初中英语核心动词用法(精选10篇)
1.初中英语核心动词用法 篇一
一、实义动词动词
A) 第三人称单数 (现单三形式)
当主语是第三人称单数时, 动词应该使用第三人称单数形式。动词现单三形式变化规则如下:
一) 一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二) 在以x, sh, ch, s, tch结尾的单词后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes
三) 1) 以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries
2) 以元音字母加y结尾的则直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys
四) 以o结尾加es。如:does, goes
五) 特殊的有:are-is, have-has
B) 现在分词
当我们说某人正在做什么事时, 动词要使用现在分词形式 (即V+ing形式) , 动词现在分词变化规则如下:
一) 直接加ing。
如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, traintraining, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
二) 以不发音e的结尾的, 去掉e, 再加ing。
如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having
三) 以重读闭音节结尾 (一个元音字母+一个辅音字母) , 要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning (注意除开字母组合如:show-showing, draw-drawing)
四) 以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。
如:tie-tying系die-dying死lie-lying位于
二、Be动词
从接触英语的第一句"What's your name?"就已经展开了对be动词的认识。is作为助动词充当谓语, 如:"What is it?"、"It is a pen."、"That is a banana."这样is就逐步熟悉了。由此再展开am和are。同样表达"是"的意思, "我是am你是are, is跟着他、她、它"、"单数is, 复数are"。
Be动词提前形成疑问语气。"Is this a pen?""Is that an apple?"
三、助动词Do和Does!
紧接着be动词以后, do就出现了。
句子里面没有出现的词语, 将如何去发现?
I like apples.这样的句子, 如何找到助动词是Do?其实就是I do like apples.
一般疑问句助动词提前。“Do you like apples?”“Yes, I do.”“No, I don't."也就由此引出。
而面对第三人称单数, 这里则需要特别注意。
He likes our pigs.实际上就是He does like our pigs.很明显, does已经出现了。一般疑问句助动词提前。"Does he like our pigs?"
四、情态动词Can
Can I help you?
Can是情态动词, 直接接动词原形。如:
I can eat breakfast.
I can do my homework.
把Can置于句首, 构成疑问形式。如:Can you find bananas on the tree?
“小小擂台”
1.Please______ (tell) me about your favorite subject.
2.Where______Michael Owen______ (come) from.
3.Sometimes the boy_______ (be) late for school.
4.He______ (want) a job in town.
5.She can't______ (find) work in this town.
6.Mary often______ (go) to school on Monday.
7.Would you like______ (be) a professional football player?
8.They______ (pass) the ball from one to another.
9.Let us______ (give) them our best wishes.
10.What is she doing?She______ (wash) dishes.
11.I am afraid of______ (swim) , but Tom______ (swim) a lot.
12.Hui Fang often______ (arrive) at school early.
13.Here______ (be) the flowers for Mom.
答案:
2.初中英语核心动词用法 篇二
【关键词】动词不定式;后置定语;用法;意义
1 引言
在初中英语语法中,动词不定式作后置定语的用法比较普遍,也是初中动词不定式教学中的一个重点内容。动词不定式作后置定语时,其与被修饰的名词或者代词间所体现的不同语义关系及其在句型结构中的不同表述,决定了语句表达和理解上的差异性。据多年的教学经验,笔者发现学生在学习这个语法知识的时候存在着众多棘手的问题,如在实际地语法运用中、句子的改错、口语表达应用等方面,学生都尽量“绕开”它,主要原因还是在于学生对于该语法知识的学习感觉有点吃力、理解不够深刻,这就是摆在初中英语教师面前的一个难题。因此,在实际的教学过程中,教师应该多进行总结性教学,以举例的形式进行课堂教学,这样才能转变学生对“动词不定式作后置定语”知识的畏惧,并能够很好地进行运用。
2 动词不定式作后置定语用法分析
引言中已经指出初中英语教学中,“动词不定式作后置定语”是一个教学的重点,也是一个教学的重点。对于这部分内容,英语教师对其用法的总结性分析显得十分重要,这是使学生对“动词不定式作后置定语”从感性认识上升至理性认识的必经之道。下面就是通过平时的教学经验,对其进行总结性的论述。
2.1 动词不定式与被修饰的名词语义关系分析
动词不定式作后置定语时,既可以修饰物,又可以修饰人。其与“物”、“人”之间的语义关系可以根据如下例子进行阐述。
2.1.1 动词不定式修饰物
动词不定式修饰物时,表示要做某事,而这件事是即将发生的,所表示的语义关系为将来发生的动作或者事情(主要为一般将来时和过去将来时)。请看下面的几个例子:
eg.1:The next thing to have to do is doing housework. 下面即将做的事情为做家务活。
eg .2:We are hunting for some food to eat.我们正在找一些食物吃。
eg .3:The scene to be taken photo was the Great Wall.这个被拍成照片的景色是长城。
eg .4:I have anything to say on this problem.对于这个问题,我倒是有几句要说的。
由上面四个例句可以看出,动词不定式与被修饰的名词或者代词之间的语义关系主要包括即将发生的动作、被动的关系。由上面三个例子可以看出,在句子表达时,使用动词不定式作为后置定语能够避免句子出现繁杂冗余的情况的发生。上述第3个例子,则更加说明了动词不定式的这种“功效”,与被动语态连用,则使句子给人以简洁之感。教师在课堂上应该对动词不定式与被修饰词语的语义关系进行详细地讲解,笔者认为这是使学生加深对动词不定式作后置定语的一个前提,是关键的教学点。总之,动词不定式与被修饰的语义关系主要可以概括为:将来的动作、动宾关系、主谓关系等。
2.1.2 动词不定式修饰人
动词不定式除了能够修饰物以外,还能修饰人。下面就是列举动词不定式修饰人的情况:
eg .1:He was the first person to land onto the island.他是第一个登上这个岛的人。
eg .2:The professor is about to be the next person to give a speech。这位教授是下一个即将作报告的人。
eg .3:He is a kind-hearted man to do good deed.他是一个做好事的热心肠人。
由以上三个例句可以看出,动词不定式在修饰人的时候,其与这个被修饰的人之间的关系可以表示为即将发生(如1、2两例),也可以表示为人的本性(如好与坏,善良与凶恶等)。
2.2 与某些特定的名词相搭配的情形分析
在初中英语中,有这样一类名词,即这些名词后面可以接动词不定式作为后置定语,这类名词经过总结,较为常用的有:time,way, reason,opportunity,chance, need,effort,wish, right,ambition。如:
eg .1:There is no way to do anything for you.想要我为你做事没门。
eg .2:The great America has an ambition to rule the whole world.老美有想统治全世界的勃勃野心。
