表达的英文（精选10篇）
1.表达的英文 篇一
万圣节就要到了，你准备好吓人或者被吓了吗？为了迎合这个恐怖的节日气氛，今天，我们就来说说英语中是如何表达“吓死我了”这句话的。1.You scared me!你吓死我了！2.I am freaked out!吓死我了！
3.I am frightened out of my wits!我的魂都被吓飞了！
4.That nearly scared me to death!我差点被吓死！
5.Spiders scare me stiff.蜘蛛把我吓坏了。
6.You did give me a good scare!你着实吓了我一跳。
7.That sudden scream in the middle of night scared the daylights out of me.半夜那突如其来的一声尖叫把我给吓得魂飞魄散。8.What a scare you gave me, disappearing like that!你那样突然失踪，可真把我吓了一跳！
9.The ghost story frightened the pants off me.这个鬼故事把我吓得够呛。
10.Have such thing unexpectedly? Frighten me to jump!
2.表达的英文 篇二
1 情态化及量值
Halliday认为情态是介于肯定与否定两极之间的意义领域。根据交流时传递的“交换物”种类及描述角度的不同,情态可分为情态化(modalization)与意态化(modulation)两个大类。前者表达的介于“是”与“不是”之间的概念,表现为命题的不同概率或频率,可分为可能性与经常性两种类型。后者则是针对提议所定义的情态概念,表现为不同程度的义务要求和提供物品或服务的意愿。由于医学研究性论文作者在医学研究性论文中的主要任务是发表自己的研究成果以及观点,很少涉及对交际对象——读者提出某些义务,也基本不涉及向读者提供物品或服务,本文探讨的对象仅限于医学研究性论文中的情态化表达。
量值(value)是描述情态表达从不确定到确定的程度高低的重要指标。Halliday把情态的量值分为高(high)、中(median)、低(low)三级,分别表达了不同程度的情态概念。Halliday用下列表达对可能性与经常性的情态化量值进行了定义[2]。
2 方法与结果
本研究按照随机抽样的原则从5种SCI收录的英文医学期刊中分别抽取1篇医学研究性论文,所抽样的5篇论文均由母语为英语的作者撰写且均发表于2001-2005年期间。抽样所选的5种医学期刊分别为:New England Journal of Medicine,Journal of the American Medical Association,Biology of Reproduction, Journal of Biological Chemistry, European Journal of Pharmacology。研究以小句(clause)为单位记录语料中所有的情态化表达。统计结果如表2所示。
注:*F代表频数,P代表频率
如表2所示,在抽样的5篇论文中,中值与低值分别出现了91次和149次,频率总和超过了90%,而高值出现频率最低,只有9.77%。这些数据表明中值和低值是医学研究性论文作者表达情态化意义的主要选择。
3 讨论与分析
3.1 认知程度对情态化表达的影响
认知(cognition)是指人们对客观事物的感知、学习和理解[3]。张德禄指出:情态有客观地表达讲话人对表示的情态和意态做出判断的作用[4]。认知的程度不同,与其相对应的情态化量值也随之不同。通常情况下,认知程度越高则情态化表达量值也越高。从认知角度看,医学研究的过程有其自己的特点。一方面,其研究的对象——人,是世界上最复杂的生命体,个体差异极大;另一方面,许多医学研究不允许在人体上直接进行,必须采用模拟的方法,建立实验动物模型,而动物实验的结果又不可简单地照搬到人体上来,最后还必须在人体上进行验证[5]。正是这些特点决定了在医学领域中,现象与原因之间存在着复杂的因果关系。因此,医学研究是一个极其复杂的认知过程,不确定性大,这在很大程度上影响了研究人员的认知程度,给解释发现或结果带来了很大的困难。
在医学研究性论文的写作方面,王艳萍认为:准确性是使用学术语言最基本的要求,学术交流的根本目的是交换话语真实值[6]。医学研究性论文是医学工作者交流报道科学研究成果的主要媒介之一,客观、真实、准确无疑是医学研究性论文应该坚持的原则。作者在撰写医学研究性论文时,情态化表达量值的选用在很大程度上可能受到作者对所研究事物的认知程度的影响。
Hyland指出学术写作是与认知密切相关的,而认知却不可避免地是“模糊的(hedged)”[7]。正如前文所述,由于医学研究的复杂性,医学研究性论文作者的认知程度受到了很大影响,其认知普遍存在模糊性。正是认知的这种模糊性使医学研究性论文作者在表述自己对研究事物做出的判断或结论时往往留有余地。因此,在坚持真实、准确原则的前提下,医学论文写作者在医学研究性论文中分析现象、做出结论时往往会大量使用中值或低值的情态化表达。例如:
①An explanation for this difference may lie in the cause of the epileptiform activity and the mechanism of action for each drug.
② It is possible that only transient contact is required; however, our observations may be a result of the relative positions and diffusional ability of the globin genes within the nucleus.
