中医针灸英文自荐信

中医针灸英文自荐信（共12篇）（共12篇）

1.中医针灸英文自荐信 篇一

Application

Dear Sir or Madam:

I am very happy to apply for the position of teacher in your school.I will graduate from West China Normal University in June.I hope that I can come to your school and get a chance to win the honor in the competitive society.My interest in the position of teacher has prompted me to present my resume for your consideration.I am eager for an opportunity to devote myself to your school.Please give me a chance to show myself and you will find I am the right man you are looking for.My experience and scholastic endeavors have thoroughly prepared me for the employment in a school that specializes in English teaching.Four-year-long practice in both spoken and written English has enabled me to be qualified for a teacher.Past-time job has benefited me a lot.Social activities has bestowed me abilities to get along well with colleagues and your leaders.I feel confident if given the opportunity ,I can make an immediate contribution to your school, I would appreciate the opportunity to meet you.Thank you very much for your consideration!

Yours sincerely,Applicant: Wanglin

APPLICATIONN

Thank you for giving me this chance to introduce myself.I come from ShanXi Teachers’ University majoring in English and

will graduate in July, 2005.With the development of science and technology, the key to success in keenly competition is having excellent talents.To become a qualified person for society I studied hard during my four-year university period, not only in speciality but also in extensive knowledge and skills, such as Japanese and computer software.I have tried my best to be a person of comprehending competence;What’s more, I joined kinds of social activities and organizations to get some experience, and get ready for entering the society.I am an honest and confident girl with broad mind and sharp viewpoint.I am sure that I have already been equipped with the essential qualities to my working position, especially strong senses of professional responsibilities, persistence and staunchness.The development of the society goes forward as the wave moves, which are conducted by the intelligent and wiser.I believe I can meet the wiser, so I can devote myself to the profession and business whatever I face.I look forward to being interviewed!

Thank you!

Yours Sincerely,LiYanFang

Mar.15

Dear Sir or Madam:

It’s greatly appreciated that you can share your time to read my self—recommendation letter.My name is Yu Ting.Majoring in English, I will graduate from Jinhua Vocational and Technical College in June.“Only after polishing, the sword will be sharp;only after suffering sever winter, the plum blossom will be fragment.”After four—years’ heard study, I have possessed the quality to be a qualified graduate.Four—years’ hard working arms me with solid specialized knowledge.Now, I have mastered the basic English skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation;and also have a good knowledge of grammar, phonetics, linguistics….Moreover, extensive reading has broadened my mind.It acquainted me with western countries’ culture and custom.Heard-working also rewords me with high scores in examination.With a perfect mastery of specialized knowledge, I also developed myself in all-round way.I have been paying special attention to foster my managerial ability, coordinate ability and cooperative ability.So I have done lots of jobs in my college life, such as working as the monitor ofour class, an assistant of foreign teacher....I have not only done a good job but also have leant a lot from such experiences.Additionally, my self-confidence, industry, and enthusiasm pave the way for conquer the difficulties witch would occur in future work.My attribute has prepared me for making an immediate contribution to your company.Your trust and my ability will make us to create a new marvel together.I welcome the opportunity to meet with you to further discuss my qualification and your need.Thanks for your time and consideration.

2.中医针灸英文自荐信 篇二

翻译是英文写作的一种变体,英文写作的原则同样适用于翻译。目前,中医英译研究主要集中在术语翻译层面,针对词、句的翻译,而从英文写作和文本角度研究中医英译较少。《欧委会翻译司写作翻译手册》(以下简称“手册”)Fight the Fog:How to Write Clearly[4],从文本角度对欧盟文献的写作与翻译做出具体规定。运用手册中的规则从语篇层面指导中医翻译,可以使译者从文献的最终形式出发思考译文,而不拘泥于具体词句,也为中医翻译标准化研究提供了一个新参照,此外对中医药出口文件的制备具有实际指导意义。

1 欧洲委员会翻译写作手册的指导意义

欧洲委员会翻译写作手册是西方主流国家对于文本写作与翻译的指导性文件。欧洲委员会有47个成员国,其中美国、加拿大、日本、墨西哥和梵蒂冈是5个欧洲委员会部长理事会观察员国。欧洲委员会翻译司(directorate-general for translation,European commission)在《简洁英语指南》(The Plain English Guide)[5]和《风格:清晰和优雅》(Style:Toward Clarity and Grace)[6]的基础上,针对欧洲委员会的文件起草和翻译活动,编写了手册以指导欧盟内的文件写作与翻译。

手册包括10个Hints以及Online EU draft aids,从文本角度介绍篇章结构、句子、语态以及用词等要求,其中Hint2:Focus on the reader;Hint 6:Cut out excess noun;Hint8:Prefer active verbs to passive等章节从新的角度诠释了文本翻译,也从一个全新的角度解读中医翻译。

2 用英文写作的原则指导中医翻译

理想的译文,应看不出翻译的痕迹,就像用母语直接写出来的那样。也就是说,应当把翻译看成一种写作的方式,只不过译者表达的不是自己的思想,而是他人的思想。既然翻译也是一种写作方式,那么所有的写作原则都应适用于翻译[7]。读者阅读中医文献的目的往往不是词、句,而是阅读整部文献,因此从语篇角度规约文本的写作原则,同样适用于中医翻译。