eg .3:I get an opportunity to enter Tsinghua University to have further education.我有机会去清华大学深造。
eg .4 We make no efforts to figure out such problem.我们不遗余力地解决了这一问题。
教师在实际地教学过程中,一定要让学生按照相关巨型进行大量地造句,这样才能真正地使学生能够在学习该部分知识的时候脱口而出。
2.3 某些动词或形容词的同根名词接不定式的情形分析
在初中英语当中,有很多动词和形容词后面都可以接动词不定式,那么他们的同根名词往往也可以接动词不定式。如:
eg .1:He attempted to learn English well.= He made an attempt to learn English well.他努力把英语学好。
eg .2:She is able to get on well with others, which is her main advantage.=Her ability to get on well with others is her main advantage.她能和其他人相处得融洽是她的主要优点。
3 结论
综上所述,教师在对“动词不定式作后置定语”进行讲解时,应该加强上述内容的总结,并且重视举例,使学生能够在课堂上脱口而出。那么,对于学生而言,这个难点也就自然而然地被消除了,从而增加了他们学习英语的自信心。
参考文献:
[1]茅忆年.不定式作后置定语的用法解析[J].考试周刊,2008(47).
[2]保朝鲁.关于动词不定式问题[J].内蒙古大学学报(人文社会科学版),2000,32(5).
3.英语复习常用动词习惯用法 篇三
常用动词习惯用法 1. allow1 sb to do sth 允许某人去做某事(后接动词不定式)
My father allowed3 me to go out for a walk after finishing my homework.
2. asked sb (not) to do sth 叫某人做事某事(叫某人不要去做某事)
My father asked me to study hard.
He asked me not to swim alone4.
be asked to do sth 被叫去做某事/被邀请去做某事
I was5 asked to have a dinner with them yesterday.
3. be afraid to do sth 害怕做某事
She is afraid to ask me questions.
4. be afaid of doing sth 害怕做某事
I am afraid of going6 out at night.
5. be afaid of sth 害怕某物
He is afraid of snakes.
6. be amazed7 to do sth 对做某事感到惊讶
He was amazed to meet the girl there.
be amazed at sth 对某事感到惊讶
they were amazed at the news8.
7. be busy doing/with sth 忙于做某事(常考)
e2.g: I was busy washing9 my car at that time. 那时候我正忙于清洗我的车子。
I am busy with my work.
8. be coming/going/leaving/fiying/moving/dying10(某些位移动词用进行时态时表将来)
the bus is coming/the dog is dying.
9. be excited11 to do sth 对做……感到兴奋
Jacky was excited to travel12 there by plane.
be excited at sth
Lily13 was excited at his words.
be excited about doing sth
he was excited about passing the exam14 without going overing books.
10. be frightened15 to do sth 害怕去做某事
Sam is frightened to ride a horse.
11. be glad/happy to do sth 高兴去做某事
she is happy to clean the blackboard with me.
be pleased16 to do sth高兴做某事
she was pleased to help the old man yesterday.
be pleased with sth 对某事感到高兴/满意
the teacher was pleased with my answer.
12. be interested17 in sth/doing sth 对某事感兴趣/对做某事感兴趣
she is interested in swimming in the river.
My btother is interested in Chinese.
13. be/get ready for/to do sth
Be ready for sth 为某事做好了准备
We are ready for the exam.
Be ready to do sth 为做某事做好了准备
We are ready to have a birthday party for her.
get ready for sth为某事在做准备
We are getting ready for the exam.
get ready for sth 为做某事而做准备
13. be sorry to do sth 对做某事感到抱歉
14. be surprised18 to do sth 对做某事感到惊奇
be surprised at sth 对某事感到惊奇
15. be worth19 doing sth 值得做某事(worth 后接动词-ing形式,常考)
16. begin to do sth
begin/start to do/doing sth ( 开始去做某事 )
17. can/be able20 to afford21 (to buy) sth 有能力购买(供)……
18. can/may/must do sth could/would22/should/might do sth
19. can’t wait to do sth 迫不急待地去做某事
20. decide23 to do sth 决定去做某事
make up one’s mind24 to do sth 下决心去做某事(常考)
make a decision25 to do sth 对做某事作出决定
21. deserve26 to do sth 值得/应该做……
22. encourage27 sb to do sth 鼓励某人去做某事
23. enjoy doing sth 乐意去做某事
24. expect28 (sb) to do sth 期望去做某事
25. fail29 to do sth 做某事失败
succeed30 doing sth 成功做了某事
26. finish doing sth 做完某事(后接动词-ing形式)(常考)
27. follow sb to do sth 跟随某人去做某事
28. get sb to do sth
make sb do sth
let sb do sth (让某人做某事(后接动词原形))
29. get/have a chance31 to do sth 得到一个做某事的机会
30. give/pass/show/lend/sell sb sth/sth to sb
buy/get/bring sb sth/sth for sb
31. go on to do sth 继续做事(常考)
go on doing sth 继续做事(常考)
32. hate32 to do/doing sth 讨厌/不喜欢做某事
33. have fun doing sth
34. have problems33 doing sth 做某事遇到困难
35. have sb do sth
have sth done
have sth to do 工有事要做
36. hear sb do sth 听到某人做某事(后接动词原形,常考)
hear sb doing sth 听到某人正在做某事(常见)
37. help to do sth 帮忙做某事
help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事
38. hope/wish to do sth 希望做某事
wish sb to do sth 希望某人做某事
39. I t seems35 that 这像是……(后接从句)
seem34 to do sth
seem +adj
40. It’s + adj+(for sb) to do sth .
It’s+adj +(of sb) to do sth
e.g: It’s glad for him to hear the news.
