投资协议书中英文

投资协议书中英文（精选8篇）

1.投资协议书中英文 篇一

借款协议

Loan Agreement

甲方（出借方）：

Party A (Borrower):

乙方（借款方）：

Party B (Lender):

甲方为乙方股东之一，就甲方借款给乙方相关事宜，经协商一致达成以下协议： PartyAis one shareholder of Party B, regarding the issue that Party A lend a loan to Party B, after Parties friendly negotiation , agreed as follows:

第一条 借款金额 The amount of the loan

甲方借给乙方人民币______________。甲方所指定的第三人【姓名： 身份证号：】向乙方出借的款项视同出借方本人向乙方的出借款。

Party A lends to Party B. Capital that lending from the 3rd Party (name:ID NO.: ) that designated by Party A would be

regarded as Party A’s lent capital to Party B.

第二条 借款期限

Term of the loan

借款期限自_____ 年__ 月__ 日至_____ 年__ 月__ 日止。

The term shall start from [mm/dd/yyyy] and end to [mm/dd/yyyy].

第三条 借款利率

Lending rate

借款利率为【 】%/30天换算）。 The lending rate should be which would be calculated as actual number of lending days (one month account for 30 days).

第四条 还款方式

Method of repayment

1 / 3

借款期限届满到期一次性还清借款本金及利息。

Party B shall one-time pay off the principal and interest of the loan when the loan period expires.

第五条 协议的生效、变更与终止

Taking effect, modification and termination of the agreement

1. 本协议自乙方将本协议第一条的款项划入甲方指定的账户之日起生效，甲方指定账户信息如下：

This agreement would take effect after Party B transfer the amount of the capital set forth in Article 1 thereof to Party A’s designated bank account; the information of the bank account would as follows:

账户持有人名称（Name of the beneficiary）：

账号(Bank Account Number)：

开户行名称（Name of the Bank）：

开户行地址(Address of the bank)：

2. 本协议自生效后，如须变更，须经双方协商一致并书面签章确认。

After the agreement come into force, if any modification needed, Parties shall have common written confirmation to the modification.

3. 借款期限届满前一个月内，经乙方请求，如甲方同意续借前述借款，则本协议依照原计息方式自动延期一年。

Within one month after expiration of the lending term, if Party A agrees to renew the loan after Party B’s application, the lending term could be automatically extended for one year and remained the original lending rate.

4. 本协议自乙方全额归还借款本金及利息之日起终止。

This agreement would be terminated after PartyBrepay the total amount of principle and interest to Party A.

第六条 其他

Miscellaneous

1. 本协议如有未尽事宜，甲乙双方经协商一致，可签署补充协议，补充协议与本协议具有同等效力。

Any issue that not covered in this agreement could be settled in the additional agreement after Parties negotiation; the additional agreement has same legal effect as this agreement.

2 / 3

2. 本协议履行过程中如产生纠纷，甲乙双方应通过协商解决，协商不成，任意一方均可向当地有管辖权的人民法院提起诉讼。

For any dispute comes from performance of this agreement, Parties shall firstly resolve the dispute through amicable consultation, if not work, each party has the right to raise a litigation to the jurisdiction court.

3. 本协议一式两份，甲乙各执一份，均具有同等法律效力。

This agreement is in duplicate, each party hold one copy, and each copy has the same legal effect.

甲方（出借方）：

Party A (Borrower):

签章（Signature/chop）

日期：

乙方（借款方）：

Party B (Lender):

签章（Signature/chop）

日期：

3 / 3

2.投资协议书中英文 篇二

Is China really has such attractive power for FDI?In order to examine a country’s competitiveness, Michael Porter, a famous management scientist, raises a theory which called the Diamond theory.There are four factors included in Porter’s Diamond theory.They are factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and fi rm strategy, structure and rivalry.

China’s natural resources, from minerals to energy, are suffi cient to support even the growing industrial demands.Moreover, China is the tenth largest oil producer in the world and it is enough to support the daily use and the industry use of natural resources (Liang, 2002) .However, only depends on natural resources cannot win in the international competition.Therefore, in international trade, a country which has an advantage in rich natural resources will be more competitive, and a fi rm which could make use of both domestic resources and advanced technology will has a competitive advantage over other fi rms.

Porter argues that a mature and complicated domestic market is a very important element to competitiveness producing.Companies that confront a mature and complicated domestic market are likely to sell superior products because the market needs high quality and a close proximity to such consumers enables the fi rm to better understand the needs and desires of the customers.As it mentioned above, China has the largest population all over the world, in other words, the domestic needs and the ability of purchase in China are higher than other countries.If a firm can meet the demand of domestic consumers while competing with foreign firms over the world, this must be a competitive fi rm.

Porter also argues that a set of strong associated and supporting industries is important to the competitiveness of fi rms.This includes suppliers and related industries.China is famous for its handicraf industry and manufacturing industry, therefore, in order to suppor the handicraft industry and manufacturing industry, some other industries such as transportation industry, IT industry and fi nancia industry should work together to ensure the competitiveness of those lower-stream industry over the world, meanwhile, a growing number of foreign direct investments rushing into Chinese market in order to get a share in this big market.

In Porter’s Diamond theory, strategy of companies will be affected by the Domestic capital markets.Some countries’capita markets have a long-run outlook, while other countries’capita markets have a short-run outlook.Industries vary in how long the long-run is.Countries with a short-run outlook will tend to be more competitive in industries where investment is short-term.China used to make several short-run outlooks such as“Five Year Project”and then come to a long-run outlook.However, even the country provides the elementary factors of development, a fi rm which canno make right strategies will not be successful in a short term.

Opportunity and government also play very important roles in developing firm’s competitiveness.According to Chinese curren situation, most Chinese important industries are still stated-owned and regulation through the market cannot be put into practice efficiently under the shadow of the socialist planned economic system (Bajona and Chu, 2009) .However, Chinese government is greatly supporting the development of domestic fi rms.Governmen also sets up intermediaries to train staff and provide technica guidance for domestic firms.Therefore, with the help of Chinese government, domestic firms will be more competitive in the international market.

In conclusion, China has been regarded as one of the mos powerful countries in the global economy and remained a dream land for many western companies.According to Porter’s diamond theory, Chinese international trade and foreign investment position at present gives a very good opportunity to firms who want to be competitiveness in competing in the international market, and many domestic fi rms are supported by Chinese policies.Therefore international trade and foreign investment in China are developed well.

参考文献

[1]Bajona, C., &Chu, T. (2009, 3) .Reforming state owned enterprises in China:Effects of WTO accession.Review of Economic Dynamics, pp.479-503

[2]Kynge, J. (2003, 516) .Consumers fuel Chinese growth.Financial Times, p.1

[3]Liang, W. (2002) .Over view of China.China Geography Magazine, 56-58

3.私募股权投资对赌协议风险管控 篇三

一、对赌协议理论分析

对赌协议（估值调整协议）是投资方与融资方在达成协议时，双方对于未来不确定情况的一种约定。如果约定的条件出现，投资方可以行使一种估值调整协议权利；如果约定的条件不出现，融资方则行使一种权利。所以，对赌协议实际上就是期权的一种形式。在西方资本市场，估值调整几乎是每一宗投资必不可少的技术环节。因为投资方和被投资方对企业未来的盈利前景均不可能做绝对正确的判定，因此，投资方往往倾向于在未来根据实际情况对投资条件加以调整。

国外对赌协议通常涉及公司的财务绩效、非财务绩效、赎回补偿、企业行为、股票发行和管理层去向等条款，所约定的范围非常广泛，既有财务方面的，也有非财务方面的，涉及企业运营管理的多个方面。所用筹码除了股份外，管理层和投资方还以董事会席位、二轮注资和期权认购权等多种方式来实现对赌。

国内的对赌协议通常仅涉及公司的财务绩效，而且一般都以单一的净利润为条件，以股权为筹码。根据不同的协议条款，投资方可以有三种不同选择：一是根据单一目标，如公司一年的净利润或者税前利润指标，作为股权调整与否的前提条件；二是设立一系列渐进目标，每达到一个指标，股权相应发生一定的调整；三是设定上下限，股权可依据时间和限制范围调整。

二、对赌协议风险来源分析

未来的不确定性。对赌协议产生的根源在于企业未来盈利能力的不确定性，目的是为了尽可能地实现投资交易的合理和公平。这种不确定性来源于多种因素，比如：国际形势不确定、政府政策引导变化、商业模式改变、市场变化、企业自身经营风险以及不可控因素等。

信息的不对称性。在投资协议签署前，融资方通常都会经历前期准备和尽职调查两个阶段。为了吸引私募股权投资者，企业通常会聘请有私募经验、声誉良好的律师或者事务所帮助制订商业计划书，包括商业模式、核心竞争力、盈利模式、企业成长性、融资安排等内容。投资者一般会认真研究分析企业的商业计划书，一旦决定投资意向，还会直接和企业接触面谈，聘请律师、会计师、评估师等一起对企业进行详尽的尽调，以防范投资失败的风险。根据买卖双方的信息不对称原理，买方无论怎样进行尽职调查，其掌握的信息都不可能超过卖方。在私募股权投资过程中，投融资双方同样不可避免地存在着信息不对称情况。投资方不可能充分了解被投资方的情况，包括对被投资方国家的文化、习惯、法律等诸多因素，而更多还是不可控的。同时，PE机构投资后并不实质性的参与企业的经营管理，这样加大了投资完成后，未来经营前景的不确定性。私募股权投资中基于这种信息高度不对称的资本游戏，必然具有很高的危险性。

投融资双方不理性。对赌协议虽然是投融资双方博弈的过程，但双方地位并不平等，尤其是在中小企业与创业企业融资难的当下，投资方一般处于强势地位。当融资方在出让股权募资时，为了能获取更多资金，往往过分包装夸大公司的估值，同时又对企业未来发展充满信心，而忽略了详细衡量和投资方要求的差距，以及内部或外部经济大环境的不可控变数带来的负面影响，甚至忽视对控制权的重视。而且，过分的激励很可能导致融资方不理性，为了达到对赌协议所约定的业绩指标，控制股东或经营管理层冒进偏激，注重企业的短期业绩，忽视企业的长远发展，甚至不惜代价编造财务报表，损害股东权益。

对投资方而言，在业绩对赌时，也会顺势抬高业绩，这样无形中就形成了业绩泡沫。不切实的业绩目标将进一步放大企业错误的发展战略和本身不成熟的商业模式，从而把企业推向困境。而一旦业绩不达标触及到对赌协议条款时，融资方往往不甘心履行协议放弃企业控制权，对赌纠纷由此而生。由于相关法律法规的不完善，投资方遇到对赌纠纷之时面临着法律风险。海富投资就是一个鲜活的案例。

三、对赌协议风险管控

（一）融资方应正确认识对赌协议的利弊，弄清楚对赌协议的本质及其潜在风险。

对赌协议的核心在于对企业价值的科学评估。融资方应恰当准确评估自身价值，对企业的经营状况和发展前景做出较为客观的判断。切忌盲目乐观、对企业给予不切实际的高估值，尤其不能以市场最佳状态作为业绩的预测标准，做出高于常规的增长预期，轻率地签订对赌协议。合理方法是在在专业机构协助下，在企业发展战略层面和经营模式上赢得投资方的认同，让投资方明白其最大的收益还是在于企业的长期增长。同时把自己的关注点放在投资人未来能够带来的其他价值上，比如品牌、企业运作和管理经验、国际化经验、以往投资企业的协同效应等。最好将对赌协议设为重复博弈结构，降低当事人在博弈中的不确定性。

努力对控制权设置保障条款，保证管理层控制权独立性以及最低限度的控制权。融资方应把握好自己的原则和底限，要通过合理的协议安排锁定风险，以保证自身的对企业最低限度控股地位。

协议签订前，要加强与投资方的沟通，配合投资方做好尽职调查，公开透明地向投资方开放企业信息。对赌协议签订之后，被投资企业在获得资金的同时，借助PE机构的资源，抓紧加强和完善企业内部治理，不断增强自身的核心竞争力。

（二）PE投资为人所诟病的是过于关注短期效益和自身安全退出，对此应当有所调整。

投资方要增强与融资方的信息交换与沟通，减少信息不对称的情况。适当降低自己的期望，缩小双方在定价期望上的差距，谨慎合理作出业绩预测。在对赌内容上预留一些弹性空间，可以约定一个浮动的弹性业绩标准。在PE退出方式方面，也可以弹性约定，可以放宽上市时间，也可以不将上市作为唯一退出方式，柔性寻求对于企业经营风险的互相理解和共同承担。业绩目标应该有相对合理、细化的设定，尽量采取股权比例调整的手段，而不是现金补偿的手段，以免对企业经营产生强烈冲击。

融投资双方应细化投资协议，核心是要明确细化管理层控制权。投资者要注重在关键决策上要有制约能力和否决权。同时，在对赌内容上可以设定财务绩效、赎回补偿、企业行为、股票发行和管理层等多方面指标。

签订协议时尽量通过与目标公司管理层对赌或与目标公司原股东对赌的方式，绕开将目标公司卷入对赌，从而避免相应协议被认定无效。同时，在以上市时间或财务指标作为对赌内容的对赌安排中，避免以固定年化收益率计价回购股权或进行现金、股权补偿，该等约定可能会被当成保底条款从而被认定为无效。中国PE“对赌第一案”中海富投资对被投公司甘肃世恒的投资对赌条款被判为无效，理由就是对赌条款“名为联营，实属借贷”，违反了法律、行政法规的强制性规定。

