雅思写作短语（共9篇）
1.雅思写作短语 篇一
concentrate on/upon…集中注意力于…
on the contrary与之相反
convince somebody of something使某人确信某事
deprive somebody of something剥夺某人某物
derive from…起源于…
in detail详细地
be equipped with…装备有…
in essence本质上
to…extent在…程度上
inform. somebody of something通知某人某事
lie in在于…
major in主修…
in the light of… 按照…，根据…
2.雅思写作短语 篇二
统计机器翻译方法自上世纪90年代以来, 发展十分迅速, 取得了很大的进步, 使其逐渐成为机器翻译领域中的研究热点。统计方法的最大优点就在于无需人工编写规则, 利用语料库直接训练得到机器翻译系统, 且译文质量好。基于短语的统计机器翻译方法, 由于可以更好地把握局部上下文依赖关系, 在性能上优于基于词的统计机器翻译方法。相对于基于句法的统计机器翻译, 基于短语的具有很好的通用性, 且搜索空间比较小。
基于短语的方法将任意连续的字符串都看作短语, 从词对齐的双语语料库中自动学习双语短语, 以短语为单位进行翻译。然而, 通常认为, 如果短语表中一个短语和另一个包含该短语的较长的短语出现次数相同的话, 那么这个短的短语则很有可能是对翻译无用的信息, 甚至可能降低翻译质量。此外, 传统的基于短语的统计机器翻译并没有考虑短语的可靠度, 而是认为一个句子的所有短语切分都是等概率的, 这显然不符合语言学规律。针对这两个问题, 本文分别使用了C-value和粘结度的方法对短语表进行了过滤, 减小了搜索空间, 并且提高了翻译质量。
1 基于短语的统计机器翻译
基于短语的统计机器可以描述为这样的一个过程。将源语言f
本文的基准系统采用MOSES开源软件, 使用对数线性模型计算候选翻译项的概率, 该模型是Och在ACL2002会议上提出来的[3]。不同于以往的噪声通道模型, 对数线性模型是一种直接翻译模型, 直接对概率e
其中, hm (e
特征函数包括短语翻译概率
系统包括训练和解码两大模块, 训练模块利用GIZA++进行双向训练获得词对齐文件, 然后抽取短语获得短语概率表, 并使用SRILM训练语言模型。解码模块对输入的句子进行短语划分, 然后根据已有的短语表搜索它们的最优组合。系统结构如图1所示。
训练模块是基于短语的统计机器翻译中很重要的部分, 短语表质量直接影响了解码时的搜索空间和时间效率, 也关系到最终的翻译质量。因此本文将对短语表的构造做出改进, 过滤大量的冗余信息, 提高短语表准确率。
2 短语表过滤
传统的基于短语的统计机器翻译, 通过双向词对齐, 抽取出双语短语并计算概率, 进而构造出短语表。这种方法是将任意连续的单词看作短语, 并没有考虑短语的合理性。本文通过统计分析, 对短语的合理性进行评分, 从而对短语表进行有效的过滤。
2.1 C-value
C-value是Frantzi和Ananiadou提出的术语抽取方法[2], 其综合了语言学和统计的信息, 并着重强调统计部分。本文将C-value用于过滤短语表, 是基于这样一个思想:如果一个短语经常在更长的短语中出现而很少单独存在, 那么这个短语有可能频率很高但并不是对翻译有很大贡献的短语;如果一个短语经常在多个更长的短语中出现, 那么这个短语就是对翻译很有贡献的信息;如果一个长短语和它的子短语拥有相同的词频, 那么长短语更有可能对翻译有贡献。
与Frantzi和Ananiadou类似, 本文使用四个因素 (L, F, S, N) 来计算C-value, 从而判定一个短语是不是关键短语:
给定一个单语语料和短语表, 可以通过算法1得到一个过滤后的短语表。ε是给定的C-value阈值。候选短语的长度限制为l, l与短语表中的最大长度相等。
2.2 粘结度
粘结度在一定程度上反映了这个词序列出现的概率, 所以可以用粘结度来衡量这个词序列是不是一个合理的语块[7]。
公式 (4) 是长度为k的短语的粘结度。MI (w1, w2, …, wk) 表明词序列w1, w2, …, wk的互信息, P (w1, w2, …, wk) 表明词序列w1, w2, …, wk出现的概率, β是一个位于0与1之间的一个系数 (本文取β=0.5) 。公式 (6) 中的D′k是标准化处理之后的粘结度。
3 实验结果及分析
在本文的实验中, 训练语料为120 000句中英文双语对齐的句子, 测试语料为141句。本文采用GIZA++进行词对齐, 并使用grow-diag-final方法抽取短语, 基准系统采用MOSES开源软件。评价方法采用的是现在流行的机器翻译评价方法, 即BLEU算法。
实验中, 本文分别采用C-value和短语粘结度的方法对源语言进行过滤, 也将它们作为特征分别加入翻译模型, 并将翻译结果与基准系统进行比较。
3.1 根据C-value对短语表进行过滤
首先不考虑短语长度, 根据源语言的C-value对整个短语表进行了过滤, 结果如表1所示。
从表1中可以看出, BLEU评价最大可以比基准系统提高0.02, 而此时短语表只有原来的78%。并且当短语表缩减为原来的51%时, BLEU评价仍然比基准系统略有提高。
此外, 由于短语表里的短语长度为2到7个单词, 本文尝试将不同长度的短语分别进行过滤, 每个长度取不同的阈值。表2显示的是在BLEU评价最好的情况下, 各个长度的短语的阈值, 这时BLEU评价为0.4072, 短语表缩减至49%。