41. It takes sb some time/money to do sth . 花费某人多长时间做某事(常考)
42. pay36 …for… cost37 spend…on….. it take …to do sth
43. It’s best for sb to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是最好的
had38 better do sth 最好做某事(注意had没有时态和人称的变化,better后接动词原形)
44. It’s time for sb to do sth 是某人做某事的时候了
45. keep (on)doing sth 坚持做某事(常考)
keep sb doing sth 让某人做某事(常考)
keep sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事(常考)
keep sb/sth +adj
keep the book for 2 days 借这本书两天(不要用borrow或lend)
46. learn to do sth 学做某事
learn sth from sb 向某人学习
47. like to do/doing sth 喜欢做某事
like sb to do sth 喜欢某人做某事
48. need to do sth
need doing sth/to be done
need sth needn’t do sth(需要做某事)
49. prefer39 to do sth rather40 than do sth 宁愿……而不愿……(常考)
prefer doing sth to doing sth 喜欢做……胜过做……
e.g: I prefer reading41 books to going shopping. 比起购物来,我更爱读书。
prefer to do sth 喜欢(爱)做某事
50. refuse to do sth 拒绝做……
51. remember/forget to do sth 记得/忘记做某事
remember/forget doing sth 记得/忘记做过某事
52. see sb do sth 看见某人做某事(结果)
see sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事(正在进行中)
be seen42 to do sth 做某事被看见
53. something to eat/drink 一些吃/喝的东西(词不定式放在something等后修饰这些词)
e.g: I need something to eat. 我要一些吃的东西。
54. spend some time (in)doing sth /on sth 花费时间做某事(注意动词要用ing形式)(常考)
spend some money on sth/doing sth 买……花了多少钱
55. Sth is hard/difficult/easy to do . 做好某事很难/容易
56. stop to do sth 停下来去某事(两件事)(常考)
stop doing sth 停止做某事 (一件事)(常考)
stop sb (from) doing sth 阻止某人做某事(常考)
57. take turns to do sth 轮流做……
58. tell sb (not) to do sth 叫某人去(不要)做某事
be told to do sth 被告知不要做某事
59. There is no need (for sb) to do sth 对某人来说没必要做某事
60. There is no time (for sb ) to do sth
have no time to do sth 没时间做某事
61. too…(for sb) to …太……以致不能…… so… that… not… enough to do
e.g: The boy is too young to go to school. 那男孩太小了以致不能上学。
62. try/do one’s best to do sth 尽力去做某事
try to do sth 试着(图)做某事
63. used43 to do sth 过去常做某事( used to be + adj/a +n)
e.g: Mr wang used to be a teacher worker. 王先生过去是一位工人。
I used to live in the country. 过去我住在农村。
64. want/would like to do sth 想做……
want/would like sb to do sth 想某人做……
feel like doing sth 喜爱做某事(注意like后接动词ing形式)
65. warn44 sb (not) to do sth 警告某人做某事(或不要做某事)
66. Why don’t you do sth ?
Why not do sth ?( 为什么不……(表建议的句型,注意用动词原形) )
表示建议的句型还有:What How about……?(如果是动词,要用ing形式)
Shall we……?
67. Would you like (sb) to do sth ?Yes, I’d love to .
68. Would you mind doing sth ? 你介意做某事吗?
Never mind/Not at all/of course45 not/certainly not . (从不介意/一点也不介意/当然不会了)
69. Would you please (not) do sth 你可不可以不做……?
70. finish doing sth enjoy doing sth practise doing sth be good at doing sth be good at doing sth thank you for doing sth stop doing sth be good at doing sth give up doing sth mind doing sth stop sb from doing sth go on doing sth be busy doing sth see/hear/watch sb doing sth feel like doing sth hate doing sth like doing sth do well in doing sth be afraid of doing sth be interested in doing sth make a contribution46 to sth/doing sth
71. 非延续性动词(终止性动词)
1.buy---have(has)had 2.borrow---have(has)kept 3.leave---have(has)been away
4.go ---have(has)been away/in… 5.come ---have(has)here/in…
6.die47 ---have(has)been dead48 7.join---have(has)been a member of/in…
8.begin---have(has)on 8.stop---have(has)been over
example: 他的狗死了3天了.: His dog has been dead for three days. It is three days since49 his dog died50. His dog died three days ago.
72. 感官动词:(主动语态不带to)1.hear/see/watch sb do sth 或 2. hear/see/watch sb doing sth
1. We often hear him sing the song.
2. I saw51 him swimming in the river just now.
被动语态带to:
1. He is often heard to sing the song.
役使动词: (主动语态不带to) make/let sb do sth.
His father often makes him do this and that.