如果对赌若影响被投资方股权以及经营的稳定性，投资方在上市之前应予以清理。

目前有关上市的法律、法规，并未对私募投资中的“对赌”作出明确规定。但根据证监会对发行人的监管要求，拟上市企业的股权应该是清晰、稳定的。而对赌的存在，可能会造成公司股权结构发生重大变化，并可能导致公司实际控制人或管理层变化，给公司带来较大的不确定性。同时，现金对赌可能导致发行人上市融资后，上市公司募集到的资金被实际控制人用来偿还对PE对赌资金，从而损害小股东的利益。另外，对赌中常见的盈利预测条款也与上市的目的背道而驰。

证监会明确指出五类对赌为上市审核的禁区，必须在上市前予以进行清理，这五类对赌为：上市时间对赌；业绩对赌；股权对赌协议；董事会一票否决权安排；企业清算优先受偿协议。在申请上市时，此五类对赌安排通常会被证监会要求取消，如果不及时清理或将导致无法过会。例如，丰林木业就因未清理涉及到股权转让安排的上市时间对赌协议而导致上会被否。另一家发行人江苏东光则在成功清理了股权对赌、业绩对赌、上市时间对赌等对赌协议后成功过会。

文章通过对对赌协议风险来源进行分析，提出投融资方在交易过程中可能面临的风险，最后对双方风险管控提出建议。融资方在交易中首先要避免盲目、合理估计企业价值，其次要对其独立性设置保障条款，避免丧失对企业的控制权；投资方则应采取加强与融资企业沟通、合理选择对赌目标等措施将风险降到最低。

4.投资协议书中英文 篇四

Documents for Applying for Modifying a Commercial Project

Invested by Foreign Merchants

（一）增加分销经营范围的申报材料

1)Documents to be submitted for applying for expansion of distribution business scope *

1、非商业企业填报《外商投资非商业企业增加分销经营范围申请表》（原件1份）； 已设立商业企业提交企业法定代表人申请报告（打印，原件1份）

* 1.The non-commercial enterprise completes and submits Application for Expanding Distribution Business Scope of Foreign-invested Non-commercial Enterprise(1 original);The commercial enterprise submits the application report of the legal representative of the enterprise(1 printed original).2、外商投资企业关于增加分销经营范围的一致通过的董事会或企业权利机构决议（原件1份，打印，董事会成员或企业权力机构成员签字）；

2.Resolution unanimously agreed by the board of directors or other authority of foreign-invested enterprise with respect to expanding the distribution business scope(1 printed original, signed by the members of the board of directors or other authority of the enterprise);

3、外商投资企业关于经营范围修改的补充合同章程（投资者签章，原件4份）；

3.Supplementary contracts and articles of association of the foreign-invested enterprise with respect to modifying the business scope(sealed by the investors, 4 originals);

4、外商投资企业的进出口商品目录（打印，原件1份）；

4.Catalog of import & export commodities of the foreign-invested enterprise(1 printed original);

5、外商投资企业批准证书正本、副本2；

5.Original and counterpart 2 of permit of the foreign-invested enterprise;

6、营业执照（复印件1份，加盖企业公章）； 6.Business license(1 Xerox, with seal of the enterprise);

7、外商投资企业原合同章程（复印件各1份）；

7.Old contract and articles of association of the foreign-invested enterprise(1 Xerox of each);

8、法定验资机构出具的注册资本已经缴足的验资报告（复印件1份）；

8.Capital verification report issued by a legal capital verification organization for verifying fully paid registered capital(1 Xerox);*

9、填报《外商投资企业（台港澳侨）批准证书存根》1份。

* 9.Counterfoil of Permit for Foreign-invested Enterprise(for overseas investors from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao)(1 completed copy).（二）已设立外商投资商业企业申请开设店铺的申报材料

II)Documents to be submitted for an established foreign-invested commercial enterprise to apply for establishing shops

1、企业法人签署的申请书1份；

1.Application signed by the legal person of the enterprise(1 copy);

2、外商投资企业关于开设店铺的一致通过的董事会或企业权利机构决议（原件1份，打印，董事会成员或企业权力机构成员签字）；

2.Resolution unanimously agreed by the board of directors or other authority of foreign-invested enterprise with respect to establishing shops(1 printed original, signed by the members of the board of directors or other authority of the enterprise);

3、法定验资机构出具的注册资本已经缴足的验资报告（复印件1份）；

3.Capital verification report issued by a legal capital verification organization for verifying fully paid registered capital(1 Xerox);

4、拟开设店铺所在地政府商务主管部门出具的符合城市发展及城市商业发展要求的说明文件（如在深圳市开设店铺，由深圳市贸易工业局内部审核）（原件1份）；

4.Clarification on compliance with urban development and urban commercial development requirements issued by the local governmental department in charge of commerce where the planned shop is located(e.g., issued by the Shenzhen Administration for Trade & Industry if the shop is located in Shenzhen)(1 original);

5、外商投资企业批准证书（复印件1份）、营业执照（复印件1份）； 5.Permit of the foreign-invested enterprise(1 Xerox), business license(1 Xerox);

6、拟开设店铺所用土地的使用权证明文件（复印件1份）及（或）房屋租赁协议（复印件1份）。6.Certification of land use rights for establishing the shops(1 Xerox)and/or property lease agreement(1 Xerox).（三）已设立外商投资企业在境内投资商业领域的申报材料

III)Documents to be submitted for an established foreign-invested enterprise to apply for investing in commercial fields in the territory of China

1、企业法定代表人签署的关于境内再投资申请书（原件1份）；

1.Application for reinvestment in the territory of China signed by the legal representative of the enterprise(1 original);

2、投资各方的银行资信证明（原件1份）、登记注册证明（复印件1份）、法定代表人证明（复印件1份），外方投资者为个人的，应提供身份证明（复印件1份）；

2.Bank certification of credit standing for the investing parties(1 original), certification of registration(1 Xerox), certification of legal representative(1 Xerox).An identity certificate shall be furnished if the foreign investor is an individual.3、投资各方经会计师事务所审计的最近一年的审计报告（成立不满1年的企业可不要求其提供审计报告）（复印件1份）；

3.Audit report of investing parties for the last fiscal year audited by a CPA firm(The audit report may be omitted if the enterprise has been founded for less than 1 year)(1 Xerox);

4、工商行政管理部门出具的企业名称预先核准通知书（复印件1份）；

4.Advice of enterprise name pre-approval(1 Xerox)issued by the administration department for industry & commerce;

5、拟开设店铺所用土地的使用权证明文件（复印件）及（或）房屋租赁协议（复印件1份）；

5.Certification of land use rights for establishing the shops(1 Xerox)and/or property lease agreement(1 Xerox).6、拟开设店铺所在地政府商务主管部门出具的符合城市发展及城市商业发展要求的说明文件（如在深圳市开设店铺，由深圳市贸易工业局内部审核）（原件1份）。

6.Clarification on compliance with urban development and urban commercial development requirements issued by the local governmental department in charge of commerce where the planned shop is located(e.g., issued by the Shenzhen Administration for Trade & Industry if the shop is located in Shenzhen)(1 original);

7、外商投资企业关于投资的一致通过的权力机构决议（原件1份）；

7.Unanimous resolution of the authority of the foreign-invested enterprise with respect to the investment(1 original);

8、外商投资企业的批准证书（复印件1份）和营业执照副本（复印件1份，加盖企业公章）；

8.Permit of the foreign-invested enterprise(1 Xerox), counterpart of business license(1 Xerox, with seal of the enterprise);

9、法定验资机构出具的注册资本已经缴足的验资报告（复印件）1份；

9.Capital verification report issued by a legal capital verification organization for verifying fully paid registered capital(1 Xerox);

10、外商投资企业缴纳所得税或减免所得税的证明材料（原件1份）；

10.Certification for payment or reduction/exemption of income tax of the foreign-invested enterprise(1 original);

11、拟设立公司的章程（原件1份）。

11.Articles of association of the company to be established(1 original).注： Note:

1、下列情形之一的，须上报商务部审批，报送全套资料一式一份和全套资料的复印件（申请、合同、章程应为原件，下同）一式一份，涉及开设店铺的报送全套资料一式一份和全套资料的复印件一式二份： 1.In one of the following circumstances, one original and one Xerox of each item of the whole suite of documents(application, contract and articles of association shall be in the form of original, hereinafter the same)shall be presented to the State Ministry of Commerce for approval.In case shop establishment is involved, one original of each item of whole suite of documents and 2 Xerox copies of each item of whole suite of documents shall be presented: ① 通过电视、电话、邮购、互联网、自动售货机等方式销售； Sell commodities through television, telephone, post, Internet or automat.② 分销商品涉及钢材、贵金属、铁矿石、燃料油、天然橡胶等重要工业原材料，及图书、报纸、期刊、成品油和原油、药品、汽车、农药和农膜化肥、盐、音像制品（批发）等；

The distributed commodities involve important industrial raw materials such as steel, rare metal, iron ore, fuel oil, and natural rubber as well as books, newspaper, journals, finished oil and raw oil, pharmaceutical products, automobiles, pesticide and farm film and chemical fertilizer, salt, and audio & video products(wholesale);③ 零售店铺：单一店铺营业面积超过5000平方米，且店铺数量超过3家，其外国投资者通过设立的外商投资商业企业在中国开设同类店铺总数超过30家；单一店铺营业面积超过3000平方米，店铺数量超过5家，其外国投资者通过设立的外商投资商业企业在中国开设同类店铺总数超过50家的零售项目。Retail shops: The operation area of a single shop exceeds 5,000 m2, and the number of shops exceeds 3, and its foreign investor has set more than 30 shops of the same type in China through the established foreign-invested commercial enterprise;the operation area of a single shop exceeds 3,000m2, and the number of shops exceeds 5, and its foreign investor has set more than 50 shops of the same type in China through the established foreign-invested commercial enterprise.④ 通过并购方式设立外商投资商业企业的，如果境内外企业被同一管理层所控制或其实际控制人为同一人。

In case the foreign-invested commercial enterprise is established in the form of acquisition, the foreign enterprise and the Chinese enterprise are controlled by the same management or in the charge of the same controller.2、除上述报商务部审批情形的，其余均可由深圳市贸易工业局直接审批。

5.中英文客户交易协议 篇五

this agreement refers and extends to a potential dealing relationship between the customer and snc in otc non-deliverable foreign exchange(currencies)on a spot settlement basis as is commonly dealt in the international interbank market, and all other provisions of this agreement notwithstanding, the customer agrees, understands and warrants that the dealing relationship between the customer and snc ??hereunder shall not extend at any time to the dealing, trading, brokering of or advice related to any exchange listed.这项协议提及并延伸到客户和snc 之间潜在交易关系。此关系是指在国际银行间市场，按本协议规定的场外即时外汇交易关系。客户同意、理解和认同其与snc 的交易关系，在任何时候都不涉及任何交易所的做市，交易或代理活动。

subject to the terms and conditions of this agreement, the full completion of the account setup requirements and acceptance of customer’s application to open an account with snc , snc ?will open and maintain account(s)in customer’s name for the purpose of engaging in cash settled transactions with and for customer in currencies markets on a spot settlement basis, and provide such other services and products as snc ?may, in its sole discretion, determine to offer in the future.unless expressly stated otherwise in writing, all contracts and other transactions entered into between snc and customer shall be governed by the terms of this customer agreement, including the risk disclosure statement and snc ?trading policies, to the extent annexed hereto, as amended from time to time.根据符此项协议的条件，从接受客户的申请snc 开户到帐户的全面设置和完成，snc 须以客户的名义维护并为客户在帐户从事现金结算和在货币市场上现货结算；并在将来提供其他服务和产品。除非另有书面明文规定，所有合同及其他snc 与客户应受本客户协议，包括风险声明，snc外汇交易政策，需在必要时修订。

customer acknowledges and understands that trading and investment in leveraged otc foreign currency contracts is highly speculative, involves an extreme degree of risk, and is generally appropriate only for persons who can assume risk of loss in excess of their margin deposit.customer understands that because of the low margin/high leverage normally available in foreign currency trading, price changes in foreign currency contracts may result in significant losses.such losses may substantially exceed customer’s investment and margin deposit.by customer directing snc ?to enter into any foreign currency contract, any profit or loss arising as a result of a fluctuation in the exchange rate affecting such currency will be entirely for the customer’s account and risk.客户确认并明白，交易和投资在场外杠杆式外汇合约是有高度投机性，涉及极端的风险程度，而且通常只适合可承担损失超过其保证金风险的人。客户理解，由于低保证金/高杠杆作用，进行外币交易时，外币汇率收缩引起的价格变动可能导致重大损失。这种损失可能大大超出客户的投资金额和保证金。客户通过snc 进入任何外汇合同，由于货币的汇率波动所造成的利润或亏损将完全属于账户承担的风险。

customer warrants that the customer is willing and able, financially and otherwise, to assume the risk of foreign currency trading, and in consideration of snc ??carrying his/her account(s), customer agrees not to hold snc ??responsible for losses incurred through following its trading recommendations or suggestions or those of its employees, agents or representatives.customer recognizes that guarantees of profit or freedom from loss cannot be given and it is impossible to predict performance in foreign currency trading.customer acknowledges that customer has received no such guarantees from snc ??or from any of its representatives or any introducing broker or other entity with whom customer is conducting his/her snc ??account and has not entered into this agreement in consideration of or in reliance upon any such guarantees or similar representations.all transactions effected for customer’s accounts and all fluctuations in the market prices of the contracts carried in customer’s accounts are at customer’s risk, and customer shall be solely liable therefore under all circumstances.customer represents and warrants that customer is willing and financially able to sustain such losses, and that the trading of spot foreign exchange(currencies)is a suitable investment vehicle for the customer.snc ?is not responsible for delays or partial or total failures in any online(electronic)trading platforms or any communications facility or other causes beyond snc ?reasonable direct control.the customer understands and recognizes that the transactions to be conducted pursuant to this agreement are not conducted on a regulated market or exchange.customer represents that it is aware of the risks inherent in the trading of otc foreign exchange(currencies)and is financially able to bear such risks and withstand any losses incurred.(for a further discussion on the risks of trading foreign exchange please refer to the risk disclosure statement).客户权证，其愿意且能够在财务上承担外币交易的风险；并考虑虽然他/她的帐号是由snc 开通，如其雇员，代理人或代表提供交易建议，他们对建议导致的亏损不负任何责任。客户要知道，在外币交易中担保或保证免受损失和预测交易回报是不可能的。客户要理解snc 或任何其代表或任何介绍经纪人或其他实体对客户在他/她的snc 外汇账户的任何交易也没有这类的担保。在任何情况下，客户须对所有所有与帐户相关的交易或者因市场价波动引起的风险承担全部责任和风险。客户须愿意并在经济上承担交易损失，并同意即时外汇交易是合适的投资产品。在snc 无法直接控制的情况下，snc 对任何因网上(电子)交易平台或任何通讯设施或其他原因造成的延时，部分或完全故障不负任何责任。客户需理解并确认依照本协定进行交易与在规范的市场或交易所进行的交易有所不同。客户须知在场外或电子外汇交易所涉及到的风险并且具有承担亏损的经济能力。(对进一步关于外汇交易的风险的讨论，请参阅风险声明)。

?customer’s representations and warranties (客户的事实陈述和保证)

as of the date hereof, the date of each contract and other transaction in customer’s account and any date on which snc ?risk disclosure statement or trading policies are revised, updated or amended, customer represents and warrants to snc ??and agrees for the benefit of snc ??that:

自每份合同签订的日期及在客户的帐户中任何交易的日期起，或者对任何snc 风险声明或交易规定的修改日起，对于所有修改或更新，客户向snc表明及保证，并站在snc 的利益角度同意以下：

customer is of sound mind, legal age(18 in the usa)and legal competence.