根据表2可以看出, 相对于长度较短的短语, 长短语的阈值更大, 由此可知, 长度短的短语过滤得更少, 对翻译的贡献更大。
表3是几个短语的C-value的例子, 很好地说明了C-value的作用。
“德耳塔 航空”的 (L, F, S, N) 为 (2, 1, 1, 19) , 计算得出C-value为0.947368, “德耳塔 航空 公司”的 (L, F, S, N) 为 (3, 1, 1, 14) , 计算得出C-value为1.85714。可以看到, “德耳塔 航空”和“德耳塔 航空 公司”的F (p) 都为1, 即两者出现的频率相同, 因此可以得出, “德耳塔 航空 公司”比“德耳塔 航空”对翻译更有贡献。而“九 个”的 (L, F, S, N) 为 (2, 5, 5, 63) , 包含该短语的长短语个数为63, 表示它经常在比它长的短语里出现, 如“九 个 街区”和“九 个 人”, 因此它的C-value值比较大。
3.2 根据粘结度对短语表进行过滤
本文使用和C-value一样的方法, 通过源语言的粘结度, 对短语表进行过滤, 结果见表4。
此外, 本文也对不同长度的短语分别进行过滤, 表5显示的是最好的结果, 此时短语表缩减至47.5%, 同时BLEU评价提高至0.4174。
可以看出, 这种方法比表4显示的结果好很多。由此可知, 对于不同长度的短语, 它们的粘结度无法准确地反映短语的合理性。
表6是几个短语的粘结度的例子。
可以看到“我 的”的粘结度要比“的 行李”和“的 形势”都高, “接受 检查”比“行李 接受”高, 这表示计算结果符合语言学规则。
3.3 将C-value和粘结度作为特征加入翻译模型
本文计算源语言和目标语言短语的C-value和粘结度, 作为特征加入翻译模型中, 并使用最小错误法训练模型参数[5], 结果见表7。可以看出, 这种方法比直接过滤短语表略有提高。
4 结 论
本文有效地运用了两种方法, 对短语表进行了缩减, 均取得显著效果, 并在缩减短语表的同时, 提高了翻译质量。实验显示, 使用C-value将短语表缩减至78%时, 翻译结果的BLEU评价可以提高0.02, 使用粘结度可以使短语表最小缩减至47.5%, 翻译结果的BLEU评价可以提高0.0158。此外本文分别将两种方法作为特征加入翻译模型, 均取得显著效果。
但是使用粘结度过滤短语表的方法仍然不够完善, 粘结度的过滤只能局限于相同长度的短语, 对于不同长度的短语, 其粘结度并不能很好地反应短语的合理性。在今后的工作中, 我们将会改善粘结度的计算方法, 使翻译结果得到更好的效果。
摘要：大多数基于短语的统计机器翻译系统将任意连续的词串看作短语, 并没有考虑短语的合理性。使用了C-value以及短语粘结度两种方法, 有效地对短语表进行过滤, 减小了搜索空间, 同时还提高了翻译质量。实验表明, 在翻译结果的BLEU评价提高0.02的情况下, 短语表可以缩减为原来的78%。并且当短语表缩减为原来的47.5%时, BLEU评价仍提高了0.0158。
关键词：统计机器翻译,短语表过滤,C-value,短语粘结度
参考文献
[1]Brown P F.The Mathematics of Statistical Machine Translation:Param-eter Estimation[J].Computational Linguistics, 1993, 19 (2) :263-311.
[2]Frantzi K, Ananiadou S, Tsuji J.The C-value/NC-value Method of Au-tomatic Recognition for Multi-Word Terms[C]//Proceedings of theSecond European Conference on Research and Advanced Technologyfor Digital Libraries.Springer-Verlag, 1998.
[3]Franz Josef Och, Hermann Ney.Discriminative Training and MaximumEntropy Models for Statistical Machine Translation[C].ACL, 2002.
[4]赵铁军.机器翻译原理[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社, 2000.
[5]Franz Josef Och.Minimum Error Rate Training for Statistical MachineTranslation[C]//Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Asso-ciation for Computational Linguistics (ACL) , Japan, Sapporo, July 2003.
[6]Cenugopal A, Vogel S, Vaibel A.Effective phrase translation extractionfrom alignment models[C]//Proceedings of the 1st Annual Meeting ofthe Association of Computational Linguistics (ACL) , 2003.