被动语态带to:
4.八年级上册英语动词不定式用法 篇四
1. 表示未发生的动作
即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作。如:
I expect him to arrive tomorrow. 我预计他明天到达。
I hope to catch an early train. 我希望赶上早班火车。
The doctor advised me to take a complete rest. 医生建议我完全休息。
2. 表示同时发生的动作
即表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作。如:
Who heard him say that? 是谁听到他这样说的?(say与heard几乎同时发生)
I’m sorry to hear that. 听到这事我很难过。(to hear 略先于am sorry)
3. 表示一般情况
即看不出动作的先后关系,而是表示一种情况或现象。如:
Washing the car seems to be your main hobby. 擦洗汽车似乎是你的主要爱好。
None of her many lovers seemed to want to marry her. 在她的许多情人中似乎没有一个愿意娶她的。
二、不定式进行式的用法
1. 表示同时进行
即表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作。如:
He seems to be following us. 他似乎在跟着我们。
He pretended to be looking for a book. 他假装在找书。
I happened to be looking out of the window when they arrived. 他们到达时我碰巧正向窗外望去。
2. 表示将来
正如可用进行时态表示将来意义一样,不定式的进行式有时也可表示将来。如:
You are lucky to be going by air. 你挺幸运的,能乘飞机走。
He was happy to be coming home. 就要回家了他感到高兴。
I happened to be going that way. 我恰好也是到那里去。
I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out. 我答应在门口一直等到他出来。
3. 表示一般情况
即看不出动作的先后关系,而是表示一种情况或现象。如:
I noticed that he seemed to be smoking a lot. 我发现他似乎烟瘾很大。
Just to be doing something was a help. 做点事是有益处的。
You are too young to be meeting young men. 你太小,不能交男朋友。
三、不定式完成式的用法
1. 表示比谓语动作更早的动作
即不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。如:
I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。
They are said to have left London. 据说他们已经离开伦敦。
I happened to have driven that kind of car before. 碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起给了你这么多麻烦。
2. 表示比某特定时间更早的动作
即表示在某个特定的时间之前已完成的动作。如:
I hope to have finished the work by now. 我希望现在以前已完成这项工作。
By , he hopes to have opened a branch overseas. 到,他希望能在海外开一分店。
3. 表示假想的更早的动作
尤其是表示过去本来打算要做某事,但实际上没有做成的动作。如:
We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。
I wanted to have come to see you, but I was really too busy. 我本想来看你的,但我的确太忙了。
不定式的完成式有时还有明显的感情色彩,如表示遗憾、后悔或责备。如:
There is no need to have bought a new pair of shoes for me. 没有必要给我买一双新鞋。
四、不定式完成进行式的用法
不定式完成进行式主要表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作。如:
He pretended to have been studying. 他假装一直在学习的样子。
He appears to have been waiting a long time. 看来他已经等了很久了。
He seems to have been spying for both sides 他似乎一直在为两方面搞秘密情报。
He is believed to have been waiting for a message. 据信他当时一直在等待消息。
He looked too young to have been publishing for five years. 他看上去很年轻,不像是已经干了5年出版的人。
I’d like to have been sitting there when she walked in. 我真希望当她走进来的时候我正坐在那里。
五、不定式被动式的用法
1. 基本用法
不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式,往往取决于句子的意思,即意思上为主动就用主动形式,意思上为被动就用被动形式。如:
Not a sound was to be heard. 听不到一点声音。
I had to shout to be heard. 我必须叫喊对方才能听得见。
There remains one matter still to be discussed. 有一个问题尚待讨论。
It remains to be seen whether it will do us harm or good. 它对我们是利是害,还得看看再说。
2. 主动表被动
一般说来,表示主动意义,不定式用主动式;表示被动意义,不定式用被动式。但是,有个别时候,虽然意义上是被动的,但不定式却要用主动式。如:
The house is to let. 此屋出租。
The box was too heavy to lift. 箱子太重,拿不起来。
The question is difficult to answer. 这问题很难回答。
英语动词不定式的用法总结:
动名词与不定式
1) 动名词与不定式的区别:
动名词表达的是: 状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的
不定式表达的是: 目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的
2) 接不定式或动名词,意义相同。
3) 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组:
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to dotry doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to domean doing
5.初中英语核心动词用法 篇五
它的用法是一个系统性、综合性很强的语言点。近几年中考考查立意较低,主要考查的是非谓语的一些最基本的用法。但是,题目的设置注重了情景化和结构复杂化,加大了考生对题干句的理解难度。设问的角度呈现出多样化趋势,谓语和非谓语之间相互干扰。解答考查非谓语动词的题目时,一定要保持头脑冷静.现仅就句法的功能用法与同仁进行探讨。
一、分词、不定式做宾语补足语的比较用法
一般说来,动词不定式表主动、将来;现在分词表主动、进行;过去分词表被动、完成。在see, hear, notice等感官动词和have,get等使役动词之后,既可用分词也可用不定式构成复合宾语。动词不定式与分词作宾补的区别是:现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行发生,其含义相当于进行时态;不定式作宾补表示动作已经发生,动作的过程已经结束;过去分词作宾补表示一个完成被动的动作.
I heard her sing an English song just now. (动作全过程)
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterdays(动作正在进行)
I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday. (动作完成被动)
注意:不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成或状态。
其记忆小窍门是:“吾看三室两厅一感觉”--5看(look at ,see , watch ,notice, observe);3使(make, let, have);2听(listen to , hear);1 感觉(feel)。
以上动词还可用现在分词做宾语(主语)补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4):即以上动词除let, make (-2)外都可以用现在分词做宾语{主语}补足语,此外find ,catch, keep, leave(+4)也可以用现在分词做宾语补足语。
二、不定式、分词作定语的比较用法
作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。如:The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如:He had no money and no place to live (in);但当定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可用主动,也可用被动,其含义不同。
Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”)
Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”获“别人” )。
作定语的及物动词分词形式为:v.-ing、v.- +ed 。作定语的不及物动词形式为:v.-ing、v.-ed。 分词表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。如:
Boiling water 沸腾的水 falling leaves 正在下落的叶子
Boiled water 烧开过的水 fallen leaves 已经落下的叶子
三、不定式、动名词做宾语的用法比较
我们可以用下列口诀来记忆只能用不定式作宾语的动词:
决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。
主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。
decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish; refuse, manage, care, pretend; offer, promise ,choose ,plan; agree, ask/beg, help.此外,afford, strive, happen, wait 等也要用不定式做宾语。
同时,我们也可以用下列口诀来记忆只能用动名词做宾语的动词:
建议考虑盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。
避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏。
禁止想想才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。
consider, suggest/advice, look forward to, excuse, pardon;admit, put off, fancy(想象,设想);avoid, miss, keep/ keep on, practice; deny, finish, enjoy; imagine, risk ; can’t help, mind, allow, escape。此外, be used to, lead to, stick to can’t stand, give up feel like, insist on, thank you for, have difficulty(in)等动词词组也要用动名词做宾语。
四、不定式与动名词做主语的用法比较:
(1)、常用不定式做主语的句型有:
常用结构:It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth.