客户是理智，达到法定年龄(在美国为十八岁)和遵循法律规定。

customer(if not a natural person)is duly organized and validly existing under the applicable laws of the jurisdiction of its organization.

客户(如果不是自然人)，是有效存在正式组建并经由法律管辖的组织。

execution and delivery of this agreement and all contracts and other transactions contemplated hereunder and performance of all obligations contemplated under this agreement and all contracts and other transactions contemplated hereunder have been duly authorized by customer.

本协定的所有合同和其他在第二十八条和所有根据这项协议的义务下的合同，所有合同和由授权的顾客按照第二十八条规定的义务下执行和实施的其他交易。

each person executing and delivering this agreement and all contracts and other transactions contemplated hereunder on behalf of customer performing the obligations contemplated under this agreement and any contract and other transaction contemplated hereunder on behalf of customer, has been duly authorized by customer to do so.

每个人的执行和兑现这项协议，所有合同和其他以第二十八条代表客户履行合同义务的交易合同，这项协议和任何合同和其他交易下，谨代表客户的利益。

execution and delivery by customer of this agreement and all contracts and other transactions contemplated hereunder, and performance of all of customer’s obligations contemplated under this agreement and any contract and other transaction contemplated hereunder, will not violate any statute, rule, regulation, ordinance, charter, by-law or policy applicable to customer.???

客户根据本协定的所有合同和其他交易的情况的执行、交付，所有客户的合同义务的行为应依照这项协议和任何合同和其他交易的情况，不违反任何法规、规则,规章、条例、章程，法律或政策适用于顾客。

customer has full beneficial ownership of customer’s account.customer has not granted and will not grant a security interest in customer’s account with snc ?(other than the security interest granted to snc ?hereunder)to any person without snc ?prior written consent.customer has full beneficial ownership of all collateral and will not grant any security interest in any collateral to any person(other than the security interest granted to snc ?hereunder)without prior written consent of snc.

客户已拥有客户帐户的全部实益。客户在snc 帐户没有且而不会有对未经snc 事先书面同意的任何人给予权益担保(除第二十八条安全利益给予snc)。客户拥有所有抵押的的充分实益，也不会在任何人未经snc 事先书面同意的任何抵押中给予任何权益担保(除下文中利益安全给予了snc)。

customer will execute and deliver all documents, give all notices, make all filings and take such other actions as snc , in its sole discretion, deems necessary or desirable to evidence or perfect any security interest in favour of snc ?or to protect snc ?interests with respect to any collateral.

客户将像snc 一样自主执行和提供所有文件，发出所有通知，进行所有备案和采取其他行动。在其认为必要或适宜时，为了有利于snc，对任何抵押提供证明或者表示尊重。

customer hereby warrants that regardless of any subsequent determination to the contrary, customer is suitable to trade foreign currency and is a sophisticated foreign exchange investor.

客户在此保证，不论之后有何相反的决定，客户是适合进行外汇交易，而且是成熟的外汇投资者。

customer has read and understands the risk disclosure statement contained in this agreement.customer will review snc ?risk disclosures, including, without limitation, snc ?risk disclosure statement, each time they are amended.customer will not affect any opening transaction in customer’s account unless customer understands snc ?revised risk disclosures, and customer agrees that in effecting any opening transaction it is deemed to represent that it has read and understands snc ?revised risk disclosures as in effect at the time of such opening transaction.

客户已阅读并了解本协议的风险声明。在每次对snc 风险声明修订后，客户需无限制的重新阅读声明内容。客户不会影响客户的帐户中的任何开盘交易的，除非客户明白snc 风险披露的修改，和客户同意在实际开盘交易时的任何开盘交易进行均被视为已经阅读并理解已修改的snc 外汇风险披露。

customer has read and understands the trading policies contained in this agreement, including, without limitation, snc ?trading policies.customer will review snc trading policies, including, without limitation, snc ?trading policies each time they are amended.customer will not affect any opening transaction in customer’s account unless customer understands snc revised trading policies, and customer agrees that in effecting any opening transaction it is deemed to represent that it has read and understands snc ?revised trading policies as in effect at the time of such opening transaction.

客户已经阅读并理解载于本协议的买卖政策，包括但不限于snc 交易政策。客户将审查snc 买卖政策，其中包括但不限于snc 交易政策每次都被修订。顾客不会影响任何开盘交易的客户的帐户，除非客户明白snc 买卖政策的修改，和客户同意在实际开盘交易时的任何开盘交易进行均被视为已经阅读并理解已修改的snc 外汇买卖政策。

customer acknowledges that customer has conducted simulated trading using the snc demo trading platform for a period that has allowed the customer to develop a full understanding of the snc ?internet trading platform an online trading system for spot foreign exchange real-time trading.

客户承认曾使用snc 进行模拟外汇交易演示平台，已经允许客户建立一个对snc 外汇网上交易平台的全面认识，为即期外汇实时交易的网上交易系统。

all information provided by customer to snc , including information regarding customer’s trading experience and investment sophistication, is true, correct and complete, and customer will notify snc ?promptly of any changes in such information.

所有客户提供给snc 的外汇信息，包括客户真实、正确及完整的交易经验和投资的复杂化，客户将通知snc 外汇及时更改这些信息。

trading （交易）

4.1 authorization to trade for customer’s account

subject to the terms of this agreement and all related agreements, including the risk disclosure statement and snc ??trading policies document hereto, the customer account application and any applicable addenda thereto, customer authorizes snc ??to enter, purchase, sell, and clear otc foreign exchange contracts on a spot basis for the customer’s account in accordance with customer’s electronic, written or oral instructions received through the snc ?internet trading platform-an online trading system connected directly to the snc ??trade execution desk, via telephone directly to the snc ??trade execution desk, or via any other communicative means available.本协议相关的条款和所有的承诺，包括snc 外汇风险披露声明和snc 交易政策文件，客户帐户申请书和任何适用的增编，客户授权snc 外汇进行交易。在现货的基础上按照客户的电子、书面或口头指示为客户的账户，通过snc 外汇网上交易平台——网上交易系统直接与snc 连接应用，可以透过电话或其他通信手段直接连接到snc 外汇交易服务台，明确场外外汇买卖合约

customer agrees to be responsible for any transaction instruction received by snc either electronically via the snc ??internet trading platform(or similar product), or orally over the telephone.? before executing a transaction, snc will require the customer at least?? to provide user name and password authorization electronically via a login procedure or if contacted via the telephone, orally via an identification procedure.? correct information will authenticate the customer and allow the customer to conduct transactions in the authorized snc account for that authentication.客户同意对snc 通过snc 网上交易平台(或类似产品)，或电话收到的任何交易指令负责。在执行一项交易前，snc 会请求客户要至少提供经电子授权登录的用户名和密码，如果是通过电话联系，以口头通过鉴定程序。正确的资料将认证客户，并授予其有在snc 帐户进行交易的权利。

if customer’s account is a joint account, snc is authorized to act on the instructions of any one owner without further inquiry, with regard to trading in the account and/or the disposition of any and all assets in the account.snc shall have no responsibility for further inquiry into such apparent authority and no liability for the consequences of any actions taken or failed to be taken by snc ?and any of its employees in reliance on any such instructions or on the apparent authority of any such authorized person(s).如果客户的账户是一个联名账户，snc 有权在没有作进一步调查下，识演任何户主的角色，买卖和/或处置任何和所有资产帐户。对于交易账户.snc 不承担对这种表见权力的进一步探讨，并这类表见授权，不对snc 和其信赖的任何雇员，按指示或按任何授权的表见代理人，采取或未能采取的任何行动的后果负责。

? 4.2 pricing information（定价信息）

snc ?will make available, by posting on the snc ?internet trading platform--an online trading system, or by customer electronically contacting any alternative designated by snc, by telephoning the snc ?dealing execution desk, or by any other communicative means available to snc ?and it’s customers, bid and ask prices at which snc ?is prepared to enter foreign currency contracts with authorized customers.each bid or ask price shall be for a spot contract with a specified date and for a specific foreign currency pair.? snc makes no warranty expressed or implied;that bid and ask prices shown represent prevailing bid and ask prices in the interbank market.?? in addition, although snc reasonably expects to make available continuous prices during business hours, because of a number of factors including but not limited to technology failures, communication system delays, lack of interbank liquidity or high market volatility, snc makes no warranties that dealing prices and liquidity will be available continuously to customers either electronically or via the telephone or by any other communication devise.snc 将通过snc 网上交易平台——一网上交易系统，或由客户通过其他任何snc 和其客户指定的方式，拨到snc 或其他任何snc 和其客户协定的交易执行服务台，snc 在已设立的外汇合同与授权客户出价和询价。每次出价或询价应为有具体日期的某一特定外币组合的现货合同。snc 不担保明示或暗示，显示在银行间市场的报价和询价报价为无效的出价或询价。此外，虽然snc 有理由预期在交易时间内定一个持续有效的价格，但由于若干因素，包括但不仅仅是技术故障、通讯系统的延误、银行间缺少流动资金或较大市场波动，snc 不担保客户通过电子或电话或其他任何通信方式下得到的交易价格和流动性可持续有效。

4.3 execution of orders (下单的执行)

all contracts made and entered into between customer and snc hereunder will be entered into by snc ?as principal.? snc ?will reasonably attempt to execute all orders that it may, in its sole discretion, accept from customer for the purchase or sale of contracts in accordance with the customer’s electronic, written or typed, or oral instructions.however, snc shall not be responsible for any loss or damage caused, directly or indirectly, by any events, actions or omissions beyond the reasonable direct control of snc , including, without limitation, loss or damage resulting, directly or indirectly, from any delays or inaccuracies in the transmission of orders and/or information due to a breakdown in or failure of any transmission or communication facilities.所有客户和snc 签订的合同，将被snc 录入。snc 将合理地尝试执行的所有命令，它可在其自行斟酌，接受客户以电子、书面、打字或口头知识的买卖合同。然而，snc 不应对受到任何事件、超出snc 合理直接控制的行为或不行为，直接或间接造成的损失或损害承担任何责任，其中包括但不仅仅是，因任何传输或通讯设施损坏或失败直接或间接造成任何传递订单和/或信息的拖延或不准确。

customer acknowledges, understands and agrees that all market orders and non-market orders such as limit orders, stop-loss orders, one cancels the other orders, or any other non-market order transmitted and accepted by a snc representative, are accepted by snc ?and undertaken on a “best-efforts basis” in accordance with the relevant provisions of the trading policies, as amended from time to time.the customer acknowledges, however, that due to market conditions or other circumstances, snc ?may be unable to execute the order at the market or specified level and the customer agrees that snc ?will bear no liability for failure to execute such orders.? this includes but is not limited to all orders that are entered over a weekend or holiday period when snc is closed for

business.? in such circumstances, orders will be executed on a “best-efforts basis” once the market is reopened on the next snc business day.customer acknowledges that execution may not be immediate or at the price dictated by the opening level due to imbalances in orders, market conditions, market liquidity or other circumstances.? snc shall have no responsibility for delays in the transmission of orders due to disruption, market conditions, failure or mal of communications facilities and shall not be liable for any claims, losses, damages, costs or expenses, including attorneys’ fees, to any person or entity as a result of its negligence.客户承认、理解并同意，所有市场订单和非市场订单，如限价单、止损订单、一放取消另一方订单，或任何其他受snc 的代表传播和接受的非市场订单，都被snc 所接受和在“尽最大努力”的基础上按照有关规定、营运政策、不时修正、客户确认开展。但是，由于市场条件或其它情况，snc 可能无法在市场或客户指定水平上执行。客户需同意，snc 将不承担任何这些命令执行失败的责任。这包括但不仅仅是所有在一个周末或假期期间，snc 停止交易时入场的订单。在这种情况下，当市场在未来snc 的交易日重新开放时，订单将在“尽最大努力”的基础上被执行。客户明确，由于订单不平衡、市场条件、市场流动资金或其他情况，执行不一定是即时的或在规定的价格水平上。snc 不对在发送订单过程中，因扰乱、市场条件、通讯设施的失效或故障造成的延误负责；并不为由于其疏忽造成任何索赔、损失、成本或费用，包括任何人或实体在内的律师费承担责任。

