富了英语词汇。比如说英语中很多以“sk”开头的词汇都是来源于斯堪的那维亚语的, 例如skill、sky、skin等。英语将其后面复杂的词尾进行了简化。

在英国的北部以及苏格兰的很多地区的名称都有斯堪的那维亚语的身影, 英语的词汇里许多动词、形容词均源自于斯堪的那维亚语。所以我们不难在早期的中古英语的文学作品当中会发现斯堪的那维亚语比法语要多许多。

三、第三次文化入侵:法国诺曼底公爵攻打不列颠

在第三次文化入侵之前, 当时英国的国王是爱德华, 爱德华生长于法国, 他的母亲为诺曼人, 因此, 爱德华和诺曼底公爵威廉属于表亲。在1066年, 爱德华驾崩, 法国的诺曼底公爵攻打不列颠, 最后成功地侵略了英国, 成为了威廉一世。他将英国的朝廷与教会全盘清洗, 但凡重要的职位, 都由法国人任职, 上层人士都通过法语进行交流。所以, 法语对英语造成了极大的影响, 诺曼征服被称之为英语历史上的第三次文化入侵。实际上, 在诺曼征服发生之前, 法语就已经融入到了英语之中, 城堡的建筑以及咸肉的食用都是由法国传至英国的, 所以, castle以及bacon都被引入到英语中。在11世纪时, 法语就已经对英语有所影响, 而诺曼征服对英国的影响更为重大, 它不但让英国同欧洲大陆的关系逐渐融合, 加快了英国经济的发展、文化的进步, 还为英国的生活提供了更加文明的方式。到了12世纪, 法语对英语的影响更加明显, 不但影响了日常用语, 还影响了一些宗教用语、文化用语、动词用语甚至是贵族阶层的用语。在10世纪中期到13世纪末期, 英国国王大多由诺曼底公爵担任, 因此不论是政界、军队、教育等领域, 都以法语为主, 学校也使用法语进行授课, 贵族阶层更是视法语为高尚的语言, 只有贫民才会用英语。自此之后的两百多年期间, 当时的英国社会呈现了三种不同阶层使用三种不同语言的局面:政府以及贵族使用法语、宗教以及文化事业使用拉丁语、底层贫苦百姓使用英语。一直到今天, 英国人还是以会说一口流利的法语为荣。由此可见诺曼征服对英语历史的影响有多大。并且它也构成了今天具有多种混杂词汇来源的英语。

自诺曼征服开始, 大约有10 000多个法语词汇融入到了英语之中, 而大部依旧应用至今。在这个阶段, 不论是政治、经济、文化、军事、法律等, 但凡与统治阶层相关的领域都可以体现出来。法语在这些领域中占有主体地位。此后, 英语将复合法创新词汇的方法加以改进。更为关键的是, 诺曼底入侵的加速, 提升了中世纪英语语法的转变速度。在维京人入侵时, 英语就已经将词尾部分逐渐简化, 直到诺曼人入侵后, 这个优点发展得更加迅速。名词的复数部分只剩下- (e) s或者-en两种, 形容词的性、数、格以及人称逐渐将曲折变为简化, 动词也在形式上逐渐简化, 大量的不规则动词在减少, 用介词替代了词的曲折转变。曲折形式逐渐被词序替代词义。这样的转变, 让英语不但具有灵活性, 还具有丰富的表现力。通过一系列变化之后, 英语和法语的密切程度逐渐超过了其他一切语言的关联, 词汇也呈现出开放型形式, 持续不断地吸收更多新鲜的词汇。在当时很多文学作品当中, 都体现了英语和法语的混合。英语的词汇主要通过法语的词组成, 其数量非常庞大。诺曼征服加快了古英语迈向中世纪英语的转变速度, 也让英语的词汇更加丰富。

四、三次文化入侵后英语语言发生的改变

经过这三次文化入侵之后, 英语的语言出现了巨大的改变。一个意思通常可以通过三种词汇进行表达, 即为:拉丁语、法语、英语。自从18世纪后期开始, 美国独立之后, 不但从经济、政治、文化等各方面对英国乃至世界造成了影响, 也加强了美式英语的理念, 并已经成为了美国乃至更多国家所运用的英语形式, 以此为基础, 英国英语同美国英语共同构成了国际英语。

参考文献

[1]景晶.英国都铎王朝早期航海活动研究 (1480-1509) [D].西安:陕西师范大学, 2010.

[2]王兴业.对盎格鲁—撒克逊人播迁不列颠的历史研究[D].上海:华东师范大学, 2005.

[3]李栋.试论英格兰盎格鲁—撒克逊时期的原始民主遗风[J].北方法学, 2009 (4) .

[4]朱镜人.从教会事业走向国家事业——英格兰民众教育发展的历史路径探析[J].安徽史学, 2012 (1) .