在例 ①中,作者在解释研究结果中差异产生的原因时可能考虑到自己对这一问题的认知模糊性,于是在表达观点时就会对自己的话语留有余地。选择表达低量值的may而没有使用确定的语气或更高量值的可能性推测就真实准确地体现了作者的这一想法。同理,在例 ②中,由于受到认知程度的限制,作者所得到的结论本身就不是“确定的”,因此连续使用低值情态化表达“It is possible that”和“may”在一定程度上反映出作者对该命题的真实认知程度。
3.2 情态化表达中的礼貌策略
G. Yule认为“礼貌”是说话者表达重视听话者“面子”的一种手段[8]。以适当的方式表达礼貌会在交际双方之间建立良好的沟通桥梁,从而使作者(说话者)的观点更易被读者(听话者)接受。Leech提出礼貌有消极和积极之分[9]。前者是指“最小限度地表达不礼貌的信念或损及他人”,而后者是指“最大限度的表达礼貌的信念或惠及他人”。读者受损越大,话语越不礼貌;话语越礼貌,读者受惠越大。张建社等指出情态量值的不同选择将会影响言语行为的礼貌程度[10]。量值越低,礼貌程度越高;反之则礼貌程度越低。
在医学研究性论文中,礼貌策略的合理运用有助于作者通过书面语言与读者建立良好的交流氛围,帮助作者在展示自己的观点和看法时避免引起读者的反感。低值情态化和中值情态化表达能表现出医学论文写作者谦虚的态度和商榷的语气,有助于作者在与读者的交流中避免由于语言过于严苛而引起读者的反感。低值情态化和中值情态化表达的使用是一种消极礼貌策略。高值情态化表达留给交际对方的商榷余地很小,不利于礼貌策略的实现,在医学研究性论文中使用的频率也很低。
我们的研究表明低值情态化和中值情态化表达是医学研究性论文中的主要选择,在研究样本中使用比例高达90.23%。这说明医学论文写作者在写作中主要借助消极礼貌策略与读者进行学术交流。例如:
③ We cannot exclude the possibility that some of the effects of prenatal DHT on subsequent neuroendocrine function were due to the metabolism of this androgen to 3βAdiol, subsequent activation of ER by this metabolite.
④Rather, it is likely that the enhancement of perfusion pressure results from loss of a tonic endogenous vasodilator influence in the ciliary artery.
在例 ③中,作者选用“We cannot exclude the possibility that”对that引导的投射小句所述命题做出了低量值推测。低值情态化表达的使用给读者留下了足够的质疑空间,避免了把自己的观点强加给读者,其实质是通过不干预他人的行动自由这种方式来实现消极礼貌。在例 ②中,作者选择了中值情态化表达“it is likely that”而没有选用低值情态化表达,表明自己对推断的正确性有比较强的信心,希望读者接受自己观点的愿望也比较强烈。但是,例 ②中,中值情态化的表达同样避免了将自己的观点强加给读者,给读者留下了独立思考的自由,同样属于消极礼貌策略。
3.3 情态化表达中的权位因素
在交际中,每个交际的参与者都有与自己身份相对应的社会地位,也称权位。 在交际中,如果某一方在某一点(如社会地位、身份、年龄、辈分、财富等)上居于优势(年龄大一些、辈分高一些、财富多一些、社会地位高一些等),则该方比另一方权位更高。“同等关系”指的是社会地位相似的人视对方为伙伴关系。根据参与者的权位, 人们往往产生一种符合常规行为的预期。一旦某一方的言语行为不符合人们的预期,交际中止现象将不可避免。
张德禄认为:“一般来讲,对方的权位越高则说话者选择的情态值应越低。典型的科技英语是‘专家与专家’的交流。”在以医学研究性论文为媒介报道医学研究和发现的书面英语交际中,交际双方的典型角色无疑也多是“专家与专家”的对等角色。在大多数情况下,作者与读者之间的地位是相互平等的,即作者撰写论文的主要目的多是与其他学者交流,而不是向其他学者“施教”。这种相互平等的地位决定了作者在撰写医学研究性论文时多将读者视为“伙伴”;而读者则往往站在与作者平等的地位上对作者的观点进行审视和评价。可能正是基于这种对等角色和平等地位,多数医学论文写作者在说服读者接受自己的观点时会选用中值或低值的情态化表达来营造和谐、良好的交际氛围。例如:
⑤This finding is important, because it suggests that intravascular ultrasonography can be used successfully to determine both the benefits and potential hazards of new therapies.
在例 ⑤中,作者在强调“发现很重要”时没有使用情态表达,语气很强。但在解释原因时,则使用了表达低值意义的suggest。低值情态化表达的使用明显降低了整句的语气强度。在接下来的投射小句中,作者再次使用了表达低值意义的can,使整句的语气进一步弱化。强势语气之后连续使用低值情态表明作者对读者感受的重视。例⑤ 中,论文写作者恰当地选择低值情态表达来解释原因有助于实现作者和读者双方学术交流的“同等关系”。
4 结语
本文以Halliday的系统功能语言学理论为基础,分析了英文医学研究性论文中作者对情态化量值的选择。研究发现中值和低值是英文医学研究性论文作者表达情态化的主要选择。英文医学研究性论文中情态化表达的量值选择受到认知程度、礼貌策略和权位因素的影响。合理地选择情态化表达的量值有助于作者准确地表达态度和立场并使其表述更加严谨、客观,从而令其观点更易于为读者接受。
参考文献
[1]胡壮麟,朱永生,张德禄,等.系统功能语言学概论(修订版)[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2008.
[2]M.A.K.Halliday,Matthiessen.An Introduction to FunctionalGrammar[M].London:Hodder Arnold,2004.
[3]柯林斯出版公司.Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’sEnglish Dictionary[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2006.
[4]张德禄.语言的功能与文体[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005:114.
[5]贲长恩.医学科研思路方法与程序[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2009.
[6]王艳萍.英语学术语篇中情态系统的分布及人际意义[J].唐山师范学院学报,2008,30(3):22-24.
[7]Ken Hyland.Hedging in academic writing and EAP textbooks[J].English for Specific Purposes,1994,13(3):239-256.
[8]George Yule.Pragmatics[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
[9]Leech,G.N.Principles of Pragmatics[M].New York:Long-man Inc.,1983.