??? 4.4 positions and orders limitations (仓位和下单限制)

snc ?reserves the sole discretionary right to limit the number of open positions which customer may enter, acquire or maintain with snc , to refuse acceptance of any order entered by customer or to alter its dealing relationship with the customer to include or exclude use of any electronic trading network or other trade execution method in any manner and to any extent.snc 保留自行裁量，以限制客户与snc 获得或维持，可能进入的未平仓合约数。拒绝接受任何客户的入场命令或改变其与客户，包括或不包括使用任何电子交易网络或其他以任何方式任何程度的办法执行的交易关系。

4.5 netting (对冲)

snc ?retains the right to net all hedged positions at the end of each month at their sole discretion.snc 有权在每月末自由决定对冲所有仓。

margin requirements (保证金要求)

customer shall provide to and maintain with snc ?margin in such amounts and in such forms, and within such limits as snc , in its sole discretion, may from time to time require.margin requirements, including initial(opening)margin and maintenance margin requirements, are defined in snc ?trading policies.snc ?may change margin requirements at any time.customer agrees to deposit by immediate wire transfer such additional margin when and as required by snc , and will immediately meet all margin calls in such mode of transmission as snc ?shall, in its sole discretion, designate;provided, however, and notwithstanding any demand for additional margin, snc ?may at any time proceed to liquidate customer’s account in accordance with trading policies.any failure by snc ??to enforce its rights hereunder shall not be deemed a future waiver of such rights by snc , and the customer shall impute no liability to snc ??whatsoever for losses resulting from such failure.no previous margin requirement by snc ?shall preclude snc ?from increasing or decreasing that requirement without prior notice.snc ?may call for additional margin(“margin call”)at any time customer’s margin balance falls below the snc ?maintenance margin level as applied to that account and at any time snc , in its sole discretion, believes that it is prudent to do so.snc ?may at any time liquidate customer’s account in accordance with trading policies and paragraph 12 below.客户应提供并保持snc 一定数额和一定形式的保证金；而在snc 限度可随时斟酌决定保证金的要求，包括初期(开户时)snc 交易政策指定的保证金和维持保证金的要求。snc 可以在任何时候改变保证金要求。客户立即电汇同意并视snc 需要存入额外保证金时，会立即满足所有保证金要求，在这种传播方式为snc 应自行划定提供的。然而,尽管有额外保证金的需求，按照交易政策和第12段，snc 可以在任何时候进行客户帐户的清算。

security agreement(安全协议)

in order to secure any indebtedness or other obligations at any time owing from customer to snc , including, without limitation，为了确保任何从客户到snc 在任何时间的债务或义务，包括没有限制，

indebtedness or other obligations under any account, contract or other transaction with snc ?;or

任何账户的债务或其他义务，合约或其它与snc 的交易；或者

any indebtedness or other obligations resulting from any guarantee by customer of any account, contract or other transaction with snc ?, customer hereby assigns, pledges and grants to snc ??a security interest in and right of setoff against:

snc 在保障权益下有权取消任何债务或因任何客户帐户的任何保证，合同或其它与snc 的交易，客户的转让、认捐和送赠；

all of customer’s accounts with snc;

所有snc 帐户的客户

all contracts, cash and other property in customer’s account at snc ??or delivered or otherwise provided by customer to secure its indebtedness or other obligations to snc ??or in snc ??possession or control for any purpose(including safekeeping);and

所有在snc 或交付或客户另有规定的合约、现金及其他在客户帐户的财物，以确保其对snc 欠债或其他义务，或snc 为任何目的的控制包括安全保管)；

all products and proceeds of the foregoing(collectively,(i),(ii)and(iii)are referred to as “collateral”).

所有前述的产品和收益((i)、(ii)、(iii)被称为“抵押品”)。

in the event of indebtedness of customer to snc ??for reasons including but not limited to(a)and(b)outlined above, snc ??shall have the right to sell, pledge, rehypothecate, assign, invest, commingle and otherwise use any collateral it holds(including, but not limited to, using the contracts as collateral for a loan to snc ?)free from any claim or right of any nature whatsoever of the customer, including any equity or right of redemption by the customer and to register any collateral in the name of snc ?, its custodian or a nominee for either.any failure by snc ?to enforce its rights hereunder shall not be deemed a future waiver of such rights by snc.snc ?is irrevocably appointed as attorney-in-fact for customer and is authorized, without notice to customer, to execute and deliver any documents, give any notice and to take any actions on behalf of customer, including the execution, delivery and filing of financing statements, that snc ?deems necessary or desirable to evidence or to protect snc ?interest with respect to any collateral.in the event that the collateral deemed acceptable to snc ?(“eligible collateral”)is at any time insufficient to satisfy customer’s indebtedness or other obligations to snc , including obligations to provide margin in accordance with trading policies and paragraph 7 hereof, customer shall promptly pay upon demand the entire amount of such deficit in accordance with trading policies and paragraph 8 hereof.因客户的snc 债务原因，包括但不仅仅是上述的(a)和(b)，snc 有权出售、抵押、质押、转让、投资，并以其它方式使用任何其所持有的抵押品(包括但不仅仅是，以合同作为snc 的贷款抵押品)，客户不具有对包括客户或其监护人或提名人的任何股权或赎回权，和在snc 名下登记任何抵押品，提出任何索赔或应具的权利。任何snc 对行使其权利的失败，不被认为是snc 未来放弃这些权利。snc 不可撤消地在不通知客户的情况下作为客户和授权的实际代理人，代表客户执行和提供任何文件，发出任何通知并采取任何行动，包括处理、发送融资档案，snc 在举证和保护snc 利益与尊重任何抵押品上被认为是必要或适合的。snc 认为是可接受的抵押品(“合格的抵押品”)，即在任何时候，当客户不足以抵偿snc 的负债或其他义务，包括按照贸易政策和第7条，提供保证金的义务，客户应按照贸易政策和第八条要求的，迅速支付全部负债金额。

capacity (性能)

any and all contracts and transactions made and entered into by snc ?hereunder as a result of customer directing snc ?to enter into such contracts and transactions, are made and entered into by snc ?as principal.unless otherwise agreed to in writing snc ?shall act as principal in any and all contracts and transactions with the customer and not as broker, intermediary, agent, and advisor or in any fiduciary capacity.the customer understands and recognizes that any and all transactions and contracts entered as a result of customer directing snc ??to enter into such transactions and contracts may be entered by snc , as principal, with financial institutions including, without limitation banks, clearing institutions and foreign exchange dealers(“counter party”)at the sole discretion and option of snc.customer represents, agrees and authorizes snc ??to act as principal in entering, delivering, selling, purchasing and clearing with counter party any and all customer’s contracts.customer shall guarantee and hold snc ?harmless against any loss it may sustain thereby.snc ??may, at its sole discretion and option, act as principal in purchasing, selling, delivering and clearing any contracts, including all customer’s contracts, with the counter party(s).因客户的snc 债务原因，包括但不仅仅是上述的(a)和(b)，snc 有权出售、抵押、质押、转让、投资，并以其它方式使用任何其所持有的抵押品(包括但不仅仅是，以合同作为snc 的贷款抵押品)，客户不具有对包括客户或其监护人或提名人的任何股权或赎回权，和在snc 名下登记任何抵押品，提出任何索赔或应具的权利。任何snc 对行使其权利的失败，不被认为是snc 未来放弃这些权利。snc 不可撤消地在不通知客户的情况下作为客户和授权的实际代理人，代表客户执行和提供任何文件，发出任何通知并采取任何行动，包括处理、发送融资档案，snc 在举证和保护snc 利益与尊重任何抵押品上被认为是必要或适合的。snc 认为是可接受的抵押品(“合格的抵押品”)，即在任何时候，当客户不足以抵偿snc 的负债或其他义务，包括按照贸易政策和第7条，提供保证金的义务，客户应按照贸易政策和第八条要求的，迅速支付全部负债金额。

rollovers (隔夜利息)

in the absence of an offsetting or closing liquidation trade done prior to the close of business, snc ?is authorized to rollover all or any portion of the foreign currency positions in customers account at snc ?’s absolute discretion and at customer’s risk to the next settlement spot date.?? rollovers will be executed at rates determined by snc and at snc ’s absolute discretion.? rollover debits or credits will be reflected in the customer’s account at a time after the normal close of the business day for snc.? snc reserves the right to change at its sole discretion, any rollover debits or credits at any time if snc, at its sole discretion deems that the amount debited or credited was in error.在交易结束前未对所完成的交易作对冲或关闭清算，snc 被授权在其自行决定的和对客户在之后现货交收日的风险下，滚转客户帐户中全部或任何外币份额。滚转执行情况由snc 在其自行的决定权基础上决定。滚转的借记或信贷将在正常交易日关闭后一段时间内反映在客户的帐户上。如果snc 的自行决定的借记或信贷数额被认为有错误，snc 保留自行斟酌在任何时候改变任何借记或贷记的权利。

?liquidation of accounts and deficit balances (账户和赤字余额的清算)

in the event of(在以下情况)

the death or declaration of incompetence of customer;

死亡或被宣告不能成为客户；

the filing of a petition in bankruptcy, or a petition for the appointment of a receiver, or the institution of any insolvency or similar proceeding by or against customer;

递交了一份破产、呈请委任接管人，或任何提起破产诉讼或由客户或对客户的类似诉讼的请愿书；

the filing of an attachment against any of customer’s accounts carried by snc ?;

提交一份snc 对任何客户的帐户进行的附件；

insufficient margin, or snc ??determination that any collateral deposited to protect one or more accounts of customer is inadequate, regardless of current market quotations, to secure the account;

保证金不足，或snc 不管目前的市场报价，为保护一个或多个保证金不足客户帐户，以保证账 户，而给予的任何抵押存款；

customer’s failure to provide snc ?any information requested pursuant to this agreement;or

客户未能向snc 提供任何这项协定要求的信息；

any other circumstances or developments that snc ??deems appropriate for its protection;in snc ?’s sole discretion it may take one or more or any portion of, the following actions;

任何其他snc 认为是适当保护的情况或发展；在snc 自行斟酌后，可能采取的一个或多个行动如下：

satisfy any obligation customer may have to snc , either directly or by way of guaranty of surety, out of any of customer’s funds or property in its custody or control;

履行任何客户对snc 可能有的义务，或直接由保证人担保，对任何客户的资金或财产保管或控制；

sell or purchase any or all foreign currency contracts or other property held orcarried for customer, and

出售或购买任何或全部外币合约，或客户持有的其他财产；

cancel any or all outstanding orders or contracts, or any other commitments made on behalf of customer.any of the above actions may be taken without demand for margin or additional margin, without prior notice of sale or purchase or other notice to customer, customer’s personal representatives, heirs, executors, administrators, trustees, legatees, or assigns, and regardless of whether the ownership interest shall be solely that of the customer or be held jointly with others.customer shall at all times be liable for the payment of any deficit balance in customer’s account upon demand by snc ??and, in all cases, customer shall be liable for any deficiency remaining in customer’s account in the event of the liquidation thereof in whole or in part by snc ??or by customer.

取消任何或所有未完成的订单或合同，或任何代表客户的其他承诺。有上述情况，未经买卖或其他事先给客户的通知，客户的代表、继承人、遗嘱执行人、监护人、受托人、遗嘱赠予人，或转让，无论受益人是客户单独提名还是联名提名，可不扣除保证金或额外保证金。客户应随时有支付任何snc 要求的赤字。在所有情况下，客户应承担任何帐户中部分由snc 或由客户清算后剩下的赤字。

in the event that the proceeds realized pursuant to liquidation are insufficient for the payment of all liabilities of customer due to snc, customer shall promptly pay upon demand the entire amount of any such deficit, together with all other deficits and all unpaid liabilities of customer.?? included are?? all costs of enforcement and collection, such as, but not limited to, actual attorneys’ fees, disbursements, travel and other expenses, interest on any such deficit and liabilities at a rate equal to five(5)percentage points above the then prevailing prime rate at snc ’s principal bank or the maximum interest rate allowed by law, whichever is lower and any other cost incurred by snc.in the event snc ?incurs expenses other than those for collection of deficits with respect to customer’s account, customer agrees to pay all such expenses in full.诉讼使依法清算由于snc 客户不足以支付的所有负债。连同其他所有赤字和所有积欠债务，客户应按要求及时支付全部赤字金额，包括所有执行费用和集资等，但不仅限于实际支付律师的费用、付款、旅费和其他费用，任何此类赤字和负债的利息率在最高法律所允许的snc 主体银行主要利率的五个百分点以上，或法律批准和低于snc 其他任何费用的最低利率。客户同意足额支付snc 支出（除客户帐户部分的赤字的收款）的所有费用。

charges (收费)

snc will supply, upon request, a structure of commissions charged at the time of the request.although snc ?reserves the right to change its fee structure at any time at its sole discretion, snc ?will initially only charge for incidental banking related fees such as wire transfers for deposits/withdrawals and returned check fees.? snc ?will also charge customer for the purchase of optional, added services offered by snc.snc 会根据要求收取佣金或经纪费。虽然snc 保留在任何时间自行改变收费结构的权利，但snc 只收取银行附带的相关费用，如电汇存款/取款和退还支票的收费。snc 也将收取客户可选择性购买、由snc 提供的增值服务的费用。

customers who are introduced to snc ?by an introducing brokers or third party advisor