2.1 读者为本

手册中Hint 2:Focus on the reader,强调以读者为本。手册写到:“……always bear in mind the people you’re writing for:not your committee,your boss,or the reviser of your translation,but the end users.”任何译者在翻译或写作之前,首先要考虑读者是谁,并根据读者的需求,采取适合读者需求的写作或翻译策略,也就是译者应有“受众意识”。

中医文献的受众大致分为三类:(1)海外中医从业者;(2)中医爱好者,对中医有一定的了解,但很有限;(3)潜在的中医受众。第一类人员,主要为海外中国医师和华侨,外国人主要是系统学习过中医的人员,母语为中文或精通中文;第二、三类人是中医受众的主要部分,其母语是英语,这一部分人群也是中医翻译的主要目标人群。

中医是融合了文学、哲学等多种中国文化元素的人文医学。在当前形势下,中医除本身的医学功能外,还是“中国文化的先行者”,肩负着传播中国文化的任务。怎样翻译中医文献,特别是中国文化负载词与中医特有的概念,一直是翻译研究与争论的焦点。中医翻译策略讨论的焦点主要集中在“归化”与“异化”两方面。“归化”:以目的语为依归。把中医特有概念以及中国文化元素尽量变为西方的东西,使读者能够接受,缺陷是弱化了中国文化;“异化”:“以我为准”[8],传达中医以及中国文化精髓,对于没有对等词的中医特有概念,多采用音译,译文生硬,较难吸引潜在的读者。

对中医翻译而言,翻译策略不是简单的“归化”与“异化”,而是以读者能够读懂、接受的方式传达中医文化。译文应以修补改善西方普通大众读者对中国传统文化知之甚少的“缺点”为出发点,根据受众和相关制约因素,有针对性地巧妙设计译文话语,在满足受众预期的同时,给予他们新的预期,用他们容易接受的方式,向他们展示中国文化的精华[9],是一个双赢的过程。如:“气”译语的形成过程。

“chi-→air-→refined substance-→vital energy-→material force-→ether-→qi”

“气”指构成人体并维持人体生命活动的精微物质,是道家“气”概念在医学领域中的应用,属于中医文化独有的概念。学者们(极有可能是早期进入中国的西医学者)最初在介绍这个概念时,由于无法找到对应语,只得采用音译chi,作为一种保全异质文化的译法。虽然译者主观上想全面传达“气”的概念,但当时世界对中医知之甚少,也缺乏系统的研究,对于没有中医背景的读者,无法从这个译语上了解其所蕴含的丰富意义,达到中西医交通的目的,因此逐渐被淘汰。取而代之的是另一译语air,虽然这个译语并不准确,但对于国外读者,比chi容易理解。随着中医影响逐渐扩大,人们开始关注中医,研究“气”并逐步改善译语,refined substance侧重“精微物质”;但“气”所包含的意义不止这些。随后出现vital energy,译语侧重核心概念“气机”,较之前几个译语有了较大改善,但“气”与自然的关系尚未得到很好的体现;随后出现ether以及其他侧重宇宙万物的译语,最终形成了能为读者普遍接受的音译qi,在受众接受的条件下,较完整地传达了中医文化概念。

“气”的译语最初与现在都是音译(chi→qi),有时也用Qi。从最初不能接受音译到音译成为固定译语之间是一个异化→归化→异化的过程。最初音译chi,由于受到当时社会环境的限制以及缺少中医氛围的影响,读者不能理解译语所传达的意义,译语被淘汰。之后采用的都是“归化”译法,阐述了“气”的特质,有些译语并不准确,但读者凭借它对中医进一步了解,之后对译语不断选择修正,直至相对精准以致“异化”的过程。读者在这个过程中逐步加深对中医的理解,满足了其心理预期,译者也实现了传达中医文化的目的。

从“气”的译文演变过程可以看出不考虑跨文化因素以及读者的认知情况,直接采取“异化”策略,译语显得生硬、可读性差,不能起到交流的作用,最终被取代。

对异质文化的接受,是读者对异质文化有认同,并在一定理解的基础之上实现的。费孝通教授指出:“今天不同文明之间交流的一个关键,是努力了解‘他人’的语言、传统,做到设身处地地用当地人的眼光来看待周围的事物……这本身就是对‘异文化’的尊重和对‘异文化’开放的心态。”[11]

“读者为本”的根本目的在于实现并促使受众接受中华文化,改变自己原来的看法、态度或行为。为了完成这一根本任务,译者有必要采取各种有效的说服手段。

中医文化的传播是一个渐进的过程,需要译者精心设计,了解如何针对特定受众调整自己的话语以达到翻译目的,采用受众容易接受的方式积极加以引导,扩大受众视域,达到双赢。

2.2 使用动词,减少多余名词,使句子简洁

手册Hint 6:Cut out excess noun———verb forms are livelier中写到:“Verbs are more direct and less abstract than nouns.”强调在行文中使用动词,这里说的动词也包括非谓语动词。

中医名词术语的翻译侧重使用名词以及名词短语,译语往往较长。如:在较为流行的几部汉英中医词典中,“辨证论治”和“八纲辨证”分别被译为determination of treatment based on differentiation of syndromes和analysis and differentiation of pathologic conditions in accordance with eight principal syndromes,当这些术语用于句子以及文献翻译时易产生文本译语冗长、层次不清、译文歧义、文本可读性差等问题。