3.有关防晒的英文表达 篇三
1. Can you pass me the sun block? 能不能把防晒油递给我？
在防晒护肤品的瓶子上都有一个SPF的标识，它是Sun Protection Factor 的缩写，意思就是防晒指数。SPF值越高，防晒时间越长。防晒SPF值×15＝防晒的时间(分钟)；如果你要旅游，可以使用SPF20左右的防晒品。在高原烈日下活动或去海滩游泳，则至少要用SPF30的防晒品。记得防晒霜要在出门前30分钟涂哦！此外，一顶帽子或是一把遮阳伞（sunshade）也可以帮你挡住热辣的阳光。
2. You might get sunburned if you stay in strong sunlight for a long time. 如果在强烈的阳光下呆得太久，你可能会被晒伤的。
“晒伤”就是sunburn，这个词既可作动词也可以作名词用。万一晒伤也没关系，这里有几个小诀窍，可以帮你改善一下皮肤。You can use certain kinds of vegetables and fruits. 用黄瓜的切片或者去皮的芦荟涂一涂晒伤的皮肤。黄瓜片可以让你感到清凉，芦荟还能起到消炎的作用。如果皮肤晒得脱皮，千万不要用手撕，可以用毛巾包着冰块冷敷一下，你会感觉好多了。
3. You have a nice suntan. 你晒的很棒。
4.表达情绪的英文短语 篇四
Look, he is alive and kicking again.
瞧瞧他，又活蹦乱跳的了。
He is still alive and kicking.
他还是生龙活虎的.。
They asked whether he was crossed in love.
他们问他是不是情场失意。
The boy looks thoughtful and unhappy; perhaps he has been crossed in love.
5.秋天的表达英文口语摘抄 篇五
1.It seems that fall has begun.
秋天似乎来了。
Notes:seem是一个常用的系动词，表示看来、似乎。It seems that后面可接从句表示看起来/似乎。
进入9月，虽然气温居高不下，但相信小伙伴们已经感受到凉爽的秋风和干燥的空气。It seems that fall has begun.
2.There is a cool and refreshing breeze blowing.
飒爽秋风吹过。
Notes：cool and refreshing：清凉提神
breeze:微风(夏末秋初的风又轻又凉，可谓最佳)
3.I like a breeze passing through the trees.
我喜欢风吹过树木的`景象。
Notes:pass through有几层含义，在这里表示穿过，通过(某处)。还可表示修完(课程)。
I passed through a university course in the UK.
我在英国通过了一门大学的课程考试。
4.I feel empty seeing the leaves falling.
看到落叶我感到空虚。
I feel lonely for no reason.
我没来由的觉得孤单。
I feel like writing to someone.
我想给别人写信。
Notes:empty:在用于描述心理状态时可表示空虚，无意义的。
for no reason:无缘无故，无端，没有理由。
feel like:表层意义是摸上去/感觉像是，在例句中为口语意义很想要，恨不得。
秋日萧瑟，落叶纷飞，人难免多愁善感。不过，也有人偏爱秋季。
5.I like fall best. It is said that fall is a good season for studying.
我最喜欢秋天了。秋天是一年当中最适合学习的季节。
Notes:关于喜欢，有很多短语和句型。按照喜欢的强度由强至弱排列如下：
is my biggest passion in life. 无它不欢的境界
Im enchanted by 像着了魔一样的喜欢
Im fascinated by 神魂颠倒
Im crazy about 着迷
I adore 极喜欢
I love 酷爱
Im a buff/nut .迷
Im into 大家还记得那个电影名吗?Hes Just Not That Into You
Im fond of 喜欢，爱好
appeals to me. 吸引我
I kind of like 有点儿喜欢
不知道大家对于什么是无它不欢的喜欢?
It is said that ：是据说的意思，it is often said that 则是人们常说。
6.汉字“的”字结构的英文表达 篇六
“的”字结构在汉语中使用频率较高，其语法功能通常有两种：一是充当形容词做定语，如，秋天的落叶；二是充当名词，做主语或宾语，如，他所做的仅仅是他应该做的。初中英语课本中也有许多类似汉语“的”结构的表达，但从表达方式上看，却显得更为丰富。现归纳如下：
一、表示所属关系，用of
例如：
This is a photo of his father.这是他父亲的一张照片。
The legs of the desk are made of wood.桌子的腿是木材做的。
The title of the book is Gone with the wind.那本书的名字是《飘》
二、表示人或物的特征，用of
例如：
Places of interest.风景名胜（有趣的地方）There are many people of this type.有许多这种类型的人。
At that time, he was only a boy of 16.那时，他只是一个十六岁的孩子。
That was a true act of friendship.这是一次真正友好的行动。
三、表示物品的用途，用for
例如：
Here is a room for two people.这是一间供2人居住的房间。
The plan for this year has been made.今年的计划已制定好。
The money for the ticket is in your pocket.买票的钱在你的衣袋里。
The shop sells the medicine for the cough.那家商店卖治咳嗽的药。
四、表示针对性，用to
例如：
Can you tell me the way to the hospital?
请告诉我去医院的路。
Please show me the answer to the Ex.1.请将练习1的答案给我看一下。
The key to the door is lost.这扇门的钥匙丢了。
五、表示来源，用from
例如：
The letter from America is for you.那来自美国的信是给你的。
The train from Shanghai arrive at 5 o’clock.从上海开来的火车五点钟到站。
六、名词性短语用what 从句
例如：
What you said sounds interesting.你所说的听起来很有意思。
What you have done is right.你做的是正确的。
7.表达的英文 篇七
1.An introduction to romance
In order to acquire a thorough understanding of the artisticcharacteristics of romance upon early English novel,it is necessary to give a brief account of romance.
A.Definition of romance
Romance is the most prevailing kind of literature form in feudalEngland."It was a long composition in verse,sometimes in prose,describing the life and adventure of a noble hero (Liu,2007,p.8)."As Chen Jia states that"Romances,alliterative and metrical,constitute the bulk of the literary works in England in the three centuries after 1066 (1982,p.33)."Based on these two similar definitions of romance,generally speaking,the central character of romance was the knight,a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons.The major theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance,and usually emphasized the chivalric love of the Middle Ages in Europe.