3.快乐的圣诞节英语作文 篇三

In order to get the gift, I brushed my teeth, washed my face, and obediently gave my breakfast to my family. My family was very surprised, because I was not like this in normal times. I let go for a gift. In class, I try my best not to let myself go on errands. In normal times, Ive been distracted. Finally proud to school.

I thought, ”will Santa forget me if he wants to give gifts to so many children?“ so I wrote down the gifts on a piece of paper so that Santa would not forget them. In the evening, I had a beautiful dream that I got a big gift. But I didnt see any presents by the bed when I came together in the morning. I fell into my mothers arms and told her the whole thing. My mother stroked my head and said, ”silly boy, Santa didnt forget you.“ You see, say, take a doll out of the back. I held the doll and broke into tears.

4.圣诞节的感受英语作文 篇四

Christmas, like our Spring Festival, has a meaning in itself. Christmas Day, which is on December 25, is the birthday of Jesus Christ--the son of God. Thats why it is called Christmas. On that day, Christians would get together with their families to celebrate the birthday of Jesus. But nowadays, the religious meaning of Christmas has become less emphasized. To many families, it is just a time of family reunion and the ever-exciting present-giving.

Our school had been on winter vacation since December 11. I stayed at my friend, Stephen Stapczynskis house--his family was my “host family”. Although Christmas was still more than ten days ahead, the festive spirit had already been teeming everywhere. The Christmas tree had already been set up, and on every windowsill, there were Christmas lights. On the first day I arrived at their house, Stephen and I helped Mrs. Stapczynski put decorations on the Christmas tree. The tree looked so nice with all the lights on and the beautiful ornaments dangling from its branches.

As Christmas came closer, the whole neighborhood had made preparations too. Some people would hold parties at their houses, inviting all their neighbors to come. So every night, if you went out, you would see a long line of cars parked in front of some house--a partys on!

Whats more, the Christmas decorations that some people put on their windows and in gardens were just amazing. On one night, we went out in our car for a “tour of lights”. There was one street that was so famous for its lights that it got its way into the local paper. We had a hard time finding the well-hidden street, but it turned out to be worth the effort. Lights shone brightly in front of nearly every house, on trees, bushes, doors, windows…everywhere, taking different shapes, making it seem almost like daytime. Huge inflatable figures in the front gardens were waving to us: there were Santa Clauses2, of course, chuckling merrily away; and there were also other Christmas figures, like Rudolph3--the red-nosed reindeer--with his red nose gleaming ever so brightly; even Bart Simpson--a character in the famous comedy The Simpsons--had joined the jolly party, wearing a Santas hat. The street set off a lot of “ooh”s and “aah”s inside the car.4 When we left, there was a line of cars in the street, all there to see the lights.

Christmas is the time for exchanging presents. Stephen and Niko had been thinking about their Christmas lists (a list of things they wish “Santa”to give them for Christmas) for a long time. I didnt want to ask for anything, but the Stapczynskis were so kind to “force”me make one list as well (Mr. Stapczynski told me if I didnt make one he would chop off my legs). So I wrote down a couple of things that I would like to have, and gave the list to them--sorry, my mistake--to Santa.

Finally, Christmas Eve came. There was a special Christmas service at the church at 6 p.m. It was certainly a very interesting experience for me. The priest started the service reading and sang out extractions from a holy book--The Divine Liturgy. For several times, we would stand up and pray.

Sometimes, the church choir would start singing. The atmosphere was very quiet and holy. Then there was a ceremony called “The Receiving Communion”. People waited in line to “receive”a spoonful of food from the priest. It was a very special Christmas tradition. The food was made from bread and wine. The bread represents the body of Jesus, and the wine represents his blood. After this ceremony, the priest had a speech. He reminded us not to forget the true meaning of Christmas, and let Jesus really live inside us--that is, to love the people around us wholeheartedly. I think that no matter if you are a Christian or not, this principle should be part of our lives. After the priest finished his speech, the part that I enjoyed most came: Christmas carols5. Christmas carols are songs that people sing at Christmas, such as “Jingle Bells”, “We Wish You a Merry Christmas”, “Silent Night”and so on. Some were very merry, others sounded quite holy, but all of them were beautiful. I closed my eyes, and let all the peacefulness and happiness that were in the songs flow through me. What a feeling it was!

We went to sleep earlier that day for we had to get up early on Christmas Day to open our presents. Sure enough, when I was still half-way during a sweet dream, Stephen burst into my room and told me to get up and open presents. There were a huge pile of presents under the Christmas tree, and there was such a mysterious mist shrouding them that made me eager to see what they all were. So one by one, we went through all the presents. Mr. and Mrs. Stapczynski had bought me everything I had written on my Christmas list--and a lot more! I got music CDs, film DVDs, clothes, books… I was very happy, and I didnt know how to express my appreciation for what they had done for me.