英语动词的主要功能是担任谓语以构成句子。非谓语动词虽然不能担任谓语,但其具有动词的特点,例如及物动词后接宾语,并有各种时态语态等;名词是事物的名称,是静态词汇。当句子中名词成分过长时,句子没有层次,语意不清。因此在翻译中使用动词以及具有动词特征的非谓语动词可以突出句子结构层次,使句子各成分之间指代清楚,避免歧义,增加译文的可读性。手册给出了一些具体建议如:by the introduction of→by introducing;submit an application for→apply for等。下面请看两个例子。

2.2.1 实例一

原文:在古代唯物论和辩证法思想的影响和指导下,通过长期的医疗实践,它(中医)逐步形成并发展成为独特的医学理论体系,为中国人民的保健事业和中华民族的繁衍昌盛做出了巨大的贡献[12]。

原译:Under the influence and guidance of the ancient Chinese materialism and dialectics,and through long term medical practice,traditional Chinese medicine was gradually established and developed into a unique medical system and made great contributions to the healthcare course of the Chinese people and prosperity and development of the Chinese nation.

改译:Influenced by classical Chinese materialism and dialectics and improved through long term medical practice,traditional Chinese medicine has eventually evolved into a medical system with unique theory,contributing a great deal to the healthcare of Chinese people and development of Chinese nation.

注解:本句的变化主要通过把under the influence and guidance of和made great contributions短语转化为influenced by和contributing,并增加了improved,使得主句修饰成分由主句之外三个分词短语引导,因而变得更加清晰、有层次。2.2.2实例二原文:中医药学是以整体观念为主导思想,以脏腑经络的生理和病理为基础,以辨证论治为诊疗特点的医学理论体系[13]。

原译:Traditional Chinese medicine is a medical system characterized by the concept of organic wholeness as its principal theory,the viscera and channels as its physiological and pathological basis,and treatment based on syndrome differentiation as its diagnostic and therapeutic features.(4 0words)

改译:The idea of organic wholeness plays a dominant role in traditional Chinese medicine,which,physiologically and pathologically based on the states of the viscera and channels,is mainly characterized by treatment according to syndrome differentiation.(35words)

注解:改译后的句子字数与原句字数相差不多,只是把“……以脏腑经络的生理和病理为基础,以辨证论治为诊疗特点的医学理论体系”用动词体现,处理为一个定语从句,把原译中主句的修饰成分融入从句中,使原文在一个主句、一个从句中展开,层次清晰、意思简洁。

李照国教授在论中医翻译时提出“中医翻译简洁性原则”,指出“中医用语的特点是简明扼要,将其翻译成英语或其他语言理应保持这一特点”[14]。中医翻译的基础———中医名词术语的翻译主要是将其译为名词以及名词词组,因此在篇章层面上,适当使用这些术语的动词及其变体是实现中医翻译简洁化的一种有效策略。

使用动词,减少多余名词不仅有助于句子简洁、清晰,也在一定程度上简洁了文本,达到手册强调的Keep it short and simple原则,并为翻译词汇的选择提供了一种新的视角,也从另一个侧面印证了中医翻译的简洁性原则,对中医英语翻译具有较大启示作用。

2.3 使用主动语态

手册Hint 8:Prefer active verbs to passive,提出在写作与翻译时多用主动语态。被动句虽然有突出主语的作用,但易造成句子结构失衡,影响理解。重要的一点是在某些场合下被动语态会有混淆、逃避责任,模糊概念之嫌,如:In decocting,the routine procedures were neglected,此句中,作者为了避免说出谁破坏了程序而使用了被动句。

现代科技英语中,使用主动语态已形成一种趋势。主动语态可以明确动作的实施者,并在语篇中起到句式变化的作用,使文献具有一种“素雅之美”。《美国医学协会编辑手册》(The American Medical Association Manual of Style)指出“In general,the active voice is preferred,except in instances in which the actor is unknown or the interest concerns what is acted on.”[15]。

由于国内医学写作信息相对滞后,相当部分的英语语言学者仍认为被动语态的使用是医学英语的一个显著语言特征[16]。中医文献隶属医学范畴,中文的“意合”语言特质使中医翻译积极使用被动语态以彰显其医学属性。中医原文中经常出现的无主句等句式,一般都译为被动句,但事实上主动句也是可接受的。

下面就以倪毛信和吴连胜、吴奇父子的两个《黄帝内经》著名译本中《素问·阴阳应象大论》里的一句话举例说明。

2.3.1 实例一原文:故物生谓之化,物极谓之变,阴阳不测谓之神,神用无方谓之圣。

译文1(被动):The growth of all things is called the transformation,when the growth develops into its extreme stage,it is called the change,when the change of Yin and Yang becomes unanticipated,it is called divinity,when the property of the divinity is changing constantly,it is sacred[17].

译文2(主动):Within the dynamic principles lies an intelligence that is difficult to know.The birth and growth of the myriad things we call hua.Growth to the extreme point we call bian.The mysteries of Yin and Yang are not graspable.We call this shen.To be able to grasp the underlying principles,and to be capable of applying them flexibly is called sheng.This means sage or wise ones[18].