B.Romance in Middle Ages and Renaissance period
Romance was born in the Middle Ages of Europe and wonpeople’s taste immediately.In the Middle Ages,romance was usually written to the noble men,and has nothing to do with the common people.Most of the early middle Age romances depict an antique story in the guise of poetry.At the very beginning,romance appears in a verse form with obvious features of poetry,but the conversion from verse romance to prose romance has produced a revolutionary effect on the creation of romances,which paves the way for the coming of early English novel.Anyway,the invention of romances is a transitional literature form from narrative poetry to early English novel,and the contribution made by romances to the coming of English novel is,without doubt,very unique (Jiang,2005,p.18).In a word,the Middle Age romances are prelude of English novel,and we could hardly acquire a good understanding of English novel without some knowledge of romance (Gao,2003,p.14).
If we say the Middle Age romances are more like poetry,thenthe romances produced in Renaissance period are actually the infants of early English novel.
During the period of Renaissance of England,English romancesget a considerable progress,and hold a large number of readers.To name some of the best works,we have George Gascoigne's The Adventures of Master F.J.Robert Greene’s Pandosto,Philip Sydney's Arcadia.These works best exemplify the artistic characteristics of romances in the Renaissance period,and further mold the shape of early English novel.
Ⅱ.Artistic characteristics of romance
To some extent,we could state that romances provide us withan artistic model early English novel (Hou,2005,p.22).These general artistic characteristics of romance play a significant role in the formation of early English novel.As Li Weiping states,there are generally five major artistic characteristics of English romances (2003,p.30).They are as following:
Romances are inclined to present chivalric spirit and romanticlove,trying to make a perfect combination of these two.
Romances have a relatively free narrative form,which clearlyreveal the artistic taste and ideas of early writers in the process of exploring the ways of writing narrative essays.
Apparently,romances display artistic traces of poetry left uponthem,and rhetorical devices of poetry were frequently employed in romances which actually were based on narrative essay.
Romances were written from a relatively mature,sensitive,philosophical and civilized point of view,so they were favored by upper class intellectuals.
Early romances have already shown a sense of realism in theircontents.
Besides,there are still other subtle artistic characteristicsreflected in romances.For instance,the real description of natural surroundings,the psychological portrayal of characters,the relatively neat organization of plots,the sense of moral education,and the universal value of goodness,etc.As a matter of fact,the above artistic characteristics of romance paved a way for early English writers to exploit a new form of literature which immediately won the taste among people all over the world,that is,the birth of early English novel.
Ⅲ.Artistic characteristics of early English novel
The influences of romance upon early English novel areapparent to us,because the artistic similarities between romance and early English novel can never be ignored.Actually,early English novels always show traces of these influences clearly or subtly.
Stylistically speaking,romances often describe a hero whoexperienced lots of adventures in a remote past or somewhere unknown to us.This kind of work can easily arouse reader's interest as much as possible.Coincidentally,Early English novels are inclined to place its hero in a remote environment and envelop him in a series of adventures as well.Daniel Defoe is always regarded as the forerunner of English novel,and his work may best show us the races of romances left on early English novel.Defoe's masterpiece Robinson Crusoe tells us a seemingly realistic story in an autobiographic form.But in nature,Defoe uses his vast imagination to create a hero who has survived in a remote island for several years.Defoe uses his imagination to create a romantic story to reveal the spirit of the rising bourgeois class.
Thematically speaking,most of the romances extol for man's right to pursue happiness and deserved rights,which propose a contest against the religious doctrine that regards the pursuit of happiness as a kind of human deterioration.In Defoe's masterpiece,Robinson Crusoe,Robinson was born in a family of an old English gentle man who wants his son Robinson to become a lawyer,yet Robinson has set his mind on becoming a sailor.Here,Robinson's pursuit of happiness and freedom in right overshadow the senior man's order,which is a kind of rebellion against power.
The psychological painting in early English novel comes has itsorigins in romances.Romances depict the psychological world of its characters for the first time (Gao,2003,p.5).This kind writing style affect early English novel greatly.In the work of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,Gawain is painted as a chivalric knight journeyed to meet a sever fighting.Although Gawain is not a real man,the psychological analysis of him is still presented vividly and analyzed as Sir Gawain encounters one strange event after another (Chen,1982,p.38).Well,in Pamela,or,Virtue Rewarded,written by Samuel Richardson and Tom Jones,written by Fielding's,the psychological movements of the characters are frequently presented.
Realistic description in early English novel also has somethingto do with romances.As (Jiang,2005,p.19) States that though romances are more romantic,fictional and chivalric,yet there are still realistic factors rooted in them.In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,Sir Gawain is an imagined hero who experienced various adventures to challenge the Green Knight.Though many scenes in the story are fabricated,yet the elaborate descriptions of the seasons as well as the places and things witnessed by the hero in the course of his adventure are real reflection of nature (Chen,1982,p.38).It is a sort of realistic presentation of environment.
The artistic characteristics of early English novel show itsintimate relationships with romances.But we should bear in mind that romance is still different from novel in many ways,and it is improper to mix these two literature genres.One thing needs our attention is that romance is a Middle Age literary product which opens the door for diverse flourishing of English literature genres,especially English novel.
Conclusion
Romance does lose its popularity among people's readingflavor,but the abundant literary heritages left by romance are definitely a body of legacies for literature.The artistic characteristics of romance merit our focus if we want to get more knowledge about the birth of English novel.
摘要：英文小说的产生包含了各种复杂的因素,诸如古代希腊文,罗马神话,浪漫主义以及其他复杂的社会因素。在这些因素当中,浪漫主义对英文小说的形成有着密不可分的关系,本文旨在分析浪漫主义的艺术特点对早期英文小说的影响。
关键词：浪漫主义,艺术特点,影响,早期的英文小说
参考文献
[1]、陈嘉.英国文学史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982;33-39.