Stephen and Niko had gotten a lot of presents too, and they had already been trying out their new games!

In the afternoon, we went to Mrs. Stapczynskis brother, Uncle Stans house. They had prepared a marvelous meal for us. A lot of their friends and relatives also came. I saw Stephen and Nikos grandparents, Yiayia and Papou (words of grandma and grandpa in Greek--Mrs. Stapczynskis parents came from Greece, so they like the boys using Greek words to call them). They were very kind to me, and treated me just like one of their family members. We had a very luxurious meal, consisting of turkey, beef, pork, and all sorts of other food.

5.圣诞节的来历英语作文 篇五

the history of christmas

christmas is a christian holiday that celebrates the birth of jesus christ. no one knows the exact date of christ‘s birth, but most christians observe christmas on december 25. on this day, many go to church, where they take part in special religious services. during the christmas season, they also exchange gifts and decorate their homes with holly, mistletoe, and christmas trees. the word christmas comes from cristes maesse, an early english phrase that means mass of christ. the story of christmas comes chiefly from the gospels of saint luke and saint matthew in the new testament.

the history of christmas dates back over 4000 years. many of our christmas traditions were celebrated centuries before the christ child was born. the 12 days of christmas, the bright fires, the yule log, the giving of gifts, carnivals(parades) with floats, carolers who sing while going from house to house, the holiday feasts, and the church processions can all be traced back to the early mesopotamians.

6.清晚期英语教科书发展的历史考镜 篇六

一、萌芽阶段(1807—1840 年)

在1840年鸦片战争开始前,虽然在少数沿海口岸地区已零星出现中西通商的现象,但是从总体上来讲,中国尚处于闭关锁国、骄傲自大的状态。上至皇族官员,下至普通百姓都对所谓的西方文化嗤之以鼻,更无从谈起对其语言的学习和重视。因此,在当时的中国社会并没有出现真正意义上的英语学习,英语教科书的编写更处于一种无序杂乱而无意识的萌芽状态。在此阶段的英语学习材料全篇没有一个英文字母,更没有提及英文文法,而是用汉语来标注英文单词的小册子。这些小册子或以手抄的形式,或以刻本的形式出现,供那些生活在沿海口岸地区的社会最底层的贫穷劳动者与西方商人进行贸易和提供服务时使用。确切来讲,他们所使用的英语是介于汉语与英语之间的“洋泾浜”英语,不讲究发音,不追究语法,一切皆以用来辅助相互沟通为目的。这种自发萌芽式的英语学习虽然看似原始可笑,但确实开启了我国英语学习的先河。

在最初的“洋泾浜”式英语小册子中,发源于广州沿海地区的《红毛番话》类英语读本成为了最典型代表。由于当时的清代用“红毛鬼”来代指英国人,那么“红毛番话”即用来表示英国人所讲的话,即英语。绝大多数的《红毛番话》都是用中文标注读音的简单对照式学习。亨特在《广州番鬼录》中对这类读本曾给予这样的评价“:该书的著者是一个中国人,他独具匠心,应名垂千古。”[1]69诚然,虽然《红毛番话》类英语读本在学习方法上显得原始拙劣,在全书编排上并无体系章法可言,严格来讲算不上是真正意义上的英语教科书,但它毕竟启迪了国人的思想,完成了中西通商的使命,并且这种洋泾浜式的英语学习方法对后世更产生了深远的影响,直至19世纪后半期在上海等许多口岸地区依然有许多买办使用洋泾浜英语与西方商人往来贸易。

对比《红毛番话》,在此阶段中出现的可称之为中国最早具有现代意义的英语教科书当属传教士马礼逊在马六甲创办的英华书院所采用的《英国文语凡例传》,这是我国历史上出现的第一部中英对译的英语语法教科书。此教科书的应用标志着中国人接受正规英语教教育育的的开开端端,,因因此此,,此此教教科科书书的的诞诞生生具具有有深深远远的的历历史史意意义义。

二、发展阶段(1840—1895 年)

鸦片战争的惨败使中国被迫放弃闭关锁国的政策,开始实行五口通商的门户开放政策,西方传教士大量涌入中国。因此,伴随着中外在经济、政治、文化等领域出现的日渐频繁的交流,国人越来越多地意识到英语学习的重要性。英语已经不再被视为低贱的仅供贸易往来的工具,而是提高国家综合实力,师夷长技以制夷的有力手段。因此,整个晚清社会掀起了一股学习英语的热潮,有更多的中国人愿意将英语作为一门系统的学科内容进行学习,正规英语教科书的编写也随之迎来了一个缓慢发展的新时期。