被外汇经纪人或第三方顾问介绍给snc 的客户

if an introducing broker or third party advisor introduces the customer to snc , the customer understands that snc ?may pay fees, commissions or other compensation to such person or entity for the introduction.customer acknowledges and agrees that as an introducing broker or third party advisor to snc , the introducing broker or third party advisor does not hold or collect any funds on behalf of snc ?or for the customer’s account.? funds should instead be sent via a wire transfer or other means directly to snc ?for purposes of depositing into your trading account.? snc does not control and cannot endorse or vouch for the accuracy of any information or advice customer may have or will receive by the introducing broker or third party advisor.included in the information and advice without limitation are actual or implied promises made by the

introducing broker regarding the future profit or losses in customer accounts as a result of third party trading systems, research reports, market trading advice or interpretation of economic news and events.if customer receives information or trading advice from an introducing broker or third party, snc ?shall in no way be held responsible for any loss resulting from the customers use of information or advice.snc ?provides or otherwise makes available a snc ?risk disclosure document to customers when they open accounts.any customer introduced by introducing brokers or third parties should carefully read the snc ??account application, snc ??risk disclosure document and snc ??trading policies document and should not rely on information supplied by the introducing broker or third party.customer should understand that introducing brokers or third party advisors are often not regulated by a government agency and that the introducing broker or third party advisor shall have the right to access information regarding the account of the customer including but not limited to account information, customer address, phone number, email address.the introducing broker or third party advisor will not have trade authorization privileges unless granted in writing by the customer via the signing of a power of attorney document authorizing the trading.如果介绍经纪人或第三方顾问向客户介绍snc 外汇，顾客了解到snc 外汇可能需向个人或实体支付费用、佣金或其他报酬等进行介绍。客户确认并同意介绍经纪人或第三方顾问介绍snc 外汇，介绍经纪人或第三方顾问不持有或收取任何代表snc 外汇的保证金资金或为客户的帐户。资金应该是透过电汇或其他方式直接发往snc，作为将保证金进入交易的帐户。snc 外汇不管制，并不认同或担保客户可能或会接受经介绍经纪人或第三方顾问的任何资料或意见的准确性。包括介绍经纪人就未来由于第三方电子交易系统、研究报告、市场交易咨询或解释经济新闻和事件致使客户账户盈利或亏损所作为的，没有限制的实际或默示承诺的信息和意见。若客户从介绍经纪人或第三方收到信息或买卖咨询，snc 外汇绝不对由客户使用信息或忠告所致的任何损失负责。snc 外汇提供或以其他方式使snc 现有的外汇风险在客户开户时披露。任何介绍经纪人或第三方的客户应当仔细阅读snc 外汇帐户申请书，snc 外汇风险披露文件及snc 外汇交易政策文件，而不应依赖通过中间商或第三方提供的信息。客户确认并明确，保证金外汇交易涉及的风险非常高，许多人因买卖外汇而损失金钱。所有客户应该明白，他们在买卖外汇时只是买卖风险资本基金。风险资本基金，是指就算损失，也不会改变你或你的家人的生活的资金。客户也应明白，介绍经纪人或第三方顾问不常常政府机构规范，而该介绍经纪人或第三方顾问有权查阅有关客户帐户的信息，包括但不限于帐号客户地址、电话号码、电子邮件地址等。介绍经纪人或第三方顾问不会有贸易授权的特权，除非客户经书面并签署一份授权书，给予其授权买卖的文件。

introducing brokers responsibility to snc ?and to their clients

?(介绍经纪人向snc 和客户应负责任)

introducing brokers have certain responsibilities to clients and snc ?with respect to their introduced accounts:

介绍经纪人为客户和snc 外汇就其帐户介绍的责任：

responsible for communicating with their introduced clients investment objectives and investment opportunities given those objectives,

负责与客户沟通，投资目标和这些目标带来的投资机会；

responsible for complying with all legal requirements, rules and regulations applicable to being a licensed introducing broker

遵守所有适用于持牌经纪引用的法律规定、法规；

responsible for complying with all legal requirements, rules and regulations applicable to their customers

遵守所有适用于客户的法律规定、法规；

determining any commission structure and communicating the structure to the introduced clients.

确定任何佣金架构和向客户解释结构.the introducing broker will not be responsible for(介绍经纪人将不负责):

the opening of the account including, but not limiting to the approving, servicing and monitoring of customer’s accounts(s)and obtaining and verifying account information as is required by the law and regulation,

初始帐户包括但不仅限于客户帐户的批准、服务和监督的和获取并核实法律规定的所需要的帐户信息；

collecting funds from the clients for the purpose of facilitating margin foreign exchange trading or satisfying margin requirements,

从客户以促进保证金外汇买卖或满足保证金要求的目的出发，集资资金；

executing any transactions or accepting any orders for the customer’s account(s), or performing any action that would cause or appear to cause a change in customer position or account , including but not limited to rolling over spot positions, liquidating positions, paying interest, requiring margin, or accepting additional funds or paying out funds to the customer,

为客户的账户执行任何交易或接受任何订单，或从事任何造成或看起来造成客户或账户价值状况改变的行动，包括但不限于再投资当场作出的状况、清算状况、支付利息、保证金，或接受额外资金或支付款项的客户。

providing any account statements to the customers,

向客户提供任何帐单；

responding to complaints or inquiries.

回应投诉或咨询。

?statements and confirmations (声明和确认)

confirmation of trades will be made online as the trades are executed and should immediately be reflected in the customer’s snc ?margin monitor, snc ?open positions window, account statement report and in their trade history report.trades done over the telephone will be executed for the customers account on their behalf and also be reflected online snc ?margin monitor, snc ?open positions window, account statement report and in their trade history report.? reports and all online position windows and statements of accounts for customer shall be deemed correct and shall be conclusive and binding upon customer if not objected to by telephone immediately upon receipt and such objection is confirmed in writing within three(3)business days after the transmission to customer or if snc ?does not change the confirmed execution price and details.snc ?reserves the right to change confirmed rates, prices or trade details of executed and confirmed deals if snc ?feels the electronic or verbal price or details from that deal was executed was in error.?? margin calls or trade corrections shall be conclusive and binding unless objected to immediately by telephone, fax or email.written objections on customer’s part shall be directed to snc , attn: customer objections, 46 nelson st, quincy, massachusetts, 02169 and shall be deemed received only if actually delivered or mailed by registered mail, return receipt requested.failure to object shall be deemed ratification of all actions taken by snc, or snc ?agents prior to customer’s receipt of said reports.trades executed online will be confirmed online at the time of the trade and trades entered into by telephone will be confirmed verbally and online by the end of the business day.pending orders or trades executed while the customer is offline will be reflected in the customers snc open position window, in the snc ?margin monitor, account statement report and in their trade history report upon logging back into the snc ?application.customer’s account statements will be available online in the reports section of the snc internet trading platform and customer monthly statements will be available by e-mail, fax and/or mail.customer’s failure to receive a trade confirmation shall not relieve customer of the obligation to object as set out herein.customer understands and acknowledges that oral information provided by snc ?to customer regarding confirmations of trades and statements of account may be unverified and incomplete due to delays in transmission and other factors beyond snc ?reasonable control.customer therefore acknowledges and agrees that any reliance upon such oral information is at customer’s risk and customer further agrees to immediately call to snc ?attention any such oral information which customer has reason to believe is inconsistent with customer’s own information.no provision of this agreement shall operate to prevent snc ?from correcting any error or omission upon discovery.the customer agrees that such errors, whether resulting in a profit or loss, shall be corrected and customer’s account will be credited or debited in such manner and extent as to place the account in the same position in which it would have been had the error not occurred.snc ?reserves the right to be the final arbiter as related to disputed orders.交易确认将在网上随交易执行，应该立即反映在客户的snc 外汇保证金监测上，snc 外汇平仓窗口，帐目报表及报告及其在其历史上的交易报告。为客户帐户以电话执行业务时，那些也会反映在snc 外汇保证金上。当交易确认将在网上执行，应该立即反映在客户的snc 外汇保证金监测上，snc 外汇开通平仓窗口snc即期外汇帐目报表及其历史上的交易报告。对客户帐户有权用电话执行交易，之后也会反映在网上的snc 外汇保证金检测系统上，snc 外汇开通平仓窗口，snc即期外汇帐目报表及其历史上的交易报告。报告和所有在线的平台及帐目报表,为客户视为正确、确凿和有约束力，如果顾客不反对通过电话立即收到异议书面确认，其会在snc 外汇并不改变已确认的执行价格及细节后的三个营业日内传递给客户。如果snc 外汇认为电子或口头报价的详情有误，snc 外汇储备有权改变已确认的汇率、价格或交易细节的执行情况和已确认的交易。除非不能立即至电、传真或电子邮件通知，否则保证金偿还或交易更正应受约束。顾客书面反对应当邮寄到snc 经办人: 马萨诸塞州昆士市,来尔森街46号, 邮编02169提出，以收到回执为确认。无效的异议,应视为批准snc外汇所执行的交易，或snc 外汇代理人事先收到客户的通知。当在网上或电话执行交易，将以口头和网上在最后一个交易日回复确认。未完成的交易或执行时客户离线，将反映在客户的snc外汇平台中，在snc 外汇保证金检测、帐目报表及在其历史上的交易报告计回snc 中应用。客户的帐户报表，可在网上snc 外汇交易平台查询部门查询；顾客每月报表可通过电子邮件、传真或邮件查询。若客户未能收到确认，客户仍有权再这点上提出异议，客户理解和承认在snc 外汇合理控制下，snc 提供的口头资料可能为在传送和其他因素之外未核实的及因延误导致不完整的。因此，客户需意识到任何依赖等口头资料对客户有一定的风险，对这类即时的口头信息，客户有理由相信与自身的信息不符。本协议没有规定操作可防止或纠正任何错误或遗漏。是否造成了损益，客户都应同意这种错误，在某程度阻止贷记或借记上错误的发生。snc 保留对相关争议的最后仲裁权利。

communications (信息传达)

reports, statements, notices and any other communications may be transmitted to customer at the address set forth herein, or to such other address as customer may from time to time designate in writing to snc.all communications sent, whether by mail, telegraph, e-mail, fax, messenger or otherwise, shall be deemed transmitted by snc ??when deposited in the united states mail, or when received by a transmitting agent, or communications or recording device, designated by customer or otherwise within customer’s actual or constructive control, and such communication shall be deemed delivered to customer personally, whether actually received by customer or not, and customer hereby waives all claims resulting from failures to receive such communications.all communications sent by customer shall not be deemed effective until accepted by snc.customer shall notify snc immediately of any change in customer’s address by e-mail to support@sncit.com or by mail or other delivery service to snc attn: customer accounts, 46 nelson st, quincy, massachusetts, 02169.报告、声明、告示及任何其他通信可发送到客户所阐述的地址，或其它在客户给snc 寄信时流下的地址。所有由客户指定或客户实际上或结构上的控制的信息发送，不管是邮件、电报、电子邮件、传真、信使或其他，应视为由snc 发出的，在美国存放或从转发代理、通信或录音装置收到。无论客户实际收到与否，这种信息发送应视为已交付给客户个人，客户因此放弃所有因通信失败的索赔要求。在收到snc 回复前，所有的客户信函都应视无效。客户应发电子邮件 support@sncit.com 或邮寄或其他寄递方式到：snc ?经办人:客户帐户，马萨诸塞州昆士市,来尔森街46号, 邮编02169。

force majeure (不可抗力)

snc ??shall not be liable to the customer for any loss, cost, damage or expense sustained or incurred by the customer, directly or indirectly, by reason of any cause beyond snc ?’s control, including but not limited to, natural disasters, acts of god, civil unrest, war, insurrection,? international? intervention,? governmental? action(including,? without? limitation,? exchange? controls,? forfeitures, nationalizations, devaluations), market conditions, inability to communicate with any relevant person or entity or any breakdown or failure of any transmission or communication system or computer facility, whether belonging to snc , customer or any market or any settlement or clearing system.snc 不对客户，因任何snc 可控制外的原因，包括但不仅限于，自然灾害天灾、**、战争、叛乱、国际干预、政府行为(包括但不仅仅限于外汇管制、没收、国有化、贬值)、市场条件、无法沟通、任何有关个人或实体，或任何任何传输、通信系统或计算机设施，是否关于snc 的客户、任何市场或任何结算、清算系统的故障或失效，而客户任何持续或招致的直接或间接损失、费用、损坏负责。

?trading recommendations (交易建议)

customer acknowledges, understands and agrees that

客户明确、理解并同意：

any market recommendations and information communicated to customer by snc ??or any introducing broker affiliated with snc ??do not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any foreign currency contract;

市场上任何介绍经纪人或任何隶属于snc 的经纪人通过snc 传达给客户的建议和信息，并不构成出售或要约购买外币合同的要约；

such recommendation and information, although based upon information obtained from sources believed by snc ??to be reliable, may be incomplete and may be unverified;and

虽然这些建议和信息是由snc 所得，但可能为不可靠、不完整和不核实的；

snc ?makes no representation, warranty or guarantee as to, and shall not be responsible for, the accuracy or completeness of any information or trading recommendation furnished to customer;and

snc 不保证或担保，并不负责其提供给客户的任何资料或买卖建议的准确性或完整性；

customer further acknowledges that, should customer grant trading authority or control over customer’s account to a third-party(authorized agent), whether on a discretionary or non-discretionary basis, snc ?shall in no way be responsible for reviewing customer’s choice nor making any recommendations with respect thereto.