[2]、高继海.英国小说史[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2003:3-15.
[3]、侯维瑞.李维屏.英国小说史(上)[M].南京:译林出版社, 2005:18-35.
[4]、蒋承勇.英国小说发展史[M].浙江:浙江大学出版社, 2005:18-22.
[5]、李维屏.英国小说艺术史[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003;2-30.
[6]、刘炳善.英国文学简史[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,2007;8-10.
[7]、左金梅.张德玉.英国文学[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2004;17-20.
8.表达的英文 篇八
第一步 统揽全局，确定文体类型
高中阶段英语试题中的书面表达常见文体有记叙文、议论文和应用文（如书信）等。而近几年的高考书面表达的形式多以图画、提纲、表格出现，要求考生根据所给提示发表议论、完整书信或发布通知。因此，考生首先必须认真审题，掌握试题要求，确定文体，在头脑中形成相应的文章框架。
(1） 记叙文
一般说来有时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果六要素。写作时通常按照时间先后的顺序来介绍人物故事或叙述事情的发展过程。
(2） 议论文
文章一般在开头先引出议题，提出对方（双方）的观点，然后再提出自己的观点（或赞成何方）。阐明观点或看法时要注意分层次说明理由。要做到论点正确无误，论据可靠充分，首尾呼应。论述时通常采用归纳法、推理法、对比法的手法。
(3） 应用文
这类文章主要有书信、通知等。书信要注意格式正确，包括称呼、开头、正文、结尾、签名等出现的位置。高考中通常降低要求，给出书信的开头和结尾，只要求完成中间部分。
第二步 审时度势，确定人称、时态
仔细阅读写作要求，要从大局考虑文章写作应当采用的口吻，即文章应当以什么人称来陈述，文章主体应当以什么时态来写。通常记叙过去发生的人和事就应当以一般过去时为主（如编故事、写日记等），制定将来的计划、安排时就以一般将来时为主，发表对时事、观点评论时应以一般现在时为主。
第三步 谋篇布局，安排层次、顺序
确定文体和人称及时态后，我们要统筹安排写作内容，可以科学合理地将写作要求进行整合，将大目标化解为几个小段落，各小段要有相对完整的主题。而各小段又能共同服务于什么大目标。段落的安排要有条理、合符逻辑，注意先后顺序、层次分明，这样才能更好地完成写作任务。
第四步 匠心独运，追求地道、亮点
按照上一步的思路安排在草稿纸上动笔写下文章初稿。写作时要注意以下几个方面：
(1） 文章基本达到写作要求，覆盖所有的写作要点。
(2） 语言地道，句意通顺，前后连贯性。
(3） 语言表达脱俗，句子长短结合，富有变化，精彩纷呈。
英语写作时如果通篇使用简单句来陈述内容，即使表达要点都覆盖到，也无语句错误，通常也不会得到高分，最多能得到一个基本分（25分的写作最多在12～16之间），因为这样的文章英语味不足，语言缺乏表现力和吸引力，可读性不强，不能打动阅卷老师，因而得分不高。那么我们应怎样才能使自己的文章呈现“亮点”，夺取写作高分呢？
星星之火，可以燎原。
①巧用复合句，避免句子松散。
我们把有关联的句子，如修饰关系、补充关系、因果关系、条件关系等用连词将它们连成复合句，这样使得结构紧凑，避免了语句的散乱。
例：吸烟有健康有害，明年公共场合将实施禁烟。
一般：Smoking is harmful to health. It’ll be prohibited in public places next year
较好：Smoking is harmful to health, which will be prohibited in public places next year.
②适时运用强调、倒装、省略结构，使得行文多变且富有气势。
例1：老师的话使我感动得流下了眼泪。
一般：The teacher’s words moved me to tears.
较好：It was what the teacher said that moved me to tears. （强调结构）
例2：在影剧院的东面有一家公园，公园里有一个湖泊。
一般：A park with a lake in it is to the east of the cinema.
较好：East of the cinema lies a park with a lake in it.（倒装语序）
③大胆使用高级词汇、短语、非谓语动词和固定句式，使文章表达超凡脱俗。
例1：那个外衣店主向我付120元。
一般：The shop owner asked me to pay 120 yuan for the coat.
较好：The shop owner charged me 120 yuan for the coat.（运用高级词汇charge sb … for…）
例2：我们都知道运动在日常生活中非常重要。
一般：We all know that sport is important in our daily life.
较好：As is known to us all, sport plays an important role in our daily life. (改用非限定性定语从句，且使用play a role in短语)
例3：上海世博会是第一次在亚洲举办，很成功。
一般：The Shanghai Expo was first held in Asia, and it was a great success.