注解:译文1按照中文句式主要采用被动句式,并按照排比关系展开,有较强的修辞韵味;译文2没有完全遵循中文句式而是将译文处理为主动句式。两个译文各有所长,接受度都很高。因此,中医翻译时,可根据需要把中文的特殊句式译为英文主动句式,丰富译文句式,提高译文可读性。Hadllidy的系统功能语法理论认为,主位(theme)是已知信息,通常是句首的主语,述位(rheme)是未知信息位于主位之后[19]。Mona Baker认为述位的语篇价值比主位更高,因为信息核心内容都在述位[20]。从这个意义上讲,采用主动句,可突出研究发现,使表达更加简练。

强调使用主动语态,并不意味着不能使用被动语态。But you don’t have to avoid passives at all costs.They can be useful,for example when there’s no need to say who is responsible for the action because it’s obvious.而应根据译文需要灵活选择句式。请看下面的例子。

2.3.2 实例二原文:一难曰:十二经皆有动脉,独取寸口,以决五脏六腑死生吉凶之法,何谓也?

译文:Question one:All the twelve meridians have their own corresponding arteries,why only cunkou is selected for diagnosing visceral diseases and making prognosis as well?

注解:本句“取”穴之人,人所共知,因此,采用被动语态则更为简洁。

从语篇层面上看,在翻译中医句子时,有些句式可根据需要以主动语态译出,使文字简洁、清晰、表达有力。在医学文献中不单纯依赖于某一句型或语态格式,交替使用主动、被动语态以及其他句型,既能满足意义表达,又避免了频繁使用单元句型或语态,提升译文质量。

3 结语

在理论层面通过对手册中主要观点的分析,可以看出手册同样对中医翻译具有指导意义。目前中医英译的相关研究主要集中在术语的翻译上,中医术语标准化的研究也集中在词和词组的翻译层面。手册从语篇角度审视译文的段落、句子以及词汇,并提出了一系列全新的概念如:使用动词;使用主动句式;用词具体、不要抽象等,为中医翻译的研究与术语标准的制定提供了一种新的参照。手册中的重要观点与中医翻译理论、跨文化交流理论与语言学相关理论相契合,在指导中医翻译上有一定学术价值。翻译是写作的一种形式,英文写作策略与翻译策略之间的关系应该是global与local的关系,从写作角度指导翻译侧重整体表达,而翻译策略更侧重具体词句,二者结合能够促进中医翻译质量的提高。

中医翻译研究在实践层面较少具体的指导,因此手册的具体规定对中医翻译实践具有指导意义如:读者为本(reader first),制定了译文的最终走向;使用动词,减少多余名词(cut out excess noun)使译文简洁;使用主动语态可对科技英语中被动语态的使用有新的认识;用词要具体不要抽象,明确了选词的原则等。此外手册还对文本的长度、句子的字数等提出具体要求,对中医翻译实践有较强的指导作用,对中医药出口文件的制备也有重要参考价值。

摘要：翻译是写作的一种形式,英文写作的原则也适用于翻译。《欧委会翻译司写作翻译手册》是其为欧盟内文件的写作与翻译制定的规范。本文通过讨论其中的“读者为本”“使用动词”“主动句式的使用”等主要观点在中医翻译中的应用,得出用英文写作原则指导中医翻译,可以从语篇角度审视译文,提高译文的可读性,也从另一层面诠释中医翻译的理论与实践以及标准化建设。

3.中医针灸英文自荐信 篇三

（中国中医科学院中国医史文献研究所，北京 100700）

引言

随着中国国力日渐强盛，中医药名词的国际标准化工作引起国际标准化组织（ISO）和世界卫生组织（WHO）的重视，ISO/TC249 中医技术委员会秘书处落户浦东张江高科技园区，挂靠于我国上海市中医药研究院。世界卫生组织（WHO）国际疾病分类第11 版（The International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision，ICD-11）的制定将中医药内容纳人计划。此外，还有WHO西太平洋地区（WHO Western Pacific Region，WHOWPR）组织编写的《传统医学名词国际标准》，而世界中医药学会联合会（WFCMS）组织编写的《中医基本名词中英对照国际标准》。国家标准委组织编写了GB/T 20348—2006 中医基础理论术语、GB/T 12346—2006 腧穴名称与定位等国家标准术语。这些中医药名词的规范工作成为中医药走向世界的桥梁之一。

中医药名词中英双语的规范工作，离不开术语学工作原则的指导。由于中医药名词规范工作的时间较短，有关经验不足，理论探讨更嫌薄弱，目前还没有区分中医药名词英译原则和英文名的规范原则的讨论。规范原则是随着术语英译的逐渐成熟和术语规范工作的开展升华而得。本文思在讨论适合中医药名词英文名规范的通则框架，并将之与中医药名词英文翻译原则区分。

一 中国中医药名词规范工作介绍

（一）组织机构及指导文件

国家层面的中医药名词规范工作，目前主要由全国科学技术名词审定委员会（简称全国科技名词委）和国家标准委两个单位执行。两个单位各有一套指导进行术语规范工作的文件，主要内容大致相同。全国科技名词委起源于民国时期的“科学名词审查会”，1985 年“全国自然科学名词审定委员会”成立，1996 年更名为“全国科学技术名词审定委员会”，所制定“科学技术名词审定原则及方法”规范符合中国国情，强调了制定术语时要注思定名时的“民族性”[1]。国家标准委文件多根据ISO术语工作相关标准翻译并结合中国国情略做修改，与术语规范工作相关文件主要有：GB/T 20001.1—2001标准编写规则 第1 部分：术语；GB/T 10112—1999术语工作 原则与方法；GB/T 15237—2000 术语工作 词汇 第1 部分：理论与应用；GB/T 16785—1997 术语工作 概念与术语的协调。中医药名词双语规范原则主要在术语学理论与方法指导下，根据以上工作文件，并综合分析中医药名词特点的基础上进行制定。