客户进一步明确，不论是自愿还是非自愿的基础上，客户向第三方(授权代理人)给予交易授权或帐户控制权，snc 绝不对客户的选择审查负责，也不提出任何建议并表示尊重。

?intellectual property and confidentiality (知识产权和保密)

all copyright, trademark, trade secret and other intellectual property rights in the snc ?internet trading platform(“snc ?pro”), an online trading system, shall remain at all times the sole, exclusive and absolute property of snc ?and customer shall have no right or interest in the snc ?pro except for the right to access and use the fip as specified herein.customer acknowledges that the snc ?pro is confidential and proprietary to snc ?and has been developed through the expenditure of substantial skill, time, effort and money of snc.the customer agrees and warrants that customer will protect the confidentiality of snc ??at all times by allowing access to the snc ?pro only by its employees and agents on a need to access basis.customer will not publish, distribute, or otherwise make any information available to third parties derived from or relating to the snc ?internet trading platform.customer will not copy, modify, de-compile, reverse engineer, and make derivative works of the snc ?internet trading platform or in the manner in which it operates.any violation of the above shall be subject to prosecution under the applicable state and federal laws.所有在snc 网上外汇交易平台(“snc ?pro”)，网上交易系统的版权、商标、商业秘密和其它知识产权，应一直由snc 对财产统一管理。客户除有权查阅和使用规定具体提到的外，在snc ?pro没有权利或利益。客户承认，snc 通过付出大量技能、时间、精力和金钱，使fip为保密和专利的。客户同意并保证，客户要在雇员和代理人因需要对其允许进入snc ?pro的时候，保护snc 的保密性。顾客不公布或以任何其他资料让第三方获得或涉及、snc 网上外汇交易平台。顾客不得利用复制、修改、反向编译、逆向工程，产出盗版snc，或以其运作方式的网上交易平台。违反上述任何规定，可根据州和联邦适用的法律被检控。

indemnification (赔偿)

customer agrees to indemnify and hold snc , its affiliates, employees, agents, successors and assigns harmless from and against any and all liabilities, losses, damages, costs and expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred by snc ?arising out of customer’s failure to fully and timely perform customer’s agreements herein or should any of the representations and warranties made by customer herein or at any time fail to be true and correct.except as otherwise expressly stated herein, customer also agrees to pay promptly to snc ??all damages, costs and expenses, including attorney’s fees, incurred by snc ??in the enforcement of any of the provisions of this agreement, any other agreements between snc ??and customer, and any contracts and other transactions hereunder.客户同意，使snc 及其联营公司、雇员、代理、承继人和受让人免受所有债务、损失、损失赔偿、费用和开支，包括因snc 没有充分和及时根据协议满足客户，而引起的律师调解费。除非另有明确说明，客户需同意马上赔偿snc 一切损失、成本及费用，包括snc 在执行任何有关本协定规定，其他关于snc和客户协议、合同和其他下文提到的交易，引起的律师调解费。

disclosure and financial information (披露财务资料)

the customer represents and warrants that the financial information disclosed to snc ?in this document and any and all documents provided by customer in connection with the customer’s account are an accurate representation of the customer’s current financial condition, trading experience and the level of investment sophistication.the customer additionally represents to snc ?that the information provided by the customer in connection with this agreement is full, complete and accurate and snc ?is entitled to rely on this information until snc ?receives written notice from the customer of any change in such information.the customer represents and warrants that the customer has very carefully considered the portion of the customer’s assets which the customer deems to be risk capital;the customer recognizes that risk capital is the amount of money the customer is willing to put at risk and if lost would not, in any way, change the customer’s life style or otherwise materially effect customer.客户代表及保证，由客户就其帐户的准确财政现状、交易记录和投资行为，向snc 在这份文件和任何所有文件披露财务信息。除此之外，客户需向snc 表示，其提供与本协议有关的信息为充分、完整和准确的，snc 有权收到客户一书面通知其信息的改变。客户代表并保证，已对其资本风险作详细考虑，不因其投资损失而致使其在生活模式上或物质上改变。

disclosure and customer information (披露客户资料)

snc ?will not share or sell information regarding its customers and/or prospective customers, except to its employees, agents, affiliates, partners, and associates as reasonably required in the ordinary course of snc ?business, including, but not limited to, snc ?banking or credit relationships.snc ?may also disclose to federal or state regulatory agencies and law enforcement authorities’ information regarding customer and customer’s transactions in response to a request for such information and may disclose information regarding customer and customer’s transactions in response to a court order or subpoena.snc 不会共享或出售其客户和/或潜在客户的信息，除非在一般snc 业务过程中，其雇员,代理人,分支机构,合作伙伴，包括但不仅限为，snc 外汇银行或信用关系的合理要求。snc 还可能向联邦或州的监管机构和执法机关透露资料，并就客户和其帐户交易的法庭命令或传票要求披露有关客户及交易信息。

joint accounts and trust accounts (联合帐户和信托帐户)

if more than one natural person as the customer executes this agreement, all such natural persons agree to be jointly and severally liable for the obligations assumed in this agreement.if this agreement is executed by a trust, partnership or unincorporated association, the customer hereby agrees to indemnify, defend, save and hold harmless and free snc ?for any losses, claims, costs, damages and expenses resulting directly or indirectly from breach of any fiduciary or similar duty or allegation thereof.如果有一个以上的自然人作为客户执行本协议，所有这些自然人都应同意承担在本协议的连带责任。如果由信托、合伙企业或法人团体执行本协议，客户在此同意赔偿、保护、保存并免除因任何违反受托人或类似的职责或指控，对snc 直接或间接造成的任何损失、报销费用、损失赔偿和开支。

?amendments (修订)

customer understands, acknowledges and agrees that snc ?may amend or change this agreement, including the annexes hereto, at any time.snc ?will provide notice to customer of any such amendment or change by sending an e-mail message to customer and by posting the amendment or change on snc ?website(http:///).customer agrees to be bound by the terms of any such amendment or change on the earlier of:

客户同意并明确，snc 可以在任何时候修改或变更本协议。包括附件的情况下，snc 外汇将对任何此类修改或改变以发送电子邮件通知客户，并在snc网站(http:///)公布其修改或改变。客户：

ten(10)days after snc ??has posted notice of such amendment or change to the website;or

在任何修正或改变条款发布后十天内同意受其约束；

on the date of the entry of any order other than a liquidating order.in the event that customer objects to any such change or amendment, customer agrees to liquidate customer’s open positions and instruct snc ?regarding the disposition of all assets in customer’s account within ten(10)business days after notice of the amendment or change has been posted to the website.no waiver or amendment of this agreement may be implied from any course of dealing between the parties or from any failure by snc ?or its agents to assert its rights under this agreement on any occasion or series of occasions.no oral agreements or instructions to the contrary shall be recognized or enforceable.

清算命令外的任何命令日期，如果客户对任何改变或修订，同意清算客户的未平仓合约，并在修改或改变网上公布后的十个营业日内向snc 发出关于处置全部资产的指示。没有对这一协定放弃或修改，预示snc 可能使当事人之间在的交易程序终止，或其代理人在任何场合或系列场合根据这项协议说明其权利。任何口头协议或指示不会被承认或执行。

termination (期限)

this agreement shall continue in effect until termination, and may be terminated by customer at any time when customer has no open foreign currency positions and/or no liabilities held by or owed to snc , upon the actual receipt by snc ?of written notice of termination.? this agreement may be terminated by snc ??at any time whatsoever upon the transmittal of written notice of termination to customer;provided, that such termination shall not affect any transactions previously entered into and shall not relieve either party of any obligations set forth in this agreement.?? any such notice of termination by snc shall not relieve customer of any obligations arising out of any deficit balance.本协定应持续有效直至期限，客户在没有开放的外汇头寸和/或没持有snc 的负债的任何时候终止本协议。snc 以实际收到的书面通知为其终止。这项协议可能在任何时候被snc 终止，并以书面通知客户，这种终止不影响以前任何的交易，也不解除这项协定提出的任何一方的任何责任。snc 任何此类终止通知，不免除客户因任何赤字平衡产生的任何责任。

entire agreement (全部协议)

this agreement, together with the full customer account application, snc user guide and trading policies and risk disclosure statement and all applicable written addenda thereto, embodies the entire agreement of the parties, superseding any and all prior written and oral agreements.snc 的帐户申请书，snc 用户指南及交易政策和风险声明，及所有适用的书面增编，都体现整合各方的同意，构成全部的协议，并取代任何及所有事先书面和口头的协议。

recordings (记录)

customer acknowledges and agrees that any and all conversations between customer and snc personnel, including but not limited to principals, agents, employees or associates may, at the sole option and discretion of snc , be recorded electronically with or without the use of an automatic tone warning device.customer further agrees to the use of such recordings and trans thereof as evidence by either party in connection with any dispute or proceeding that may arise involving customer or snc.customer understands that snc ?destroys such recordings at regular intervals in accordance with snc ?established business procedures and at its sole discretion, and customer hereby consents to such destruction.客户承认并同意，客户和snc 人员之间，包括但并不限于主任、代理人、雇员或与他们有联系的人的任何及所有交谈，可由snc 处理器自行选择和裁量，并使用或不使用自动语音报警装置录音。客户还需同意使用这种录音，以有作为一方可能出现涉及客户或snc 的任何争议或诉讼的证据。客户明确，snc 会在正常时间间隔或与客户商议后销毁客户与snc 业务过程中产生的录音。

binding effect (约束条件)

this agreement shall be continuous and shall cover, individually and collectively, all accounts of customer at any time opened or re-opened with snc , irrespective of any change or changes at any time in the personnel of snc ??or its successors, assigns, or affiliates.this agreement, including all authorizations, shall inure to the benefit of snc ??and its successors and assigns, whether by merger, consolidation, or otherwise, and shall be binding upon customer and/or the estate, executor, trustees, administrators, legal representatives, successors and assigns of customer.customer hereby ratifies all transactions with snc ?affected prior to the date of this agreement, and agrees that the rights and obligations of customer in respect thereto shall be governed by the terms of this agreement.不论有任何变化或snc 或其继承人、受让人，或子公司随时在人事上的变动，本协定应连续，并复盖所有在任何时间在snc 打开或重开帐户的个人和集体。本协议，包括所有有利于snc 与其继承人和受让人的授权，受收购、合并，或受客户和/或遗产、遗嘱执行人、受托人、管理人、法定代理人、继承人及受让人的客户约束。客户特此批准所有在snc 的交易在本协议之前生效，并同意遵守本协议的权利和义务。

?law and jurisdiction(法律和管辖权)

this agreement shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with the laws of the state of massachusetts,? united states of america without giving effect to conflict of laws provisions.with respect to any suit, action or proceeding(“proceeding”)relating to this agreement, the customer irrevocably

本协议应根据美利坚合众国纽马萨诸塞州法律诠释和规定，产生的效力不与其法律冲突。对于关于本协议的任何诉讼、起诉或诉讼程序(简称“程序”)，顾客不可撤消地

submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts located in the state of massachusetts;

听从在马萨诸塞州和联邦法院的司法管辖；

agrees to service of process in any legal proceeding by sending copies thereof by registered or certified mail, if practicable(postage prepaid), or by telex or facsimile to the other party at the address set forth in the customer account application(where service of process is being made by snc ?);

若同意为任何法律程序服务，把关于其内容的文件以挂号信或特快专递邮件，如果可行(预付邮资)，电传或传真的方式到客户账户申请书上的地址（snc 程序所在地）；

waives any objection which it may have at any time to the laying of venue of any proceeding brought in any such court, waives any objection which it may have at any time to the laying of venue of any proceeding brought in any such court, waives any claim that such proceeding have been brought in an inconvenient forum and

不能对在任何时候任何此类法庭的任何诉讼程序提出异议，不能对在任何时候任何此类法庭的任何诉讼程序提出异议，不能对法庭诉讼带来的不便不满

further waives the right to object, with respect to such proceeding, that such court does not have jurisdiction over such part.

没权对此类诉讼提出异议，法院对此方面没有司法管辖权。

6.保密协议格式中英文版本 篇六

or to the execution of this Agreement, whether orally, in writing or in electronic form(regardless whether they are marked as being ‘Confidential’ or otherwise).The Confidential Information includes but not limited to:(1)与该披露方及其供应商、子公司、关联公司、客户、董事、股东未来的或潜在的业务、项目、产品、系 统、服务、技术、运作、流程、计划、发明创造、技术诀窍、设计、软件等相关的所有数据、信息和资料；及 all data, information and materials, in relation to the Disclosing Party and its suppliers, Affiliated, subsidiaries, customers, directors, shareholders, concerning its businesses, projects, products, systems, services, technologies, operations, processes, plans, inventions, know-how, designs, software;and(2)关于披露方及其供应商、子公司、关联公司、客户、董事、股东的各种管理制度、操作规范、市场策略、竞争策略、价格策略、市场营销的所有数据、信息和资料；及 all data, information and materials, in relation to the Disclosing Party and its suppliers, Affiliated, subsidiaries, customers, directors, shareholders, concerning the system of management, the specification of operation, marketing strategy, competition strategy, price strategy, and sales promotion;and(3)关于本协议及业务往来(已经进行了和拟进行的)的信息和细节。

the information and details of this Agreement and the Business Dealing。1.2 尽管存在上述规定，保密信息不包括以下信息： Notwithstanding the provisions aforesaid, the Confidential Information shall not include the following:(1)接受方已经独立开发的信息，且接受方未曾违反任何法律、法规或侵犯披露方的任何权利，并且该等信 息是在接受方依照本协议条款从披露方获悉该等信息之前独立开发的；或 information that the Receiving Party has developed independently and without violating any law or regulation or the rights of the Disclosing Party prior to acquiring the same from the Disclosing Party in accordance with the terms of this Agreement;or(2)接受方在依照本协议条款从披露方获悉之前已合法占有的信息，且接受方无需对该等信息承担任何具有 约束力的保密义务；或 information that the Receiving Party already had in its possession legally prior to acquiring the same from the Disclosing Party in accordance with the terms of this Agreement and which, is not subject to any other duty of confidentiality binding on the Receiving Party;or(3)属于公知信息，且公知状态并非由于接受方的过错所导致；或 接受方在未违反其对披露方承担的任何义务的情况下从第三方获得的信息。

Information that, through no fault of the Receiving Party, becomes known to the public;or(4)

Information obtained from a third party in a manner which does not breach any of Receiving Party


’s obligations to the Disclosing Party.1.3 “专业顾问”指为本协议之目的，由一方雇用的以提供建议的律师、会计师、审计师、财务顾问、银行和其他专 业或技术顾问及其承包人； “Professional Advisors” shall means lawyers, accountants, auditors, financial advisers, banks and other professionals or technical advisers and their employees and contractors retained by either Party to provide advice for the purpose of this Agreement.1.4 “关联公司”指直接或间接控制或受控于该方或者与该方受到共同直接或间接控制的公司或其他实体。“Affiliates” of a party means a corporation or other entity that directly or indirectly Controls or is directly or

indirectly controlled by or under common Control as, such Party.1.5 “控制”指直接或间接拥有一个实体至少百分之五十（50%）的表决权（或相当于）或行使管理控制的权利。“Control” means the direct or indirect ownership of at least fifty percent(50%)of the voting rights(or their equivalent)of an entity or the right to exercise management control.保密信息的使用 Use of Confidential Information

2.

2.1 接受方应确保披露方的保密信息得到严格的保密。未经披露方事先书面同意，接受方不得基于本合同以外的目 的使用保密信息，也不得将保密信息披露给任何第三方。The Receiving Party shall maintain Confidential Information in strict confidentiality.Without the prior written consent of the Disclosing Party, the Receiving Party shall not use the Confidential Information for any purpose other than this Agreement, and shall not disclose or furnish Confidential Information to any third party.2.2 接受方应建立并维持有效的安全保密措施来保护保密信息，防止任何未经本协议授权而对保密信息的了解或使 用；在履行上述义务时，接受方均应采取不低于保护其自身保密信息所采用的措施，并自行承担相关的费用。The Receiving Party shall establish and maintain the effective security measures to protect the Confidential Information from any unauthorized access or use.In performing the obligations under this Agreement, the Receiving Party shall take safeguard measures to protect the Confidential Information in a manner no less strict lower than that it affords to its own information regarded as secret and confidential.2.3 若接受方的有关董事、监事、经理、高级职员和雇员其职责要求他们获知或者处理保密信息，则接受方将保证 指示该等人员遵守保密义务，并责成上述人员签订一份与本协议条款同样严格的保密协议。If the directors, supervisers, managers, officers, and employees of the Receiving Party whose duties require them to access or process the Confidential Information, the Receiving Party shall cause each of its directors, supervisers, employees or officers and e


mployees to execute a separate confidentiality agreement on terms no less strict than those set out herein.2.4 除非为实现本业务往来之目的而必须得到其专业顾问、供应商、分支机构、关联机构的服务，而由此专业顾问、供应商、分支机构、关联机构必须知晓该等保密信息外，不得向上述机构/人员披露保密信息；并且，接受方在向上 述机构/人员披露保密信息时，应要求其签订与本协议条款同样严格的保密协议，以确保保密信息的保密性。The Receiving Party shall not disclose the Confidential Information to its Professional Advisers, suppliers, subsidiaries, Affiliated except for them whose services are required for the purpose of Business Dealing, and such disclosure shall be made only on a need-to-know basis.In addition, the Receiving Party shall execute a confidentiality agreement on terms no less strict than those set out herein prior to disclosing Confidential Information to such institutions/staffs to ensure the confidentiality of Confidential Information.2.5 接受方不得复印、复制披露方所提供的保密信息，除非是因为业务往来必须且副本或复制品应属于披露方的财 产。即使在上述情况下，副本的数量也不得超过符合本业务往来之目的的必要限度，同时，接受方对复印件、复制 品应采用与原件相同或相应的的保密水平。The Receiving Party shall not copy, or reproduce any part of the Confidential Information except as may be necessary for the Business Dealing and any copies of reproductions so made shall be the property of the Disclosing Party.Notwithstanding the stipulation aforesaid, such copies and reproductions shall not exceed the number which is necessary for the purpose of the Business Dealing.In addition, the Receiving Party shall apply the same level or corresponding degree of confidentiality to the copies and reproductions as it applies to the originals.强制性披露 Compulsive Disclosure

3.

相关法律、法规、法院命令、政府机关或者法律法规授权的组织要求接受方披露保密信息，接受方披露该等信息不 受本协议的约束，条件是接受方应即时通知披露方该等保密信息被要求披露。

The disclosure of the Confidential Information made by the Receiving Party in accordance with applicable laws, regulations or the order of court, government authority or organizations(authorized by the law or regulations)is not subject to the terms of this Agreement, provided that the Receiving Party shall give prompt notice to the Disclosing Party of the request for such disclosure.保密信息的所有权 Ownership of the Confidential Information

4.

披露方保留对其所披露的保密信息的所有权利和利益，除披露方书面同意外，本协议的任何规定均未向接受方明示 或者暗示授予任何与保密信息有关的任何专有权或所有权。The


Disclosing Party reserves all rights and interests in the Confidential Information.Without written consent of the Disclosing Party, no rights or interests in the Confidential Information are expressly or impliedly granted to the Receiving Party.陈述与保证 Representations and Warranties

5.

披露方不对保密信息是否适于特定目的进行陈述和保证，也不对应用上述保密信息是否会导致侵犯第三方权利或利 益进行任何的陈述和保证；同时，披露方亦无义务主动向接受方提供额外信息以及对保密信息进行更新。The Disclosing Party makes no representations or warrants to merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, or as to whether or not the exploitation of any such Confidential Information will infringe any rights or interests of any other person.In addition, the Disclosing Party has no obligation to provide the Receiving Party with access to any additional information or to update the Confidential Information.文件退还 Return of Documents

6.

接受方应在业务往来终止后的十五（15）个日历日内，向披露方退还其全部保密信息及其全部副本（不论其是否是 在计算机磁盘、光盘读取器、光盘、硬盘或软件中或纸张载体上存储、保存或记录的）；若接受方退还上述保密信息 及其全部副本为不可行，则接受方应将其销毁，或者从计算机或其他电子系统中将其删除。Upon the termination of the Business Dealing, the Receiving Party shall, within fifteen(15)calendar days after such termination, return to the Disclosing Party all Confidential Information and all copies thereof whether or not the same are stored, maintained or recorded in computer disks, CD-ROM drives, CD-ROMs, hard disks or software or in hard copy format and, to the extent that it is not feasible to return the same, shall destroy such Confidential Information or cause the same to be deleted or erased from any computer or other electronic system.违约责任 Liability for Breach of Agreement

7.

协议一方违反本协议项下规定的行为将被视为违约行为，违约方除应当立即停止违约行为之外，还应当赔偿非违约 方因此所遭受的损失。其赔偿损失的范围包括但不限于：非违约方的直接损失、丧失商业机会的损失、丧失相关权 利的损失、调查违约行为而支出的合理费用以及仲裁费、诉讼费、律师费等。本条款的内容不应解释为阻止协议双 方寻求其他可能的救济方法。Either Party’s breach of any provision of this Agreement shall be regarded as its default under this Agreement.The defaulting Party shall stop its breach of this Agreement immediately and indemnify the non-defaulting Party against all losses resulting from its default including without limitation the direct losses, the losses of business opportunity of the non-defaulting Party, the reasonable expenses and legal costs wh


7.投资协议书中英文 篇七

下面我们从一个具体的案例来谈《隐名投资协议》的法律地位:甲公司原注册资本为100万元, 分别由乙公司出资80万元、自然人项某出资20万元, 项某任甲公司法定代表人。2009年8月, 甲公司增资400万元, 由新增股东某集团公司增资150万元, 新增两自然人股东马某、孔某, 各增资125万元, 同时, 乙公司转股30万元、项某转股20万元给另一自然人股东周某。甲公司完成股东及注册资本变更后的股东及出资组成为:某集团公司出资150万元、马某、孔某各出资125万元、乙公司出资50万元、周某出资50万元。有知情人举报反映在这次变更中甲公司自然人股东马某、孔某虚假出资, 于是由执法人员对马某、孔某是否存在虚假出资问题立案调查。在随后的案件调查中, 乙公司提供了乙公司与自然人马某、孔某签订的《隐名投资协议》和乙公司的《股东会决议》辩称:自然人马某、孔某属代乙公司向甲公司投资。马某、孔某也对乙公司提供的《隐名投资协议》无异议, 承认《隐名投资协议》是真实的, 他们均是代乙公司对甲公司投资, 出资资金由乙公司筹集, 按《隐名投资协议》的约定在甲公司履行股东的权利义务。在向甲公司法定代表人项某了解情况时, 项某陈述其在办理甲公司股东变更时不清楚乙公司与马某、孔某间签订有《隐名投资协议》的情况, 某集团公司、周某也都不清楚马某、孔某属于代乙公司出资的情况。

由于甲公司法定代表人不清楚乙公司与马某、孔某间签订《隐名投资协议》的情况, 因此在办理相关变更时未向公司登记机关说明马某、孔某属代乙公司出资的真实情况。同时, 马某、孔某向甲公司的投资资金来自乙公司, 且马某、孔某与乙公司间并无资金借贷等往来, 因此在该案的处理时, 对这一行为的性质产生分歧意见, 主要是:

甲公司在变更登记时马某、孔某是否属于虚假出资?其取得的变更登记是否是以隐瞒重要事实骗取的变更登记?也就是说, 马某、孔某与乙公司签订《隐名投资协议》的法律地位如何, 我们根据法律、法规及规章的相关规定来进行分析:

首先, 《隐名投资协议》的定义是什么?《隐名投资协议》是指民事主体双方之间通过书面或口头达成一致的意思表示, 一方出资委托另一方成为某单位 (公司) 的登记股东, 双方的权利、义务按达成的约定行使的一种投资协议方式。

其次, 《隐名投资协议》在《公司法》中有无相应的法律规定?

《隐名投资协议》的具体形式在《公司法》等相关法律法规中虽无明文规定, 但《公司法》第二百一十七条第 (三) 项表述的实际控制人, 是指虽不是公司的股东, 但通过投资关系、协议或者其他安排, 能够实际支配公司行为的人。“投资关系、协议或者其他安排”当然包括《隐名投资协议》;另外, 最高人民法院《关于适用<中华人民共和国公司法>若干问题的规定 (三) 》 (法释[2011]3号) 第二十五条第 (一) 款规定:有限责任公司的实际出资人与名义出资人订立合同, 约定由实际出资人出资并享有投资权益, 以名义出资人为名义股东, 实际出资人与名义股东人对该合同效力发生争议的, 如无合同法第五十二条规定的情形, 人民法院应当认定该合同有效。由上看出, 《隐名投资协议》等形式在《公司法》中是允许存在的。

第三, 本案中, 马某、孔某与甲公司有无存在违反《公司法》等相关法律、法规、规章的行为?

1、甲公司在变更登记中是否存在采取其他欺诈手段隐瞒重要事实骗取登记的行为?《隐名投资协议》是乙公司成为实际控制人的一种手段, 实际控制人不是法定的登记事项, 所以不存在登记时告知登记机关的问题, 因此认为甲公司的行为属于采取其他欺诈手段隐瞒重要事实骗取登记的观点不成立。甲公司法定代表人、新增股东某集团公司、周某不清楚马某、孔某属于代乙公司出资的情况, 属于公司股东间的民事问题, 应由股东间自行处理。

2、马某、孔某有无虚假出资?《公司注册资本登记管理规定》第九条规定:股东或者发起人必须以自己的名义出资。《公司法》第二百条规定:公司的发起人、股东虚假出资, 未交付或者未按期交付作为出资的货币或者非货币财产的, 由公司登记机关责令改正, 处以虚假出资金额百分之五以上百分之十五以下的罚款。马某、孔某作为甲公司的登记股东是两人真实意思的表示, 其对甲公司的承诺的出资已以各自的名义实际投入到位, 履行了出资义务, 与乙公司签订《隐名投资协议》是马某、孔某履行出资承诺的一种筹资手段, 只要筹资手段、过程不违反规定, 且乙公司以马某、孔某名义出资并实际用于甲公司的经营, 马某、孔某就不存在虚假出资的问题。至于上述出资是否是马某、孔某自已的实际出资, 不属于公司法等管辖的范畴。

8.投资协议书中英文 篇八

关键词：投资；对赌协议；初始投资；会计处理

中图分类号： F234.2 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1673-1069（2016）28-63-3

0 引言

作为一种投融资机制Valuation Adjustment Mechanism（VAM），在国内被翻译为“对赌协议”主要是在已有的企业投融资协议中，标的物调整幅度大、杠杆倍数高，合同主体获利或受损巨大，而被形容具有博彩性质加之涉及合同双方或多方故抱得“对赌协议”大名，但其直译意思是“估值调整机制”却更能体现其本质含义。根据学者对美国1987到1999年间14家投资公司对119家公司213份的投资合同分析研究，将常用的涉及投资协议的条款分为六大类：财务绩效、非财务绩效、分红回购、企业行为、证券发行和创始人去留。故对此可以看出，估值调整机制作为一种投融资安排早就被认可和接收并被广泛地应用在企业的投融资领域。在我国的经济领域由于对外投资和私人投资的开放，估值调整机制在企业投融资领域不断地出现。鉴于我国的法律制度、金融监管等政策因素的缺失、不完备，调整对象不明确，导致估值调整机制即对赌协议一直游走在法律的边缘，对于计量和反映企业经营管理的财务报告信息就难免要受到影响。本文试图从投资和融资双方来讨论对赌协议对会计实物处理的影响，从实质性上把握对赌协议的会计处理，提升财务信息质量。

1 对赌协议分类

根据对赌协议调整双方或多方的合同标的不同，可以将对赌协议分为财务绩效指标和非财务绩效指标。

按照对赌协议调整合同主体的不同，分为单向对赌协议和双向对赌协议。

另外按照对赌协议调整范围，还可以分为经营管理类与非经营管理类。

根据对赌协议的分类我们能够清晰地分辨会计处理所要反映的客体内容，能够将经济事项转化为会计语言。但是并不是所有的协议都是单一、单项、程序化的反映，根据对赌协议条款的分析，我发现投融资双方对协议调整的面向存在多任务、多范围、多主体、多期间，是较复杂的经济活动。根据我国的筹资渠道和筹资顺序选择等现状，附带对赌协议的投融资活动越来越多地出现在我国的经济活动中。

2 包含对赌协议的投资协议会计处理问题及对策

2.1 包含对赌协议的投资协议必须进行会计处理

根据我国会计准则（2014）版，基本准则第十六条规定，企业应当按照交易或者事项的经济实质进行会计确认、计量和报告，不应仅以交易或者事项的法律形式为依据。所以需要对赌协议进行法律性质分析。第一是何种法律性质的合同。需要判断该协议是否属于会计信息处理的范围，即该合同是不是会计计量主体的内容，是否需要用会计技术来衡量、记录和反映。第二个层面就是判断该协议属于什么性质的交易，适用何种会计处理标准进行计量和反映。

对赌协议的法律性质分析，对正确认识会计处理非常重要。例如：企业签订一个社会环保责任承诺，这个就不是会计所需要记录和反映的；企业出台一个建设企业文化的管理文件也是不属于会计主体所需要记录和反映的，但是企业如果签署一份投资协议或者销售协议，这时就需要对投资或交易内容进行记录和反映。在经济活动中，对赌协议一般不会出现在主合同中，而是作为补充协议或补充条款而存在。对赌协议是否需要会计主体记录和反映？由于高级法院对甘肃世恒投资案件的判决，导致目前存在两种观念。一种观念是根据会计记录与反映必须符合法律规定，对法律已经禁止的活动不能给予反映。另一种观念是作为记录会计主体经济事项的工具，应该客观展现经济活动的本质，而且必须对会计主体经济事项予以记录并反映。

为此有必要就甘肃世恒案做简要介绍。2007年11月1目前，甘肃众星锌业有限公司（世恒公司前身）、苏州工业园区海富投资有限公司、香港迪亚有限公司、陆波（世恒公司和迪亚公司的法定代表人，职务均为总经理）共同签订《甘肃众星锌业有限公司增资协议书》。《增资协议书》的主要内容是：众星公司注册资本为384万美元，迪亚公司占投资的100[91] %。各方同意海富公司以现金2000万元人民币对众星公司进行增资，占众星公司增资后注册资本的3.85%，迪亚公司占96.15%。《增资协议书》第七条第二项“业绩目标约定：众星公司2008年净利润不低于3000万元人民币。如果众星公司2008年实际净利润完不成3000万元，海富公司有权要求众星公司予以补偿，如果众星公司未能履行补偿义务，海富公司有权要求迪亚公司履行补偿义务。补偿金额=（1—2008年实际净利润/3000万元）×本次投资金额”。第七条第四项股权回购约定：如果至2010年10月20日，由于众星公司的原因造成无法完成上市，则海富公司有权在任一时刻要求迪亚公司回购届时海富公司持有之众星公司的全部股权，迪亚公司应自收到海富公司书面通知之日起180日内按以下约定回购金额向海富公司一次性支付全部价款。若自2008年1月1日起，众星公司的净资产年化收益率超过10%，则迪亚公司回购金额为海富公司所持众星公司股份对应的所有者权益账面价值；若自2008年1月1日起，众星公司的净资产年化收益率低于10%，则迪亚公司回购金额为（海富公司的原始投资金额一补偿金额）x（1+10%X投资天数/360）。2009年12月海富公司因世恒公司不履行补偿义务上诉至法院，历经兰州中级人民法院、甘肃高级人民法院、最高人民法院三级终审，于2012年11月7日判决如下：

①投资公司与被投资公司签署的对赌协议无效。

②投资公司与被投资公司股东签署的对赌协议有效，需要承担担保赔偿责任。

从判决内容看，投资公司与被投资公司签署合同无效，而与被投资公司股东签署的合同有效。这样一来投资公司和融资公司虽然有投融资关系，但是因为对赌协议而归于无效。这就导致了目前实物界对该投资不予以记录和反映的主要原因。

以上是从法院判例的角度看，当然实物界虽然很少会在法院判决后再进行处理，其实际上政府对赌协议还是保持谨慎态度。例如企业在进行新三板上市时需要对赌协议进行清理，规避不能上市风险。这也是相关投资主体不进行会计处理的原因。

本人认为，虽然最高人民法院判决该投资协议无效但还是需要对该投资进行记录和反映。理由如下：

①我国属于大陆法系非判例国家法律，法院并不因为最高法的判例而进行全国统一的裁判，并且针对个案适用的情形也不完全一致。

②因存在自由契约前提下的投融资需求，投融资双方会为了规避法律判决的因素搭建复杂架构来实现该行为。从经济活动本质来说依然是投融资关系，依然是投融资双方而不涉及其他主体。就算按照最高院的判决来看，还是涉及投资方和被投资方股东的对赌协议的确认，就投资方来说还是存在对赌协议会计处理的问题。那作为三板的上市公司更是将对赌协议通过处理带入公开市场，只是变换了模式。

③尽管最高法的判决不能改变，但是作为理论的探讨和尝试不能因为判例因噎废食而停止辨析、争鸣。法律人士也从相关角度出发对该判决提出诸多批评建议。例如，如何理解和运用法律的强制性规定，对包含是否是对对赌效协议的唯一处理方式？是否是对契约自由的破坏，为符合法律的规定而判定不侵害他人利益的行为无效？是否真正达到保护融资方债权人和股东的利益，本案例中根据赔偿协议计算的经济利益逆流出融资公司还小于法院判决的返还原物的金额？考虑到保护融资公司、债权人的利益是否考虑到需要保护投资人的利益？

2.2 投资主体的分类确定

从前述分析中可以看出，作为包含对协议的投融资活动从司法实践上可以作为会计主体进行确认的。从会计实质角度看投融资协议是否符合会计确认原则呢？根据确认的原则是指在效益大于成本及重要性的前提原则下，将某一项目作为资产、负债、收入、费用等列入某一主体财务报表的过程。某一项目是否确认为财务报表项目，也即是否符合财务报表某一要素的定义，是否具有可计量性、相关性、可靠性。投融资合同作为会计要素已经在我国会计准则中的长期股权投资、金融工具确认及计量、合并财务报表中对其有明确的界定标准，符合会计要素的确认标准。

投资方角度：根据企业会计准则第2号——长期股权投资

（以下简称第2号准则）第三条第二项规定“风险投资机构、共同基金以及类似主体持有的、在初始确认时按照《企业会计准则第22号——金融工具确认和计量》的规定以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产，投资性主体对不纳入合并财务报表的子公司的权益性投资，以及本准则未予规范的其他权益性投资，适用《企业会计准则第22号——金融工具确认和计量》（以下简称第22号准则）”。根据该条款从投资方角度看可以归纳为以下情况：

①第2号准则中并没有给出明确判断“风险投资机构、共同基金及类似主体（以下简称风投）”的标准，同样也没有在准则中说明为何要将风险投资机构等做除外处理。另外在公司法律层面也没有关于风险投资的具体规定。

②第2号准则也没有考虑到如果非风投机构纳入合并报告的投资也是按照风险机构的模式操作，也没有给出一个判断的标准和依据。纵观第2号准则在初始计量方面通过主体身份判断的方式来决定适用何种会计准则，但是准则中却没有就主体身份的判断给予明确的识别标准和适用的识别条件。

本人认为在投入方初始投资成本方面应该视为长期股权投资进行计量，根据是否纳入合并会计报表选择适用第22号准则。原因为：

①根据投资主体的性质。投资主体身份根据公司法的规定有法人、非法人，有有限责任公司和非有限公司、有股份制公司和非股份制公司。这些标准无法适用风投与非风投的判断。

②根据投资的目的来划分。投资的目的都是为了确定未来资源的流入，其时间、方式、手段有区别，但都是为了控制被投资企业来获得收益。

③根据投资的接收风险程度来划分。资本对风险的接受程度与投资机构无关，与投资的对象有关即被投资方有关。况且投资风险是必然存在的，程度的比较对象是谁？是非风投机构本身，还是风投机构？

④从第2号准则适用来看，因主体不同所带来的相同经济业务初始成本计量不同，带来初始成本管理的问题。

3 初始投资成本的确认

初始投资成本按照第22号准则确认需要分析该项投资属于金融工具还是衍生工具或者是混合金融工具。从投资合同看，包含对赌协议的条款通常是以附加协议或补充协议的形式出现，作为估值调整约定不会直接出现在主合同中，估值调整只是对风险的管控处理，不是投资的主要目的。其调整的估值还是针对主投资合同执行后约定事由发生，对期初整体投资估值的调整；并非独立主合同，而就约定事由进行估值调整。对赌协议根据第22号准则第20条“嵌入衍生工具，是指嵌入到非衍生工具（即主合同）中，使混合工具的全部或部分现金流量随特定利率、金融工具价格、商品价格、汇率、价格指数、费率指数、信用等级、信用指数或其他类似变量的变动而变动的衍生工具。嵌入衍生工具与主合同构成混合工具。”为此我们应该据此判断，含对赌协议的投资合同需要确认为混合金融工具。

融资方角度：从融资角度而言，通过投资协议让渡部分管理权限、股权等获得投资款项。作为融资企业而言，该资金是确认为负债还是权益？根据笔者的判断，应该根据情况加以判断。如纳入投资方的合并财务报告的，根据《企业会计准则第37号——金融工具列报》（以下简称第37号准则）第三条第一款规定。该笔交易应该确认为股权投资既权益，适用第2号会计准则。融资方未列入投资方的合并财务报告中，关于投资款项的列报应该区别对待既什么情况下确认为权益工具，什么情况下确认为金融负债。根据第37号准则第十四条“企业应对发行的非衍生工具进行评估，以确定所发行的工具是否为复合金融工具。企业所发行的非衍生工具可能同时包含金融负债成分和权益工具成分。对于复合金融工具，发行方应于初始确认时将各组成部分分别分类为金融负债、金融资产或权益工具。企业发行的一项非衍生工具同时包含金融负债成分和权益工具成分的，应于初始计量时先确定金融负债成分的公允价值（包括其中可能包含的非权益性嵌入衍生工具的公允价值），再从复合金融工具公允价值中扣除负债成分的公允价值，作为权益工具成分的价值。”为此我们应该对包含对赌协议的投资合同进行分析。根据该条的要求有两个方面的含义：

①所有的投资合同都需要区分为金融负债和金融资产或权益。

②投资合同的附属对赌协议条款也需要区分为金融负债、资产或者权益。从中我们可以判断不论是对赌协议如何约定，主合同必须确认为上述三类，与对赌协议无必然关联，至少是在做初始确认之时。

我们现在对包含对赌协议的投融资合同进行大致分类，主要分类的标准还是偏重于对赌协议的调整内容。因为相对于主合同而言，对赌协议调整部分表现出衍生工具的性质。

第一种：股权对赌调整型

当目标公司未能实现对赌协议规定的业绩标准时，目标公司实际控制人将以无偿或者象征性的价格将一部分股权转让给股权投资机构。反之，则将由股权投资机构无偿或者象征性的价格将一部分股权转让给目标公司的实际控制人。如：××公司在20××年必须完成上市，如若不能，投资方就会获得更多的股权；如若实现，则可以从投资方那里获得股权。笔者认为就××公司而言，该补充协议可以看成是整个投资合同的一部分，即不管上市与否，都会触发估值调整协议。股权的调整对××公司来说不产生影响，毕竟只是股权转让而已。作为投资方来说，对包含该对赌协议的投资合同需要确认为资产，计入长期股权投资；从谨慎性原则出发应该将可能出现的股权转让与投资成本的差额确认为负债；若是单向调解发生的可能收益则无须反映。

第二种：非股权经济收益调整型

当目标公司未能实现对赌协议规定的业绩标准时，目标公司实际控制人将以现金等价物等对投资者进行补偿；若达成业绩，则投资人需再对目标公司进行现金等价物补偿。作为投资方来说，对包含该对赌协议的投资合同需要确认为资产，计入长期股权投资；从谨慎性原则出发应该将可能出现的现金等价物补偿确认为负债。

通过上述的分析，笔者认为在进行包含对赌协议的投资成本确认时应该积极的予以反映，该反映必须遵守资本的所有权属性，并且在初始计量时对可能发生的调整估值从谨慎性原则出发给予反映。

参 考 文 献

[1] 潘林.“对赌协议第一案”的法律经济学分析法制与社会发展[J].2014（2）.

[2] 李宗录.“股份回购请求权”权利属性的定位[J].广西社会科学，2007（4）.

[3] 李明.金融工具确认和计量准则在投资企业中的应用[J].涉外税务，2008，06：66-69.

[4] 晏文隽.郭菊娥风险投资中金融工具选择的边界条件与应用策略[J].当代经济科学，2015（3）.

[5] 周明春.袁延松同一控制下形成的长期股权投资会计处理相关问题研究[J].会计研究，2010（4）.

[6] 张明霞.陈金昌衍生金融工具会计确认问题研究[N].哈尔滨商业大学学报，2010（1）.

[7] 谢德仁.会计准则、资本市场监管规则与盈余管理之遏制：来自上市公司债务重组的经验证据[J].会计研究，2011，03：19-26+94.

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