3.王宏甲哲思短语 篇三
什么是爱，你如果真正痴情地爱上一个人，那时候世界上的一切包括自己，都仿佛不存在了。那是一种不计对方名利地位只讲爱慕的精神，那是一种无我忘己的存在，那是要把自己有限的一切都奉献出去，在自己钟情的世界里认取一个超越自身的境界……你如果没有这样真正地爱过，你就不会理解什么叫牺牲。
【《无极之路》第二章·第9节】
如果你只爱自己，世界就太狭小了。慷慨的爱是个性之源，会澎湃出异乎寻常的能量。
【《现在出发》第五章·题前语】
& 论追求
如果没有过寄托着一生全部心血的追求，便无所谓抉择的痛苦……粗暴的打击，无端的摧残，受辱的痛苦，受挫的优伤，男儿也下泪。几经曲折，几经磨难，几度奋起，几度抗争，全因紧紧地抓住了那个追求。所有自觉的路途所有的哀愁喜乐，分分秒秒也全部盛满了那个追求。
天阴天晴，日出日落。既然所有的成功之路都不可能平坦，既然纵有再好的向导仍需自己努力登攀，那就不必抱怨不必哀伤。有志者百困不疲千难不避万死不回汲汲于承继再造，就总有获得成功的希望。正是这样，一程一程，将打击视为鞭策，把辛酸化作喜悦，才走到了今天。
【《无极之路》第三章·第10节】
& 论经验
成功的经验能给人某种安全感，但人要是躺在经验上，就难免不吃经验的亏。人类所有的经验都只能说明过去，而我们每天遇到的事都是新鲜的。我们需要经验，但我们也同样需要高度重视——警惕经验！
【《无极之路》第四章·第4节】
& 论蔑视
人要不懂蔑视就不懂自视。他的父辈没教过他蔑视只教他恭敬，看来不少人可能终其一生都不曾真正懂得这种气质。蔑视是排他的，却需要忘我的勇气!“横眉冷对……”就是。他知道了，有的人值得尊重，有的人就没法叫人瞧得起。
【《无极之路》第三章·第5节】
& 论思考
历史上每一项改变了人类文明进程的进步都能追溯到某时某人头脑中的某个“闪念”，任何事物的促进都比不上一种新的想法。人如果没有了异乎寻常的想法，人世间怎能姹紫嫣红气象万千！
【《无极之路》第三章·第8节】
一个对社会有益的思考，如果能为这一片土壤接受、发芽、生长，那同样能获得普遍的价值，宽广的效益。
【《无极之路》第五章·第3节】
& 论无形
“寒风像刀子。”这话讲得不错。这是承认“无形”也像“有形”，看不见的东西决不等于不存在。
【《无极之路》第三章·第9节】
& 论情感
也许说服人靠道理，打动人还需要感情。一种携着远见的思想的力量可能使你一下子就越过思前虑后的抉择过程，将你迅速席卷而去。
【《无极之路》第五章·第4节】
& 论平等
世上最让人心情舒畅的莫过于——平等。
【《无极之路》第三章·第7节】
& 论文学
也许多数人从书本中最早获得的翻江倒海似的陶冶不是哲学而是文学。书籍非常有效地延伸了你的视线，往日不幸的感觉消融了，积淀的忧郁化作一种情感，这情感能升到高高的内蒙上空，弥满天下。
【《无极之路》第三章·第3节】
& 论犹豫
犹豫不决是以无知为基础的。如果我对某件事情犹豫不决，那必是对那事不了解。
【《无极之路》第二章·第6节】
& 论财富
蒙辱的记忆，曲折的路途，你把它们收藏进你灵魂的仓库，你保管着它们就像保管着你的财富。
【《无极之路》第三章·第3节】
& 论温暖
假如人生中没有足够与温暖相匹敌的经历，你就很难真正体会什么是温暖。
【《无极之路》第三章·第10节】
& 论人生
青春时代，你一定也有过许多美丽的幻想、美好的愿望。你一定也有过慷慨激昂的雄心壮志。但是，若干年后，你那个幻想、愿望、雄心壮志，还没有实现，甚至还没开始，是因为你生存的那一片世界里到处都横着阻碍你前进的“路障”，你无法逾越，还是因为你终于深感太难而自我放弃?
【《无极之路》第三章·第1节】
& 论成就
我们这个时代的读书人，最需要放下的就是“没有成就的感觉”。这“没有成就感”和“成就感”都是没有用的东西，你不放下它，他人的成功就会加强你的卑微。你是独一无二的，你的生活有自己独特的无限丰富的可能性。
【《现在出发·后记》】
& 论放弃
从许多成功者的选择中，我们能看到，他们几乎都得益于放弃，放弃那些在他们看来不足以激动他生命的东西。
【《现在出发》第十章·第7节】
& 论自省
善于检讨自己，是一个人自信的表现。你要是遇到一个不会检讨自己的领导，缺点和错误就经常是你的了。敢于否定自己，是一种高尚的气质，一种能克服自己的狭隘性从而达至广博的本领。
【《现在出发》第七章·第6节】
& 论珍惜
珍惜是一种品质，充满祥和与温度，在她的内部蕴藏着伟大的能量，会在你并未刻意追求时给你恒在的生长，才华与良知是从这品质里生出来的。
【《现在出发》第十章·题前语】
& 论抱怨
不要生气，生气是用别人的错误惩罚自己。不要抱怨，抱怨是对自己的失望。没有比抱怨更失败的人生状态。
【《现在出发》第四章·第3节】
& 论嫉妒
嫉妒是在经受着得不到的东西对自己的侵蚀。
【《现在出发》第四章·第3节】
& 论继承
历史上所有能被继承下来的事物，都是后人一次又一次再认识的结果。只有自己能够去思想去实践，才有真正意义上的继承。否则，世上就根本没有“继承”这种东西。
【《现在出发》第六章·题前语】
& 论事业
一个人能把一件并不容易的事干漂亮，就可能干好第二件。一件干不好，另一件也有问题。
【《现在出发》第十章·第4节】
世上有很多事，常常是你以为做不到才做不到。
【《现在出发》第五章·题前语】
4.雅思写作短语 篇四
on account of… 因为…，由于…in addition to… 除…之外
on(the/an)average平均，一般来说on the basis of… 根据…，在…的基础上
at(the)best充其量，至多on business因公，因事in any case无论如何，总之in case of… 假使…，万一…in case假如，以防(万一)免得in no case决不
by chance偶然，碰巧
in charge of… 负责…，主管…in common共用，共有，共同in conclusion最后，总之on condition that在…条件下in connection with/to… 关于…in consequence因此，结果
in consequence of… 由于…的缘故on the contrary反之，正相反in contrast with/to… 与…成对照under control被控制住at all costs不惜任何代价at the cost of… 以…为代价
in the course of… 在…过程中，在…期间
in detail详细地
in difficulties处境困难on earth究竟，到底at all events无论如何in any event无论如何in effect实际上
with the exception of… 除…之外in the face of… 面对…，不顾…in favor of… 有利于…，赞成…，支持…in general通常，大体上at heart在内心,实质上
in honor of… 为纪念…，向…表示敬意at intervals不时，时时
at length终于，最后,详细地at a loss困惑，不知所措by all means无论如何，必定by means of… 借助于…，用…
by no means决不by mistake错误地in nature本质上
on occasion有时，不时
in particular特别地，尤其，详细地in the first place起初，首先in the last place最后in practice实际上at present目前，现在in proportion to… 与…成比例for(the)purpose of… 为了…on purpose故意，有意at random随意地，任意地at any rate无论如何，至少by reason of… 由于…
with/in regard to… 对于…，就…而论with respect to… 关于…as a result结果，因此
as a result of… 由于…的缘故
in the long run最终，从长远观点看for the sake of… 为了…起见at first sight乍一看，初看起来in spite of… 不管…，不顾…in terms of… 依据…，按照…
on the second thoughts经重新考虑，一转念
from time to time有时，不时in truth事实上，实际上，的确on the whole总的来说
have/gain access to…可以获得…take...into account把…加以考虑
gain/have an advantage over…胜过…，优于…
take advantage of…利用…，趁…之机
make the best of…充分利用…，妥善处理…
take charge of…担任…，负责…
make a/the difference有影响，很重要carry/bring into effect使生效，使起作用put into effect实行，生效
come/go into effect生效，实施keep an eye on…留意…，照看…bear/keep in mind记住make up one’s mind下决心
keep/hold pace with… 跟上…，与…同步
take place发生，进行take the place of… 代替…make sense讲得通，有意义
a great/good deal of大量(修饰不可数名词)
influence on影响
reply to…回答…，答复…once upon a time从前
once in a while偶尔，有时account for…说明…allow for…考虑到…
live on/by…靠…生活，以…为食
refer to…参考…，查阅…，涉及…，提到…
serve as…用做…
take for把……认为是…，把……看成是…
think over仔细考虑depend on…取决于…
devote to…奉献…，致力于…engage in…从事于…，忙着…insist on…坚持…
look forward to…盼望…，期待…
have something to do with…和…有点关系
have nothing to do with…和…毫无关系be fed up with…对…感到厌烦take...as把…做为…
think of...as…把…看做是…
be abundant in…富于…，富有…be accustomed to习惯于be aware of…意识到…
be based on…根据…，以…为基础be characterized by…以…为特征be composed of…由…组成be concerned about…关心…，挂念…be determined to do something决心做…be equal to…等于…
be free from没有……的，不受……影响be identified as…被认为是…
be known as被称做……，以……著称be known to为……所熟知
be popular with…受……欢迎be prepared for对……做好准备be regarded as被认为是…，被当做是…be satisfied with对……满意，满足于…be second to…次于…be sick of…对…感到厌倦be used as…被用做…be used to…习惯于…get used to…习惯于…
all of a sudden 突然all the time 一直,始终as a rule 通常,照例
as far as...be concerned 就...而言
as to… 至于…,关于…at best 充其量,至多before long 不久以后beyond question 毫无疑问
by all means 尽一切办法,务必every now and then 时而,偶尔in itself 本质上,就其本身而言sooner or later 迟早,早晚abide by… 遵守…,信守…agree with与…相一致 同意…
be beneficial to… 有利于…，有益于…turn a blind eye to… 对…视而不见by leaps and bounds飞速地，突飞猛进地
when it comes to一谈到…,就…而论disagree with… 与…意见不一致 不同意…
give an opinion on… 对…发表意见adapt oneself to…=adjust oneself to…使自己适应于…
attribute…to…把…归因于…，认为…是…的结果
comment on…评论…
concentrate on/upon…集中注意力于…on the contrary与之相反
convince somebody of something使某人确信某事
deprive somebody of something剥夺某人某物
derive from…起源于…
in detail详细地
be equipped with…装备有…in essence本质上
to…extent在…程度上
inform.somebody of something通知某人某事
lie in在于…major in主修…
5.雅思英语写作中常用的45个短语 篇五
1、on account of… 因为…，由于…
2、account for… 说明…的原因
3、on the basis of… 根据…，在…的基础上
4、in any case无论如何，总之
5、in case of… 假使…，万一…
6、in no case决不
7、make sense讲得通，有意义
8、a great/good deal of大量(修饰不可数名词)
9、influence on影响
10、reply to…回答…，答复…
11、once upon a time从前
12、once in a while偶尔，有时
13、refer to…参考…，查阅…，涉及…，提到…
14、depend on…取决于…
15、devote to… 奉献…，致力于…
16、insist on…坚持…
17、look forward to… 盼望…，期待…
18、have something to do with…和…有点关系
19、have nothing to do with…和…毫无关系
20、be fed up with…对…感到厌烦
21、in detail详细地说
22、be accustomed to习惯于
23、be aware of…意识到…
24、be characterized by…以…为特征
25、be composed of…由…组成
26、be concerned about…关心…，挂念…
27、be determined to do something决心做…
28、be equal to…等于…
29、be identified as…被认为是…
30、be satisfied with对……满意，满足于…
31、as far as somebody be concerned 就...而言
32、as to… 至于…,关于…
33、be beneficial to… 有利于…，有益于…
34、adapt oneself to…=adjust oneself to…使自己适应于…
35、attribute…to…把…归因于…，认为…是…的结果
36、concentrate on…集中注意力于…
37、on the contrary与之相反
38、in detail详细地
39、deprive somebody of something剥夺某人某物
40、in essence本质上
41、inform somebody of something通知某人某事
42、major in主修…
43、in favor of… 有利于…，赞成…，支持…
44、in consequence因此，结果
45、in conclusion最后
雅思大作文：the difference in age between parents and children
雅思大作文题目：In some countries, the difference in age between parents and children is generally greater than it was in the past. Do you think advantages outweigh disadvantages?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Write at least 250 words.
作文范文：
Young couples in the global context are adopting a more self-oriented lifestyle in which many choose to postpone the age of having their first baby, and this happens more specifically in the middle and upper class in developed worlds, bringing benefits and drawbacks on each family member affected.
The advantages of the delayed reproduction come from the more experienced parents. The greatest part of this decision is that these parents who have been dedicated in working for years since graduation may earn a higher income when their first offspring is born, compared with those who have merely graduated. And definitely, the wealthier family can provide surely the new member better conditions like a professional maternal nurse, nutritious diet and private schooling. As well as being rich, these more mature parents have psychological superiority to young adults in parenting. To be specific, the older ones may have gentle and even temper when children are naughty and be properly responsive to children’s demands.
The middle-aged new mothers and fathers, however, have their determined physical disadvantages. The most obvious one is greater generation gap, which means the difference of age between the two parties, parents and children, may be greater than three decades and thus less mutual understanding can be given and more domestic conflicts would occur during upbringing. Another problem is about physical decline due to aging. This process means the difficulty in pregnancy and the risks of natural diseases for the fetus although medical interference can solve some of the issues. Moreover, having the first descendant late suggest less energetic parents who may sense the process of raising the children overwhelming, leading to less and poorer company.
In conclusion, this phenomenon has more benefits to all family members. Although late childbirth faces emotional and physical problems, more people still choose this way when they have stable financial conditions and are more experienced to tackle those thorny problems in rearing.
雅思大作文：the best way to reduce crime
雅思大作文题目：.The best way to reduce crime committed by young adultsis to teach parents parenting skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Givereasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
作文范文：
The relationship between home education and juvenile delinquency has always been a topic that concerned by crime academia. Thus, an idea has been proposed as a prime one that parenting concepts and skills should be further implanted and acquired for the sake of lower rate of teenager crimes.
One of the greatest advantages of this proposal is that good parenting goes right to the core of the matter. This is because children make most of their interpersonal contact with their family members before kindergarten and primary school and these members, especially parents, conveys the sense of being loved, if only, during this formative years. Without this, the youth when coming at the age of reason may be in difference and show no affection to others, which in the long run, leads to committing crimes.
Another positive effect of concentrating on family issues lies in the contribution in the future. A valid childhood education establishes a solid and just foundation of views and values. Although this sort of approach may not as immediate as the trials and penalty in deterring crimes, this effort devoted may take effects as a psychological disincentive rather than a cruel deterrent, to say the least, inthe next few decades.
Any method that claims to be the best, however, is both too absolute and unilateral. As for this one, there is one premise not to be neglected which involves the performance of parents during and after the instruction of such techniques as all the efforts are but in vain if the subjects taught spare no efforts in implementing these conceptsand theories. Moreover, schooling and social factor should be included in crime prevention in search of a so-called best solution.
雅思大作文:printed books are no longer needed in a digital era
雅思大作文题目：Some people think that printed books are no longer needed in a digital era because all writing can be stored electronically. Others think that printed books will still play an important role. Discuss both and give your own opinion.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
作文范文：
In the era of information technology, many traditional ways of life have turned into virtual ones, and the advent of electronic-books is a typical example. Young readers no longer restrict their reading to printed materials; instead it is common to see them reading over their mobiles or ipad screens on a bus or in the street. Consequently, some suggest that printed books have become out of date and can be substituted by their counterpart in the electronic version.
This sounds reasonable in this modern society. Despite the cut of cost on paper pulp, printing machines and transportation of products, electronic books are much economic. If we take the environmental impact into consideration, e-books would show another advantage over traditional ones which consume abundant plants. In addition, in the globalized world, easy and fast access to knowledge and information becomes increasingly significant, and this requirement can be best met by e-books which spread faster and more widely via the internet.
However, these advantages of electronic books do not necessarily mean that printed version will be completely replaced soon. Printing is a safe way of saving knowledge because it is not easy to modify the original words once they are printed on paper, which is where the authority of published paper books comes. As a traditional way of life, reading books plays an important part in the elderly population who are used to thumb a book from cover to cover. If printed books are not available any more, they would be the most frustrated group of people. There is the health issue to consider. Reading printed material is healthier than on shining screen for eyesight. Therefore, e-books are not suitable for children.
In conclusion, the fact that all writing can be stored electronically does not necessarily suggest the extinction of written books. The two forms of books can co-exist to cater for different groups of people.
6.高考英语写作积累：高级短语 篇六
1. feel frustrated (挫折的)/ discouraged
2. a precious (宝贵的.) experience
3. raise / arouse the awareness of …
4. acquire knowledge and skills学习知识和技能
5. a growing /increasing tendency
6. have a desire for sth / to do sth
7. put sth into practice
8. be closely related to…与…息息相关
9. be essential to sb 对某人来说必不可少
10. in a society with more competitions and challenges / in a competitive society
11. be keen on… 热衷于…
12. broaden one’s horizons开阔眼界
13. a large variety of / a wide range of …
14. make one’s dream come true
15. lay a solid/firm/stable foundation for/in…为…/在…方面打下坚实的基础
16. listen to teachers attentively
17. make a practical plan
18. motivate sb to do sth
19. bury oneself into study埋头学习
20. our determination and efforts
21. express my gratitude to her sincerely
22. be strict with sb in sth
23. achieve the final victory
24. encounter/face some difficulties
25. neglect the disadvantages
26. With the great efforts we’ve made, …
27. enhance/improve his ability of singing
28. be optimistic about
29. hold the strong belief that…
30. I’m confident / I’m convinced that…
31. with iron will and perseverance
32. pursue one’s dream 追逐梦想
33. arouse one’s passion for…唤起对…的热情
34. resist the temptation of good food
35. change one’s original mind
36. spare no effort to do sth 不遗余力做…
37. redouble one’s effort 加倍努力
38. leave a deep impression on sb
39. turn to sb for help / advice
40. relieve/lessen/reduce/ease one’s burden
41. with time going by=as time goes by
42. cherish/treasure/value our lives
43. vary from person to person
44. a boarding school 寄宿制学校
45. What surprised me most was that…
46. cause severe consequences(后果)
47. pay their tuition/school fees/schooling
48. physically and mentally
49. Some in favor of it think that…., while others are against it, holding the opinion that…
50. Success stems from hard work as it can help us accomplish the goal we’re striving for.
51. establish a special fund to help the poor
7.巧记短语,写活文章 篇七
一、短语运用是书面表达的重要基础
词汇是语言的三大要素之一, 是语言赖以生存的支柱。英国应用语言学家威尔金斯 (D.wilkins, 1976) 说:“没有语法, 人们不能表达很多东西;而没有词汇, 人们则不能表达任何东西。”而语块是事先预制好的相对稳定的词的组合, 它包含了某个词的特定的结构 (grammatical pattern) 。英语自然语言中存在大量的这种兼有句和词汇特征的固定或半固定的语言结构。
短语运用对书面表达有几个方面的作用:一是使文章表达生动形象, 感染力增强;二是使语言精练到位, 言简意赅。尽可能恰当地使用短语是写好书面表达的有效方法之一。对学生来说, 在英语学习中多积累短语, 扩大短语“内存”量, 形成语感, 厚积薄发, 等到要用时就可信手拈来, 有话可说, 有文可写。
以下是以“Lower Carbon, Happier life”为题的两篇初三学生的习作, 我们进行一个对比。
文章一:It’s our duty to save the environment.How spend the World Environment Day become a very popular topic?Use the car less is the best way to protect the environment.I will ride a bike to school.I will also use energy-saving lamps at home and spend less time a shower.And it is important to send my used books to the lower grades students.There are we can do really many things.Lower carbon, happier life.Let’s take actions.
文章二:It’s our duty to save the environment, so I and my parents have made a plan to protect the environment.
To begin with, my parents and I decide to ride bikes to school and work.Then, we will use the lights which need less energy and will also spend less time taking a shower.It’s one of the best ways to save water.In addition, as for students, we can give books that we have used to lower grades.Last but not the least, we are supposed to turn off the lights when we leave classroom or home.I believe that the more you do for environment, the happier you are.Lower carbon, happier life.Let’s take actions.
通过对比, 我们不难发现文章二中运用了12个已学过的短语, 可谓语言流畅, 精练到位, 且句句闪亮。相反文章一中虽然用到了个把短语, 但是短语运用不准确, 造成文章不够连贯, 表达平平。因此, 一旦短语运用恰当, 我们就可以发现这些短语在文中起到了准确表达、生动描述、增强力度的作用。
二、巧记短语的策略
1. 联想归类策略
归类就是找出短语之间的联系, 造成更多的联想条件, 它有利于短语的记忆和巩固。利用联想, 对同类词组归类, 同义词组反义词组对比。同类词组归纳有很多方法, 如运用头脑风暴 (brainstorming) 形式, 例如, 当我讲授Go for it!初一教材中第七单元中周末活动时, 就要求学生联想与此有关的词组, 学生就会联想到play basketball;play chess;read books;watch TV;go swimming;surf the Internet;do some cleaning;go shopping;visitthe museum;climb mountains;go to a movie等。
引导学生对这些短语进行联想, 可使学生熟悉这些短语的用法, 进一步加深理解和记忆。
2. 固定搭配记忆策略
短语指具有一定习语性质的词组, 即由一个以上单词组成的“固定词组”, 比如get up;help with;get along with;be famous for;go to bed;wait for。而搭配词, 指那些一起出现频率很高的词语, 最典型的是动词—名词、形容词—名词搭配, 比如make friends;have breakfast;read books;play basketball;a beautiful girl;a world-famous pianist;a great book。还有一部分可以称之为惯用话语, 指形式固定或半固定语用功能的动词组合。它们也可以是完整的句子, 如it is easy to do;there is no doubt that;it is said/believed that。也可以是句子的开头, 如Generally speaking;personally speaking;in a word;above all;all in all.
3. 关联短语记忆策略
在书面表达中, 关联短语的使用会使文章更加顺畅, 起承转接更加自然。因此, 我认为关联短语的记忆是写好书面表达的一项重要内容。常用的关联短语有以下几类:
表顺序:at first, first of all, to begin with, at last, in the end等。
表原因:because of, for the reason等。
表结果:as a result, lead to, so...that等。
表解释:in other words, for example, to be honest, to tell the truth等。
表对比:as...as, not so...as, more than, less than, no more than, rather than等。
表递进:what’s more, what’s worse, in addition等。
表结论:as a result, in a world, in short, at last, in the end, to sum up等。
表目的:so that, in order to, in order that等。
表并列:both...and, not only...but also, ...as well, for one thing...for another thing等。
表个人观点:in my opinion, personally speaking, I think/believe...
三、综合运用写活文章
以下是一篇书面表达的考题, 其内容如下:最近你们班的学生和老师展开一场关于学生能否骑自行车上学的讨论, 请你就此内容写一篇文章, 要求内容全面, 字数不少于100字
Can students go to school by bike?
Recently we have had a discussion with our teachers about whether students can go to school by bike._____。
根据要点提示, 很明显这是一篇观点性的半开放式的作文, 要求学生把老师的观点表达清楚, 并加上学生自己的观点。审题准确之后, 学生可以考虑运用那些自己在平时学习中积累的短语或固定搭配.
运用短语和固定搭配, 学生就能更加灵活地写好文章, 遇到写作就不会再胆怯了。以下是我的一名学生在此指导下写的一篇文章, 充分达到了巧用短语、写活文章的目的。
Can students go to school by bike?
Recently we have had a discussion with our teachers about whether students can go to school by bike.
Our teachers are against it strongly.At first, they think students may easy to fall down and get hurt if they are not careful enough.What’s worse, it may even cause some traffic accidents.Another problem is that there is no place to park bikes at school.
Personally speaking, I hope we’re allowed to ride bikes to school.For one thing, it’s a good way to help us keep in good health.For another thing, parents will get relaxed if they don’t need to take their kids to school.In addition, riding bikes is a great idea to protect our environment.We’re supposed to have a lowcarbon life.
四、结语
教师要让学生认识到短语在书面表达中的威力之大, 含金量之高。要让学生对短语多记, 则积少成多;多用, 则熟能生巧。待到能“巧”用短语那日, 便是书面表达“活色生香”之时。
参考文献
[1]汤利平.培养记忆策略提高词汇教学效率[J].中学生英语 (高中) 教师版, 2010, 9.
[2]胡春洞, 王才仁.外语教育语言学[M].广西教育出版社, 1996, 5.
8.“鼻子”短语小结 篇八
A person’s nose is important for breathing and smelling. The nose is also used in many popular expressions.
Some people are able to lead other people by the nose. For example, if a wife leads her husband by the nose, she makes him do whatever she wants him to.
Some people are said to be hard-nosed. They will not change their opinions or positions on anything. If someone is hard-nosed, chances are he will never pay through the nose, or pay too much money, for an object or service.
It is always helpful when people keep their nose out of other people’s business. They do not interfere. The opposite of this is someone who noses around all the time. This kind of person is interested in other people’s private matters. He is considered nosey.
Someone who keeps his nose to the grindstone works very hard. This can help a worker keep his nose clean or stay out of trouble.
One unusual expression is that is no skin off my nose. This means that a situation does not affect or concern me. We also say that sometimes a person cuts off his nose to spite his face. That is, he makes a situation worse for himself by doing something foolish because he is angry.
More problems can develop if a person looks down his nose at someone or something. The person acts like something is unimportant or worthless. This person might also turn up his nose at something that he considers not good enough. This person thinks he is better than everyone else. He has his nose in the air.
In school, some students thumb their nose at their teacher. They refuse to obey orders or do any work. Maybe these students do not know the correct answers. My mother always told me, if you study hard, the answers should be right under your nose or easily seen.
中文里有“被人牵着鼻子走”的表达，最初是指牛一类的牲口总是被人牵着鼻子走，后来用来比喻受人控制、完全听命于人。英文中表示这个意思的短语是“lead someone by the nose”，例如：I just hate to be led by the nose all the time and told to do things exactly the way he wants me to. （我只是受够了老是被牵着鼻子走，然后被要求完全照他的方式来做事。）
我们说一个人固执己见，不会改变自己对任何事情的观点和看法，就会用“hard-nosed”这个词。例如：We have a real hard-nosed boss. （我们老板真的很固执。）
从字面上来解释，“pay through the nose”就是通过鼻子来付钱，这听起来似乎很痛苦。而实际上，“pay through the nose”的确切意思是付出比真正价值高得多的钱，或者说付出的钱实在太多而让人感到心痛。
词组“keep one’s nose out of”是“不过问/干预”的意思，而“keep one’s nose out of business”则是“不过问/干预别人的事”的意思。与此相反的，也有人好管闲事爱打听，我们就用“nose around”来形容这种行为。这些人喜欢随处打探消息，也就是我们通常所说的“八卦”，英语中用“nosey”来表示。
Grindstone是磨刀石的意思，从字面上看，“nose to the grindstone”是把鼻子放到磨刀石上，这必然会受伤，所以最初这个短语是表示“疼痛”的意思。但是现在，“keep one’s nose to the grindstone”是指勤奋工作、埋头苦干，尤其是长时间地进行一些枯燥无味的工作。
“keep one’s nose clean”的意思是洁身自好、行为检点，不做违法的事情。例如：My father warned me to keep my nose clean. （我父亲警告我别惹麻烦。）
“no skin off one’s nose”同样是表达“与某人无关”的意思。我们可以这么理解，某人的鼻子不会掉皮，这无关痛痒当然就事不关己了。
“cut off one’s nose to spite one’s face”的字面意思是把鼻子割下来伤害自己的脸，做这种无益于自己的事情无非是为了逞一时之快，因此这个短语的意思是因愤怒想报复别人而害了自己，拿自己出气、损人不利己。
“look down one’s nose”是“看不起、藐视、嗤之以鼻”的意思，下文中的短语“turn up one’s nose”、“thumb one’s nose”也是同样的意思。另外，“have one’s nose in the air”，鼻子都仰到天上去了，当然就是形容那些目空一切、傲慢自大的人了。
9.雅思写作短语 篇九
It is undeniable that advertisements can inform consumers about new products and services, which helps children and parents make informed choices. The advertising campaigns not only allow consumers to get to know a variety of alternative goods, but also the distinctive features of each brand, hence children or their parents can make a comparison of those products and purchase the ones in need. Apart from that, advertising is an important source of entertainment which gives children a lot of fun. As many advertisements shown on TV are both educational and attractive to children, they can gain many benefits while watching. For example, those funny cartoon characters can teach children to dance or sing.
On the other hand, some negative influences should also be taken into consideration. Due to the fact that children have not developed physically and mentally to a full extent, they can be easily swayed by advertising. If the advertisements contain some misleading information, children may not have the ability to distinguish right from wrong, and consider the information or the specific action to be acceptable. Meanwhile, some of the advertisements can be deceptive. In order to pursue profits to a larger extent, some companies may deliberately exaggerate the advantages of their products and hide those potential risks. As a result, children may pester their parents to buy these products which turn out to be not exactly the same.
To summarize, children-aimed advertisements can bring both positive and negative effects. Instead of banning them, the government can attach tighter regulations in the procedure of examination and approval. At the same time, parents should take the responsibility of guiding children when the false advertisements occur.
总之，针对广告的儿童可以带来正面和负面的影响。政府在审批过程中，不加禁止，可以严格规定。同时，当虚假广告发生时，家长要负起引导孩子的责任。
雅思写作大作文范文：妇女产假
雅思写作大作文题目讲解
正方段1：产假可以让妇女得到一定时间的休息，可以恢复身体，因为生孩子时很累的。
正方段2：产假可以让妈妈和孩子相处一段时间，有利于最初家庭和睦气氛的培养。