1.西方传教士所编写的英语教科书。根据伟烈亚力的研究结果,在此阶段由西方传教士编撰的英语教科书主要有七部,分别为:扬的《训蒙日课》,罗存德的《英话文法小引》、《英华辞典》,麦嘉湖的《英话正音》、《英字源流》和卫三畏的《英华韵府历阶》、《英华分韵撮要》。(伟烈亚力,《1867年以前来华基督教传教士列传及著作目录》,2011年)此外,在1867年以后出现的英文教科书主要有斯坦尼斯拉的《习汉英合话》,露密士的《英华初学》,兰多特的《华英通语》,以及罗伯聃的《华英通用杂话》。其中的经典代表,即罗存德的《英话文法小引》和罗伯聃的《华英通用杂话》。罗存德的《英话文法小引》是根据Comwell的《英语语法入门》改编而成,全书采取汉英对照的形式,汉语采用粤方言并用罗马字母标识英汉文字发音,供英语初学者和儿童学习使用。罗伯聃的《华英通用杂话》一经出版便受到了来自欧洲学者的广泛赞誉,并曾一度传播到日本,成为日本人学习英语的启蒙读本。此书共分为七个部分,即《序》、《英文字头分别总目》、《诵读华英通用凡例》、《生意数目门》、《日常口头语》、《刊印错误说明》和《致读者》。此书在整体编排形式上模仿了早期的《红毛番话》类英语读本,但增加了英文书写,供具有较高层次的英语学习者使用[2]。

2.国人自编的英语教科书。洋务学堂和教会学校的兴起培养了一批熟悉西方文化,掌握英语用法的人才,并从侧面刺激了国人自编英语教科书的发展,但相比于西方传教士所编写的英语教科书,这种自编书无论在编书的体系质量上,还是对社会的影响力方面都显得略逊一筹。此阶段的国人自编英语教科书主要有两类:一类是在清政府所开办的洋务学堂或教会学校中受过英语语言正规教育的社会精英阶层为推动英语发展和英语学科学习所编写的体系类教科书。另一类是生活在社会底层,因长期从事通商贸易而精通英语的劳动人民。他们所编写的英语教科书主要用于促进港口贸易的发展,并没有把英语当作一门学科来进行系统的学习,因而内容基本是围绕商务用语展开,具有较强的实用主义倾向。主要代表著作有《华英通语》、《英话注解》、《英语集全》、《英字入门》和《英字指南》,这些基本为带有中文标注的英语词汇类教科书,因没有难懂的体系纲目和专门术语,非常适合初级学习者自学,也因此赢得了普通百姓阶层的广泛关注。

由精英阶层所编写的英语教科书的发展经历了两个阶段:第一阶段为洋务运动前,国人自编的英语教科书主要为英汉词语对译类的书籍。此类书籍沿袭了鸦片战争前《红毛番话》类读本的词汇分类编纂方式,并增添了英文书写和简要的英语语法内容;第二阶段为19世纪60年代至90年代,国人自编书的编译内容和体系进一步细化,除继续深化词汇对译类的编撰之外,增添了语法类、翻译类和会话类的介绍,主要代表作品涉及:词汇对译类的《英华字汇》,语法类的《文法初阶》和《英文举隅》,翻译类的《翻译小补》,以及会话类的《英话入门》和《英学初阶》。此外,值得一提的是,在这个阶段出现了了我我国国历历史史上上最最早早的的英英语语分分级级类类教教科科书书《英英语语汇汇腋腋》。此此书书按按照照英英语语学习的过程循序渐进地分为三集进行编撰,深刻体现了当时人们对英语作为一门学科体系的认识[3]。

三、成熟阶段(1895—1911 年)

甲午战争的失败彻底唤醒了国人救亡图存的民族意识,当时的晚清政府深刻意识到了英语学习的重要性并颁布了《钦定学堂章程》,规定在各级各类的学堂教育中都必须把英语作为一门必修课。因此,在强大社会需求的推动之下,我国英语教科书的编写步入了蓬勃发展阶段。其发展特点主要表现在:一,来源多元化。国人已不仅仅满足于由传教士所编写的教科书,而是直接引入或编译西方原版的英文教科书。这类书籍因已被西方国家长期使用,因此在编写体例上更趋于成熟,在表词达意上更加地道,但由于中西学习者对象的差别,其中的部分内容并不适合中国的学习者。二,门类科学化。伴随着国人学习英语热潮的不断高涨,我国当时社会涌现了一批著名的英语学者,如伍光建、邝富灼、严复等,他们结合自身所学编写了多部具有现代意义的英语教科书,其中为适应中小学分级教学而编写的系列课本成为我国英语教科书编写史上的开篇之作。三,理论体系化。这段时期英语教科书的编写还体现了明显的教育理论特色,首次展示了当时比较流行的赫尔巴特教育理论和古安系列教学法,彰显了教育改革和教科书编写的互动关系。