(常见形容词: difficult , important, necessary, impossible, etc.)
It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth.
(常见形容词:clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc.)
(2)、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为;不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。
Collecting information about children’s health is his job.
It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher.
(3)、常用动名词做主语的句型有:It’s no good (use, fun) doing sth.
It’s (a) waste of time one’s doing sth. It’s worth while doing sth.
五、不定式、动名词、分词做表语的用法比较:
(1)、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。不定式一般紧跟在系动词如: be, seem, remain, appear等后面, 用来说明主语的内容。这类结构中的主语一般为名词,如:idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention, wish, dream, etc.
(eg.) My purpose is to teach them a lesson.
有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句。
(eg.) To be strict with students is to be responsible to them.
What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth.
The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth.
如果主语中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to.
(2)、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释,这时主语与表语位置可互换,动名词常用于口语中。
Its full-time job is laying eggs.
(3)、分词做表语:
现在分词作表语:一般表示主动或主语的性质和特征, “令人……”的, 主语多数情况是sth.
过去分词作表语: 一般表示被动或说明主语情感心理上的感受, “感到……的”,主语多数是sb.
exciting, excited annoying, annoyed amazing, amazed
boring, bored confusing, confused encouraging, encouraged
embarrassing, embarrassed frightening, frightened; inspiring, inspired
现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征;进行时表示正在进行的动作。
The task of this class is practising the idioms. (现在分词做表语)
With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. (现在进行时)
过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。
The village is surrounded by high mountains.(过去分词做表语)
-The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.(被动语态)
He is well educated.(过去分词做表语)
6.高中英语非谓语动词用法比较分析 篇六
按形式来分, 非谓语动词主要有不定式、动名词及分词, 下面针对不同非谓语动词的用法进行比较及分析。
一、不定式与动名词的用法比较
1.作主语
(1) 当不定式与动名词作主语且同时表示一个抽象的概念时可互换。
如:To study hard is our task.
也可说成是:Studying hard is our task.
(2) 若要表示一个具体的或是特定的或是将来的动作时一般用不定式。
如:It is time to do our homework.因do our homework表示一个特定时间里发生的动作, 此时多用不定式而不选择用动名词来作主语。
(3) 非谓语动词同时作主语及表语时要保持前后一致, 也就是说若主语用的是不定式, 那么表语也要用不定式;若主语用的是动名词, 那么表语也要用动名词。
如:To see is to believe.其主语为不定式, 那么其表语也要用不定式;若此时主语用的是动名词, 那么其表语也要用动名词, 也就是说如果主语用的是seeing, 那么其表语就要用believing, 整个句子就要变成Seeing is believing.
(4) 若句型为“There is no...”, 那么其主语只能是动名词, 而不能用不定式。
如:There is no joking about such matters.此时句中就不能用不定式来作主语。
(5) 若句中含有no或是-less等否定词, 那么其主语只能用动名词而不能用不定式。若句中用not对谓语进行了否定, 那么其主语也可用不定式。
如:It is useless discussing the matter.
2.作宾语
(1) 不定式或是动名词作宾语时有一些特殊的词需要注意。比如说admit, deny, delay, suggest, give up, miss, finish, fancy, imagine, mind, stop等表示建议、完成等时, 其宾语只能用动名词。
比如:I have finished correcting the students’paper.其宾语为动名词而不能用不定式。
(2) 若句中含有afford, agree, hope, choose, dare, promise, desire, plan, choose, want, fail等表示愿望、计划、选择等的词时, 其宾语只能用不定式。
如:She failed to pass the middle examination.其宾语为不定式而不能用动名词。
(3) 另外还有一些句子当中既可用不定式作宾语, 也可用动名词作宾语, 并且其含义不会发生很大改变。比如:like, love, hate, start, prefer, cannot bear, cease等表示个人意愿的词, 其宾语既可是不定式, 也可是动名词。
如:Do you like playing football?
也可以写作:Do you like to play football?
