研究生英美文学题

研究生英美文学题（共8篇）

1.研究生英美文学题 篇一

文学批评理论激发学生学习英美文学兴趣的策略研究 在英美文学的教学工作中引入文学批判理论不仅能使学生从多个角度、多个方面深入了解英美文学，更能以批判的角度对英美文学进行多角度审视，深挖其文学内涵，制止盲目跟随、崇拜的现象产生，为其文学创作风格上的独立制定方向并提供基本保障。但由于批判理论在引入后会受课时限制，而且其教学内容严肃很容易就会使学生产生枯燥无味质感，减少了学习情趣，增加对批判理论的恐惧心理，得不偿失。本文就以如何开展有效的批判理论课堂做论点进行论述。

我国新的教学大纲的颁布预示着新一代的教育改革风暴的发生，在这次风暴中，英美文学的学习工作被排在一个更高的高度，大纲要求在教育开展过程中应加大英美文学的教育工作，以欧美文学为切入点进而对英美文化、历史知识进行普及。扩大学生视野、引入更全面的思想意识。但在实际教育工作开展中对英美历史的关注度远远超过了对文学性本身的关注，因此在此时引入文批论是必要的。

一、文批论在介入英美文学时遇到的问题 当前英美文学的教学工作最大局限性就是课时少、教学内容多。对英美文学的教学工作大体可以分为三个部分：英美文学历史知识介绍、文学作品阅读和文学作品拆解赏析。对于英美文学历史基底浑厚、涉及面广、历史条件复杂、篇幅长、解析内容复杂、难度大等特点，需

要大量的课时对其内容进行整理磨合，要想全面、细致的开展英美文学的教学工作，教学时间是必不可少的。但就我国现阶段情况，以一本类外语类学校为例，在三年级时才能接触到英美文学的教学课程，其课程平均一周两节，充其量十多个小时，在这种相对紧促的时间内开展大量的文学批判教育课程，学生对其内容得不到良好的吸收和理解，教学成果不明显。另一点，学生对学术理论的恐惧心理也是阻碍文批理论有效进入英美文学教学课程的一个原因。学术理论在学生心中一直作为一中复杂而难表述的课程对象而存在，其学术性强、知识面广、理论内容生涩难懂等老大难特定一直被学生据于千里之外。如何让学生正确认识到用文批理论学习英美文学的重要性，其不仅能提升自身文学素养和综合素质，更为日后自己文学写作和学生提供了强大的支持力量。消除学生的厌烦心理也是有效开展文批教学工作的前提。再有，怎么让学生在提高对英美文学兴趣的同时利用自身的实际行动给教学工作提供支持，使学生产生自主学习乐趣也应该划分到教育开展前提中去。在课程如此紧张的情况下，学生能产生自主课前阅读行为和课后思考行为，也是文批理论能否成功介入的关键所在。

二、利用文批论优化英美文学教学课程 在准备工作都做好了之后，我们似乎只欠东风了，但这个东风可没那么容易借，我们要做好统筹规划、合理安排教学内容，最大程度激发学生学习的积极性，培养学生利用文批论对英美文学学习的能力。

（一）消除学生的恐惧感，提升学生学习兴趣

如若想让学生选择英美文学课程，我们就应基于学生心理特点对英美文学课程进行合理宣传和精要提炼。据分析，学生之所以会选择一份课程是因为这门课程能为学生提供以后的就业保障和兴趣方向，学生自身的目的性月明显，选择课程的决心也就越明显。那么作为可以有效提升自我文化素养、拓宽自身知识面广度的英美文学课程为什么没有被大家所选择呢，其原因有两点，其一，文学学习的枯燥性和严肃性，对于学生而言，一提到文学理论之类的很多学生都要犯困，只有一些标榜自诩文青的才会对此话题谈论得滔滔不绝，这是教育方向的事物，在以往英美文学的教学工作更多倾向于通过文学作品内容是学生对英美特色文化、人文、地理有最初的认识，其小学内容和讲读没什么两样，而对其文学性技巧的解析又因为被课时限制不能详尽，在这种情况下，学生对其失去兴趣是早晚的事。在这个时候适时地引入文批论，并对其存在意义做出合理解释，消除学生对文批论的误解。将文批论引入也能增加学生对英美文学的学习情趣。文批理论作为一种辩证性文学批判法，对文学作品做多角度全面解析，在学习过程中，是读者身份实时发生转变，从作者写作人称到变成作者再到站在历史角度俯瞰作品所表述出来的信息，其过程多变，每一种角度的变化都需要一个新的审视视角，从中能看到全新的内容，学到一种新的阅读方法，其中充满乐趣。再以将文学作品写作技巧解析的角度来考虑，在此过程中，对写作技巧的能有更深刻的认识并且能学到新的写作技巧，那是一种跃跃欲试的感觉。此时教师应配合学生自身写作提点，培养其写作习惯，帮助学生确定文

笔方向，这样不仅能使学生的学习情趣被提上来，而且使学生自身素养有本质提升，良好的文学素养在各个工作上均能体现出其特有优势。

其二，对文学理论的恐惧也是许多学生不选英美文学的一个重要原因，现在的学生一看理论就头疼、一看论文就犯困，多数不在文艺青年范围内的学生拿着名著找睡眠的现象已经成为学生中普遍共识了，你就跟不要说全用文学名著堆起来的毕业论文了，现在的学生对论文似乎变得越来越恐惧了，从而导致了英美文教学课堂的学生流失。其实要从根本上改变这种情况，最好的方式就是做好宣传和合理地在英美文学课堂中植入文批论。其实学生认识错误或是恐惧心理来源自课程内容涉及不合理，我们应先从培养学生兴趣入手。没有人不喜欢文学、没有人不会文学，如果把文学当做文学来看它就变得遥不可及，但如若让其深入到学生的生活中，那结果将会不一样。白居易曾将“深入浅出”作为其文章额要义，而在英美文学名篇中遵循这种要义的也不占少数，如爱伦坡、马克吐温等，其文学创作的本质在于讲故事，将人们能听懂的故事。我们的英美文学课堂内容安排应该将易懂、可读性强的科特篇章放在前半部分，通过利用文批理论将其全面拆解，综合分析内容，提炼其优秀的写作技巧培养学生兴趣，在后续的教学工作中，应将批判理论的自由性放宽，使学生自由讨论，自主学习，逐渐掌握利用文批理论分析文章的能力，适当加大难度，使学生不再为写论文而写论文。

（二）学生的应用能力，利用多媒体课堂 将学生吸引进课堂之后，教师应对课程内容进行准确定位，其教学方向、导学方法、教学结果，使整个学习过程要有极强的方向性。当代的教学经验告诉我们对于学生的教学工作已经不再用催着、赶着、监督着，当前学生对社会形式的认识度已经达到一定的高度，这也潜移默化地影响着学生在教学中的姿态，由被动者向主动者方向的转变、由被引领者向主导者方向转变。这是一种良好的潜意识性态，说明学生对当代社会给予的压力已经可以正面应对、提早应对。

然而在这种情形之下教师则经受着新的压力，怎么合理应对学生对教育的需要，合理优化教育内容以满足学生日益增长的教育要求。对于英美文学的教学要求也存在着与时俱进的要求，我们应合理地将文批理论植入英美文学的教学课堂中去，利用文批论对文学作品综合拆解的能力，提高学生对知识的需求和对自我素质提升的要求。在开展教学内容时应把握好课堂教学内容定位，由浅入深地安排教学内容，在教学工作中教师应该本着以学生为本，将教学重点放在对文批论的综合使用上，培养学生应用文批论解决问题的能力才是教育的目的。就这点我们可以在教学工作中将文批论拆解，逐步对其培训，让学生不但可以看见一部作品的优点还要懂得其作品的局限性在哪里，尽量让学生在课堂上自由答辩，并给学生布置辩论性作业，并在课堂上开展辩论活动。学生在课后查找资料时必然会积累相关的历史、人文、环境、思想方面的知识，使其可以开阔眼界。

在教学过程中注意多视角教学方式，比如以《百万英镑》为例，若其以亨利身边那个大力士随从的角度来写会怎样，其喜剧和反讽效果还会不会这么明显等，使学生能够从多角度看待一篇文章并引起学生更多的思考。这对这些名著进行教学的时候适时合理的多媒体课堂应用也是必要的，比如组织同学观看《百万英镑》、《哈姆雷特》等影视作品，让同学将文学批判理论引申，试论影视与文学之间差异与共鸣，将更有效地帮助学生理解和应用文批论，增强其自主学习兴趣，扩展其应用文批论的可能，在运用文批论学习英美文学的同时，增强拓展应用能力，综合提高自身文化底蕴和素质，才是教育工作应实现的结果。

三、总结：

文学批判理论在英美文学教学中是有其实际应用意义的，但其前提必须是我们合理对课程内容进行规划，不能使英美文学作品的教学工作偏向历史教学或是纯文学教学的任何一边，合理考量学生的实际需求，正确地制定教学方案，使学生在学习到文学批判理论的时候可以实时应用其理论，使学有所用才是教育的跟本目的。

2.研究生英美文学题 篇二

关键词：英美文学,研究现代化,启示

文学研究现代化是信息化过程中的必然趋势。正如每一次的历史变革, 我国的文学研究在现代化的步伐中也有很多错误, 走了很多弯路。英美文学研究在现代化方面走在世界前端, 有很多值得我们借鉴的地方。所以, 研究分析英美文学研究的发展, 不仅是扩展文学范围, 帮助我们理解新一代的英美文学, 使外国文学和中国文学更加的水乳交融, 也是学习其中的思想和精髓, 为今后我国的文学发展提供多样化的参考和指导。

一、英美文学研究的现代化发展

1. 计算机和互联网与文学现代化

英美文学研究方法的现代化主要是指现代科技的加入, 20世纪60年代, 计算机和互联网的普及, 打开了文学研究者运用计算机来分析文学的新篇章。从事文学研究时, 以计算机为介质, 探讨文学现代化和文学研究现代化之间相辅相成的关系, 并建立与文学、科技、计算机等相关的杂志等宣传读物。随着计算机技术和文学研究的深入发展, 计算机作为文学研究手段的流程越来越成熟, 越来越多的文学研究者利用计算机软件来研究作者的文笔和在语言方面的个人风格, 而文学和科技的交融也越来越成为主流。接着, 网络的发展更是将其推上了另一个高度, 不仅是方法现代化程度提高, 而且给文学创作提供了更多的题材和思路。首先, 网络改变了人们的阅读方式, 因此文学创作和文学研究的方式也会随之改变, 更加的依赖计算机和科技的发展。另一方面, 网络将文学研究淡化, 可以说更加的趋向于文化研究, 即对文学创作的背景及其中涉及到的时政大事、风土人情的褒贬。最后, 网络的全球性、虚拟性不但为文学传播提供了质变的提升, 以网络为文学主题的和载体的新文学形式更是层出不穷, 这几乎形成了一类研究。事实上, 虽然文学研究的现代化并不等同于文学研究的网络化, 但是我们经常会把两者联系起来, 不管是学者还是教授, 都会把其网络化当做研究和教学的侧重点。

2. 社会价值与文学现代化

英美文学研究现代化的另一个表现形式是, 在评估过程中, 进一步淡化其艺术性及故事性的重要性, 而是更侧重于作者的思想深度, 以及作品所反映的社会现实、社会发展中的问题, 可以说, 一个作品是否具有社会前瞻性在一定程度上标榜了其文学价值。比如《飞蛾:象征的创造性力量——论佛吉尼亚伍尔夫的 (海浪) 中飞蛾的象征意义》和《大众的反叛》两本书, 虽然一个是对社会现象的剖析和对现代理论进行补充, 一个是对西方现代化历史的反思, 但都是通过对一件小事或一段时期的分析, 来对社会发展提出值得借鉴的建议, 故而受到了专家的充分肯定与褒扬, 在社会舆论上也引起了广泛关注, 就连各种奖项也对其抛出了橄榄枝。

二、英美文学研究现代化对我国文学的启示

1. 研究英美文学现代化的原因

从五四时期开始, 我国现代文学就涌现了大量的新作品, 这些作品符合大众口味, 不再像过去那样生涩难懂, 同时, 出现了职业作家、明星作家、业余写手等各种身份, 这促进了我国文学和文学研究的现代化, 文学的发展孕育了新的体裁和思想方式, 以及文学研究的变化, 而知识分子的身份地位转变又反过来衍生出更新颖多样的文学形式。而中国文学研究的现代化又是与这一系列的变化相辅相成的, 文学的现代化为文学的现代化研究提供新的材料, 促进着后者的发展, 而文学研究的现代化成果则可以给新文学更多的思想、手段, 纠正文学发展中的错误, 促进文学更好的发展。从胡适提出以白话文代替文言文开始, 我国社会变革的步伐就一再体现在文学作品上, 改良社会、教育人心的作品成了主流, 又加之文学创作人一般也身兼这研究者的身份, 对于文学研究现代化的要求就更高。分析借鉴英美文化研究现代化的方法和成果, 是加快我国文学研究发展的重要途径之一、也是我国文学发展的重要任务。

2. 英美文学现代化的启示

自John教授因图书馆管理使用繁琐, 而提出了以网络远距科技来解决始, 文字的计算机化就开始深远的影响着英美文学的发展。让图书馆走进网络, 不但使图书馆的存储空间无限扩增, 也解决了它的取放问题。由此衍生的是, 整个学术研究中的数据取放问题都得以解决, 新形式的出现, 也改变着文学研究的方法和习惯, 可以说, 以网络分析类化为主的科学思想主导了文学研究的现代化发展。这一时期的文学作品无一不反映出人们的理性思考和科技发展对世界的巨大影响力。这表明作者更多的注意到了一种人文关怀, 并且充分认识到了科技对文学研究的重要作用, 进而更是将计算机和网络及其相关技术全面运用到文学研究中, 这些发展和对科技的敏感反映都是值得我国借鉴的, 文字从文言文变为白话文, 再变成数字化的文字, 这才是应有的变革。我国学者一则对计算机网络运用到文学研究中这一点的反映不够敏感, 二则对运用方法也处于摸索之中, 故而, 发展空间还很大, 一方面要培养懂技术的相关人才, 另一方面就是要借鉴学习英美文学研究的成果, 利用网络加强文学和科学的关系。同时最重要的是从根本上认识到文学与科学相联系对社会发展和进步的重要性, 只有将这个思想深植脑中, 才能令我国的文学研究获得长足的发展。

结语

综上所述, 文学是一种重要的社会表达, 而灵活的运用计算机和网络去进行文学研究则是对这种表达的检测、管理和促进, 同时文学的国际化也是重要的发展趋势。

参考文献

[1]曹振华.中国文学现代化起点的独特考察——“全球化背景下的中国近代小说转型”学术研讨会评述[J].东岳论丛, 2007 (06) .

[2]梁悦瑶.英美文学研究与网络文化:理论与实务的前景与盲点[J].厦门广播电视大学学报, 2007 (01) .