（二）中医药双语术语规范工作

中医药学名词（TCM terms）是中医药领域中中医药概念的语言指称，即中医药概念在汉语或其他语言中的名称。中医药名词规范工作就是根据预先确定的命名规则，系统建成规范的中医药系统术语集（TCM nomenclature）。中医药中英双语术语工作就是利用等义现象（equivalence）在英语中寻找到中文中医药名词的等义术语（equivalent term）。

中医药名词的英译与其他自然科学术语不同，汉语是源语言，英语是目的语，翻译方向是从中文向英文。很多名词都具有悠久的历史，深具人文性[2]，其含义有着复杂的演变过程，在英文中找不到对等词。中医药名词需要通过翻译创造对等词。这项工作已经有很多人进行尝试，由于个人理解和方法论的差异，一个术语存在多种英译。目前，中医药双语术语规范工作是在中文术语规范工作的基础上对中文术语已有的英文名进行规范。

随着中医药国际影响力增加，中医翻译由零星的个别实践到出版社组织的大规模翻译，翻译队伍从以国外为主到以国内为主，又到国内外平分秋色。翻译情况从各说各话到激烈的学术争论，从拉丁化到推崇普通用词，从混乱开始迈向统一。多年来，对于术语英译原则，学术界观点既有趋同，也存在争议。

二 关于中医药名词英译原则的讨论

（一）译者因素

中医药名词的翻译、翻译原则的制定受译者的主观因素影响较大，与译者的知识背景、文化背景、职业背景有关。这就导致术语英译指导思想，所制定翻译原则、所使用的翻译方法的多样化。目前主要是以西方语言学家魏迺杰（Nigel Wiseman）、文树德（Paul U.Unschuld）为代表的“以原文为导向”的异化法和以医药学专家谢竹藩、班康德（Daniel Bensky）“以读者为导向”的归化法并存的情况。二者各有优劣之处。翻译方法不同导致所译出术语差异极大，使用混乱，难以统一。

（二）英译原则之争

2000 年进人术语标准编制阶段，科技部《中医药基本名词规范化研究》项目成果《中医药学名词》（2004）应用的中医药名词英译原则共有六条：对应性、系统性、简洁性、同一性、回译性、约定俗成。并提出中医药名词的英译既要反映中医的本思，又要符合英语国家的语言习惯[3]。这些原则成为其他中医药名词英译标准制定的参考。世界中医药学联合会《中医基本名词中英对照国际标准》的英译原则在制定过程中，经多次会议探讨，反对回译性原则，强调对应性原则，共四条：对应性、简洁性、同一性及约定俗成等原则[4]。认为直译是手段不是原则。

魏迺杰认为中医名词英译最基本的问题在于是否需要固定的英文对应词。在英译方法的选择上，最根本的争论在于是否需要系统化的英译原则。制定专有名词最有效率的方法是先决定一套适用于所有名词的英译原则，亦决定每一类名词所使用的翻译方法。他强调回译性原则及直译法[5]。

一直以来，马万里（Maciocia）、班康德及其同事认为中医术语多为一般中国人所了解，不能视之为“专有名词”。因此，根据不同语境可采用不同的英译词。他们认为许多中医名词具多义性，难以翻译，而且不同翻译人员所采用不同的译词能使读者理解术语不同方面的概念。强调翻译的“清晰性与可读性”[6]，反对字对字的直译法。

（三）国际标准英文名规范原则

目前WFCMS 的标准和WHOWPR的标准分别组织公布了自己的中医药名词国际标准。

WFCMS 直接提出了术语英译原则：

（1）对应性：英译词义尽量与其中文学术内涵相对应，是最重要的原则；

（2）简洁性：在不影响清晰度的前提下，译名越简单越好，避免辞典式释义；

（3）同一性：同一概念的名词只用同一词对译；

（4）约定俗成：目前已通行的译名，与上述原则虽然不完全符合，仍可考虑采用。[5]

在分类英译中，穴位名、中药名、方名的英译将拉丁化汉语拼音作为第一标准。在原则中没有概括这一做法的根据。

WHOWPR没有强调英译原则，而是提出了筛选英文名的原则：

（1）准确反映中文术语的原始概念。这一点同中医药名词委和WFCMS 的英译原则“对应性”原则本质是相同的。

（2）不创造新的英文词汇。强调从已有字典中选取英译，不另行创造新的英译，但可在语法层面改译。

（3）避免使用拼音。这一点与WFCMS 的标准有着明显的分歧。

（4）与WHOWPR针灸术语标准保持一致。强调了术语的延续性，一些明显的学术错误，如将“脏腑”译为“viscera and bowels”，也被继承了下来[7]。

（四）现有术语英译原则缺点

WFCMS 虽然提到了专有名词用汉语拼音作为第一标准，并在翻译方法中提到了用双译法、三译法处理相关类型的术语，但是没有提到所依据的原则是民族性。从表1 瘤类疾病的翻译看，WHOWPR的选择照顾了中医术语的系统性，但是，也没有在原则中体现出来，而且，由于其与西医疾病一对一的关系没有体现出来，不便于临床使用，没有全面传递其医学内容。WHOWPR及WFCMS 对规范术语学工作及中医药名词原则多考虑语言层面，民族文化层面考虑不足。