(4) 若句子当中有begin, start等的进行式时, 其宾语应用不定式。
如:Mary was starting to learn Chinese.句子中存在start的过去进行式, 因此其宾语只能用不定式。
(5) 一些动词后面的宾语在使用不定式和动名词时具有不同的意义。比如说remember, forget, regret等词, 若其宾语用的是动名词, 那么其表示动作已经发生;若其宾语用的是不定式, 则表示动作尚未发生。
如:I don’t remember telling you the story last night.表示“讲故事”这个事情已经发生了。
而I don’t remember to tell you the story last night.表示“讲故事”这件事情还没有发生。
二、不定式与分词的用法比较
1.作宾补
(1) 不定式不带“to”且跟在感观动词后面则表明是对整个过程的描述, 若跟的是现在分词则表明动作正在进行, 若跟的是过去分词则用来形容动作的结果或状态。
如:I saw him go into the shop.是指此动作的整个过程。
(2) 现在分词和不定式与宾语的关系为主动, 而过去分词与宾语的关系为被动或完成。
(3) 现在分词表示动作正在进行, 而过去分词表示动作已完成。
2.作状语
(1) 若状语为不定式则表示目的或是结果。
(2) 若不定式作原因状语, 常跟在表示心情状态的词后面, 而过去分词则要放在句首, 且其可与现在分词进行互换。
(3) 若状语为不定式, 则表明结果属意料之外;若状语为分词, 则表明结果属自然结果。
三、不定式、动名词及分词的用法比较
1.作表语
(1) 用动名词或是不定式作表语时, 其主要用来表明主语的内容, 且此时主语可与表语互换。若动作为一次性或是表示将来的动作, 其表语通常用不定式。
(2) 分词在句中充当表语时, 主要用来说明表语的特征, 若使用的是过去分词, 则是说明表语的状态或是表示被动。
2.作定语
(1) 定语为不定式且跟在被修饰的名词之后则表明其为动词不定式的宾语。
(2) 定语为动名词表示被修饰名词的作用。
(3) 定语为现在分词表示被修饰名词的状态。
(4) 定语为现在分词表示主动, 若为过去分词则表示被动。
(5) 定语用的是不定式、动名词或是过去分词时其含义不同。
总之, 相对于其他语法来说, 非谓语动词的用法比较难学, 很多学生在平时的学习过程当中就经常搞不清楚不同形式非谓语动词的用法。然而, 非谓语动词在高考中所占的分值比例相对来说还比较高, 因此学生们必须了解并掌握各非谓语动词的用法及其区别, 这样英语水平才能得以提高, 在高考英语考试当中也才能取得更好的成绩。
参考文献
[1]陈颖.非谓语动词的用法归纳与比较[J].辽宁教育行政学院学报, 2009 (12) .
[2]李彩青.英语非谓语动词纵横谈[J].山西广播电视大学学报, 2002 (2) .
[3]鄢渝生.英语非谓语动词用法比较[J].广州航海高等专科学校学报, 2009 (1) .
7.英语动词不定式用法详解 篇七
【关键词】动词不定式 句法功能 时态语态 否定式 疑问词+不定式 省略
非谓语动词是由动词变来但不能作谓语的动词形式,但可以带自己的宾语或状语,构成非谓语动词短语。不定式是最常用的非谓语动词之一,下面从句法功能、时态和语态等方面举例说明其用法。
一、句法功能
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词之特性,同时也保留动词特征,同自己的宾语和状语一起构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语。
1.作主语
To love and to be loved are both happiness.
(1)不定式作主语时,为了避免头重脚轻,常用it作形式主语,不定式作真正主语,常见句型有:
It is very nice to get up early and do morning exercise.
It is a great honor to make a speech at the meeting.
It took me five hours to finish my homework yesterday.
It is against my will to tell her the secret.
(2)不定式的逻辑主语用of或for引出。用for时,它前面的形容词说明不定式的性质,而不是说明逻辑主语,常见的形容词有:important, necessary, difficult等;用of时,常用表示人的品质的形容词,常见形容词有:nice, good, cruel, typical, silly, foolish, stupid, bright, clever, wise, right, wrong, mistaken等,也可以用“逻辑主语+系动词+该形容词”模式改写:
It is very important for us to fasten safety belts.
It was silly of her to believe what he said = She was silly to believe what he said.
2.作宾语
(1)agree, beg, choose, decide, afford, fail, expect, hope, long, offer, manage, plan, prepare, pretend, strive, refuse, intend, promise, seem, wish, want等后常跟不定式作宾语。不定式一般不作介词宾语,但可以作but, except的宾语:
My parents agreed to send me abroad for holidays if I passed the exam.
He had no choice but to have a rest at home.
(2)like, love, hate, continue等动词后跟不定式和动名词作宾语意义接近,区别在于不定式表示具体的动作,动名词表示抽象概念:
I like reading, but I don’t like to read in the classroom today.
(3)不定式作宾语时,用it作形式宾语,常跟一个形容词或者名词作宾补:
We consider it necessary to learn English well in case you go abroad.
We have made it a rule not to watch TV during dinner time.
3.作定语
(1)作定语时,与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的“主谓关系”、“动宾关系”等:
He is always the first to come and the last to go. (主谓关系)
I have a very important meeting to attend this afternoon. (动宾关系)
I will go to Shanghai. Do you have anything to be taken there? (主谓关系)
注:此句中you不是不定式逻辑主语,故anything就成逻辑主语,anything与take之前构成被动关系,故用被动形式,但也可用主动形式:
I will do some washing. Do you have any clothes to wash (to be washed)?
There is a lot of homework to do (to be done) today.
(2)如果作定语的动词不能与被修饰词之间构成动宾关系时,要加相应的介词,构成介宾关系:
I have bought a pen to write with and some paper to write on.
(3)某些抽象名词ability, way, need, possibility, determination等后也跟不定式作定语:
The girl has the ability to operate this modern machine.
He has showed the determination to finish the work ahead of time.
4.作状语
不定式作状语时,通常表示原因、目的和结果,逻辑主语通是句子的主语,有主动和被动之分:
I was very pleased to hear the satisfactory news. (原因)
In order to go to college, I have to learn English well. (目的)
The question is very difficult to answer. =To answer the question is very difficult.
注意:不定式在这种情况下作状语,一般是及物动词,与主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,翻译为“…起来”,不用被动式:
The woman is very difficult to deal with.= To deal with the woman is very difficult.
He woke up at midnight, only to find the door was open.(结果)
He hurried to the school, only to be told that in was Sunday. (结果)
注意:分词也可作结果状语,但不定式的主动和被动形式都表示出乎预料的结果,而现在分词和过去分词均表示必然结果:
He was late again and again, thus making the boss angry.
He smoked again at work, thus caught by the boss.