较好：First held in Asia, the Shanghai Expo was a great success.(运用非谓语动词）
④前后照应，用好过渡词汇
写作时要注意前后相关语句之间的衔接，适时用好下列过渡性词语, 这样的文章读起来朗朗上口，避免语气生硬，过渡不自然。如：
表列举：for example, for instance, that is to say
表补充：besides, in addition, moreover
表并列：or, and, not only… but also, as well as, both… and, either… or, neither… nor
表对比：on the one hand… on the other hand,
表原因：because of, thanks to, due to, owing to
表结果：therefore, thus, as a result, so
表结论：to conclude, in a word, in brief, to sum up
表转折：however, but, yet, instead, in spite of, even though
表观点：in my opinion, according to
第五步 反复推敲，减少错误、认真誊写
初步完成后要重新对照写作要求认真审读一篇，重点检查以下方面：
(1） 所有的写作要求是否都已包含在内，字数不能少于规定要求，过少则不能包括所要写
作要点。但也不能过多，因为过多必然增加废话，而且言多必失，会增加你表达错误而被扣分的机会。
(2） 对于表达有困难的部分可以采取迂回战术，灵活变通地采用其它方法来间接表达，不
要固执偏见，一意孤行，写出自己毫无把握的句子，更不要在文中用汉语代替。
(3） 语句是否通顺，有无语法和拼写错误，标点符号是否正确，句首有没有大写等。
经过上述几个方面的检查确认无误后再认真地将修改后的内容誊写到试卷上指定的位置上去。良好的书写会让你赢得阅卷老师的肯定和认可，无形中会提高你的书面表达得分。
9.表达想念一个人的英文句子 篇九
2：those days when we were together appear in my mind time after time, because they were so joyful, happy, blest, disappointing, sad and painful. i miss you ,and miss you so mach……常常想起曾和你在一起的那些日子。开心、快乐、幸福、失落、伤心、痛苦的所有日子。很想你，很想你……
3：the worst way to miss someone is to be sitting right beside them knowing you can’t have them. 失去某人，最糟糕的莫过于，他近在身旁，却犹如远在天边。
4：i miss you so much already and i haven’t even left yet!尽管还不曾离开，我已对你朝思暮想!
5：he misses her, but he missed her. 错过只在一瞬，思念却是一世。
6：i miss you so much already and i haven’t even left yet!尽管还不曾离开，我已对你朝思暮想!
7：I know you like this song most and I know what you are thinking about ,too, I miss you .我知道你最喜欢这首歌，我也知道你的心思，我想你。
8：i miss you so much already and i haven’t even left yet! 尽管还不曾离开，我已对你朝思暮想!
9：i miss you so much already and i haven’t even left yet! 尽管还不曾离开，我已对你朝思暮想!
10：if living on the earth is a mission from the lord… living with you is the award of the lord… in spite of you and me and the whole silly world going to pieces around us, i love you. 哪怕是世界末日我都会爱着你。
11：the worst way to miss someone is to be sitting rightbesidethem knowing you can′t have them. 失去某人，最糟糕的莫过于，他近在身旁，却犹如远在天边。
12：to the same word, is both miss, is also missed“miss”同一个单词，既是想念，也是错过。
13：一份不渝的友谊，执着千万个祝福，给我想念的朋友，温馨的问候。For our ever-lasting friendship, send sincere blessings and warmgreetings to my friends whom I miss so much。
14：i didn’t miss only tube would i want to tianya want to cape.我没有留恋，仅管我会想去天崖想去海角。
15：for our ever-lasting friendship, send sincere blessings and warm greetings to my friends whom i miss so much.一份不渝的友谊，执着千万个祝福，给我想念的朋友，温馨的问候。 i cannot live without you.没有你，我的生活毫无意义。
16：不同的时间，不同的地点，不同的人群，相同的只有你和我;时间在变，空间在变，不变的只有对你无限的思念!You and I remains the same in different time, at differentplaces,among different people; time is changing, space is changingand everything is changing except my miss to you!
17：你知道思念一个人的滋味吗，就像喝了一大杯冰水，然后用很长很长的时间流成热泪。Do you understand the feeling of missing someone? It is just like that you will spend a long hard time to turn the ice-cold water you have drunk into tears。
18：好想，好想你!如果清风有情，请带去我对你的思念，这一生都为你牵挂;如果白云有意，请带去我对你的爱恋，生生世世都愿和你共缠绵! oh, how much i miss you! if the passionate refreshing breeze knows my heart, it can tell you that i miss you and care you for my life’s time. if graceful white cloud knows my heart, it can tell you i love you and would be together with you forever。
19：我在忧愁时想你，就像在冬天想太阳;我在快乐时想你，就像在骄阳下想树阴。I miss you when I am depressed, just as I miss the sunlight in winter; I miss you when I feel happy, just as I miss the shade inthe hot sun。
10.体育运动项目的英文表达方式 篇十
1.General Terms 一般词汇 manager 经纪人 instructor 教练,技术指导 guide 领队 trainer 助理教练
referee, umpire(网球.棒球)裁判 linesman, touch judge(橄榄球)裁判 contestant, competitor, player 运动员 professional 职业运动员 amateur 业余运动员,爱好者 enthusiast, fan 迷,爱好者
favourite 可望取胜者(美作:favorite)outsider 无取胜希望者 championship 冠军赛,锦标赛 champion 冠军 record 纪录
record holder 纪录创造者 ace 网球赛中的一分
Olympic Games, Olympics 奥林匹克运动会 Winter Olympics 冬季奥林匹克运动会 stadium 运动场 track 跑道 ring 圈
ground, field 场地 pitch(足球、橄榄球)场地 court 网球场 team, side 队 返回页首
2.Athletics 竞技 race 跑 middle-distance race 中长跑 long-distance runner 长跑运动员 sprint 短跑(美作:dash)the 400 metre hurdles 400米栏 marathon 马拉松 decathlon 十项
cross-country race 越野跑 jump 跳跃 jumping 跳跃运动 high jump 跳高
long jump 跳远(美作:broad jump)triple jump, hop step and jump 三级跳 pole vault 撑竿跳 throw 投掷 throwing 投掷运动
putting the shot, shot put 推铅球 throwing the discus 掷铁饼 throwing the hammer 掷链锤 throwing the javelin 掷标枪 walk 竞走 返回页首
3.Individual Sprots 体育项目 gymnastics 体操
gymnastic apparatus 体操器械 horizontal bar 单杠 parallel bars 双杠 rings 吊环 trapeze 秋千 wall bars 肋木
side horse, pommelled horse 鞍马 weight-lifting 举重 weights 重量级 boxing 拳击
Greece-Roman wrestling 古典式摔跤 hold, lock 揪钮 judo 柔道 fencing 击剑
winter sports 冬季运动 skiing 滑雪 ski 滑雪板
downhill race 速降滑雪赛,滑降 slalom 障碍滑雪
ski jumping competition 跳高滑雪比赛 ski jump 跳高滑雪 ice skating 滑冰 figure skating 花样滑冰 roller skating 滑旱冰 bobsleigh, bobsled 雪橇 返回页首
4.Games and Competitions 球类运动 football 足球 rugby 橄榄球 basketball 篮球 volleyball 排球 tennis 网球 baseball 垒球 handball 手球 hockey 曲棍球 golf 高尔夫球 cricket 板球 ice hockey 冰球 goalkeeper 球门员 centre kick 中线发球 goal kick 球门发球
throw in, line-out 边线发球 to score a goal 射门得分
to convert a try 对方球门线后触地得分 batsman 板球运动员 batter 击球运动员 mens singles 单打运动员 in the mixed doubles 混合双打 返回页首
5.Water Sports 水上运动 swimming pool 游泳池 swimming 游泳 medley relay 混合泳 crawl 爬泳 breaststroke 蛙式 backstroke 仰式 freestyle 自由式 butterfly(stroke)蝶泳 diving competition 跳水 water polo 水球 water skiing 水橇 rowing 划船 canoe 划艇 boat race 赛艇 yacht 游艇 kayak 皮船 sailing 帆船运动 outboard boat 船外马达 返回页首 6.Bicycles and Motorcycles 自行车和摩托车 car 车类运动
velodrome, cycling stadium 自行车赛车场 road race 公路赛 race 计时赛 chase 追逐赛
motorcycle, motorbike 摩托车 racing car 赛车
racing driver 赛车驾驶员 rally 汽车拉力赛 返回页首
7.Riding and Horse Races 赛马 riding 骑马 racecourse, racetrack 跑马场,赛马场 jockey, polo 马球 rider 马球运动员
show jumping competition 跳跃赛 steeplechase 障碍赛 fence 障碍 trotter 快跑的马 返回页首
8.Tennis 网球 tennis 网球运动 lawn tennis 草地网球运动 grass court 草地网球场 racket 球拍
racket press 球拍夹 gut, string（球拍的）弦 line ball 触线球 baseline ball 底线球 sideline ball 边线球 straight ball 直线球
down-the-line shot 边线直线球 crosscourt 斜线球 high ball, lob 高球 low ball 低球 long shot 长球 short shot 短球 cut 削球 smash 抽球
jump smash 跃起抽球 spin 旋转球 low drive 抽低球 volley 截击空中球 low volley 低截球 deep ball 深球 heavy ball 重球 net 落网球
flat stroke平击球 flat drive平抽球 let 重发球
fluke, set-up, easy 机会球 ground stroke 击触地球 wide 打出边线的球
overhead smash, overhand smash 高球扣杀 game 局 set 盘
fifteen all 一平thirty all 二平forty all 三平
deuce 局末平分, 盘末平局 love game 一方得零分的一局 double fault 双误, 两次发球失误 ‘not up’, 两跳，还击前球着地两次 service line 发球线 fore court 前场 back court 后场 centre mark 中点 server 发球员 receiver 接球员 返回页首
9.Swimming 游泳 swimming pool 游泳池 changing room 更衣室 shower 淋浴
diving platform 跳台 ten-meter platform 10米跳台 five-meter platform 5米跳台 three-meter springboard 3米跳板 one-meter springboard 1米跳板 diving pool 跳水池 non-swimmers pool 浅水池 swimmers pool 深水池 starting block 出发台 starting dive 出发起跳 rope with cork floats 水线 swimming lane 泳道
touching the finishing line 终点触线 timekeeper 计时员
lifesaver, lifeguard 救生员 land drill 陆上练习breaststroke 蛙泳 crawl stroke 爬泳 back stroke 仰泳 side stroke 侧泳 butterfly stroke 蝶泳
dolphin butterfly stroke 海豚式蝶泳 treading water 踩水 underwater swimming 潜泳
swimming pool with artificial waves 人工海浪泳池 artificial waves 人工海浪 swimming trunks 泳裤
swimsuit, swimming suit 泳衣 swimming cap 泳帽 bikini 比基尼泳衣 bikini top 比基尼乳罩 bikini bottom 比基尼式泳裤 surfing 冲浪 surfboard 冲浪板 water ski 滑水橇 返回页首
10.Football 足球
football, soccer, Association football 足球 field, pitch 足球场 midfied 中场
kick-off circle 中圈 half-way line 中线 football, eleven 足球队 football player 足球运动员
goalkeeper, goaltender, goalie 守门员 back 后卫 left 左后卫 right back 右后卫 centre half back 中卫 half back 前卫 left half back 左前卫 right half back 右前卫 forward 前锋 centre forward, centre 中锋
inside left forward, inside left 左内锋 inside right forward, inside right 右内锋 outside left forward, outside left 左边锋 outside right forward, outside right 右边锋 kick-off 开球
bicycle kick, overhead kick 倒钩球 chest-high ball平胸球 corner ball, corner 角球 goal kick 球门球
ground ball, grounder 地面球 hand ball 手触球 header 头球 penalty kick 点球 spot kick 罚点球 free kick 罚任意球 throw-in 掷界外球 ball handling 控制球 block tackle 正面抢截 body check 身体阻挡 bullt 球门前混战 fair charge 合理冲撞 chesting 胸部挡球
close-marking defence 钉人防守 close pass, short pass 短传 consecutive passes 连续传球 deceptive movement 假动作 diving header 鱼跃顶球 flying headar 跳起顶球 dribbling 盘球
finger-tip save（守门员）托救球 clean catching（守门员）跳球抓好 flank pass 边线传球 high lobbing pass 高吊传球 scissor pass 交叉传球 volley pass 凌空传球 triangular pass 三角传球
rolling pass, ground pass 滚地传球 slide tackle 铲球
clearance kick 解除危险的球 to shoot 射门
grazing shot 贴地射门 close-range shot近射 long drive 远射 mishit 未射中 offside 越位
to pass the ball 传球 to take a pass 接球 spot pass 球传到位 to trap 脚底停球 to intercept 截球
to break through, to beat 带球过人 to break loose 摆脱
to control the midfield 控制中场 to disorganize the defence 破坏防守 to fall back 退回 to set a wall 筑人墙
to set the pace 掌握进攻节奏 to ward off an assault 击退一次攻势 to break up an attack 破坏一次攻势 ball playing skill 控球技术 total football 全攻全守足球战术 open football 拉开的足球战术 off-side trap 越位战术 wing play 边锋战术
shoot-on-sight tactics 积极的抢射战术 time wasting tactics 拖延战术
Brazilian formation 巴西阵式，4-2-4 阵式 four backs system 四后卫制
four-three-three formation 4-3-3 阵式 four-two-four formation 4-2-4 阵式 red card 红牌（表示判罚出场）yellow card 黄牌（表示警告）返回页首
11.Baseball and Softball 棒球和垒球 baseball 棒球 baseball field, baseball ground 棒球场 softball 垒球
softball field, softball ground 垒球场 infield,diamond 内场 outfield 外场
fair territory 界内地区 foul territory 界外地区 foul line 边线 base line 垒间线 base 垒 bag 垒垫, 垒包 home base 本垒 first base 一垒 second base 二垒 third base 三垒 home plate 本垒板 pitchers plate 投手板
pitchers mound（棒球）投手土墩 pitchers circle（垒球）投手圈 batters box 击球员区 on deck circle 击球员准备区 catchers box 接手区 coachers box 跑垒指导员区 bench, dug-out 队员席 bull-pen 候补投手练习区 glove 手套, 分指手套 milt 合指手套 bat 球棒 mask 护面
chest protector 护胸 leg protector 护腿 supporter 护裆 helmet 护帽
baseball player 棒球运动员 softball player 垒球运动员 pitcher 投手 catcher 接手 fielder 守场员 baseman 守垒员 infielder 内场手 first baseman 一垒手 second baseman 二垒手 third baseman 三垒手 shortstop 游击手 outfielder 外场手 batter, hitter 击球员 base-runner 跑垒员 batter-runner 击跑员 relief pitcher 候援投手
designated hitter(DH)指名击球员 coacher 跑垒指导员 manager 总教练
plate umpire 司球裁判员 base umpire 司垒裁判员 inning 局次
visiting team 先攻队 home team 后攻队 offensive team 攻队 defensive team 守队 pitching 投手投球
windup position（棒球投手）正面投球法 set up position（棒球投手）侧身投球法 sling shot（垒球投手）后摆投球法 wind mill（垒球投手）绕环投球法 8 figure（垒球投手）8字投球法 throwing 传球 catching 接球 fielding 防守
batting, hitting 击球 base running 跑垒 stealing 偷垒 sliding 滑垒 strike zone 好球区 fair ball 界内球 foul ball 界外球
illegal pitch 不合法投球
illegally batted ball 不合法击球 bunt 触击球 foul tip 擦棒球 bunting 触击 swing 挥击
ground ball, grounder 地滚球 liner, line drive平直球 fly ball 腾空球 hit, safety hit 安全打 one base hit 一垒打 two base hit 二垒打 three base hit 三垒打 home run, homer 本垒打 sacrifice hit 牺牲打 sacrifice bunt 牺牲触击 sacrifice fly 牺牲腾空球 squeeze bunt 抢分触击
run and hit, hit and run 击跑配合战术 safe 安全上垒
base on balls 四球安全上垒 struck-out 三击出局 run,score 得分
batting order 击球次序 wild pitch（投手）暴投 pick-off（投手）牵制跑垒员的传球 balk（棒球）投手犯规 put-out 接杀
out, down, away 出局 touch out 触杀 force out 封杀 assist 助杀 run down 夹杀
double play, double kill 双杀 triple play, triple kill 三杀 wild throw 野传球 passed ball 接手漏接球
ball in play, live ball 继续比赛, 活球 ball not in play, dead ball 死球 cover 补位 back up 策应 cut-off 拦接
play shallow近迫防守 play deep 後撤防守 appeal play 申诉行为 called game 有效比赛 forfeited game 比赛弃权 batting average 安打率 fielding average 防守率 earned run 投手责任失分
complete game 无安打无得分获胜的比赛 返回页首
12.Wrestling 搏击类竞技
Greek-Roman wrestling 古典式摔跤 wrestler 摔跤运动员 standing wrestling 站立摔 on-the-ground wrestling 跪撑摔 bridge 角力桥
free style wrestling 自由式摔跤 bar arm with grapevine 锁臂缠腿 double leg lock 抱单腿拦腿摔
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13.其它运动项目的中英文表达方式，请看下文：
1．体操 gymnastics
2．游泳 swimming
3．击剑 fencing
4．举重 weightlifting
5．棒球 baseball
6．篮球 basketball
7．排球 volleyball
8．乒乓球 table tennis
9．足球 soccer
10．跳水 diving
11．马球 polo
12．水球 water polo
13．垒球 softball
14．网球 tennis
15．赛艇 canoe
16．冲浪 surfing
17．自行车 cycling
18．羽毛球 badminton
19．田径 track and field
20．手球 handball
21．摔交 wrestling
22．拳击 boxing
23．射箭 toxophily
24．射击 shooting
25．柔道 judo
26．骑马 equestrian