三 术语翻译与术语规范的关系

一定翻译原则指导下的术语翻译是术语规范的工作基础。中医药名词英文名的规范原则需要将翻译原则考虑进去，并制约、指导翻译原则的选择和使用。

一般情况下，术语包括英文术语的规范应该是在收集到已有的英文术语中，由权威机构组织领域内专家，按照规范术语工作方法选出规范术语。规范过程一般不需要再创新术语，也同样不需要重新英译术语。

但是，中医药名词与西医及其他自然科学技术术语不同在于，她是中国本土科学的外传，很多术语在英语中根本没有对应词，只能采用一定的翻译手段进行仿造。这导致中医药名词规范必然涉及翻译的问题。在规范过程中，虽然可以使用已有的翻译，但是，由于翻译方法的不同，一个术语可以有多达10 余种译法。那么哪一种能作为标准呢？

这就需要综合各种因素，制定用来筛选或改译中医药名词英文名的规范原则。此原则还将指导没有英译中医药名词的翻译。

四 中医药名词英文名规范原则的制定

中医药名词英译的规范原则既要考虑到规范术语学工作的基本原则，还要照顾中医药名词自身的特点及需要翻译介人的特殊性。

（一）需要照顾术语规范的原则

1.对应性

术语的译名词义与中文相对应。即译名要符合中医术语的原思，所选英文术语能够最大限度地反映中医术语内涵。这是最重要的一条原则，制约着其他原则。

2.系统性

保证中医药学科概念体系的完整性。术语是概念的指称。中医药理论自成体系，在翻译的时候，除了照顾中西医术语的对应关系，还要照顾到中医药学术体系本身的系统性。相同系列的上位概念术语和下位概念术语应该有母子关系。例如疾病名称的翻译，必要时采用双译法，中医特色译名在前，西医病名在后，以同时达到传达中医文化和医学科学内容（见表1）。

表1 外科术语“瘤”及其下位概念术语的英译

3.同一性

同一概念的名词只用同一词对译。由于中医药名词的民族性，文化承载词及病名可以采用多译法。理想的话，同一概念中文术语只用一个英文术语表达，即达到一词一义的单义性，事实上很难达到。因为源语言是汉语的传统中医药名词要找到英文功能对等词往往是很困难的，所以，很多需要采用双译法和多译法来实现双语信息的准确传达。例如基础名词“髓海”（marrow of sea；brain），病名“气瘤”（qi tumor；subcutaneous neurofibroma），采用中医传统术语直译在前、西医译名思译在后的双译法来传达中医术语和西医术语的对应。

4.简洁性

译名要简洁，不是辞典释义，用词不能太长。早期很多术语的音译采用解释性翻译，借用西医术语表达中医概念，以帮助英文读者理解中医术语的内涵。如“十二经脉vascular system consists of 12 Pairs of main vessels”[8]。这是一个阶段性的现象。随着中医药的国际化，术语的英译逐渐由繁复向简约过渡，由归化为主转向异化为主，如“十二经脉twelve channels/meridians”。

5.约定俗成

目前已通行的译名，与前述原则虽然不完全符合，仍可考虑采用。对于存在明显学术错误的不予采纳，如脏腑viscera and bowels的翻译。

（二）需要照顾英译的原则

回译性：译名结构在形式上与中文一致或相近。

名词定语和连接符“hyPhen”的使用，使中医药名词的英译越来越简洁，回译性也越来越强。面对国际中医药领域双向交流的需要，保证其他原则的前提下，回译性可以使所得译名形神兼顾，不可忽略。例如“肝肾阴虚”早期多译为yin deficiency of liver and kidney，现在多译为liver-kidney yin deficiency。

（三）照顾文化承载词

民族性：选择规范译名时，应考虑中医药名词的中国文化特色。

既要保证中医药术语作为医学科学术语的准确性，又要照顾其社会人文科学的历史性、人文性。因此，我们采取的策略有二：一是专有名词采用拉丁化拼音作为第一标准。如方剂及中成药名称、中药名及针灸腧穴名称采用音译作为第一标准。还有人名、书名、地名、部分基础名词及病名也采用音译。二是为了尽量反映中医药名词的人文特色，不少术语采用双译法或多译法。例如，气瘤（qi tumor；subcutaneous neurofibroma），髓海（marrow sea；brain）。

总之，目的是力求既方便双向的信息交流，又能较为准确传达中医药原思，尽量达到功能对等，使外国人能从自然科学和社会人文科学全方位地了解和学习中医药学。

（四）与国际/国家标准的统一

由于中医药术语国际规范工作时间尚短，理论指导欠缺，所选术语也在试用阶段，需要在使用中不断修订，对于国际标准WHOWPR的术语标准，针灸命名标准中很多不合理的英译因照顾延续性而被延续下来，如五脏five viscus、六腑six bowls，这种翻译一直不被多数学者接受。新的学术观点倾向于使用“汉语拼音+思译″，如五脏five zang organs/viscera、六腑six fu organs/viscera。对于国际标准，正确的自当接受，错误的理当摒弃。

对于国家标准委组织公布的国家标准GB/T 20348—2006 中医基础理论术语等双语标准，处理原则是，先参考国际标准，然后是国家标准，加以比较，在术语工作基本原则指导下，择优选用。