3.英美文学研究与网络伦理文化 篇三

关键词：英美文学网络伦理文化

一、文学研究与计算机科技的萌芽期

计算机科技进入英美文学研究大约开始于六零年代。1966年结合人文与计算机信息的期刊Computers and the Humanities创刊，开启了文学研究者以计算机(尤其是mainframe)来处理文学文本的学术研究。((文学与计算机研究的方向)，页136)。早期的文学与计算机研究偏重文学计算，也就是使用计算软件或是索引工具来分析文学作品中的语言特性与作者文风，两本人文与计算机方面的期刊Computers and the Hu－manities及Literary and Linguistic Computing可代表整个研究的方向与成就。(Potter 401－29)。一方面，英美文学研究者以计算机为工具，从事文学计算工作，然而另一方面，不少文学工作者透过其文本或研究来探讨这两者间的对立或共生关系。其中最明显的例子是科幻小说与科幻小说研究。笔者在一篇(文学与科技的交锋：从科幻小说与科幻电影谈起)的文章中，提及科幻小说的主题与内涵，可以看出科技优越性与人性的关怀一直是人文与科技对立所关心的主题。笔者罗列了八项科幻小说的主题：1、人文世界的理性与合理化的解释(魔鬼总动员)；2、未知世界的探索——地心探险记、星际巡航记、外星人的传说)；3、乌托邦的记忆与建立(反乌托邦的省思——美丽新世界)；4、文明与科技的怀疑(科学怪人、机器人的神话、网络上身)；5、人文的关怀(生态与科技——侏罗纪公园)；6、视学与想象力的开拓(时间机器、星际大战、回到未来)；7、超人神话——机器战警、生化人、超人；8、后现代社会的省思——网络的虚拟世界。(页5)。从此窗体可以看出，人文对科技的关系正从对未知世界的探险、怀疑，转化成想象力的开拓与科技世界的人文省思。尤其是计算机网络的权威式的扩展，逼迫文学工作者不再仅仅认同网络科技威胁论(如网络上身)，更进一部探讨人工智能的运作与网络上的文学断裂现象(fragmen－tation)。这一波的文学与科技的交锋，将从文学工作者的私人空间移到科技学者的网络空间。作家或研究者，开始在计算机上寻找创作的可能性，想象网络出版、多媒体创作、人文数据库的建立以及思索网络的群体与个体疏离等问题，这将开启另一个纪元的英美文学研究。到底这一波的因特网对英美文学研究有何影响，其对文学研究是否产生质的变化或是理论架构的重整，将是关心文学研究者不可忽略的议题。

二、英美文学研究与网络发展

J.Hillis Miller在一篇讨论文学研究在网络时代的文章中(“LiteraryStudy among the Ruins”)引用Derrida的话说：“…an entire epoch of so－called literature，if not all of it，cannot survive a certain technologicalregime of telecommunications(in this respect the political regime is sec－ondary)，Neither can philosophy。or psychoanalysis，Or love letters…(58)。Derrida对文学的悲观来自于对数位文化的不信任。他认为数字文化(digital culture)似乎摧毁了传统文字印刷力量、文本与人的互动(或感动)关系、以及手写文字的文化意涵。比较了一般手写书信及电子邮件，就可以看出Derrida的焦虑。

Derrida的这种焦虑其实呈现了网络发展带给人文研究的一种质与量的改变，也反映了自十八世纪以来人文与科技的对立与紧张关系。诚然数字文化及因特网的发展，改变了我们的书写与阅读习惯，然而它所带来的新鲜经验也重新开启了文学研究的另一层关系。在此提出几项重大的改变与重整，希望与读者来讨论文学研究的前景与局限。笔者认为，现今因特网在文学研究方面的影响可以分成几个面向：(一)因特网成为研究的重要的资源或是图书馆的替代品、(二)文本的观念受到挑战、(三)传统的文学研究走入文化研究的范畴、(四)跨地域性的文学研究主题(如性别、阶级、主题认同、reality vs，virtuality等)受到重视、(五)文学理论与社会科学的整合。以下仅对这些议题提出其现在与未来的发展及检讨。

(一)因特网与图书馆

在一篇讨论图书馆与internet的关系文章中，David S.Miall引用Jean－Pierre Dupuy的论点，指出信息的普遍性往往造成一种heterono－mous behaviours(无自决行为)，也就是依赖外在权威，缺乏个人自主的改变或成长。这句话隐含，太多的网络信息的一种iatrogenic disease(1406)。这可从现今很多学生以剪贴网络数据当成学期报告，毫无个人见解，看出弊端。Miall又指出，纵使现今的虚拟图书馆数据丰富，但是其检索方法以keywords为主(包含全文检索)，而非以观念来检索，对人文研究来说，非常不合适。姑且不论网络上的数据正确性有待商榷，纵使网络数据也非所有文学研究者参考的数据主体，据其统计，文学研究的数据仅有36％被数字化置于网络上，大部分的数据仍是纸(1408)。但是现今学者及学生太依赖网络及数字图书馆，仅以网络上找得到的数据当成其研究的主体。此外网络资源的组织及结构仍不如传统图书馆，因此其数据甚为不稳定与不确定。Miall也指出，于小屏幕上阅读文字，也让阅读吸收及流畅度变得极度困难，此部份我们将在阅读超文本部份讨论。

网络上的数据，除了一般图书馆的专业制作外，其实它所呈现的是一种risk of spurious interdisciplinarity(1412)，Miall说：The availability ofacademic discourse at aU levels on the Internet brings the risk of flatteningthe structures of knowledge，making them largely invisible to the Web－surfing students or incautious scholar，Induction into a discipline is a mat－

ter not only of acquiring information but of assimilating a set of theoreticalframeworks，assumptions，and practices that can take several years tomaster。(1412)将网络当成文学研究的图书馆，其风险甚高，往往丧失了研究的自主性与言究资料的完整性，最严重的是其所造成的提供了廉价与虚假的知识结构。

(二)颠覆文本

虚拟图书馆所呈现的数字信息往往是一种超文本，George Landow等学者所提倡的超文本阅读，可说颠覆了传统的文本结构。以超文本来创作或是阅读成为网络时代的一种后文学现象。

然而超文本阅读或是创作，真的是打破线性阅读或是开启阅读与研究的新天地吗?Miall指出，超文本研究(或是其它非文字的文本研究)，往往重视媒体本身的研究，降低了研究的议题多元面貌。而超文本的阅读，虽号称创作不同、提供多元，其实却是制作同构型及连续性。(1412)。因为其超级链接乃是经过设计，其多元化是作者的单一化，指导读者按照其所定的“线性”来阅读，反而不如传统的纸本阅读，由读者来主导，更加具主导性。此外计算机屏幕阅读，限制了阅读长度及流畅度，伤害了文学作品的美学价值。

此外，文本的无限延伸，反而减低了文本本身的主体性，到底文学研究的文本在哪里?文本是否应具普遍的文学价值或美学观，都造受了严格的挑战。

(三)文化研究

网络对文学研究另一个最大的冲击是解构了文学研究，将文学研究带入了文化研究。当Miller呼应Derrida的看法认为在网络时代，文学(或文学研究)势必没落，但是他不像Derrida那么悲观，他认为文化研究代之而起，将会文学研究开启另一个论述的战场。透过理论对文学研究的反省，Miller认为文化研究将文学研究边缘化，或是替代了文学研究。例如，对美国大众文学的文化研究，让我们置身全球化及网络化的场景中，不至于缺席或是格格不入(64)。他又指出单纯的英美文学研究会越来越边缘化，在整个英文文学研究范围中，其它地区的全球化视野会更加宽广，纽西兰、澳洲、非洲、印度东亚等以英文创作的文本会受到重视，放在文化研究的范围里，这些English studies更具全球化意义，他说；“Thefuture of literary study in the global university lies in a reconfigured Corn－parative Literature，This means a broadening to include the literature ofnon－European countries，features of cultural studies，forms of rhetoricalstudy and interactions with other art forms。”(64)。

1997年的一月号PMLA以文学教学为主题全面探讨文学教学与文化教学的取向。Biddy Martin在该专号的介绍文章“Teaching Litera－ture，Changing Cultures”中，首先忧心过去二十五年来文化研究入侵美国大学的文学教育机制，是否威胁文学教学的纯粹性与主体性。Martin在以下的历史回顾中，指出文化研究与文化运作，帮助我们“expand ourpractices in new directions”(页7)。当为教育学者，we must providestudents with the historical and methodological knowledge necessary forreflecting on the conditions under which writing becomes literature andfor using literary texts to explore how aesthetic objects relate

to other discursive objects or to broader social formations，(1z)，

Shanker在论及文学与文化研究的关系时，说：“Cultural studies is areproach to literary criticism’s restricted specialization”(260)，他又进一步指出：“Nevertheless，cultural studies has provided me with the oppor－tunity to purse interests in film，ethnography，popular music，and adver－tisements。as well as literature。that would have been impossible in tradi－tional literary criticism”(261)，身为一文学老师，我们应该had a strongsense of the historical and political implications of literature but debatedopenly with one another over the relations among historical context，po－litical investment，and aesthetic values，学者都指出文化研究其实是文学研究在网络科技下的一项转变与生机，也为文学研究找到了社会发声的管道，证实了文学研究的社会面向与“实用性”。

三、结语：前景与盲点

4.研究生英美文学题 篇四

The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴 1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

6.The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。

7.The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用，语言的力度与气概，而最重要的是发展了修辞模式，即将格律，韵脚（式），组织结构，意象（比喻，描述）与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题，并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。

8.The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛，威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。9.Francis Bacon(1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(I)Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞

10.the theme of Redcrosse is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic-“Fierce wars and faithful loves.”《仙后》的主题并非“男人与武器”，而是更富浪漫色彩的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。

11.It is Spenser‟s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make him known as “the poets‟ poet.”正是斯宾塞的理想主义，对美的热爱以及精美优雅的诗文韵律是他成为“诗人中的诗人”。(II)Christopher Marlowe克利斯朵夫.马洛

12.As the most gifted of the “University Wits,” Marlowe composed six plays within his short lifetime.Among them the most important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I & II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II.马洛是当时“大学才子”中最富才华的人，在他短暂的一生中，他完成了六部剧本的创作。其中最负盛名的是：《帖木尔》，《浮士德博士的悲剧》，《马耳他岛的犹太人》以及《爱德华二世》。13.Marlowe‟s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama.马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵体诗，并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。

14.Marlowe‟s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.马洛的第二项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。

15.His brilliant achievement as a whole raised him to an eminence as the pioneer of English drama.他对戏剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的，为此，它被后世尊为英国戏剧的先驱。16.The passionate shepherd to his love激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘

This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature.这首短诗是英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。

(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚

17.The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus;and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love‟s Labour‟s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。18.In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V;six comedies: A Midsummer Night‟s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor;and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。19.Shakespeare‟s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies.The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus.The two comedies are All‟s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。

20.The last period of Shakespeare‟s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter‟s Tale and The Tempest;and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21.Shakespeare‟s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet‟s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。22.Shakespeare‟s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家，统一是非常必要的。

23.In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。

24.The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。25.Shakespeare‟s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.They have some characteristics in common.Each portrays some noble hero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是：《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》 26.“The King‟s government must be carried on”—but carried on for the good of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”----但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的，而不是只为国王自己服务。

27.Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems.In the end, the only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream.正因如此，他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药，最后，他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实，从梦幻中找安慰。

28.He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合，应该反映天性与现实。

29.Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今来，没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美，他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。30.Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点，文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。31.Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。

(IV)Francis Bacon弗兰西斯.培根

32.The most import works of his first group include The Advancement of Learning, Written in English;Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning.培根的作品可分为三类：第一类中最重要的作品有《学术的进展》（用英文著述）《新工具》（是《学术的进展》的拉丁文增补版）

33.One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation, the other is the knowledge from the workings of human mind.他将知识分为两种：一种是通过神的启示获得的知识，另一种是通过人类用脑思考而获得的知识。

34.According to Bacon, man‟s understanding consists of three parts: history to man‟s memory, poetry to man‟s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man‟s reason.培根认为，人类的认识与学问分为三部分：基于人类回忆的历史学，基于人类想象力创造力的诗歌与基于人类理性的哲学。

35.Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticist.作为人文主义者的培根展示了自己对于自然界真理的实验主义态度，并向中世纪的经院哲学家们提出挑战。

36.Bacon‟s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness.培根的散文以简洁，紧凑，有力度而著名。

37.The essays are well-arranged and enriched by biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence.这些散文不仅结构巧妙还大量使用了《圣经》的典故，隐喻和基调。

38.Of Studies 论学习

Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智。(V)John Donne约翰.邓恩

39.The imagery is drawn from the actual life.诗中的意象都是从现实生活中提取的。

40.His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods.他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏剧性，展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观念，以及漫无边际的情感与心境。

41.The Sons and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most of his early lyrics.《歌与短歌》是邓恩最有名的诗集，囊括了他早期大多数爱情诗作。

42.In his gloomy poem “Farewell to love,” we can see his disillusionment.在忧伤的诗作《告别爱情》中，我们就可以感受到他对爱情幻想的破灭。

43.With the brief, simple language, the argument is continuous throughout the poem.议论依附于一种简洁平白的语言，并贯穿于整首诗作。(VI)John Milton约翰.弥尔顿

44.he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human freedom.他头脑中充满了为人类自由而战的思想。45.Milton‟s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great poem.弥尔顿的文学作品可分为三类：早期诗作，中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。

46.Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.他的三部伟大诗作：《失乐园》《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。47.The theme of Paradise Lost is the “Fall of Man”.In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity.失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。在沉沦之中，亚当发现了自己身上的人性。

48.Milton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil.他认为上帝是按照他自己的样子造出的世界，其中也包括罪恶。

49.It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开辟了道路，这也显示出上帝欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情心。50.In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Milton‟s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中，整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一样，以生命为代价，与敌人同归于尽。51.In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer.弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。

52.Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强，意志薄弱，经不起考验，暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。

Chapter2

The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义

1.In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之，这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。2.The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。3.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。

4.Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities.They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。

5.As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。

6.Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。

7.In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域，启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。8.They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。

9.Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅，充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。

10.Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中，新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。

11.Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets(iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines);the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed;regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就；时间，地点，事件三要素必须要遵循；写作的规矩必须要遵守，而作品中的人物要代表一类人，而不是个性化。12.But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature.(套话)但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。

13.The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form, unified structure, clarity and conciseness of language developed in this period have become a permanent heritage.在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质，如秩序，优美的格式，统一的结构，简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。

14.The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form---the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.十八世纪中叶，还兴起一种崭新的文学形式----英国现代小说，这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反，着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。

15.Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔.迪福，塞缪尔.理查德，亨利.费尔丁，劳伦斯.斯泰思，托比亚斯.斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。16.From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of interest from the classic literary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic.从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末，还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移，社会描写向个性描写的转移，说教向忏悔，鼓励及预示的转移。

17.Gothic novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说----主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。

18.Jonathan Swift‟s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.乔纳森.斯威夫特的《一个小小的建议》被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。(I)John Bunyan约翰.班扬

19.As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggle.作为一个坚定的清教徒，他认真学习《圣经》，并深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。20.he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters.他的语言具体生动，情节鲜明真实，连没受过教育的人也能享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。

21.Bunyan‟s other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, The Life and Death of Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrim‟s Progress, Part II.班扬其他的作品还有《罪人头目的赦免》，《拜得门先生生死录》，《圣战》以及《天路历程》第二部

22.The Vanity Fair.名利场（节选《天路历程》第一部）

The Pilgrim‟s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils.《天路历程》是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是让人们遵循基督教教义，并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。(II)Alexander Pope 亚历山大.蒲伯

23.Pope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in the constant verbal battles he developed a style of biting satire.蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人，自然要用笔墨来反击，在此期间，他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。24.For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order, political order, social order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.对他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值-----宇宙秩序，政治秩序，社会秩序，美学秩序。这种对秩序与理性的强调深入到了他各部作品中。

25.Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711.The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.1711年，他出版了散文《论批评》，从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。次年，他又出版了《夺发记》，一部极妙的讽刺史诗。26.Pope was the greatest poet of his time.He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.蒲伯是当时最伟大的诗人，他大力提倡新古典主义，强调文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度，理性，逻辑，情感的克制，高雅的品位以及是否体面，正派来衡量。

27.He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style.他致力于诗歌创作，发展了讽刺，简练，通顺，优雅，平衡的风格。

(III)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福

28.His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall.他过人的才智，充沛的精力，旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。

29.Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.《鲁宾逊漂流记》是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说，是笛福的代表作。30.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.在他大部分作品中，他都表达了对勤劳，坚强的中产阶级的赞誉，以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。31.Defoe was a very good story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。

32.His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.他的语句时而短小干脆，朴素直白，时而又气势磅礴，泼墨如水，为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。

33.His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易懂又口语化，有时甚至是俗语方言。

34.There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its beat.他的语言毫无造作，完全是大众英语。35.Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts.《鲁宾逊漂流记》：整部小说分为三个部分

The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel.Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the pioneer colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分。在此，鲁宾逊是真正的英雄：一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。

(IV)Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特

36.In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion and learning, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, which established his name as a satirist.1704年，他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品，一为《桶的故事》，一为《书籍的战斗》。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。

37.Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日，斯威夫特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。

38.In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed.To better human life, enlightenment is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵，为了使人的生活更美好，人们需要启蒙。

39.In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions.在他的作品中，他提倡的不是谴责，而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。40.His “A Modest Proposal ” is generally taken as a perfect model.他的《一个温和的建议》被认为是一篇完善的典范。

41.Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文作家。

42.He defined a good style as “proper words in proper places.” Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings---essays, poems and novels.他创立了一种良好的文风，即“在恰当的地方用恰当的词”。无论是散文，诗歌，还是小说，简洁，具体，精确，没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。

43.Swift‟s chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The Drapier‟s Letters(note:Drapier=Swift, alias), Gulliver‟s Travels and A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》，《书籍的战斗》，《德拉皮尔的信》，《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》。

44.Gulliver‟s Travels: Jonathan‟s best fictional work, the book contains four parts.Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.《格列佛游记》：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说，全书分为四卷，它具有重大的社会意义，同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。(V)Henry Fielding亨利.费尔丁

45.During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里，费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。

46.Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year 1736.他的作品中最有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》，《悲剧中的悲剧》，《巴斯昆》，《1736历史年鉴》。

47.a “comic epic in prose,” whose subject is “the true ridiculous” in human nature.“散文体喜剧史诗”，主题是人类本性中的荒唐，对人性进行了真实的讽刺。

48.The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal, timely entrances and exits, robustness of tone and hilarious, hearty humor.小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画，及时的出场退场，笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。

49.“The Great Man, properly considered, is no better than a great gangster”----The History of Jonathan Wild the Great从某种意义上说，伟大的人物无异于“伟大”的匪徒--------《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》。50.The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature.费尔丁的代表作《汤姆.琼斯：一个弃儿的故事》主题是对人性的讽刺。51.the purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct, the object of novel was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies of human manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teach men to know themselves, their proper-spheres and appropriate manners.，小说不仅供娱乐，而且更有教育意义，他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活，使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”，并将说教巧妙的引入作品，教导人们认识自己，寻求适宜的人生态度。

52.Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English novel,” for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为“英国小说之父”，因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。

53.he was the first to set out , both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.他第一个在理论与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史诗”，并第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格。

54.He “thinks the thought” of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”，因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为，还可深入刻画其内心的思想活动。

55.Fielding „s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语言自然流畅，通俗易懂，同时又栩栩如生并富有活力，他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长，小说结尾总是水到渠成，顺理成章。

56.Tom Jones, the novel consists of 18 books.Tom, the titular hero of the story, he became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.《汤姆.琼斯》共18卷，汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄，他----诚实，善良，高尚，忠诚，勇敢，同时也有着易冲动，鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。

57.Tom Jones brings its author the name of the “Prose Home.” The panoramic view it provides of the 18th-century English country.《汤姆.琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”的盛名，小说为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。(VI)Samuel Johnson塞缪尔.约翰逊

58.The years between 1737 and 1755, he did translations, wrote poems, essays and so on.1737年至1755年这段时间对他来说充满了艰辛:他做过翻译,写过诗,为书商编书,编辑杂志。59.In his famous Literary Club, where he was surrounded with respect by the elite of the literary circles.在他的文学社里，周围围满了敬仰他的文学精英。

60.Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer.He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities.约翰逊精力充沛，多才多艺，他还涉足各种各样的文学领域。

61.His chief works include pomes: “London”, and “The Vanity of Human Wishes”;a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia;a tragedy: Irene.他的主要作品有诗歌：《伦敦》，《人类欲望的虚幻》骑士浪漫诗：《拉塞拉斯的历史》，《阿比西尼亚王子》；一部悲剧：《艾琳》。

62.As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman----A Dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.作为词典编撰者，约翰逊是编撰英文词典的第一个英国人，作品为《英文大词典》，这部巨著是塞缪尔.约翰逊花了七年时间独自完成的。

63.Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century.He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.约翰逊是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家，他十分关心人类欲望的虚幻，几乎他所有的作品都含有这样的主题。

64.His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and phrases.他使用的句子一般较长，但结构工整，包含有许多排比，对仗。

65.Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.读他的小说会给人一种感觉，他在与一位非常博学的人士对话。

(VII)Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查.比.谢立丹

66.The year 1777 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal, which brought him quite a fortune.1777年，谢立丹的代表作《造谣学校》出版，使他大发其财。

67.His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.他的代表作《情敌》和《造谣学校》被认为是上承莎士比亚，下接萧伯纳的纽带，是真正的英国古典派喜剧。68.In his play, morality is the constant theme.他的作品永恒的主题是道德。

69.The School for Scandal is mainly a story about two brothers, the hypocritical Joseph Surface and the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface.The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and double bliss for Charles.It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the eighteenth-century England.No wonder, the play has been Regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.《造谣学校》主要讲述了两个兄弟的故事，一个是伪君子约瑟夫.萨尔菲斯，另一个是放荡不羁但心地善良的查尔斯.萨尔菲斯。戏剧的结尾约瑟夫名声扫地，而查尔斯既获得了美人的芳心，又获得了丰厚的遗产，而梯泽尔夫人在丈夫的感化下与其重归于好。《造谣学校》是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级的道德败坏，对无聊的富人恶意的制造谣言，对上层社会骄奢淫逸的生活以及对在高贵生活方式和高尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德沦丧与虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。毫无疑问，它被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色的喜剧。(VII)Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷

70.he declined the Poet laureateship in 1757.1757年，他竟谢绝了授予他的诗人桂冠奖。

71.In contrast to those professional writers, Gray‟s literary output was small.与其余专职作家不同，格雷作品极少。72.His masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was published in 1751.The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School”.1757年，他的代表作《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》出版这首诗奠定了他在当时作为感伤主义诗歌创始人的地位，尤其是从此他便成为“墓地诗歌”流派的代表。

73.His other poems include “Ode on the Spring”, “Ode on the Death of a Favourite cat” and so on.(Ode:….赞，颂)他的其他作品还有《春之颂》，《伊顿公学展望》，《爱猫之死》等等。74.A conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote slowly and carefully, painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase.格雷创作态度认真，作品诞生速度慢，却精益求精。75.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is regarded as Gray‟s best and most representative work.In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy.The poem abounds in images and arouses sentiment in the bosom of every reader, The poem has been ranked among the best of the eighteenth century English poetry.《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》是雷格最优秀的代表作，创作历时八年，诗中内容与格雷的知己理查.韦斯特的去世有关。其中，格雷揭示了生与死的愁苦与神秘，并略述了自己忧伤的心情。诗中富于比喻，并给读者带来深深的伤感。这首诗被列为英国十八世纪最优秀的诗歌之一。

Chapter3

The Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主义

1.This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力：一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命，一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。2.In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。

3.The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动，无论是在英国，德国还是法国，都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。

4.The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers.Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性，新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物，而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体。

5.Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.因此，我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。

6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。7.They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.他们（浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克，华兹华斯，科勒律治，拜伦，雪莱及济恩）认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药，可以净化人的灵魂。8.Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men,” and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquillity.”华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人，而诗歌是强烈情感的自发流露，发乎情，止乎静。

9.Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。

10.The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象，还强调灵感与创作的自发性，认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。

11.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主义者们还体现了强烈的民族精神。

12.To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.They would turn to the humble people and the common

everyday life for subjects.浪漫主义诗人却打破这些格律，他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。13.The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各特.14.Jane Austen‟s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的现实主义.15.The major theme of Jane‟s novels is love and marriage toward which she holds on a practical idealism---love should be justified by reason and disciplined by self-control.She chooses to stay within the tiny field that she knows best., she has become a popular classic and has been admired for her wit, her common-sense, her insight into characters and social relationships.简.奥斯汀作品的主题为爱情与婚姻,对于这个主题,奥斯汀抱有一种较为实际的理想主义---爱情必须有理智及道德准则的约束,她的作品的背景都很小却都是她熟知的,她的智慧,常识及对人物和人际关系深刻的洞察受到了大批读者的喜爱.16.Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their influence on the individual.He is the first major historical novelist.司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史上第一位重要的历史小说家。

17.Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.哥特式小说也是浪漫主义运动的一部分，它盛行于浪漫主义前期的18世纪末。这种小说的主要题材是暴力，恐怖及对超自然力（鬼神）的描写。(I)William Blake威廉.布莱克

18.He was often misunderstood by other people, who would regard him as gifted but mad.He was recognized only posthumously.他经常遭到旁人误解，认为他是个天才，又是个疯子，他去世后才被人发掘出来并一举成名。19.Childhood is central to Blake‟s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical reference.他的两步诗集《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》中，童年是布莱克主要描述的中心，这个描述中心使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值。

20.Blake‟s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity.It plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.布莱克的《天堂与地狱的结合》一诗标志着他创作上的成熟，并担负了讽喻与革命预言的两重角色。

21.The “marriage,” to Black, means the reconciliation of then contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.婚姻对布莱克意味着矛盾的调和，而并非一方从属于另一方。

22.Blake felt bound to declare that “I know that This World is World of Imagination & Vision” and that “The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative.”布莱克热切得宣布：“我认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界，我的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满想象与幻觉。”

23.Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language.布莱克的语言直白朴素。

24.Symbolism in wide rang is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.大范围地使用象征手法也是他作品的鲜明特征。

(II)William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯

25.The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as the “Lake Poets”.诗人骚塞,科勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为”湖畔诗人”。

26.In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.1842年政府为他发了津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为了“桂冠诗人”。

27.According to the subject, Wordsworth‟s short poems can be classified into two group: poems about nature and poems about human life.按照主题，华的短诗可分为两大类：关于自然的和关于人类生活的。

28.Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature.”华被称为”大自然的膜拜者”。

29.Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest.The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.华认为普通人的普通生活应是文学的主题，她的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。30.His works contain “The Solitary Reaper”, “To a Highland Girl”, ”The Old Cumberland Beggar ” and “The Ruined Cottage”.他的作品包括《孤独的收割者》，《致高地姑娘》，《老坎伯兰的乞丐》和《被摧毁的茅屋》。31.In its daring use of subject mater and sense of then authenticity of the experience of the poorest, “Resolution and Independence” is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.通过大胆运用这样的主题，同时对贫苦人民生活经历的描写拥有极大的可信度，“革命与独立”则成为《抒情歌谣集》中成功的结论，这在英国诗歌历史上也是第一次。

32.Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past.华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人。

33.Wordsworth‟s deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled.华兹华斯对简洁朴素的风格的追求，对粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。

34.he maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握真实素材的来源，他的创作理论的核心便是普通人的生活经历，普通人的词汇语言都是诗人应该也能够汲取的素材。

35.William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period.华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的精英，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表。

36.The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.他对诗歌的巨大贡献在于开启了现代诗歌，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。(III)Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞.泰.科勒律治

37.In 1798, the two men published a joint volume of poetry, Lyrical Ballads, which became a landmark in English poetry.1798年，他同华兹华斯合作出版《抒情歌谣集》，成为英诗发展的一座里程碑。38.In addition to “The Ancient Mariner,” he wrote “Kubla Khan,” began writing “Christabel” and composed “This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison,” “Frost at Midnight,” and “The Nightingale,” which are considered to be his best “conversational” poems.他创作了《古航海家之歌》，《忽必烈汗》，《子夜寒霜》，《夜莺》等名诗，这些都是他“对话诗”的代表。

39.Philosophically and critically, Coleridge opposed the limitedly rationalistic trends of the the 18th-century thought.在哲学与文学评论方面，科勒律治反对18世纪那种局限的理性主义潮流。

40.he advocated a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life, based on what he had learnt from Kant and Schelling.他倡导了以坎特与斯凯灵理论的对人类精神化与宗教化的诠释。41.He believed that art is the only permanent revelation of the nature of reality.他认为艺术是唯一一种能永远揭示现实的形式。

42.Coleridge‟s actual achievement as poet can be divided into two remarkably diverse groups: the demonic and the conversational.柯勒律治在诗歌方面的成就可分为不同的两大类，神祗诗与对话诗。

43.Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive features of this group.这些诗歌的显著特点，便是神秘与想象。44.“Christabel” uses a freer version of the ballad form to create an atmosphere of the Gothic horror at once delicate and sinister.“克丽斯特贝尔”一诗采用了更为自由的抒情诗形式，创造出的是与一种微妙而又邪恶的哥特式恐怖氛围。

45.He sings highly Wordsworth‟s “purity of language,” “deep and subtle thoughts,” “Perfect truth to nature” and his “imaginative power.” But he denies Wordsworth‟s claim that there is no essential difference between the language of poetry and the language spoken by common people.他高度赞赏华兹华斯那“纯净的语言”，“深邃的思想”，“对自然完美真实的描述”以及他“非凡的想象力”。但是他不赞成华兹华斯所说的“诗歌语言与普通百姓的生活语言没什么两样”。46.Coleridge was esteemed by some of his contemporaries and is generally recognized today as a lyrical poet and literary critic of the first rank.科勒律治被同时期的诗界所尊崇，直至今日也被奉为第一流的抒情诗人与文学评论家。

47.he was one of the most influential English literary critics and philosophers of the 19th century.他是19世纪浪漫主义文学与哲学的代表。

（IV）George Gordon Byron乔治.戈登.拜伦

48.The publication in 1812 of the first two cantos of Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage, brought Byron fame.拜伦早期代表作是长篇叙事诗《恰尔德.哈罗德游记》第一，第二章（1812）。

49.In Geneva, he wrote the third canto of Childe Harold and the narrative poem The Prisoner of Chillon.在日内瓦，拜伦写下了《哈罗德游记》第三章及叙事诗《齐伦的囚犯》。

50.he produced the verse drama Manfred, the first two cantos of Don Juan.他创作了诗剧《曼弗雷德》，《唐璜》的前两章。

51.Don Juan is Byron‟s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century.他的代表作《唐璜》是19世纪初期的著名讽刺史诗。52.Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness, are virtues neglected by the modern society.拜伦在唐璜身上开发出勇敢,慷慨,诚恳直白等优点。

53.the poet‟s true intention is, by making use of Juan‟s adventures, to present a panoramic view of different types of society.诗人的创作意旨在于通过唐璜的游历来体现不同的社会情形。

54.Byron‟s satire on the English society in the later part of the poem can be compared with Pope‟s;and his satire is much less personal than that of Pope‟s, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the whole hypocritical society.拜伦在诗的末尾对英国社会的讽刺与蒲柏相媲美，有过之而无不及，因为拜伦讽刺的不是个人恩怨，而是整个社会的虚伪。

55.As a leading Romanticist, Byron‟s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage, and then further developed in later works such as the Oriented Tales, Manfred, and Dan Juan in different guises.作为浪漫主义的代表诗人，拜伦的主要贡献在于他创造了“拜伦式英雄”，高傲，神秘，反叛却带有贵族血统。这种拜伦式英雄出现在《哈罗德游记》，《东方故事集》，《曼弗雷德》及《唐璜》等多部作品中。

56.Actually Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms and innovations.拜伦以丰富的思想，想象力，艺术形式和创新欧洲的诗歌得到了发展

(V)Percy Bysshe Shelley柏.比.雪莱

57.He held a lifelong aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation.他一生都在执著的反抗社会上的残忍与不公，强权与宗教，战争与剥削。

58.He realized that the evil was also in man‟s mind.他认为罪恶还存在于人的思想。

59.One of Shelley‟s greatest political lyrics is “Men of England.The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Communist Party.”雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是“致苏格兰人民”，这首诗在宪章运动时期成为广大工人的战歌。

60.Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley‟s “Ode to the West Wind”;here Shelley‟s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them.雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属“西风颂”，这首诗语气狂热，宜于诵读。

61.“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” The poem is written in the terza rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante.“如果冬天已经来临，春天还会远吗？”诗人引用了文艺复兴时期意大利诗人但丁的三行诗节隔句押韵法。

62.Shelley‟s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound，The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind‟s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products.”.雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》，它赞扬了人类自身的潜力，雪莱认识它是自己最出色的作品。

63.Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions.像布莱克一样，由于不同于其他人，他是个备受推崇的诗人，他的作品博学，具有深厚文化底蕴，含有丰富的典故和神灵的暗示。(VI)John Keats约翰.济慈

64.Endymion, published in 1818, was a poem based on the Greek myth of Endymion and the moon goddess.1818年,济慈出版了长诗<安狄米恩>,该诗以希腊神话为素材,记述了牧人安狄米恩赫月光女神的故。

65.It was this yearning and suffering that quickened his maturity and added a new dimension to his poetry.一连串挫折与内心压抑的情感促使他走向成熟，并使他未来的创作更加丰满。

66.At the heart of these pomes lies Keats‟ concern with how the ideal can be joined with the real, the imagined with the actual, and man with woman.这些诗歌表达了济慈对如何将理想与现实，想象与实际，男人与女人结合起来的思考。

67.The volume also contain his four great odes: ”Ode on Melancholy,” “Ode on a Grecian Urn,” “Ode to a Nightingale,” “Ode a Psyche;” his lyric masterpiece “To Autumn” and the unfinished poem “Hyperion.”这部诗集包括他著名的四首“颂”：“忧郁颂”，“希腊古瓮颂”，“夜莺颂”，“普赛克颂”及他抒情诗的代表作“秋日颂”和未完成的诗作“希波里恩”。68.The odes are generally regarded as Keats‟s most important and mature works.颂诗是济慈最重要也是最成熟的作品。

69.In the great of these works, he also suggests the undercurrent of disillusion that accompanies such ecstasy, the human suffering which forever question the visionary transcendence achieved by art.在这些作品中,他对资本主义社会现实又不满，他的诗歌却常常带有唯美主义色彩。

70.“Ode to a Nightingale” expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony.”夜莺颂”展示了自然界之美与人世之痛苦强烈的反差。

71.“Ode on an Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion.“希腊古瓮颂”展示了永恒的艺术与短暂的人类热情之间的对比。72.Sight, sound, scent, taste and feeling are all taken in to give an entire understanding of an experience.将视，听，嗅，味，触等感觉都转化成绝美的文字，带来一个通透的体验。73.He draws diction, style and imagery from works of Shakespeare, Milton and Dante.他在措词，风格和比喻上都参考了莎士比亚，弥尔顿和但丁的作品。

74.Keats‟s poetry characterized by exact and closely knit construction, sensual descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world.济慈的诗以精确紧凑的造句，有感描写为特色，通过想象，营造了超出人类经验值的自然之美。(VII)Jane Austen 简.奥斯汀

75.Her first novel, Sense and Sensibility, tells a story about two sisters and their love affairs: Pride and Prejudice, the most popular of her novels, deals with five Bennet sisters and search for suitable husbands;and Northanger Abbey.她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品，讲述了贝内特一家五位姐妹寻找如意郎君的过程；《诺觉寺》讽刺了18世纪流行的哥特式骑士抒情诗。

76.Mansfield Park presents the antithesis of worldliness and unworldliness;Emma gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity;and Persuasion contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations.《曼斯菲尔德花园》表现了世俗与非世俗的并存；《爱玛》对自欺欺人的虚荣心给予了反思；《劝告》将真挚爱情与精打细算进行了对照。

77.She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles;and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.她主张地主阶级应在政治及社会生活中占主导地位，而她的作品也表现了她强调的理智高于情感，责任心、礼节、公正高于浪漫与个人主义的观点。78.And in style, she is neoclassicism advocator, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.在写作风格上，她提倡新古典主义，坚持理性，秩序，典雅的原则。79.Austen‟s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships.奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关。

80.It is her conviction that a man‟s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career.她确信一个人与自己妻子，儿女的关系最起码同他生命的另一半---事业，信仰---同样重要。

81.plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th-century England, concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.奥斯汀的写作素材十分狭窄。主题，角色，社会背景及情节都离不开18世纪英国的乡村中产阶级生活，总是三，四口之家的日常生活。

82.Pride and Prejudice, originally drafted as “First Impressions” in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen‟s works.《傲慢与偏见》原名《第一印象》是奥斯汀最出色的作品。

83.Our first impression, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong.奥斯汀认为人的第一印象总是有失偏颇的。84.The structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the highest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere.这部小说结构精致灵巧，人物描写令人难忘，讽刺出其不意。85.The works of Jane Austen, at once delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature.With trenchant observation and in meticulous detail, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.奥斯汀的著作令人愉悦并有深意，是英国文学史上巨大的成就。她通过犀利细致的观察，向我们展现了平和的英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活全貌。

86.Her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.其典型的主旨是成熟，实在错误的幻想打破后获得的。

87.Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity, and she has been regarded by many critics as one of the greatest of all novelists.由于她人类行为的普遍模式十分敏感，奥斯汀使英国小说走向成熟，众多评论家都认为她是英国最出色的小说家之一。

Chapter 4

The Victorian Period(1836-1901)维多利亚时期

1.Common sense and moral propriety, which were ignored by the Romanticists, again became the predominant preoccupation in literary work.道德和常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题，又回到了文学主流中来。2.Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater, both notorious advocators of the theory of “art for art‟s sake.”唯美主义者奥斯卡．王尔德与沃尔特．培特都极力推崇“为了艺术而艺术”的观点。

3.Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced.实用主义大行其道。

4.The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and ways of expression.这个时期的诗歌具有风格标新，表达立异的特点。

5.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality and spirit of the age.The high-spirited vitality, the down to earth earnestness, the good-matured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented.维多利亚时期文学，真实地反映了时代的现实与精神，其中体现出的高度的活力，脚踏实地的精神，善意的幽默与无羁无绊的丰富联想都是空前的。(I)Charles Dickens查尔斯．狄更斯

6.Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club appeared in monthly installments.It is once lifted him into a position of fame and fortune.很快《皮克威克外传》也出版了，这使狄更斯一度名利双收。7.Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writer of the Victorian Age.狄更斯是伟大的批判现实主义作家。8.The best he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful thinking.他所能做的只是保持一种充满希望的乐观主义。9.Whatever his limitations, this man is loved and admired by the millions, not only for the practical reform his works have helped to bring about but also for that heart which is ready to love and sympathize.不管狄更斯有何局限性，他都深受人民大众喜爱，不仅因为他的作品促进社会改良，更因为他那颗善良博爱之心。10.In his works, Dickens sets out a full map and a Large-scale criticism of the nineteenth century England, particularly London.在他的作品中，狄更斯对１９世纪的英国，特别是伦敦做出了全面地描绘及大量的批评。

11.His early works contain Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, The Pickwick Paper(legal fraud), David Copperfield and Martin Chuzzlewit.他的早期作品包括《雾都孤儿》，《尼古拉斯．尼克尔比》，《皮克威克外传》（合法欺骗），《大卫．科波菲尔》和《马丁．瞿述伟》等等。12.This youthful brightness and optimism is also manifest in the constant jokes and laughter.作者青年时期的这种明朗与乐观还体现在作品的幽默与笑料中。13.His later works contain A tale of two Cities, Bleak House, Little Dorrit, Hard Times and Great Expectations.后期作品包括《双城记》，《荒凉山庄》，《小多利特》，《艰难时世》和《远大前程》。14.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller.狄更斯具有惊人的讲故事能力。

15.Dickens‟ works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.狄更斯的作品还有一个特点，是将幽默与哀伤的泪水交汇起来。

16.Sometimes Dickens seems so anxious to wring an extra tear from the audience that he indulges himself in excessive sentimental melodrama and spoils the story.有时狄更斯会将作品写的令读者潸然泪下，但由于他过于注重悲情的渲染，有时会破坏故事的连贯性。

17.Charles Dickens is one of the greatest Victorian writers, and his name one of those to be remembered forever.狄更斯是英国文学史上能与莎士比亚齐名的文学巨人，他的作品与人格都将永远留在人民心中。

(II)The Bronte Sisters布朗蒂姐妹

18.Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, and their gifted sister Anne Bronte came from a large family of Irish origin.夏洛蒂.布朗蒂，艾米丽.布朗蒂，安妮.布朗蒂三姐妹出生于爱尔兰裔的大户人家。

19.Charlotte‟s second novel, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in 1847.In the same year, Emily‟s single and unique work Wuthering Heights and Anne‟s Agnes Grey were also published.夏洛蒂的第二部小说《简爱》问世后立即大获成功。同年，艾米丽唯一的小说《呼啸山庄》与安妮的《阿格尼斯.格雷》也相继发行。

20.Charlotte‟s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.夏洛蒂的作品主题几乎都是个人自觉地为实现自我价值而奋斗，都是有关一些孤独而卑微的少女对爱情，理解与完整幸福的生活的强烈渴求。

21.In her mind, man‟s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil.在她看来，人生就是一场永不停息的罪恶与美德的斗争。22.All her heroines‟ highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.她小说中的女主人公最大的快乐都来自一些自我牺牲后或个人弱点被战胜后获得的幸福。

23.She is a writer of realism combined with romanticism.On one hand, she presents a vivid realism picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor.On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by an intensity of vision and passion.她还是集现实主义与浪漫主义于一身的作家。一方面，她真实生动的再现了英国上流社会的残酷，虚伪及其他丑恶现象以及下层贫苦人民的不幸。另一方面，她的笔下充盈这美好的情与景。24.Jane Eyre: It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society.The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.《简爱》：它以对当时社会尖锐的批评而闻名于世。小说的成功在于它在英国小说史上第一次成功的塑造出了家庭教师的女主人公形象。

25.The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.小说通过对简热烈的情感，思想以及内心冲突的生动描写，向读者展示出了一幅心灵画卷。26.Wuthering Heights: It is the story about two families and an intruding stranger.《呼啸山庄》讲的是两个家庭与一个外来者的故事。(III)Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗雷德.丁尼生

27.He was appointed the Poet Laureate.丁尼生被授予“桂冠诗人”的荣誉。

28.Tennyson‟s poetic career is also marked out by Idylls of the King(the Celtic legends of King Arthur).丁尼生另一部代表作是《国王诗歌集》，故事源于凯尔特民族关于亚瑟王与他的圆桌骑士的传说。

29.For one thing, the moral standards and sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people.For the other, the story of the rise and fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization.其一是因为诗中道德标准及情感都属于维多利亚并非中世纪的贵族；其二是因为故事中亚瑟王的崛起与衰败其实就是西方文明周而复始的历史写照。（《国王诗集》并不是古代传奇简单的翻版，而是对古典神话的现代诠释？）

30.Tennyson is a real artist.He has the natural power of linking visual picture with musical expressions.丁尼生是一位善于将可视的风景图画与极富乐感的表达语汇及多姿多彩的情感非常自然的糅合在一起的艺术家。31.The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake and Coleridge, the melody of Keats and Shelley, and the narrative vigor of Scott and Byron.丁尼生的创作不仅体现了他自身的天才，还体现了英国灿烂的诗歌传统，从斯宾塞的梦幻到弥尔顿的壮丽，从华兹华斯的自然简洁到布莱克与科勒律治的奇异诡谲，从雪莱与济慈的旋律美到司格特与拜伦的叙事天才，这一切丰富多彩的品质都在丁尼生笔下有所体现。(IV).Robert Browning罗伯特.布朗宁

32.Like Browning‟s other characters in their monologues, these people unconsciously reveal their own characters in the story.正像布朗宁其他独白作品种的人物，这些人也不自觉地通过讲述故事暴露了自己的性格特点。33.The name of Browning is often associated with the term: “ dramatic monologue.”《指环与书》一诗使布朗宁成为英国最伟大的诗人之一。

34.To Browning, the dramatic monologue is an ingenious means to exploit his literary gift without getting too personal.对布朗宁来说，戏剧独白是一种既能开发文才，又可与角色保持一定距离的灵活方式。(V)George Eliot乔治.艾略特

35.Then there came successively her three most popular novels, Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.而后她的三部代表作相继问世：《亚当.贝德》、《费洛斯河上的磨房》以及《织工拉斯.马奈尔》 36.In1872，Middlemarch, a panoramic book considered today by many to be George Eliot‟s greatest achievement.1872年，《弥都玛持镇》问世，这部作品是她最好的作品。

37.By joining the worlds of inward propensity and outward circumstances and showing them both operating in the lives of her characters, she initiates a new type of realism and sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel.通过将自己的内心世界与外在环境结合起来，并把两者注入对角色的塑造之中，艾略特开创了一种新型的现实主义，并进一步朝着自然主义与心理分析小说发展。

38.In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a soul and to reveal the motives, impulses and hereditary influences which govern human action.在作品中，她努力的表现人们灵魂深处的斗争，揭示那种驾驭人类行为的动机，冲动及遗传影响。

39.George Eliot shows a particular concern for the destiny of women, especially those with great intelligence, potential and social aspirations.艾略特特别关心女性的命运，尤其是那些才华出众，渴望步入社会的女性。40.In her mind, the pathetic tragedy of women lies in their very birth.艾略特认为女人的不幸是出生时就随身带来的。

41.Middlemarch: but both fail in achieving their goals owing to the social environment as well as their own vulnerabilities.《弥都玛持镇》：小说的两个女性主角都具有潜在资质与雄雄野心，但都因为社会环境与自身弱点的限制没能达到人生目标。

(VI)Thomas Hardy托马斯.哈代

42.his last two novels: Tess of the D‟Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.他的最后两部小说是《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》。

43.His best local-colored works are his later ones, such as The Return of the Native, The Trumpet Major, The Mayor of Casterbridge, The Woodlanders, Tess of the D‟Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.These works, known as “novels of character and environment,” are the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer.他晚年的作品最富地方色彩，如《还乡》，《号兵长》，《卡斯特桥市长》，《林地居民》，《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》这些作品便是著名的“角色与环境为纲的小说”，最好的代表了作者自然主义与批判主义的写作特点。

44.Tess, a simple, innocent and faithful country girl.She finally becomes a victim of the modern society.苔丝，一个单纯忠诚的乡村女孩，她最后成为了现代社会的牺牲品。

45.Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer.哈代常被认为是一位承前启后的作家。

46.In his works, man is shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment.哈代作品中的人物都不可避免的屈从于自身的天性或遗传的品质，促使他追求某一种幸福成功，从而又使自己陷入与环境的冲突中。

47.He is a meditative story-teller or romancer.他是个善于深入思考的故事家。

48.They are not only individual cases but also universal truth.他们不仅个别的例子，还是普遍的真理。

49.Their plight is not just their own;it applies to any one, any age.And finally, all the works of Hardy are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into their perfectly designed architectural structures.他们（小说中的人物）的故事不仅是他们自身的经历，而且具有相当的普遍性。最后，哈代的作品结构完美，语言极富乡土气息与诗情画意。50.Tess of the D‟Urbervilles: There she meets Angel Clare, son of a clergyman.It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century.《德伯家的苔丝》：苔丝远离故土，外出谋生，与牧师之子安吉尔相识相爱。这部小说抨击了当时扭曲人性的虚伪道德，抨击了破坏乡村宁静的资本主义价值观。

Chapter 5

The Modern Period 现代时期

1.The once sun-never-set Empire finally collapsed.日不落帝国终于日薄西山了。

2.Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.德国哲学家亚瑟.叔本华的悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。

3.Friedrich Nietzsche advocated the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.尼采继承了叔本华的理论后，更进一步的反叛理性主义与基督教精神，推崇强权与霸权。4.Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.亨利.伯格森在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学，强调创造力，直觉，非理性与无意识。5.The appalling shock of the First World War severely destroyed people‟s faith in the Victorian values.一战的毁灭性灾难摧垮了人们对维多利亚道德标准的信奉。6.The French symbolism, appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism.19世纪晚期法国的象征主义预示了现代主义的诞生。7.literary trends of modernism: expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness.一战后，所有的现代主义文**流都产生了：表现主义（强调自我表现，反对艺术的目的性），超现实主义，未来主义，达达主义（颓废派文艺），意象主义以及意识流等等。8.The major figures were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Webern, Ts Eliot, Joyce and Virginia Woolf.这场运动的杰出代表人物有卡夫卡，毕加索，庞德，韦伯恩，T.S.埃略特，乔伊斯及费洛尼亚.沃尔夫。

9.After the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or post-modernism, like existentialist literature, theater of the absurd, new novels and black humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that “the world was absurd, and the human life was an agony.”二战后，另一种形式的现实主义，即后现代主义，比如存在主义文学，荒诞派戏剧，新小说及黑色幽默，如雨后春笋涌现出来，其理论基础便是存在主义所讲的“世界是荒谬的，人生则是巨大的痛苦”。

10.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析原理作为理论基础。11.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.现代派文学的主题便是反映人与自然，人与社会，人与人，人与自我之间被扭曲的，渐渐疏远的，病态的关系。12.As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.这样一来，现代主义作品常被称为反小说，反诗歌与反戏剧。13.With the coming of the 1950s, there was a return of realistic poetry again.50年代，现实主义诗歌又开始回溯。14.D.H.Lawrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing.His interest lay in his tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist Industrialization on human nature.In his best novels like The Rainbow and Women in Love, he made a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships.D.H.劳伦斯被认为和乔伊斯一样大胆改革小说创作手法，与乔伊斯不同，劳伦斯对写作技巧的改革不感兴趣，依然沿袭传统的完整的故事情节，但他极力展现角色的心理发展，尖锐的批判了资本主义工业化对人性的非人道的扭曲。在他最优秀的作品中，如《虹》，《恋爱中的女人》，劳伦斯大胆的探索了各种人性心理，人际关系，尤其是男人与女人之间的关系。

15.by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization, which turned men into inhuman machines.资本主义机器工业文明将人变成了无性的机器。16.Oscar Wilde, his masterpiece, The importance of Being Earnest.奥斯卡.王尔德的代表作是《认真的重要性》。17.Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.萧伯纳在戏剧方面被公认为自莎士比亚后，英国最优秀的戏剧大师。18.The Silver Box and Strife are such examples, in which Galsworthy presents not only realistic picture of social injustice, but also the workers‟ heroic struggles against their employers.《银盒》与《抗争》便是很好的例子，其中高尔斯华绥不仅真实地展示了社会的不公平，还生动描写了工人与资本家的英勇抗争。19.The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England.One of the early experimenters was T.S.Eliot who regarded drama as the best medium of poetry.30年代，英国的戏剧复兴了，最早的改革试验者T.S.埃略特说，戏剧是诗歌传播与普及的最佳媒介。

20.This revolution developed in two directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd.(The English dramatic revolution)戏剧发展为两派：工人阶级戏剧与荒诞派戏剧。

21.The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world.He first play, Waiting fro Godot.荒诞派戏剧代表人物是塞缪尔.贝克特。他擅长描写生活在孤立腐朽的世界里的人与毫无意义的人生。(I).George Bernard Shaw乔治..萧伯纳

22.Shaw held that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people.萧主张艺术应该为社会服务，应该反映人的生活与社会矛盾并教育广大人民。

23.The mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view.His works contain Widowers‟ House, Mrs.Warren‟s Profession, is a play about the economic oppression of women.他的剧作主要揭露当时的社会，经济，道德，宗教中的罪恶，表现了自己作为左翼社会主义改良派的观点。他的早期代表作品包括《鳏夫的房产》，《沃伦夫人的职业》的主题是对妇女们经济上的压迫。

24.Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of “Life Force,” the power that would create superior beings to be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society.萧伯纳还创作了一系列话剧，探索了“生命的力量”---一种能够与上帝齐平，解决各种社会，道德及玄奥问题的超级力量。

25.Shaw wrote plays on miscellaneous subject.The Apple Cart is about politics;John Bull‟s Other Island is about racial problems.萧伯纳的作品还有关于政治的《苹果车》，关于种族问题的《约翰.布尔的另外岛屿》。26.Too True to be Good is a better play of the later period, with the author‟s almost nihilistic bitterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.出色的作品《难以置信》，主题是对残忍疯狂的第一次世界大战近乎虚无主义的嘲讽和对幻灭失落的青年一代的忧伤。

27.One feature of Shaw‟s characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another.萧伯纳人物塑造方面的特点是他经常不惜贬低另一些角色来极力生动形象地展示某一个角色。

28.Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.萧伯纳的许多戏剧情节与角色都在传统的基础上发生倒转错位。29.The forward motion consists not in the unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse.动作的进行不仅体现在情节的铺展中，也体现在对白的内涵中。（情节丰富，但不以情节取胜，生动的对白超越了故事情节的光彩）

(II).John Galsworthy约翰.高尔斯华绥

30.The Forsyte Saga, his first trilogy: The Man of Property, In Chancery and To Let.His second Forsyte trilogy, A Modern Comedy, appeared in 1929, and the third, End of the chapter, posthumously in 1934.一战之后他完成了第一部费尔塞特世家三部曲，包括《财主》，《骑虎难下》，《出租》。第二部费尔塞特三部曲《现代喜剧》于1929年问世，第三部《篇章末尾》，则在他去世后的1934年出版。

31.Galsworthy was a conventional writer, having inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism such as Dickens and Thackeray.高尔斯华绥是传统型作家，继承了狄更斯，萨克雷等维多利亚时期文学家的优良风格。32.He wrote in a clear and unpretentious style with a clear and straightforward language.他的语言与风格都是同样的清晰，直白，毫无做作。33.The Man of Property: The theme of this novel is that of the predominant possessive instinct of the Forsytes and its effects upon the personal relationships.《财主》：这部小说展示了费尔塞特家族盛行的占有欲与唯利是图，这种占有欲深刻影响到家族内的人际关系。

（III）.William Butler Yeats威廉.巴特勒.叶芝

34.In 1923, he was awarded Nobel Prize for literature.1923年他获得了诺贝尔文学奖。

35.He came to see that literature should not be an end in itself but the expression of conviction and the garment of noble emotion.他认为艺术的最终目的并非它本身，而是对社会成员的说教及对高尚情感的抒发。36.His poetic achievement stands at the center of modern literature.他是最优秀的英文诗人之一，是现代文学的中流砥柱。

37.Yeats has achieved suggestive patterns of meaning by a careful counterpointing of contrasting ideas or images.叶芝还实现了意义的深邃暗含，因为他将反差极大的意象对应起来。38.“The Lake Isle of Innisfree” is just a popular representative of such poems.“伊尼斯弗利的湖中沙洲”一诗便是这样的典范。

39.Yeats came to realize that eternal beauty could only live in the realm of art.他渐渐意识到永恒的美只存在于艺术王国。

(IV).T.S.Eliot T.S.埃略特

40.His first important poem, “The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock,” appeared in 1915.他的第一首重要诗作“J.A.布鲁富克劳的情歌”于1915年问世。

41.He won various awards, including the Nobel Prize and the Order of Merit in 1948.他一生荣获许多大奖，包括1948年的诺贝尔文学奖与功绩勋位。42.As a young man with bitter disillusionment and with boldness in the handling of language, Eliot had explore in his early poetry various aspects of decay of culture in the modern Western world, expressing a sense of the disintegration of life.作为一个经历过幻灭痛苦的青年，凭借着灵活运用语言的勇气，埃略特在早期诗歌中探索了现代化西方文明在各方个面的衰败，传达出一种生命崩溃的悲观。

43.The poem is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of the stream-of-consciousness technique.《衰老》一诗很大程度上效仿了乔伊斯的意识流手法，而且埃略特在以后的创作中也大量运用了意识流。44.The Hollow Men, which bears a strong thematic resemblance to The Waste Land, is generally regarded as the darkest of Eliot‟s poems.《空洞的人》在主题上十分近似《荒原》，是埃略特最黑暗的诗。45.“The Waste Land” not only presents a panorama of physical disorder and spiritual desolation in the modern Western world, but also reflects the prevalent mood of disillusionment and despair of a whole post-war generation.《荒原》不仅全面展现了现代西方社会物质上的错乱和精神上的颓败，而且也反映出战后一代人中盛行的幻灭与绝望。

46.The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.《荒原》一诗的主题是表现现代文明中人们精神的堕落与崩溃，人生已失去了意义与目的。

47.In his famous essay, “Tradition and individual Talent,” Eliot put great emphasis on the importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism.在著名散文“传统与个人天才”中，他强调传统对创作与评论两方面的重要作用。

48.Eliot came to believe that the illness of the modern world was of the sum of individual souls, and that the cure could only be obtained by the change of the individual souls through the religious salvation.埃略特认为现代社会的弊病是每个社会成员灵魂深处弊病的总合，只有通过宗教救赎人的灵魂才能救治整个社会。49.The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock ：The poem is in a form of dramatic monologue, suggesting an ironic contrast between a pretended love song and a confession of the speaker‟ s incapability of facing up to love and to life a sterile upper-class world.“J.A.布鲁富克劳的情歌”：全诗的形式是戏剧独白，暗示了虚假的“情歌”与主人公自己承认的无法直面爱情及无聊得上流社会生活之间的讽刺性对照。(V).D.H.Lawrence戴维.伯特.劳伦斯

50.His autobiographical novel, Sons and Lovers.《儿子与情人》是他的自传体作品。该作品出版后，他才确立了杰出小说家的地位。51.The following two novels, The Rainbow and Women in Love, are generally regarded as his masterpieces.接下来的两部小说《虹》和《恋爱中的女人》被认为是他的代表作。

52.In Lawrence‟s opinion, the mechanical civilization is responsible for the unhealthy development of human personalities, the perversion of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital relationships.劳伦斯认为工业机械化的文明是人类个性病态发展，爱情扭曲，婚姻不幸的罪魁祸首。

53.Gerald Crich, representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics.Whereas Birkin, a self-portrait of Lawrence, is presented as a symbolic figure of human warmth, standing for the spontaneous Life Force.《恋爱中的女人》中杰拉德象征着精神的死亡，代表了整个资产阶级的伦理观。而勃金则是劳伦斯的一幅自画像，他反抗着工业机械化带来的种种压抑以及任何一种丧失了生命力的形式与教条，代表了人情温暖及生命原始的冲动。

54.By portraying, in Aaron‟s Rod, a disillusioned man who attempts to save his integrity by running away again and again from his wife and children，Lawrence tries to show that every man is a sacred and holy individual whose integrity should never be violated or dominated.在《亚伦神杖》中，劳伦斯塑造了一个幻想破灭的男人，为了维护美德与尊严一次次逃离妻儿，表现了每个人都是神圣的，独立的，其人格与尊严不得侵犯。

55.Irony, humour and wit are the characteristic features of many of the stories.讽刺，幽默，机智都是他短篇小说的特点。56.Lawrence is also a proficient poet.劳伦斯还是个天才多产的诗人。

57.Lawrence was discovered to be an important playwright in 1968 with the efforts of Peter Gill who staged three plays known as “the Lawrence trilogy” at the Royal Court.These three plays: A Collier‟s Friday Night, The Daughter-in-law and The Widowing of Mrs.Holroyed, have in common the typical working-class environments set in Nottinghamshire.1968年，劳伦斯的三部戏剧作品，称为“劳伦斯三部曲”，在彼得.吉尔的帮助下，在皇家剧院登台演出，从而劳伦斯又成为重要的剧作家，这三部戏是《矿工的周五夜晚》，《儿媳》以及《守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人》，这三部作品的背景都是诺丁汉姆郡的工人阶级。58.Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works.He believed that the healthy way of the individual „s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life impulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.Human sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of Life Force.劳伦斯是首先将心理透析引入作品的小说家之一，他认为人类心理的健康主要在于生命的冲动，或曰性冲动，性行为是生命活力的体现。

59.Lawrence‟s artistic tendency is mainly realism, which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative commentary.劳伦斯继承了现实主义创作手法，将戏剧化情节与权威性的评说结合起来。60.Lawrence endows the traditional realism with a fresh psychological meaning.Through a combination of traditional realism and the innovating elements of symbolism and poetic imagination, Lawrence has managed to bring out the subtle ebb and flow of his characters‟ subconscious life.劳伦斯通过将传统的现实主义手法与改革后的象征主义与诗化联想结合为一体，劳伦斯成功的展示了角色潜意识的跌宕起伏，赋予传统现实主义新的意义。(VI).James Joyce詹姆斯.乔伊斯

61.Joyce published his first novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.The title of the novel suggests a character study with strong autobiographical elements.The novel can be read as a naturalistic account of the hero‟s bitter experiences and final artistic and spiritual liberation.1916年，乔伊斯第一部长篇小说《艺术家年轻时代的肖像》出版。小说的题目暗示着角色塑造有自传成分。这部作品可以说是自然主义的，描述了主人公痛苦的生活经历及最后艺术与精神上的解放。

62.Ulysses, Joyce‟s masterpiece, has became a prime example of modernism in literature.The three major characters are: Leopold Bloom, an Irish Jew, his wife, Marion Tweedy Bloom, and Stephen Dedalus, the protagonist in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.乔伊斯真正的代表作是《尤利西斯》，这部小说是现代主义文学的首要典范。只有三个主要角色：爱尔兰的犹太人利奥普尔德.布鲁姆，他的妻子马丽翁.T.布鲁姆以及史蒂芬.德达拉斯，也就是《艺术家年轻时代的画像》中的主人公。

63.In Ulysses, the events of the day seem to be trivial, insignificant or even banal.But below the surface of the events, the natural flow of mental reflections, the shifting moods and impulses in the characters‟ inner world are richly presented in an unprecedentedly frank and penetrating way.在《尤利西斯》小说中，这一天内发生的事情极为琐碎，毫无意义，甚至非常陈腐。但在这平庸的表面下陷藏着自然的意识流，反映了角色内心的思想活动及心情与冲动的变化转移，表达空前直白，极富穿透力。

64.This literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters is usually termed as “stream of consciousness.” And Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist, concentrating on revealing in his novels the psychic being of the characters.这种表达角色心理状态的文学手法便是“意识流”。而乔伊斯则是最伟大的意识流小说家。65.Another remarkable feature of Joyce‟s writings is his style.His own style is a straightforward one, lucid, logical and leisurely;subtlety, economy and exactness are his standards.But when he tries to render the so-called stream of consciousness, the style changes: incomplete, rapid, broken wording and fragmentary sentences are the typical features, which reflect the shifting, flirting, disorderly flow of thoughts in the major characters‟ mind.乔伊斯小说的另一个特点是他的文体风格，他本身的文风直白，清晰，富于逻辑而游刃有余；细微，简洁，精确也是他的语言标准。然而一旦进入“意识流”，他的文风便陡转急变：处处可见不完整，短促，支离破碎的语句和措辞，这些都如实反映出角色的思想意识的怪异多变，闪烁不定及杂乱无章。66.“Araby” from Dubliners This tale of the frustrated quest for beauty in the midst of drabness is both meticulously realistic in its handling of details of Dublin Life and the Dublin scene and highly symbolic in that almost every image and incident suggests some particular aspect of the theme.《都柏林人》：这则故事主题是在单调乏味的环境包围下对美的追求的挫败，故事既富于现实主义又富于象征主义，现实主义在于它细致入微的描述了都柏林的景观与生活，象征主义在于每一个意象每一件事都暗示着主题的某个方面。

Part two: American Literature Chapter 1

The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期

1.From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irving‟s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman‟s Leaves of Grass.It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”）

2.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。

3.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。

4.Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。

5.The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。6.This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。7.Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。8.Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。

9.It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说，有艾伦.坡的哥特式惊险故事，有库柏的边疆历险故事，有麦尔维尔的长篇叙事，有霍桑的心理罗曼史，有戴维斯的社会现实小说。10.To Hawthorne and Melyille, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature.霍桑和麦尔维尔认为人们在内心上都是罪人，因此需要道德力量来改善人性。

(I).Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文

11.He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父。

12.With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.1819年至1820年，欧文出版了《见闻札记》，该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲的文学荣誉。

13.A History of New York---He parodies or imitates Homer.《纽约史》在多方面模仿了荷马。

14.Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.他所创造的两个人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样，都停留在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。

15.We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.他的作品行文优美流畅，犹如音乐。他的作品寓教于乐，给人以轻松安逸之感，如入梦境。

16.He is worth the honor of being “the American Goldsmith” for his literary craftsmanship.在创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国的近匠”。

17.“rip van winkle”—Here, Irving‟s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.“瑞普.凡.温克尔”---欧文在此表达了对一去不复返的东西十分依恋，笔触生动，令人难忘。

(II).Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生

18.New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.在美国浪漫主义时期的文学中，新英格兰的超验主义是不可或缺的。19.Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.爱默生的超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想，强调人类具有本能的掌握宇宙绝对真理和人的神性而形成的一个哲学流派。20.In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the individual, and Nature.爱默生的文章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然的重要性。21.Emerson id affirmative about man‟s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly.爱默生相信人的直觉知识。人类可以利用自己的直觉决定是非并采取相应得行动。

22.The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.一个理想的个人应是自助自立的人。

23.“Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you‟ll become spiritually whole again.”“回到自然中去吧，沉浸在自然的影响中吧，你将重新获得精神的完整。” 24.In 1845, a great transcendentalist work Walden was born.1845年，写成了超验主义的伟大作品《沃尔登》。25.In general, Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive American style, as he called for in The American Scholar in 1837.总的说来，爱默生的散文表现出明显的美国风格，堪称“美国学者”。

26.“Nature”-the essay discuss the love of nature, the uses of nature, the idealist philosophy in relation to nature evidences of spirit in the material universe, and the potential expansion of human souls and works that will result from a general return to direct, immediate contact with the natural environment.In the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature.“论自然”----全书讨论对自然的爱，对自然的利用，对自然的理性主义哲学，物质宇宙里的精神证据，人类灵魂的潜在扩展。在文章中爱默生表达了超验主义的思想原则及对自然的热爱。

(III)Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔。霍桑

27.The Scarlet Letter(1850), always regarded as the best of his works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan community.《红字》是霍桑的代表作，讲述的是四个生活在清教社区以不同方式犯有通奸罪的故事，情节简单，但内容感人。

28.According to Hawthorne, “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life;but circumstances may rouse it to activity.”霍桑认为，人人内心都有邪恶，这种邪恶也许一生都潜藏在内心，但在一定的条件下就表现出来。

29.“The Birthmark” drives home symbolically Hawthorne‟s point that evil is man‟s birthmark, something he is born with.在《胎记》中他一针见血地指出邪恶就是人类与生俱来的胎记。

30.One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually refers to someone who is too proud, too sure of himself.霍桑最关注的一个罪恶之源是一个人过于自尊自负。31.Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.加尔文思想认为人类本质是邪恶的，必然向上帝赎罪。32.Hawthorne is also a great allegorist and almost every story can be read allegorically, as is the case in “Young Goodman Brown.”霍桑擅长隐喻，像《小伙子布朗》一样，他几乎每个故事都可以当作隐喻来读。33.The scarlet letter A is ambiguous.And the ambiguity is one of the Salient characteristics of Hawthorne‟s art.人们对A字究竟是什么意思搞不清楚。这种多重含义和象征意义的模糊性正是霍桑小说的艺术所在。(IV)Walt Whitman华尔特.惠特曼

34.His aim was nothing less than to express some new poetical feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference should be recognized.他的目的就是要表达新的诗情，开创一种新的诗歌传统，抒发独特的自我。

35.the poet‟s essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic “en-masse” of America, which is established in the opening lines of “Song of Myself.”诗人的主要目的就是在世界上确定自我，更具体的说就是要在整个美国确定自我。《自我之歌》的开头几行就表现了这种思想。

36.As Whitman saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation.惠特曼认为，诗歌可以塑造一个新的民族精神。37.In celebrating the self, Whitman gives emphasis to the physical dimension of the self and openly and joyously celebrates sexuality.在歌颂自我的同时，惠特曼强调子我的物理存在和性爱。

38.Whitman‟s poetic style is marked, first of all, by the use of the poetic “I”.他的诗总用第一人称。39.“Song of Myself”-In this poem Whitman sets forth two principal belief: the theory of universality, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.《自我之歌》---诗中表明了两大信仰：一是普遍性信仰，二是人类个别性和平等性。(V)Herman Melville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔

40.Moby-Dick was published in 1851.《白鲸》在1851年出版。

41.Of all these sea adventure stories, Moby-Dick proves to be the best.这些有关航海历险的书中，《白鲸》最好，达到了麦尔维尔创作的高峰。

42.Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic.《白鲸》是美国第一部散文体史诗。43.It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man‟s deep reality and psychology.《白鲸》不仅仅是海上生活的生动描述，而且也象征追求宇宙真理的心路历程。

44.the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage become a search for truth.The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.For the character Ahab, however, the whale represents only evil.这条船皮跨德成了人类社会和追求真理历程的缩影。白鲸则象征着自然，复杂，深不可测，也很美丽。但对埃哈布，白鲸则代表着邪恶。白鲸像一堵墙，隐藏着未知和神秘。

45.Melville‟s great gifts of language, invention, psychological analysis, speculative agility, and narrative power are fused to make Moby-Dick a world classic.麦尔维尔的语言才华，创造才华，心理分析能力，观察的敏捷及生动地描述都使该书成为世界名著。

Chapter 2 The Realistic Period现实主义时期

1.This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.由于对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣，产生了新的创作灵感。

2.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯，亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。3.In short, they set the example and charted the future course for the subjects, themes, techniques and styles of fiction we still call modern.总之，他们为后来的现实文学在题材，技巧和风格上都树立了典范。

4.Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories.豪威尔斯讨论上升的中产阶级及其生活方式，而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。

5.In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author‟s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.总之，自然主义产生现实主义，只是在创作上更富讽刺，更加悲观。自然主义只有另一种哲学途径的现实主义。(I)Mark Twain马克.吐温

6.Mark Twain is considered as “the true father of American national literature.”马克.吐温被认为是“我们真正的民族文学之父”。7.Two of the best books during this period are The adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.The former is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys, while the latter, being a boy‟s book specially written for the adults, is Twain‟s most representative work, describing a journey down the Mississippi undertaken by two fugitives, Huck and Jim.这一期间他最伟大的作品是《汤姆.索亚历险记》和《哈克贝里.芬历险记》。前者是就儿童的恐惧和高兴的事儿写的一部儿童经典。而后者虽然是儿童故事，却为大人而写。这是马克.吐温最有代表性的小说，描写两个流浪儿童哈克和吉姆沿密西西比河而下历险的旅程。8.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and, especially, its sequence Adventures of Huckleberry Finn proved themselves to be the mile stone in American literature.《汤姆.索亚历险记》，尤其是《哈克贝里.芬历险记》是美国文学的里程碑。

9.The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished way of life in the pre-Civil War Mississippi valley and it has moved millions of people of different ages and conditions all over the world;and the books are noted for their unpretentious, colloquial yet poetic style, their wide-ranging humor, and their universally shared dream of perfect innocence and freedom.汤姆.索亚和哈克.芬在密西西比河上度过的童年是内战前该条河谷生活方式的实录，感动了数以万计的各种年龄的人。书中的率直，口语化而又不失诗意的语言风格，广泛的幽默，天真和自由的梦想都是令人难忘的。

10.Hemingway once described the novel the one book from which “all modern American literature comes.”

The profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature.《哈克贝里.芬历险记》----海明威曾把该书看作是”所有现代美国文学之源”.。哈克贝里的深刻形象是该书给美国文学做出的又一贡献。

11.The climax arises with Huck‟s inner struggle on the Mississippi, when Huck is polarized by the two opposing and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escapes哈克在密西西比河的内心争斗室小说的高潮。哈克在理想与现实，对吉姆的感情与社会反对奴隶逃跑的法律之间被抛到了巅峰。

12.Huck‟s final decision---to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality.哈克最后决定：遵循自己内心的良知，而非世俗的道德。

13.Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on.马克.吐温善于描绘地方风物，包括地方任务，风光，风俗，方言和服饰等等。

14.Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular.His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language.马克.吐温独特的另一个方面是他乡土气息的语言风格。他的用词口语化，具体可感，直率有力。句子结构简单，不合语法。15.Mark Twain‟s humor is remarkable.马克.吐温的幽默是突出的。

16.Twain‟s works, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall tales.他的作品生动有趣，充盈着实用的笑话，喜剧情节，智慧的语言以及动听的故事。17.His humor is a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.他的幽默是对社会不公正和沦丧的浪漫主义的讽刺和批判。

18.Adventures of Huckleberry: “Huck”, a typical American can Boy whom its creator described as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”.Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark Twain‟s thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.《哈克贝里.芬历险记》---该小说最精彩的形象是哈克，他是被作者称为一个“有正常心理和畸形良知”的美国男孩。通过天真又叛逆的哈克的眼睛，我们看到内战的美国社会的真正面目，同时，通过马克.吐温对比性的描写，我们还看到了率真与世故，自然与文化，野蛮与文明的对立。

（II）

Henry James亨利.詹姆斯

19.While Mark Twain and William Dean Howells satirized European manners at times, Henry James was an admirer of ancient European civilization.马克.吐温和豪威尔斯不时的讽刺欧洲传统，而詹姆斯却羡慕欧洲文明。

20.In the first period of his, James took great interest in international themes.James treated with great care the clashes between two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America.The works include “The American”, “Daisy miller”, “The Europeans”, “The Portrait of Lady”.在詹姆斯的早期作品中，他对国际主题很感兴趣。这一时期几乎他的每一部小说都有关欧美在文化，情感和道德方面的冲突，每篇作品都处理了重要的问题。著作有《美国人》，《黛西.米勒》，《欧洲人》，《贵妇人的画像》。

21.In his middle period, the works contain “The Bostonians”, “The Princess Casamassima”, and so on.中期创作包括《波士顿人》，《卡撒玛西玛公主》等等。

22.In his last and major period, James returned to his “international theme”.后期他又回到了“国际主题”。23.These novels are always set against a larger international background, usually between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.（国际主题的小说）这些小说以国际，主要是欧美为大背景，集中表现两种人群的两种价值观在两种文化制度中的冲突。

24.The theme of his essay “The Art of Fiction” clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life.《小说的艺术》一文明确指出，小说的目的是现实生活。25.The artist should be able to “feel” the life, to understand human nature, and then to record them in his own art form.艺术家应能够“感受”生活，理解人性，然后忠实地将这些录入作品。

26.James‟s realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matter.詹姆斯的现实主义还具有分析方法的倾向。

27.One of James‟s literary techniques innovated to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative “point of view”.詹姆斯文学创作技巧的一个方面就是强调这种心理分析，以叙述着的视角为线索。28.As to his language, James is not so easy to understand.He is often highly refined and insightful.詹姆斯的文学语言不易读懂。29.“Daisy Miller”: Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World.《黛西.米勒》---黛西.米勒从此成为在欧洲的美国姑娘的形象，是美国精神的代表。

(III).Emily Dickinson艾米莉.狄金森

30.Dickinson‟s poems are usually based on her own experience, her sorrows and joys.狄金森的诗都是根据自己的经历和悲欢而创作的。31.Within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature.In some of her poems she wrote about her double and belief about religious subjects.在她的短篇抒情诗里所涉及到的问题却是有关人类的，包括宗教，死亡，不朽，爱情和自然。她的一些诗还怀疑宗教信仰。

32.Although she believed in God, she sometimes doubted His benevolence.Closely related to Dickinson‟s religious poetry are her poems concerning death and immortality, ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death.虽然她相信上帝但有时却怀疑它的善。狄金森与宗教有关的诗是关于死亡和不朽，包括身体，心理和情感三个方面。

33.One group of her love poems are clearly the reflection of her own unhappy experience.她的一组爱情诗明确地反映了她自己不幸的经历。

34.More than five hundred poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed.狄金森有500多首诗是关于自然的，诗中表达了作者对人与自然关系得怀疑。

35.her acute observations, her concern for precise details and her interest in nature are pervasive.她对自然的观察敏锐，描写细致，兴趣丰饶。

36.Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines.In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern.eg.Capital letters as a means of emphasis.The form of her poetry is more or less like that of the hymns in community churches, familiar, communal, and sometimes, irregular.她的诗大多无题，常以首句引用，诗中节奏特别，例如用大写表示强调。她的诗形式上多少有点像教堂的圣歌，不讲规则，为人喜闻乐见。

37.Her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness.她用词简洁，直率，平易。38.Dickinson‟s poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness.狄金森的诗虽然表面浅显，但内容多样化，微妙而又深刻。(IV)Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞

39.In 1911, Jennie Gerhardt came out, followed by two volumes of his “Trilogy of Desire”, The Financier and The Titan, the third, The Stoic, being published posthumously in 1947.1911年，Jennie Gerhardt出版，随后他的《欲望》三部曲头两部《金融家》，《巨头》相继出版，第三部《斯多葛》是死后出版。

40.In his words, man is a “victim of forces over which he has no control”.用他的话来说，人类是“各种力量交织在一起得受害者，这些力量人类是无法控制的”。

41.From the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be---materialistic to the core.在第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》出版过后，德莱塞一直把美国的价值观推向彻底的物质享受主义。

42.For lack of concision, his writings appear more inclusive and less selective, and the readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters and events.由于不够简洁，他的作品包容有余，选择不足。读者深受他冗繁的描写之累。

43.His style is not polished but very serious and well calculated to achieve the thematic ends he sough.他的写作风格虽显粗糙，但内容严肃，与表现主题十分相符。

Chapter 3 The Modern Period现代时期

1.The idea of “seize the day” or “enjoy the present ” was pervasive, as opposed to placing all hope in the future.“及时行乐”的思想十分横行，他们不把希望寄托在将来。2.The most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth century American literature, or we may say, the second American Renaissance, is the expatriate movement.美国20世纪的文学运动，也可说是美国第二次文艺复兴，就是移居国外的运动。

3.These writers were later named by an American writer, Gertrude Stein, also an expatriate, “The Lost Generation”.(why)---Disillusioned and disgusted by the frivolous greedy, and heedless way of life in America, they began to write and they wrote from their own experiences in the war.这些作家后来被美国作家斯坦恩称为“迷惘的一代”（原因）--由于他们已厌倦美国那种轻浮，贪婪的生活，于是开始动手写下他们的战争经历。4.Ezra Pound‟s role as a leading spokesman of famous Imagist Movement in the history of American literature.庞德在美国文学史上意象派运动中是个重要的人物。5.F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and William Faulkner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction.费兹杰拉德，海明威和福克纳被认为是美国小说大师。

6.O‟Neill is remembered for his tragic view of life and most of his plays are about the root, the truth of human desires and human frustrations.奥尼尔以对生活的悲剧性观点而著称。他的大多数剧本都是有关人类欲望和挫折根本原因的。

7.J.D.Salinger‟s The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as a students‟ classic.塞林杰的《麦田里的守望者》被认为是学生的经典作品。

8.In general terms, much serious literature written from 1912 onwards attempted to convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay and the writer‟s task was to develop techniques that could represent a break with the past.Thus, the defining formal characteristics of the modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation.总之，1912年以后许多严肃文学都力图表达社会崩溃，道德沦丧的观点，作家也使用新技巧，告别老传统。9.A typical modern work will seem to begin arbitrarily, to advance without explanation, and to end without resolution.现代文学的典型特征是开端任意，发展不做解释以及没有结果的收场。

10.There are shifts in perspective, voice, and tone, but the biggest shift is from the external to internal, from the public to the private, from the chronological to the psychic, from the objective description to the subjective projection.作品在现实，语气上较前有变化，其中最大的变化是从描写外部世界转到内部世界，从公众生活转到私生活描写，从时间线索转到以心理感觉为线索，从客观描述转到主观渲染。

11.Traditional fiction featured an authoritative narrator in telling a story, while modern fiction tended to employ the first person narration or limit the reader to the “central consciousness” or one character‟s point of view.传统小说强调叙述的人物的权威性和可信性，而现代小说叙述的总是用第一人称，或者把读者限制到“中心的意识”上或以一个人物的视线进行叙述。(I)

Ezra Pound埃兹拉.庞德

12.Before graduating from university, he had mastered nine language.大学毕业前已掌握了九门语言。

13.Pound‟s poetic works include twelve volumes of verse which were later collected and published in Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound, and Personae.庞德的诗作包括十二卷诗集，后以《埃兹拉.庞德早期诗集》，《人物》的书名出版。

14.Pound‟s earlier poetry is saturated with the familiar poetic subjects that characterize the 19th century Romanticism: songs in praise of a lady, songs concerning the poet‟s craft, love and friendship, death, the transience of beauty and the permanence of art.庞德的早期诗歌充满表现19世纪浪漫主义特色的为人熟知的诗题：歌颂女性，有关诗人自己的诗，爱情与友谊，死亡，美丽的易逝和艺术的常青。

15.Later he is more concerned about the problems of the modern culture: the contemporary cultural decay and the possible sources of cultural renewal as well.Take his epic poem, The Cantos, for example.Pound traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires, the moral and social chaos of the modern world, especially the corruption of America after the heroic time of Jefferson.后来，他更关注现代文化问题：当代文化的堕落以及文化更新的可能途径。以《诗章》为例，庞德追溯东西方帝国的兴亡，现代世界道德和社会的混乱，尤其是美国自杰斐逊后的腐败。

16.Pound‟s artistic talents are on full display in the history of the Imagist Movement, which flourished from 1909 to 1917.庞德的艺术才华在意象主义运动中得到了充分发挥，这场运动从1909年到1917年发展得如火如荼。17.This is a movement that advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism, especially Tennyson‟s wordiness and high-flown language in poetry.这一运动推动了现代派艺术的发展。在诗歌中，反对精工细琢夸夸其谈的语言，主张改革诗歌的媒体。

18.Pound endorsed the group‟s three main principles, which include direct treatment of poetic subjects, elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, and rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.庞德提出诗歌改革的三个原则：一。直接处理诗歌主题；二。舍去装饰浮华的词藻；三/诗歌应有有机节奏，不要单词重复。19.“The point of Imagism” , Pound wrote in 1914, “is that it does not use images as ornaments.The image itself is the speech.The image is the word beyond formulated language”.庞德曾于1914年写道：“意象主义的实质是意象不是装饰，意象本身就是语言。意象是超语言形式的词汇”。20.The poet, he argued, cannot relate a delightful psychic experience by speaking out directly in the first person: he must “screen himself” and speak indirectly through an impersonal and objective story, which is usually a myth or a piece of the earlier literature, or a “mask”, that is, a persona.他认为，诗人不能直接用第一人称叙述心理感受，必须“把自己笼罩起来”，通过客观的非人格化的故事间接说话，那就是神话或文学典故。(II)Robert Lee Frost罗伯特.弗洛斯特

21.Though he is generally considered a regional poet whose subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in New England, he wrote many poems that investigate the basic themes of man‟s life in his long poetic career: the individual‟s relationships to himself, to his fellow-man, to his world, and to his God.虽然他总的来说是一位地方诗人，他的诗主要写的是新英格兰的风光和人物，但他在长期的做诗生涯中对人类生活的基本主题有所探索，探讨了个人对自己，对别人，对世界以及对上帝的关系。

22.His pomes contains “Mending the Wall”, “The Road Not Taken”, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”(speaker‟s choice between safety and the unknown)，and “After Apple-Picking”.他的诗包括《补墙》，《未选择的路》，《雪夜林边停》（作者在安全和未知之中留下了朦胧的诗味）和《摘苹果后》。(III)Eugene O’Neill尤金.奥尼尔

23.He is widely acclaimed “founder of the American drama”.他被广泛誉为“美国戏剧之父”。

24.O‟Neill‟s first full-length play, Beyond the Horizon made a great hit and won him the first Pulitzer Prize.奥尼尔第一部全剧〈天外边〉上演，这部作品轰动一时并为他赢得了普利莱奖。

25.Between 1920 and 1924 came his prominent achievements in symbolic expressionism: eg.The Hairy Ape.These plays are daring forays into race relations, class conflicts, sexual bondage, social critiques, and American tragedies on the Greek model.1920至1924年期间他的象征表现主义获得了空前的成就:如〈毛猿〉，这些作品中大胆涉猎了种族关系，阶级冲突，性的束缚，社会批评及希腊模式的美国悲剧。

26.Such as The Great God Brown, which fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.如〈伟大的布朗〉，它将象征主义，诗歌和异教徒理想主义的证实融合到一起来表现物质文明是如何否认给予生命的冲动和摧毁天才艺术家的。

27.The Iceman Cometh proves to be a masterpiece in the way it is a complex, ironic, deeply moving exploration of human existence, written out of a profound insight into human nature and constructed with tremendous skill and logic.〈冰人来了〉以其复杂，讽刺，对人类生存的深刻感人的探讨，以及用深邃的洞察力对人性的探讨，并应用了大量的技巧和逻辑证实了这部作品是部杰作。

28.Of all the plays O‟Neill wrote most of them are tragedies, dealing with the basic issues of human existence and predicament: life and death, illusion and disillusion, alienation and communication, dream and reality, self and society.在奥尼尔所有的作品重，多数是悲剧，处理的是人类生存和困境这些基本论点：生与死，幻觉和幻灭，疏远和交流，梦想和现实，自我和社会，欲望和挫折。

29.“The Hairy Ape”----Yank-brutal, stupid, and profane is the recognized leader of the stokers, who are the ultimate products of a society subservient to machines.This is a play that concerns the problem of modern man‟s identity.In his sympathy, he opens the cage and liberates it, only to be killed by the real big hairy ape.“毛猿”----扬克，残忍，愚蠢并且猥亵，被认为是采矿工人的头,他是社会屈从于机器后的最终产物。这部剧本涉及到现代人的归属问题。

(IV)F.Scott Fitzgerald司格特.菲兹杰拉德

30.Thus he is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.他被认为是早期爵士乐时代的文学代言人。31.His masterpiece The Great Gatsby, which made him one of the greatest American novelists.他的巨著《了不起的盖茨比》是他成为杰出的美国小说家。32.He drank and did crazy things after he got drunk, whereas staying sober enough to see the corruptive nature of the society and the vanity fair that everyone, including himself, was infatuated with.他酗酒，并且酒后做出许多出轨的事，但又能沉静的看出包括他自己在内的那个时代社会的本质和虚荣。

33.Fitzgerald‟s fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Age, in which he shows a particular interest in the upper-class society.菲兹杰拉德的小说世界是爵士时代精神的最佳体现。34.But beneath their masks of relaxation and joviality there was only sterility, meaninglessness and futility, and amid the grandeur and extravagance a spiritual wasteland and a hint of decadence and moral decay.但在轻松享乐后留下的只是颓废和一无所取。在物质的奢华后是一片精神的荒原和道德沦丧。

35.“The Great Gatsby”----At the end of the story, Nick broods over Gatsby‟s dream and decides to go back home to the West.Gatsby is a mythical figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies America itself.Gatsby‟s failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American Dream.《了不起的盖茨比》----小说在结束时，尼克对盖茨比的梦想进行了沉思后决定回到西部老家去。盖茨比是个神话般人物，他的强烈的梦想是整个美国当时心态的反映。盖茨比的失败表明了美国之梦的破灭。(V)Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特.海明威

36.In Our Time is the first book to present a Hemingway hero—Nick Adams.《在我们的时代里》这部小说集塑造了尼克.亚当斯的形象。

37.The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway‟s first true novel.It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation,” a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences.《太阳照样升起》是海明威成熟的作品，通过“迷惘的一代”人的形象塑造，表现了一战后整个一代人的精神面貌以及一战给人们带来的影响。（迷惘的一代：一群离开祖国，参加战争的美国青年，战后开始动手写下他们的战争经历）

38.Hemingway‟s second big success is A Farewell Arms.Frederick Henry, who is wounded in war and disillusioned with insanity and futility of the universe.In this novel, Hemingway not only emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either God‟s design or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped.《永别了.武器》是海明威第二步成名作。Frederick Henry在战争中受了伤，对世界的非理性无法理解。在这部小说里，作者不但强调了人类在肉体和精神上都受难的观点，而且驳斥了自然和上帝的善，表明人类被命运投入了火坑。39.For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea tell more about the later Hemingway.《丧钟为谁敲响》和《老人与海》是反映海明威后期思想的作品。

40.Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway Code heroes.他的典型人物就是用诚实，纪律和控制来实现抗争（海明威式英雄）。

41.However, though life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity;man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.虽然打败仗，但吃败仗也是有尊严的，人类的肉体可以消亡，但精神永远不可战胜。

42.Hemingway himself once said, “The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”海明威曾说过“冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面”。

43.No wonder Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for “his powerful style-forming mastery of the art” of creating modern fiction.诺贝尔文学奖评委会是这样评价他的：他的简短有力的艺术风格开创了现代小说。

44.“Indian Camp”----The first and the typical of the seven Nick stories is “Indian Camp.” 《印第安营地》----是尼克故事中的第一个，也是很典型的故事。

(VI)William Faulkner威廉.福克纳

45.Faulkner has managed successfully to show a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society.福克纳成功的表现了整个南方社会的历史意识。46.Of Faulkner‟s literary works, four novels are masterpieces by any standards: The Sound and the Fury, Light in August, Absalom, Absalam!And Go Down, Moses.福克纳最有影响的是这四部小说：《喧嚣与骚动》，《八月之光》，《押沙龙，押沙龙！》和《摩西，走下去》。47.The best story to highlight Faulkner‟s concern is “The Bear,” in which the view of the moral abomination of slavery and the human entanglements which result from it goes beyond history, to the beginnings, to the mythic time.典型反映福克纳对此事关注的小说是《熊》，在这部小说里，对奴隶制的道德观以被超历史地追溯到了它的起源阶段。

48.To him, the primary duty of a writer was to explore and represent the infinite possibilities inherent in human life.他认为，作家的主要职责就是探索并重视人类生活所秉承的各种可能性。

49.The modern stream-of-consciousness technique was also frequently and skillfully exploited by Faulkner emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator.现代意识流法也为福克纳所娴熟的运用来强调叙述的反映和内心深思。

50.Moreover，Faulkner was good at presenting multiple points of view.福克纳还善于从多视角来描述。

51.The other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.他还运用了象征主义手法，并且大量引用了神话和圣经典故。

5.英美文学。 篇五

1．船长约翰•史密斯Captain John Smith

《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》

“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”

《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》

“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”

《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”

2．威廉•布拉德福德William Bradford and John Winthrop

《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”

3．约翰•温思罗普John Winthrop

《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”

4．罗杰•威廉姆斯Roger Williams

《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”

或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》

Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”

5．安妮•布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet

《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》

”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America

二、理性和革命时期文学 The Literature of Reason and Revolution

1。本杰明•富兰克林Benjamin Franklin

※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”

《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”

2。托马斯•佩因Thomas Paine

※《美国危机》“The American Crisis”

《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”

《常识》“Common Sense”

《人权》“Rights of Man”

《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”

《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”

3。托马斯•杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson

※《独立宣言》

4。菲利浦•弗瑞诺Philip Freneau

※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle”

※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground”

※《致凯提•迪德》“To a Caty-Did”

《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy”

《夜屋》“The House of Night”

《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”

《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》

“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”

6.英美文学复习大纲 篇六

（一）英国早、中期文学：

（1）英国的建立

（2）神话传说和《贝奥武夫》等（3）封建主义时期

（4）英国歌谣和《罗宾汉》

（5）英诗之父：乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》

（二）英国的文艺复兴

（1）转型中的英国社会（2）莫尔和他的《乌托邦》

（3）英国文学的炽盛时期：A：诗歌 B：戏剧

（三）英国资产阶级革命

（1）英国资产阶级和王政复辟（2）革命诗人密尔顿：《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》等。（3）班扬和他的讽喻作品《天路历程》（4）玄学派诗人和骑士派诗人

（5）散文作家洛勃特“巴顿，托马斯”布朗恩和吉罗米“忒列（6）复辟时期的文学创作：戏剧和德莱顿

（四）十八世纪英国文学（1）启蒙运动和古典主义（2）艾迪森、斯迪尔和蒲柏（3）斯威夫特和《格列佛游记》（4）笛福和小说的兴起

（5）理查森和他的《帕米拉》（6）小说之父菲尔丁

（7）文学家斯莫利特和斯坦恩

（8）十八世纪的戏剧和剧作家谢立丹（9）约翰生博士及其文学地位

（10）哥尔斯密斯和他的代表作《韦克菲尔德的牧士》（11）吉朋和《罗马帝国兴衰史》（12）感伤主义及前浪漫主义（13）诗人兼版画家布莱克（14）农民诗人彭斯

（五）英国的浪漫主义

（1）浪漫主义思潮（2）湖畔派诗人

（3）浪漫主义诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈（4）散文作家兰姆”哈慈利特和李“享特（5）司各特和他的历史小说

（六）批判现实主义（1）批判现实主义的兴起

（2）犹更斯，萨克雷和女性小说家（3）批判现实主义作品特色

（七）十九世纪中晚期的散文作家和诗人

（1）卡莱尔，罗斯金等

（2）丁尼生，布朗宁夫妇，罗塞蒂和斯温伯恩（3）世纪末的文学动向。A：自然主义 B：新浪漫主义 C：唯美主义

（八）二十世纪英国文学

（1）社会和历史条件（2）早期小说

（3）诗人、小说家哈代

（4）福斯特世家和哥尔斯密斯

（5）爱尔兰戏剧运动和剧作家萧伯纳（6）现代主义诗歌

（7）心理分析和D”H“劳伦斯（8）意识流和乔伊斯、沃尔夫（9）工人阶级小说

（10）马克思主义文学评论

英国文学（精简版）

1.盎格鲁·撒克逊时代的民族史诗和贝奥武甫。 2.中世纪诗歌和浪漫传奇

杰弗瑞·乔叟；英格兰、苏格兰民歌和罗宾汉之歌。 3.文艺复兴时代：

克利斯托夫.马洛；艾德蒙.斯宾塞；伟大的戏剧家莎士比亚； 4.资产阶级革命和王朝复辟时代： 诗人约翰·弥尔顿和小说家约翰·班扬。 5.十八世纪：

现实主义小说家笛福、斯威夫特、菲尔丁、前期浪漫主义诗人罗伯特·彭斯、威廉·布菜克。6.十九世纪早期：

浪漫主义诗人华滋华斯、拜伦、雪菜。 7.十九世纪中期：

批判现实主义小说家狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗特三姐妹。 8.十九世纪末期： 小说家托马斯·哈代。

9.二十世纪主要代表性作家与现代主义： 萧伯纳、托·斯·艾略特、乔伊斯、英国文学史上从莎士比亚起至当代22位作家以及美国文学史上从富兰克林起至当代15位作家的作品。在体裁上包括诗歌、戏剧、散文和小说，在时代上较侧重于近代。其中包括William Shakespeare、Jonathan Swift、William Wordsworth、Jane Austen、Percy Bysshe Shelley、John Keats、Charles Dickens、Thomas Hardy、Oscar Wilde、George Bernard Shaw、John Boynton Priestley;Nathaniel Hawthorne、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow、Edgar Allan Poe、Walt Whitman、Emily Dickinson、Mark Twain、Theodore Dreiser、Jack London、Robert Frost、Eugene O’Neill、Ernest Hemingway和Arthur Miller 等重要作家的代表作或节选。

ENGLISH LITERATURE

1.William Shakespeare … Sonnet 18 / The Merchant of Venice(Act IV, Scene1)2.Henry Fielding………… Joseph Andrews(Chapter 12)3.Robert Burns…………… A Red, Red Rose / Three Satirical Epigrams 4.William Blake………… London / I Heard an Angel Singing 5.William Wordsworth … The Solitary Reaper / Composed upon Westminster Bridge 6.Jane Austen ………… Pride and Prejudice(excerpt)

7.Percy Bysshe Shelley …Song to the Men of England / Ode to the West Wind 8.John Keats ………… On the Grasshopper and Cricket / To Autumn 9.Charles Dickens ………… David Copperfield(excerpt)10.William Makepeace Thackeray ……… Vanity Fair(Chapter 6)11.Emily Bronte …………………………… Wuthering Heights(Chapter 15)12.Tomas Hardy ……………… Tess of the D’Urbervilles(Chapters 13, 55 & 56)13.Oscar Wilde ………………The Importance of Being Earnest(excerpt from Act I)14.George Bernard Shaw …… Pygmalion 15.Thomas Stearns Eliot …… Morning at the Window / Aunt Helen / Cousin Nancy

AMERICAN LITERATURE 1．Benjamin Franklin ……………… Autobiography 2.Ralph Waldo Emerson …………..The American Scholar 3.Nathaniel Hawthorne …………… The Minister’s Black Veil 4.Edgar Allan Poe ………………… Annabel Lee / To Helen 5.Walt Whitman …………………… Selections from Leaves of Grass 6.Emily Dickinson ………………… Selected Poems 7.Mark Twain ……………………… The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 8.Theodore Dreiser ……………… An American Tragedy

9.Robert Frost …………………… The Pasture / Mending Wall / The Road Not Taken 10.Eugene O’Neill ……………… The Hairy Ape 11.Ernest Hemingway …………… A Farewell to Arms 12.Arthur Miller ………………… Death of a Salesman

美国文学的历史距今不过二百来年，和欧洲任何一个国家的文学史相比，它是历时最短而发展最快的。从本杰明”富兰克林到一次世界大战前的美国作家，为美国文学赢得了一定的荣誉。但真正为美国文学赢得世界荣誉的则是一战后崛起的一些作家，因此，本课程讲授的重点是一次世界大战到二次世界大战期间的美国作家。二次世界大战后的美国文坛，流派众多，且一些作家仍在创作之中。因此，对二次世界大战后的作家的讲授只是简介。

1、殖民时代的美国作家 Benjamin Franklin

美国文学 生平介绍、作品的流畅、清晰、言简意赅的文风，受18世纪英国作家的影响。作品中清教思想的反映及对后世美国文学的影响。

2、浪漫主义文学时期的美国作家 1）Washington Irving 生平介绍、对美国文学的突出贡献、对欧洲民间故事的移殖，使之成为美国文学的传统，作品的风格。2）James Cooper 生平简介、美国战争历史小说、海洋冒险小说以及边疆小说的开拓者、对小说艺术形式的贡献。3）Edgar Allan Poe 生平及创作简介，对法国象征诗人；对现、当代美国南方文学、对后世侦探作家的影响，文学理论以及对王尔德“为艺术而艺术”等唯美主义作家的影响。4）Walt Whitman 《草叶集》中歌颂自由、民主、平等、人的创造力以及对美国人民的赞颂和对现代科学技术的赞扬。对美国诗歌的独特贡献以及对威廉斯、庞德、垮掉一代作家等的影响。《草叶集》的创新及艺术风格。5）Ralph Emerson 超验主义哲学思想的核心。爱默生超验主义思想在文学中的反映及对梭罗、惠特曼、弗罗斯特的影响。６）Henry David Thoreau 对超验主义者运动的贡献及其作品的影响。７）Emily Dickinson 作品的主题、对现代诗人的影响尤其对意象派的影响、作品的艺术内容。８）Nathaniel Hawthorne 介绍加尔文教、清教思想对霍桑的思想及其作品的影响、《红字》一书的艺术手法以及霍桑对人类心灵的探讨。

３、现实主义作家 １）Mrs.Stowe 介绍废奴文学、《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的社会意义以及黑人在美国社会所受不幸遭遇等。２）Mark Twain 介绍马克“吐温的生活经历在其文学作品中的反映，其作品的社会意义，对美国社会各种腐败现象的揭露，马克”吐温代表作的艺术手法。马克“吐温的口语化语言对现、当代美国作品的影响。马克吐温被誉为“美国文学之父”。３）0.Henry 欧”享利小说的社会意义。其短篇小说的艺术风格，既“欧“享利式”的小说艺术。４）W.Dean Howells 豪威尔斯对现实主义小说的理论贡献。其作品的艺术风格。5）Henry James 詹姆斯对美国小说的贡献：小说叙事角度的转换、对人物内心世界的探索，注重作品的哲学意义和心理意义等。詹姆斯对文艺理论的贡献等。

4、美国自然主义作家

1）Stephen Crane，Frank Norris 对自然主义文学的理论贡献以及他们的自然主义小说。2)Jack London 杰克”伦敦的自传体式小说，作品的意义。3）Theodore Dreiser 德莱塞的自传体小说。分析代表作《嘉莉妹妹》和《美国的悲剧》。

5、二十世纪二十年代的美国作家 1）一战后的美国文学背景及文学倾向。

简介一战对美国作家的影响。他们对传统道德的摒弃和对传统文学形式的摈弃，他们的创作和为美国文学赢得的世界荣誉。2）Ernest Hemingway 介绍海明威的生活在其文学作品中的反映。海明威的艺术风格、小说的主题思想——“硬汉子”以及“重压下的优雅风度”简介。阐述历久不息的海明威热及其对美国文学的杰出贡献。3)F“Scott Fitzgerald 介绍“二十年代的代言人”菲茨杰拉德。分析其代表作《了不起的盖茨比》的艺术成就和社会意义。4）Imagism”Ezra Pound 介绍意象主义产生的时代背景、意象主义的发展及其消亡、各个时期的发展情况、意象主义的核心思想及对英美现、当代诗的影响。

介绍庞德对意象主义运动的巨大贡献、庞德汉诗英译的成就及其对中国古典诗歌和中国文化的不懈追求，重点讲授其代表作《In a Station of the Metro》(《地铁车站》)。5）Sherwood Anderson 介绍安德森对同时代作家的影响。重点介绍其代表作《Winesbury, Ohio》的艺 术成就、语言特色以及安德森在二十世纪20年代美国文坛上的独特地位。6）Robert Frost 介绍弗罗斯特简洁朴素的语言下蕴含的深䆳哲理。介绍弗罗斯特在传统之路上的诗歌成就、简洁语言、艺术风格以及历久不息的弗罗斯特热的原因。7）W“Carlos”Williams 介绍威廉斯的诗学理论。其诗作的语言风格和清新、质朴的语言。介绍其代表作《红色手推车》。8）T“S”Eliot 其艺术手法，对美国诗歌产生的巨大影响等。9）William Faulkner 福克纳通过对美国南方四个大家族的描述，呈现出的一幅复杂的南方社会的生活图画，表现了二百年来美国南方社会的变迁。分析代表作《愤怒与喧嚣》的社会意义、艺术手法、艺术成就等。10）Sinclair Lewis 刘易斯的小说艺术成就。其代表作《大街》和《巴比特》对美国中产阶级生活的细腻描述等。11）E“E”Cummings 肯明斯诗歌的独创性，诗作的意义。

6、三十年代的美国文学 1）30年代的文学背景

30年代的文学背景，进步作家介绍。30年代作家与20年代作家的区别等。2）Dos Passos 帕索斯《美国》三部曲的社会意义、文学成就。3）John Steinbeck 斯坦贝克的思想倾向介绍以及代表作《愤怒的葡萄》的社会意义和艺术成就。4)逃亡者——重农派——新批评

介绍崛起20于年代、以兰色姆为代表的逃亡者到30年代转向文学批评，即新批评的过程。重点介绍Ransom, Tate, Warren, Brooks 的文学批评及其偏颇。5)O’ Neill

奥尼尔的戏剧成就及美国戏剧简介。分析奥尼尔代表作一至二部。

7、二战后的美国文学

1）介绍二战后美国的社会背景，“麦卡锡时代”，冷战、对朝鲜等发动的一系列侵略战争的后果和影响。二战后作家与一战后作家的不同之处。

2）简介二战后美国诗坛上崛起的“垮掉一代”诗人、“自由派诗人”、“黑山派诗人”、“芝加哥派诗人”等。

7.理工科院校英美文学教学改革研究 篇七

关键词：理工科院校,英美文学,教学,问题,改革

1 引言

英美文学是英语专业一门重要的专业课, 我国各个高校的英语专业基本上都给学生开设了这门课程。其主要的教学目的在于使学生对英国和美国的文学的产生与发展历程、文学思潮与流派、代表性作家和其代表性作品有一定的了解, 同时使他们在阅读文学作品的过程中, 提高英语语言技能、文学作品欣赏力和综合文化素养。但是, 由于一些因素的影响, 在理工科院校的英美文学教学中, 还存在着一些问题与不足。

2 理工科院校英美文学教学中存在的问题与不足

理工科院校的英美文学教学由于受到社会、学校、教师以及学生等方面因素的影响, 存在一些问题和需要改进的地方, 具体主要体现在以下几个方面。

2.1 课时少与教学内容多的矛盾

英美文学课虽然是一门文学课, 但它却是英语与英语所涉及的以英美文化为主的西方文化的结合体, 所使用的语言比较生涩和难懂, 内容上涉及西方文化的各个方面, 纷繁复杂。因此, 要想让学生把这门课真正学好, 必须通过教师长时间讲解与逐渐渗透。但是这门课在大多数理工科院校的课时都非常少, 英国文学和美国文学分别都是一个学期的课, 一般是每周2学时, 总共16周的课, 一学期不过32学时, 而且这门课在有些理工科院校还是选修课, 导致一些学生对这门课缺乏足够的重视。在这些因素的综合影响下, 教师不可能在这么短的时间内, 把他们想要讲授的内容都传授给学生, 只能走马观花似地按照教学计划的要求把一些主要的文学流派和著名作家及其主要文学作品一股脑地“扔给学生”, 至于学生懂与不懂、接受与否、有无疑问, 教师根本无暇顾及。在这种情况下, 无论对于教师而言, 还是对于学生而言, 都是一种非常严峻的折磨与考验, 教师教起来累, 学生学起来更累, 有些学生由于听不懂, 看不懂, 读不懂, 就干脆放弃了对这门课的学习。

2.2 学生缺乏相关文化背景知识和学习兴趣

除了课时少与授课内容多的矛盾之外, 理工科院校英美文学教学面临的另外一个严重问题就是学生原有的文学知识严重匮乏, 或者可以说是西方文化素养的相对低下。因为理工科院校的英语专业学生大多数都是理科生, 或者是从本校的其他专业调剂过来的, 这其中可能还会包括一些本身英语就不是特别好的学生。由于他们在上大学之前把更多的时间和精力都用在了对数学、物理、化学以及生物的学习上, 对西方的人文社科等方面知识了解和掌握得非常少, 对西方文学几乎更是一无所知, 相关的文化背景知识严重匮乏。

除此之外, 很多学生对英美文学这门课还缺乏足够的兴趣, 我们都知道, 兴趣是最好的老师, 没有了兴趣也就没有精神动力, 也就没有了把这门课学好的可能性。很多同学对这门课都很淡然, 学不学好没啥关系, 学和不学没什么差别。在缺乏相关的文化背景知识的客观条件下, 这种学习态度所导致的学习状态是可想而知的, 一些学生在上课的时候就不注意听讲, 人虽然在课堂上, 心早已飞出校外, 只有少数学生认真听讲, 加之很多学校都是大班授课, 教学任务重, 老师根本无暇顾及他们的学习状态。大部分学生在期末开始之前才开始大规模的“突击”, 拿同学的上课笔记复印一下之后就开始死记硬背, 考试及格就算完事, 考试过去了就几乎忘得一干二净。

2.3 考试与考核体系的不健全

有部分理工科院校为了让学生顺利通过英美文学这门课的期末考试, 一般都会“暗示”教师要尽量给学生一个期末考试范围, 学生只要把这个范围内的相关内容背下来, 通过考试基本上就没有什么问题了。另外, 英美文学这门课在一些理工科院校还是考查课, 根本没有期末考试, 学生只要在期末的时候交一个论文就可以了。这样的考试与考核方式根本无法在客观上激励学生把这门课学好。

3 解决问题的相关对策

由于理工科院校的英美文学教学在课程设定、学生的学习态度以及考核体系方面出现了一些问题与不足, 使得英美文学的教学过程过于平淡, 教学质量不高, 教学效果不好。这样的教学根本无法培养和提高学生的文学和文化素养, 根本无法实现教学大纲和培养方案所规定的教学目标。因此, 必需从各个方面努力, 努力提高理工科院校英美文学的教学质量与教学效果, 真正把学生培养成复合型与应用型的英语人才。

3.1 增加课时量与调整教学内容相结合

由于英美文学这门课在理工科院校的课时少, 加之授课内容过多, 给教师的授课任务带来了极大的挑战, 因此学校和教师必需结合本校的实际情况做出一定的调整。首先, 学校应该适当增加这门课的课时量, 可以把周课时由2学时变成4学时, 课时量的增加有助于教师更好地、高质量地完成教学任务。其次, 教师应该根据本校学生的实际情况, 对教学内容做出适当的调整, 比如, 在讲英国文学时, 应该重点讲以乔叟、莎士比亚、弥尔顿、华兹华斯、哈代和艾略特等人为代表的一些知名作家和他们的代表作及其所在的文学流派, 其他的可以略讲或者不讲, 让学生课下自己看。课时的增加与教学内容的调整可以使教师更有效地利用授课时间, 提高授课的效果和学生的接受与理解能力, 使他们有一个宏观概念, 同时对一些知名作家及其作品也有一个很好的了解与把握。

3.2 努力提高学生的兴趣和自主学习能力

兴趣的缺乏和相关文化背景知识的匮乏对于学生学好这门课的负面影响是不言而喻的。因此, 教师必需努力提高学生对这门课的兴趣和自主学习能力。首先, 教学要多样化, 使之具有趣味性和吸引力, 既不能是单一的照本宣科, 也不能是简单的播放电子课件, 而应该更多地采取启发式教学方式。可以让学生在课下先预习下节课要讲授的内容, 在课堂上采取讨论的形式, 争取让更多的学生有发言的机会。这样既可以提升教学效果, 又可以提高学生对这门课的兴趣。其次, 教师在课下可以让学生多看一些和某些文学作品相关的电影和视频, 这些影像资料会给学生更直观的感受, 和文字材料相比, 更容易被学生所接受。还可以让学生以短剧的形式展现电影中的某些精彩片段, 这样既可以加深学生对作品的理解, 又可以提高学生的口语水平。

3.3 完善考试与考核体系

考试作为一种重要的考核手段, 在一定程度上会激励学生对某一门课程的重视程度与学习态度。理工科院校的英美文学课在考试与考核方面存在着一些问题和不足, 根本无法发挥应有的激励与促进作用, 因此必须做出适当的改革与调整。首先, 将这门课都改成考试课, 不再以考察课的形式给学生开设。其次, 增加平时成绩的比例, 可以增加到50%, 同时, 期末考试之前不再给学生考试范围, 这样就可以在客观上使学生更加注重平时的课堂表现、学习态度、预习质量和作业的完成质量。

4 结语

作为提高学生综合文化素养的一门重要课程, 英美文学这门课的实际教学活动在理工科院校存在着一些问题和不足, 只有通过学校、教师和学生三方面的共同努力, 才能提高这门课的授课质量与教学效果。

参考文献

[1]夏古华.新形势下充分利用原版英语电影促进英美文学课教学[J].佳木斯教育学院学报, 2013 (8) .

8.研究生英美文学题 篇八

摘 要： 本课题在文献检索、理论研究、问卷访谈的基础上，尝试对大学生英语文学创作的现状得出相对全面且清晰的认识，并对“以读促写”提出一套相对可行的策略。

关键词： 英语阅读 英语文学创作 “以读促写”

一、学生英语文学创作的困境

目前国内在校大学生因为缺乏阅读而造成的英语写作困难问题日益突出。在写作内容方面，因为缺乏输入，所以学生写作普遍简单空洞；在写作语言方面，因为缺乏有质量的英语文本输入，所以学生写作语言普遍呈口语化、简单化，缺乏逻辑。

近年来，我校英语本科生毕业论文水平质量有所下滑。与此同时，在我校英国文学课程教学改革过程中引入的“学生自主创作”理念颇受学生喜爱。但受以上提到的写作困境所扰，难以展开有效的英语文学创作。纵观国内本科生培养，各院校缺乏对本科生英语文学创作的开发培养，英语“应试文”成了主旋律，模板作文成风，学生写作缺乏自主创新意识，因而越来越讨厌英语写作，更谈不上英语文学创作。

二、国内外研究现状与发展趋势

学者Nuttall曾提出这样一个说法：“要想提高外语水平最好的途径就是到该语言人群中去生活、去体验，次之则是广泛地阅读该语言的作品，并经常使用该语言进行写作。”可见在母语非英语的国家学习英语只能采取后者来提高外语写作水平。因此，对于国内大学生而言，英语阅读是英语写作提高的最佳路径。

学者Muthusamy，Chittra表示，当今老师在写作课堂上面临的最常见的难题不是“写什么”，而是如何激励学生写出有趣的、有创意的作品。其在Enhancing ESL Writing Creativity via a Literature Based Language Instruction中通过统计描述和统计推断表明基于英语文学的语言教学可以帮助学生在课堂写作中开发创造力。

加拿大学者斯温（Merrill Swain）曾表示：“提高写作的最佳办法就是采用一些方法、创造一些条件使语言的输入有效地转化为语言的吸收，并在输入的同时尽可能地进行语言的输出。”就此，西北民族大学水彩琴副教授认为阅读英美文学作品无疑是一种有效的语言输入方法。她在《英美文学阅读与英语写作的结合：理论与实践》中指出：文学阅读为写作提供必要的素材输入，写作则可以进一步深化读者对文本的理解、完成文本意义的建构，二者相辅相成，紧密联系。

王曼玲在《文学作品阅读与大学生英语写作能力关系的实证研究》中提出：众多的理论和实证研究表明：在母语和外语学习过程中，阅读和写作共同作用于语言学习的全部过程，阅读为成功的写作提供模仿的范本，阅读是写作赖以进行的信息源泉，阅读能激发读者的积极思考，阅读是写作的基本前提。然而，由于诸多因素的限制，在我国非英语专业本科生的英语写作教学中，阅读与写作的关系没有受到应有的重视，而作为语言应用典范的文学作品更是没有得到充分的利用。

王婷婷在《论基于英美文学作品阅读的大学英语写作教学》中指出了目前的大学英语写作教学中普遍存在将写作与阅读割裂的现象。她表示：写作教学过分强调写作这门课程的独立性，忽视写作与阅读之间相辅相成、相互依赖的密切联系。将英美文学作品阅读融入英语写作教学是极有必要的。学生通过对英美文学作品的阅读和鉴赏，提高英语写作的兴趣，提高篇章构筑能力，提高灵活运用语言的能力和跨文化交际的能力，从而提升英语写作水平。

目前，我国外语写作教学注重于写作技能和形式的传授，忽视写作内容的重要性。许多写作课只强调句型模板和好词佳句的背诵记忆，使得课堂内容略显空洞，学生对写作兴趣渐失，甚至出现畏惧写作的情况。写作课堂往往独立于阅读等其他课程，导致学生写作内容输入不足。阅读是语言输入的重要来源，而英美文学阅读则是阅读素材中的精华。然而，英美文学作品作为英语写作的极佳学习与模仿资源，因为常常被认为过于深奥、不易阅读、更不易摹写而没有得到充分开发，如何将英美文学阅读与大学生文学创作有机地结合起来，从而突破国内英语写作的教学模式，激发学生思考和兴趣，从而更高效地提高学生的写作水平，即成为此课题的研究方向。

三、“以读促写”理论研究

（一）英美文学阅读模式研究

1.第二语言输入理论

英美文学阅读对以中文为母语的学生而言属第二语言信息输入。第二语言阅读同母语阅读一样，也是通过自上而下加工与自下而上加工的有机整合，从而达到正确理解的过程。阅读者通过一定的阅读策略，建构性地一步步理解阅读的内容，并主动组织其认知资源来达到最大程度地理解。

2.英美文学阅读桎梏

（1）英美文学读者在阅读时往往不能进行选择性阅读。阅读者主要把阅读当做解码过程，不能根据阅读目的舍弃干扰信息，提取有用信息来建构文本意义。

（2）自我信念和自我效能会影响学生的阅读行为。相对低水平的英语学习者常对自己的能力抱有消极的态度，在完成阅读任务时，他们会对任务的难度形成消极的态度，或对自身所采取的阅读策略产生怀疑，预先形成的信念也会限制学生策略的使用范围和广度。

3.英美文学阅读策略

伊格尔顿称阅读策略是“几乎适用于一切的理论”。作品是一个整体，读者需与作品产生互动，发现潜文本。马克思主义的精髓恰好能概括这种策略：“作为策略，艺术品属于必然王国，或至少属于必然王国中不那么受束缚的空间，成为象征王国。作为一种娱乐活动，艺术品预示自由王国的到来。”

阅读是让自己与一套策略相联系，目的是理解另一套策略。第一个“策略”是读者采取的阐释方法，第二个“策略”是作者的叙事。阅读是一个动态化过程，作品不是静态的阅读“对象”，而是读者与作品相互作用的“实践活动”。伊格尔顿倡导文学作品应提供更多阐释空间，读者只有积极投入理解作品这一活动，才能完成认识结构的任务，进入自由王国。

阅读英美文学，读者应更加注重文本内涵。由于读者英语水平有所不同，多数读者在阅读文学原著时不免在文字的解码过程中耗费更多的时间，而这时文本的内涵理解往往被弱化。久而久之，学生的写作技能有所上升，而对文本内涵的理解有所不足，不利于自身的写作经验结构的建立。因而，在阅读英语原著时，必要时可参照中文译本，强调自身对文本结构的认知，在阅读过程中进行积极的文本阐释。

（二）基于英美文学阅读的文学创作研究

1.第二语言输出理论

学习者在学习第二语言时，思维中呈现第一语言思维和第二语言思维的竞争态势。在写作过程中，母语和目的语思维系统的竞争和博弈使得第二语言学习者以中介语的形式呈现其写作文本。在描述同一件事件时，二语学习者在修辞风格、时间、空间叙述等方面会与本族语者有所不同，而母语的认知影响在第二语言写作中也容易展现出语言的不得体。

2.英美文学阅读与英语文学创作结合的理论基础

读者反映批评论的文本阅读观认为，阅读的焦点是读者的经验结构。阅读过程是读者对文本不断做出反应——产生期待，不断地打破期待，不断地得出结论，又不断地推翻结论的——动态过程。文本是读者阐释的产物，读者通过阅读与文本发生交互关系。文本阅读过程是语言输入过程，文本意义的创造是语言输出过程。读者的活动是文本阅读和文本意义得以实现的关键。

英美文学阅读过程是输入目标语（英语）的过程，关键是文本的理解和阐释。学生的经验结构是在不断地提出问题、追寻答案、抓住主题、理清思路的阅读体验中得到建构的。英语文学创作关注的是思想/意义的准确表达。在英美文学课的教学中，鼓励学生把阅读过程中形成的经验结构转化为书面语言，可以实现语言学习从输入经由吸收加工到最终输出的动态循环。

四、“以读促写”实践调查研究

（一）“以读促写”问卷调查研究

本课题组根据课题方向制定了仔细的问卷设计与调查，参与问卷调查的人数共188人。大多数人认为阅读英美文学作品对写作有一定帮助，但是平时有阅读经典英美文学作品的习惯的占23.4%，没有该习惯的占76.6%。有阅读习惯的人中，喜爱阅读经典文学作品的占61.7%，喜爱现代文学作品的占38，3%。10.64%的人表示大概总阅读过10本以上的英美文学原著，而从未阅读过原著的人占31.91%，绝大多数人只看过不超过5本的原著。关于对阅读文本的理解程度，34.04%的人只是局限于大学英语教材和报纸杂志上的文章，21.28%的人对英美经典文学作品有一定理解。大学英语老师一般选择一些课外补充材料或与大学四六级考试相关的文章作为阅读材料。超过一半以上的大学生表示对写作的兴趣一般，只有极少数的人对写作感兴趣，但是这些对写作有兴趣的学生的目的是通过大学四六级考试和提升英语水平。在写作过程中，大部分学生表示语言口语化和词汇量不足是最大的困扰，其次缺乏逻辑性也是一个大问题。

现在的大学老师常常以限定写作主题和文体作为主要教学模式，强调模板背诵也是一种常用的方法，真正运用以读促写的写作教学方法的老师寥寥无几。很多大学老师在写作前不习惯提供阅读材料，所以以读促写很难实施。只有极少数老师会给学生布置创新性文学创作，如写诗歌、剧本等。在此现状下，教师需要吸收更多的有利理念。本课题小组认为，本课题项的研究成果会有效提高英语写作的教学效率。

（二）基于英美文学阅读基础上的大学生英语文学创作教学改革研究

1.教师自我素养的提升

虽然目前大学英语老师普遍学历较高，但由于研究方向不一，教师文学素养和底蕴参差不齐。许多教师由于自身对文学文本的理解不深，作品选读则成了精读或故事梗概介绍，很少或基本不涉及文学批评或欣赏，阅读效果大打折扣，教学效果令人失望。因此，应提高教师自身的文学素养，在教学时产生积极的示范性影响。

2.教师教学形式的改进

英语文学创作的提升是一个循序渐进的过程。学生应尽早接触英美文学，慢慢去欣赏英语文学的魅力。在进行有关英语文学授课的时候，教师应引导、启发学生思考作品主题、行文风格等方面的问题，以平等对话的方式与学生进行讨论和交流，实现对文本的理解。鼓励学生提出自己独特的意见，让学生融入对文本的阐释活动中。

3.学生自我学习模式革新：

英语文学创作的提高是一个相当漫长的过程，教师要引导学生提高欣赏文学的能力，并鼓励学生创造出有思想深度的文学作品，使之在文学学习中得心应手，而非只是为了应付考试。

五、“以读促写”的具体方法研究

（一）分析与概括

要了解文章的内涵，就要通过分析与概括，找出事物的本质。可以说，分析与概括能力是学生进行迁移与发散的前提与基础。

（二）联想训练

联想是一种使概念相对接相联系的能力。通过联想，阅读所得能更好地为学生所用，使他们激活原有的知识结构，产生更高层次的迁移。

（三）定向迁移

通过联想使原有的知识结构与现在的结合后，再进行系统的整理。

（四）对应发散

发散思维是根据已有的信息，从不同角度、不同方向思考，从多方面寻求可能性答案的一种展开性思维方式。

六、结语

本课题通过“理念创新、方法创新、技术创新”，从“读”和“写”两个方面的技能培养入手，在提高学生的写作基础上培养文学创作能力，同时对其进行文学和人格熏陶。在“以读促写”理念下，教师可以拓宽自己的视野，提高自身的教学能力，积极组织“以读促写”的教学实践，有利于学生培养自身的阅读兴趣，并潜意识地提升自身的写作水平。

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基金项目：本文系温州医科大学省级教育教学研究课题（项目编号：2016R413053）和浙江省2013年高等教育课堂教学改革项目（kg2013239）的研究成果。