5.作补语
(1)作宾补或主补时,不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的宾语或者主语,有主动和被动之分。常用动词有:advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, consider, desire, encourage, expect, force, get, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, teach, tell, want, warn等:
Our school doesn’t permit anyone to smoke in the school campus.(宾补)
We were forced to leave the classroom when school was over. (主补)
(2)动词notice, let, make, hear, listen to, see, look at, watch, observe, have, feel跟省略to的不定式作宾补,但这些动词变为被动语态时,作主补的不定式要加上to:
I noticed a young lady enter the room hurriedly.
A young lady was noticed to enter the room hurriedly.
6.作表语
不定式作表语既可表示将来发生的动作,也可表示应该做某事:
My job is to teach children English after graduation.
Who is to blame for the broken window?
二、动词不定式的时态和语态
不定式不仅有时态的变化,而且有语态的变化。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时,就用被动语态。
1.一般式表示动作或状态与谓语动词动作或状态同时发生或之后发生:
He likes to swim in the small river this afternoon.
Nobody likes to be criticized in public.
2.完成式表示动作或状态在谓语动词动作或状态之前发生:
He was lucky to have met a kind and helpful man.
The book is said to have been translated into English.
3.进行式表示动作在谓语动词动作或状态发生时正在发生:
He pretended to be sleeping when his mother told him to do washing.
4.完成进行式表示在谓语动词动作或状态发生之前开始的动作,到谓语动词动作发生时可能停止,也可能会持续下去:
He seems to have been standing there for five hours.
三、动词不定式的否定及其它
1.不定式的否定式是在不定式符号to前面加not:
The teacher ordered us not to make any noise in the classroom.
2.疑问词+不定式
“疑问词+不定式”相当于一个名词,在句中作主语、宾语和表语,其中的不定式常用一般式:
When to start for the journey has not been decided.
If you don’t know when to start for the journey, you’d better call him.
The problem is when to start for the journey.
3.不定式to的省略情况
(1)在had better, would rather…than…, would…rather than…, do nothing but \ except \ other than, might as well, cannot help but \ cannot choose but \ cannot but以及情态动词、助动词之后:
I would rather stay at home than go to the cinema in such terrible weather.
There is nothing I can do other than \ but \ except ask for a leave.
(2)动词help后可直接跟省略to的不定式,即help do sth.;help后的不定式作宾补时,如果句子主语直接参与不定式动作时省略to,句子主语不直接参与不定式动作时,一般不省略to:
Please help do housework, as I am too busy.
Would you please help me carry the box upstairs?
The book will help me to improve my writing skills.
(3)在why 或why not开头、表示建议的疑问句中:
Why argue with your mother?
Why not go outside and breathe some fresh air?
(4)并列的两个以上的不定式,从第二个开始省略to,但对比关系中不能省略:
She will come to help us and give us a lecture.
We haven’t decided whether to go to America or to stay in China during the vacation.
(5)不定式作表语时,系动词前边有动词do的任何形式;句子主语是all或what引导的从句;主语被only, first, one, least及形容词最高级所修饰时:
The first thing I want to do now is (to) thank all the people who have helped me in my life.
All I can do is (to) offer him some money to buy food and clothes.
What she really hopes is (to) marry an honest man.
The only thing he can do is (to) do well in the exam.
参考文献:
[1]薄冰英语语法.开明出版社.
8.12月英语六级核心词汇:动词 篇八
abandon v. 抛弃,放弃
acknowledge v. 对……表示谢忱,报偿
acquaint v. 熟悉,认识
acquire v. (靠自己的能力、努力或行为)获得,得到
afford v. 付得起
allege v. 断言,宣称
alternate v. 交替,轮流
anticipate v. 预期
applaud v. 赞扬,称赞
ascend v. 上升,攀登
ascribe v. 归因于,归功于
assemble v. 集合,聚集
assign v. 分派,指派(职务,任务)
attribute v. 归因于
base v. 建立在……的基础上
bewilder v. 迷惑,弄糊涂
breed v. 培育,养育
cling v. 坚守,抱紧
coincide v. 相同,相一致
collaborate v. 合著,合作
collide v. 互撞,碰撞
commence v. 开始
compensate v. 补偿,赔偿
complement v. 与……结合,补充
comply v. 遵守
conceive v. 想出,设想
concern v. 涉及
condense v. 压缩,浓缩
conflict v. 冲突,战争
conform v. 符合,遵守,适应
confront v. 面对,面临
conserve v. 保护,保存
consolidate v. 巩固
convey v. 表达,传达
crash v. (飞机)坠毁
cruise v. 航行,漫游
dazzle v. 使眩目,耀眼
deceive v. 欺骗,哄骗
decline v. 下降,减少
dedicate v. 奉献,献身,致力于
defend v. 为……辩护
defy v. 违抗,藐视
deny v. 否认
deprive v. 剥夺
derive v. 得来,得到
descend v. 下落
descend v. 下来,下去
deserve v. 值得
9.情态动词用法 篇九
这个字典不见了,谁可能拿走了?
②She could not have been more than six then.
那时她不可能超过六岁。
3、may / might have v-ed
may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如:
①I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.
我找不到我的钥匙了,也许我昨天把它们丢在学校了。
②She might have gone home.
她或许回家了。
4、ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed
ought to / should have v-ed 和 ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed 用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”,分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。例如:
①With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night.
当所有工作完成时,我昨晚本应该去参加派对的。
②He ought not to have kept us waiting so long.
他当时不应该让我们等那么久。
5、needn’t have v-ed
needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要, 意为“本没必要…”。例如:
①You needn’t have waken me up I don’t have to go to work today.
你不必喊我起床了,我今天不上班。
②They need not send me a receipt.
他们不必寄给我收条。
(二)情态动词+行为动词进行式
情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如:
①He must be playing basketball.
他现在应该在打篮球。
②You should be reading a textbook.
此刻你应当在看课本。
(三)情态动词+行为动词完成进行式
情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式),表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如:
①They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.
他们应该一直在见面讨论这个问题。
②You must have been thinking of something.
你准是一直在想什么心事。
五、总结
10.初中英语核心动词用法 篇十
【关键词】语言
一、前言
德语中表示人或物的行为、动作、变化、过程和状态的词称为动词,在句子中充当谓语。而情态动词用来表示说话人对动作或状态所持的各种不同态度。在德语中,除情态动词之外,还有许多同情态动词用法相近的非情态动词。在德语学习中,人们经常碰到这些具有情态意义的非情态动词,却不知怎样理解和掌握它们。理解和掌握好它们对德语学习是非常有帮助的。在这里,谈谈德语中一些常见的不带zu的与情态动词用法相近的动词。
二、不带“zu”动词概念
不带“zu”动词实际上是一种动词不定式形式。动词不定式即是动词的原形,它只表示动词本身的含义,不反映出人称、数、式和时态。
不定式按结构可分为简单的和复合的不定式两种。简单的不定式,又称第一不定式或基本形式,通常是由动词词干加词尾 – en或 – n 构成,包括加了前缀的不定式,如;lesen (阅读),verbessern(更正,改进)等。而复合不定式则包括下列三种:第一、完成不定式,也称第二不定式,由时间助动词haben或sein加上第二分词构成,如:gelesen haben, gegangen sein。第二、被动态的不定式,也称被动态的第一不定式,由被动态助动词werden加动词第二分词构成,如:gelernt werden, entwickelt werden。第三、被动态的完成时不定式,也称被动态的第二不定式,由时间助动词sein加werden的过去分词变异形式worden加动词的过去分词构成,如:gelernt worden sein, entwickelt worden sein。
另外,不定式根据在句子中加zu与否可分为纯粹的不定式(不带zu的不定式)和带zu的不定式。有些动词在构成不定式时不用带zu,这种结构主要用作复合谓语、复合宾语或形成一种习惯表达。
三、不带“zu”动词及其用法
在构成复合谓语时,除情态动词和werden外,还有九个不加zu的动词,即fühlen(感觉), hei?en(叫,称), helfen(帮助)lehren(教), lernen(学), machen(做,使), sehen(看见), h?ren(听), lassen(让)等。它们的用法如下:fühlen:Er fühlt ihr Herz noch schlagen.(他感到他的心都还在跳动。)hei?en:Der Lehrer hei?t ihn aufstehen.(教师叫他站起来。)helfen:Sie half mir zeichnen.(她曾帮过我画画。)lehren:Sie lehrte mich tanzen.(她教过我跳舞。)lernen:Wir lernen alle Deutsch sprechen.(我们大家都学着说德语。)machen:Seine Rede hat uns aus vollem Hals lachen machen.(他的讲话引起我们放声大笑。)sehen:Da sieht er sie kommen.(这时他看到她来了。)h?ren:Ich habe sie singen h?ren.(我听到她在唱歌。)lassen:Lass uns gehen!(让我们走吧!)
另外lassen作情态助动词时的几种形式和意义。首先lassen+不定式,表示允许、不阻碍或命令、要求和请求。如:Lassen Sie ihn reden. (您让他说下去!);值得注意的是lassen可与代词uns连用表示命令。相当于wollen的类似用法。如:Lasst uns gehen! ( = Wollen wir gehen.)(让我们走吧!);另外Lassen+不定式有两层含义:1)同意,听任,引起,如:Der Richter veranlasst, dass der Einbrecher verh?rt wird.(法官同意犯人受审。)- Der Richter l?sst den Einbrecher verh?ren. 2)允许,容忍,许可,如:Dir Einbrecher hatte zugelassen, dass ihm seine Pistole von einem Polizisten abgenommen wurde. - Der Einbrecher hatte sich seine Pistole von einem Polizisten abnehmen lassen. (犯人同意警察把他的手槍取走。)。其次lassen + sich + 及物动词形式是带有情态动词被动态的替代形式,相当于k?nnen + PII + werden被动态形式,表示“可能被......”。lassen的第三人称加上代词sich和动词不定式,表示一种动作或行为的可能性,并且有被动的意义。句中的主语是行为或动作的对象,不是施动者。如:Der Artikel l?sst sich leicht übersetzen. (这篇文章容易翻译。)。
四、几个不带zu动词在构成完成时态时的特殊性
几个不带zu的动词在与某些动词连用时,在构成完成时态时具有一定的特殊性。如:helfen, h?ren, lassen, sehen 和情态动词,在构成完成时时,完全动词不变位,不用变为第二分词,用动词原形。在从句中变位动词,也就是构成完成时的助动词haben在两个不变位动词之前。第一、与情态动词连用,完成时形式为:haben + etw. + Infinitiv + Modalverb (原型):Ich habe nicht kommen k?nnen. (我不能来了。) Er sagt, dass er dich gestern hat anrufen wollen. (他说,他昨天想给你打电话。)第二、与lassen连用,完成时形式为:haben + etw. + Infinitiv + lassen : Ich habe das Kleid reinigen lassen. (我把衣服拿去洗了。)第三、与sehen, h?ren, helfen连用:haben + etw. + Infinitiv + sehen/h?ren/helfen:Er sagt, dass er dich gestern nach Hause hat kommen sehen. (他说,他昨天看到你会的家。)Ich wei?, dass er mich Klavier hat spielen h?ren. (我知道,他听到我弹钢琴。)值得注意的是,以上动词的完成时在从句中的语序,时间助动词haben在两个动词不定式前,而不是像一般从句中可变动词放在句末。
五、结束语
以上所总结的东西,希望它能在德语学习中,提高学习者的兴趣,促进德语语言能力。能在德语学习中,真正对学习者有所帮助。
【参考文献】
[1]李树山,德语语法讲座与测试,上海交通大学出版社,2008;
[2]王兆渠,现代德语实用语法,同济大学出版社,2003;
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