中药名、中成药名须参考2010 版《中华人民共和国药典》，拉丁中药名称已经向国际药典接轨，植物药用药部位后置，以便检索。但其中成药名称用汉语拼音加剂型的方式，不为外国人接受。目前国际上倾向于用汉语拼音作为第一标准（建议拼音不要连写，以方便外国人拼读），后面应该附英译名，以完整传达方名、中成药名信息。

五 中医药术语英译的规范原则基本内容及顺序

根据其重要性，7 条中医药名词英译规范原则的基本内容及顺序是：

对应性：译名词义与中文相对应。这是最重要的原则，居诸原则之首。

系统性：保证中医药学科概念体系的完整性。

简洁性：译名要简洁，不是辞典释义，用词不能太长。

同一性：同一概念的术语只用同一词对译。

回译性：译名结构在形式上与中文一致或相近。

民族性：定名时应考虑我国文化特色和中医药名词特性，翻译时尽量保留中医文化特色。

约定俗成：目前已通行的译名，与前述原则虽然不完全符合，仍可考虑采用。

以上诸原则，除了对应性为优先原则之外，其他原则的顺序有时还需综合考虑。

六 结论

中医药名词的英译关键在于对中文术语概念的准确把握，必要时需要对中文术语进行考证，准确把握术语的本体。一些专有名词在原始出处可能找到它命名的原因。按照术语学的系统性工作原则，需要在中医药理论指导下，建立完整的中医药概念体系，在术语之间建立关联。中文术语间的系统性，决定英文术语的系统性。中文术语规范原则也是英文术语规范时应该遵循的。中医药名词英文翻译原则只是术语英文名规范原则的基础之一，首先是对应性原则优先于其他原则，旨在达到等义的目的；系统性原则次之，建立概念术语之间的联系，在选择英文译名时要顾及上位概念术语和下位概念术语之间的关系。其次，必须考虑翻译的因素，回译性原则虽然争议较大，形式上的统一对于中英双语双向的学术交流也是非常有思义的。由于文化承载词、专有名词的大量存在，民族性是必须考虑的原则。双译法、多译法的使用成为解决这一难题的重要方法之一。另外，专有名词拉丁化将汉语拼音作为第一标准已经被国内外学者提到日程上来。

4.英文自荐信 篇四

2011级国贸1班郭龙龙2011151503

Dear Sir,My name is GuoLong Long and I will graduate from Hu Lun Bei Er college in the year of 2015.My major is International Economy and Trade.It’s my great pleasure to have this opportunity to improve our mutual understanding.During the four–year college study，I tried my best to learn all kinds of knowledge，and weigh the hard work of my teachers and myself.I have passed CET4 and computer second-level.Moreover，I have a good command of Business English and the basic theory，public relationship of secretary.Meanwhile, in order to enlarge my knowledge, I always read some The extracurricular books about business and trade，and I used to do some representative of business in my spare time.At the same time, I am familiar with Office 2010.It is my four–year college life that makes me form my life attitude.Also my four-year college life that makes me rich in knowledge，and it’s also my four-year college life that makes me

form my life attitude.Honesty, Trust, Diligence is principle of how to be a man.As a college graduate，I believe “where there is a will, there is a way”, and I will try my best to do a good job in my business.So I sincerely hope that I can make a position in your company so that I can serve for the company in the future.Yoursfaithfully,GuoLongLong

5.英文自荐信 篇五

英文自荐信格式如下：

I am pleased to respond to your advertisement for the above position advertised in the JobsPower.com on January 4. I believe my training and experience strongly qualify me for this job.

My four years of executive experience at XYZ Hotel have equipped me with a multitude of skills. I assisted in the promotion of the restaurant within a private placement sales effort and the communication with investors. Besides, I am the only executive assistant entrusted with client greeting and other hospitality services. I am sure I would be an asset at your company.

I would welcome the opportunity to meet you and discuss ways in which my capabilities could be directed to suit your needs. Thank you for your consideration.

6.英文个人自荐信 篇六

一份普能的自荐信，相信不少人已经知道怎么写了，但如果要写英文个人自荐信，应该会难倒不少人。英文自荐信怎么写呢？以下列出一份英文个人自荐信范文，仅供各位参考，希望大家从中掌握如何写自荐信。

Dear Dr.Anderson,Mr．Li Quanzhi who has just returned to China from your university informed that you are considering the possibility of offering a Chinese language course to your students in the next academic year and may have an opening for a teacher of the Chinese language.I am very much interested in such a position.I have been teaching Chinese literature and composition at college level since 1980.In the past three years, I have worked in summer programs, teaching the Chinese language and culture to students from English-speaking courtries.As a result，I got to know well the common problems of these students and how to adapt teaching to achieve the best results.With years of intensive English training, I have no difficulty conducting classes in English and feel queit comfortable working with American students.I will be available after February 1998．please fell free to contact me if you wish more information.Thank you very much for your consideration and I look forward to hearing from you.Sincerely yours,Shi Hongqi

7.外贸英文自荐信 篇七

Gentlemen, I wish to apply for the position of editorial assistant advertised in Jobspower.com.I have had considerable editorial experience and am familiar with proofreading, rewriting, and production, as well as the more creative aspects of this type of work.I should like to summarize briefly my experience:

1978-1980

For two years I was employed as managing editor on an ABC weekly newspaper having a circulation of about 30,000.Here I did a great deal of original writing, wrote the headlines, and worked directly with the printer in setting up the paper.1974-1978

previous to 1978 I worked as assistant editor in Baker International Guide Book, where my duties consisted chiefly of reading proof and rewriting, as well as composing lengthy articles and shorter item.1972-1974

I also worked as assistant editor on a trade journal in the food field the Dairy Weekly, where my tasks were similar to those described above, but also included a great deal of interviewing and personal contact with members of the industry.All in all, I have had eight years of business experience, and am familiar with all phases of office routine.At present I am employed as promotion manager on an advertising magazine, the future of which is so uncertain as to make its employees desirous of securing a foothold in a more firmly established organization.I was graduated from Boston College in June, 1979 with honors, after six years of attendance in the evening session, while working full-time during the day.I majored in English literature and am continuing my studies in this field at present at Thornton University, where I expect to receive my master‘s degree in June, 1985.At Boston I was for two years managing editor of the evening session newspaper.As much as I should like to join your organization, it would not be advisable for me to do so for less that $9,500, which is my present salary.I shall be able to call for an interview at your convenience, and shall be able to supply any necessary or examples of my previous work.Yours truly

8.教师英文自荐信 篇八

mr.li quanzhi who has just returned to china from your university informed that you are considering the possibility of offering a chinese language course to your students in the next academic year and may have an opening for a teacher of the chinese language.i am very much interested in such a position.i have been teaching chinese literature and composition at

college level since 1980.in the past three years, i have worked in summer programs, teaching the chinese language and culture to

students from english-speaking courtries.as a result，i got to know well the common problems of these students and how to adapt teaching to achieve the best results.with years of intensive english training, i have no difficulty conducting classes in english and feel queit comfortable working with american students.i will be available after february 1998.please fell free to contact me if you wish more information.thank you very much

9.热门英文自荐信 篇九

你知道吗？自荐信是申请信的一种，是写信人就某一职位向收信人提出请求。自荐信一般包括以下几个方面的内容：首先要阐述清楚招聘信息的来源，以及所申请的职位;其次简述个人信息;然后进一步强调自己的能力，表达抱负，并请求给予面试机会;最后提出自己的希望，希望得到面试的机会，并且告诉对方你的联系方式。

掌握英文自荐信写法，不妨继续看看相关范文：

Dear Dr.Anderson，Mr．Li Quanzhi who has just returned to China from your university informed that you are considering the possibility of offering a Chinese language course to your students in the next academic year and may have an opening for a teacher of the Chinese language.I am very much interested in such a position.I have been teaching Chinese literature and composition at college level since 1980.In the past three years, I have worked in summer programs, teaching the Chinese language and culture to students from English-speaking courtries.As a result，I got to know well the common problems of these students and how to adapt teaching to achieve the best results.With years of intensive English training, I have no difficulty conducting classes in English and feel queit comfortable working with American students.I will be available after February 1998．please fell free to contact me if you wish more information.Thank you very much for your consideration and I look forward to hearing from you.Sincerely yours,xiexiebang

10.英文求职自荐信 篇十

Director/Counsellor for Students with Disabilities

Office of Academic Advising and Student Services

5555 University of Omaha

Omaha， NE 55555

Nov。 8，

Dear Ms。 Sunners，

It was a pleasure speaking with you regarding employment opportunities at the University of Omaha。 As was discussed， I am interested in providing Orientation and Mobility (O&M) or liaison services to students with disabilities。 Please consider my qualification if a suitable opening becomes available。 I have enclosed several copies of my resume。 Please feel free to give them to colleagues who may be interested。

Throughout my professional career， I have learned that the availability of Orientation and Mobility services can mean the difference between success or failure for students with disabilities。 It often determines whether a sudent travels safely to and from school or work。 I have dedicated my career to giving students the opportunity for success through Orientation and Mobility and Gross Motor training。 Consider the following：

1。20 years of progressive experience in the field of Orientation and Mobility。

2。 Published writer and speaker on Orientation and Mobility topics。

3。 Lifelong commitment to helping individuals with physical challenges and multiple disabilities。

4。 Rapid and thorough assessment of Orientation and Mobility needs and development of plans to help students achieve their goals。

At this point in my career， I am exploring new professional challenges at college campuses。 I am eager to relocate for the right opportunity。 Since the University of Omaha has approximately 500 registered students with disabilities， I am confident that my professional services would be beneficial to the students。

11.会计英文自荐信 篇十一

dear sir or madam, hello,I`m xxx,xx years old. i have been told byxxxxmanager, the business book publishing,xxxx, with whom i believe you are acquainted,that you are expecting to make some additions to your accounting staff in june.i should like to be considered an applicant for one of these positions. you can see from the data sheet that is enclosed with this letter that i have had five years of varied experience in the book business.the companies for which i have worked have given me permission to refer you to them for information about the quality of the work i did while in their employ. my work was in the credit department and in the accounting department in both companies,with some experience also in inventory control. in both positions,i have been assigned with the daily office administration.the courses taken at central commercial and thexxxxxxxcollege specifically prepare me for doing the accounting required in your department. i hope that you will give me an interview at some time convenient to you.if there is further information that you wish in the meantime,please let me know.i can always be reached at the address given at the beginning of this letter. very truly yours

respected company leaders:

12.英文自荐信标准 篇十二

April 13,2000

p.O.Box 36

Tsinghua University

Beijing,China 100084

Dear Sir/Madam: