毕业论文之外文翻译

毕业论文之外文翻译（精选4篇）

1.毕业论文之外文翻译 篇一

毕业设计（论文）——外文翻译（原文）

NEWAPPLICATIONOFDATABASE

Relational databases have been in use for over two decades.A large portion of the applications of relational databases have been in the commercial world, supporting such tasks as transaction processing for banks and stock exchanges, sales and reservations for a variety of businesses, and inventory and payroll for almost of all companies.We study several new applications, which have become increasingly important in recent years.First.Decision-support system

As the online availability of data has grown, businesses have begun to exploit the available data to make better decisions about increase sales.We can extract much information for decision support by using simple SQL queries.Recently however, people have felt the need for better decision support based on data analysis and data mining, or knowledge discovery, using data from a variety of sources.Database applications can be broadly classified into transaction processing and decision support.Transaction-processing systems are widely used today, and companies have accumulated a vast amount of information generated by these systems.The term data mining refers loosely to finding relevant information, or “discovering knowledge,” from a large volume of data.Like knowledge discovery in artificial intelligence, data mining attempts to discover statistical rules and patterns automatically from data.However, data mining differs from machine learning in that it deals with large volumes of data, stored primarily on disk.Knowledge discovered from a database can be represented by a set of rules.We can discover rules from database using one of two models:

In the first model, the user is involved directly in the process of knowledge discovery.In the second model, the system is responsible for automatically discovering knowledge from the database, by detecting patterns and correlations in the data.Work on automatic discovery of rules has been influenced strongly by work in the artificial-intelligence community on machine learning.The main differences lie in the volume of data handled in databases, and in the need to access disk.Specialized data-mining algorithms have been developed to handle large volumes of disk-resident data efficiently.The manner in which rules are discovered depends on the class of data-mining application.We illustrate rule discovery using two application classes: classification and associations.Second.Spatial and Geographic Databases

Spatial databases store information related to spatial locations, and provide support for efficient querying and indexing based on spatial locations.Two types of spatial databases are particularly important:

Design databases, or computer-aided-design(CAD)databases, are spatial databases used to store design information about how objects---such as buildings, cars or aircraft---are constructed.Other important examples of computer-aided-design databases are integrated-circuit and electronic-device layouts.Geographic databases are spatial databases used to store geographic information, such as maps.Geographic databases are often called geographic information systems.Geographic data are spatial in nature, but differ from design data in certain ways.Maps and satellite images are typical examples of geographic data.Maps may provide not only location information-such

as boundaries, rivers and roads---but also much more detailed information associated with locations, such as elevation, soil type, land usage, and annual rainfall.Geographic data can be categorized into two types: raster data(such data consist a bit maps or pixel maps, in two or more dimensions.), vector data(vector data are constructed from basic geographic objects).Map data are often represented in vector format.Third.Multimedia Databases

Recently, there has been much interest in databases that store multimedia data, such as images, audio, and video.Today multimedia data typically are stored outside the database, in files systems.When the number of multimedia objects is relatively small, features provided by databases are usually not important.Database functionality becomes important when the number of multimedia objects stored is large.Issues such as transactional updates, querying facilities, and indexing then become important.Multimedia objects often have descriptive attributes, such as those indicating when they were created, who created them, and to what category they belong.One approach to building a database for such multimedia objects is to use database for storing the descriptive attributes, and for keeping track of the files in which the multimedia objects are stored.However, storing multimedia outside the database makes it harder to provide database functionality, such as indexing on the basis of actual multimedia data content.It can also lead to inconsistencies, such a file that is noted in the database, but whose contents are missing, or vice versa.It is therefore desirable to store the data themselves in the database.Forth.Mobility and Personal Databases

Large-scale commercial databases have traditionally been stored in central computing facilities.In the case of distributed database applications, there has usually been strong central database and network administration.Two technology trends have combined to create applications in which this assumption of central control and administration is not entirely correct:

1.The increasingly widespread use of personal computers, and, more important, of laptop or “notebook” computers.2.The development of a relatively low-cost wireless digital communication infrastructure, base on wireless local-area networks, cellular digital packet networks, and other technologies.Wireless computing creates a situation where machines no longer have fixed locations and network addresses.This complicates query processing, since it becomes difficult to determine the optimal location at which to materialize the result of a query.In some cases, the location of the user is a parameter of the query.A example is a traveler’s information system that provides data on hotels, roadside services, and the like to motorists.Queries about services that are ahead on the current route must be processed based on knowledge of the user’s location, direction of motion, and speed.Energy(battery power)is a scarce resource for mobile computers.This limitation influences many aspects of system design.Among the more interesting consequences of the need for energy efficiency is the use of scheduled data broadcasts to reduce the need for mobile system to transmit queries.Increasingly amounts of data may reside on machines administered by users, rather than by database administrators.Furthermore, these machines may, at times, be disconnected from the network.Summary

Decision-support systems are gaining importance, as companies realize the value of the on-line data collected by their on-line transaction-processing systems.Proposed extensions to SQL, such as the cube operation, help to support generation of summary data.Data mining seeks to discover

knowledge automatically, in the form of statistical rules and patterns from large databases.Data visualization systems help humans to discover such knowledge visually.Spatial databases are finding increasing use today to store computer-aided design data as well as geographic data.Design data are stored primarily as vector data;geographic data consist of a combination of vector and raster data.Multimedia databases are growing in importance.Issues such as similarity-based retrieval and delivery of data at guaranteed rates are topics of current research.Mobile computing systems have become common, leading to interest in database systems that can run on such systems.Query processing in such systems may involve lookups on server database.毕业设计（论文）——外文翻译（译文）

数据库的新应用

我们使用关系数据库已经有20多年了，关系数据库应用中有很大一部分都用于商业领域支持诸如银行和证券交易所的事务处理、各种业务的销售和预约，以及几乎所有公司都需要的财产目录和工资单管理。下面我们要研究几个新的应用，近年来它们变得越来越重要。

1、决策支持系统

由于越来越多的数据可联机获得，企业已开始利用这些可获得的数据来对自己的行动做出更好的决策，比如进什么货，以及如何最好的吸引顾客以提高销售额。我们可以通过使用简单的SQL查询语句提供大量用于决策支持的信息。但是，人们最近感到需要使用多种数据源的数据，以便在数据分析和数据挖掘（或知识发现）的基础上，更好的来做决策支持。

数据库应用从广义上可分为事务处理和决策支持两类。事务处理系统现在正被广泛使用，并且公司已经积累了大量由这类系统产生的信息。

数据挖掘这个概念广义上讲是指从大量数据中发现有关信息，或“发现知识”。与人工智能中的知识发现类似，数据挖掘试图自动从数据中发现统计规则和模式。但是，数据挖掘和机器学习的不同在于它处理的是大量数据，它们主要存储在磁盘上。

从数据库中发现的知识可以用一个规则集表示。我们用如下两个模型之一从数据库中发现规则：

● 在第一个模型中，用户直接参与知识发现的过程

● 在第二个模型中，系统通过检测数据的模式和相互关系，自动从数据库中发现知识。有关自动发现规则的研究很大程度上是受人工智能领域在知识学习方面研究的影响。其主要的区别在于数据库中处理的数据量，以及是否需要访问磁盘。已经有一些具体的数据挖掘算法用于高效地处理放在磁盘上的大量数据。

规则发现的方式依赖于数据挖掘应用的类型。我们用两类应用阐述规则发现：分类和关联。

2、空间和地理数据库

空间数据库存储有关空间位置的信息，并且对高效查询和基于空间位置的索引提供支持。有两种空间数据库特别重要：

● 设计数据库或计算机辅助设计（CAD）数据库是用于存储设计信息的空间数据库，这些信息主要是关于物体（如建筑、汽车或是飞机）是如何构造的。另一个计算机辅助设计数据库的重要例子是整合电路和电子设备设计图。

● 地理数据库是用于存储地理信息（如地图）的空间数据库。地理数据库常称为地理信息系统。

地理数据本质上是空间的，但与设计数据相比在几个方面有所不同。地图和卫星图像是地理数据的典型例子。地图不仅可提供位置信息，如边界、河流和道路，而且还可以提供许多和位置相关的详细信息，如海拔、土壤类型、土地使用和年降雨量。地理数据可以分为两类：光栅数据（这种数据由二维或更高维的位图或像素图组成）、矢量数据（由基本几何对象构成）。地图数据常以矢量形式表示。

3、多媒体数据库

最近，有关多媒体数据（如图像、声音和视频）的数据库的研究很热门。现在多媒体数据通常存储在数据库以外的文件系统中。当多媒体对象的数目相对较少时，数据库提供的特点往往不那么重要。但是当存储的多媒体对象数目较多时，数据库的功能就变得重要起来。总之，事务更新、查询机制和索引也开始变的很重要。多媒体对象常常有描述属性，如指明它们是何时创建的、谁创建的，以及它们属于哪一类。构造这种多媒体对象的数据库的方法之一是用数据存储描述属性，并且跟踪存储这些媒体对象的文件。

但是，将多媒体数据存储在数据库之外，使得难于提供数据库的功能，譬如基于实际多媒体数据内容的索引。此外这种情况还会造成不一致，譬如一个文件在数据库中做了记录，但其内容却丢失了；或其相反情况。因此我们更希望将数据本身存储在数据库中。

4、移动性和个人数据库

大型商用数据库传统上是存储在中央计算设备上的。在分布式数据库应用中，通常有强大的中央数据库和网络管理。然而以下这两个技术趋势的结合产生了一些应用，这些应用使中央控制和管理不再完全正确：

● 个人计算机越来越广泛的使用，其中更重要的 是便携式或“笔记本”计算机的使用。● 基于无限局域网、蜂窝数字包网络，以及其他技术成本相对低廉的无线数字通信基础设

施的发展。

无线计算使得计算机不必有固定的位置和网络地址这使得查询处理更加复杂，因为它难于决定实体化查询结果的最佳位置。某些情况下，用户的位置是一个查询参数。例如，一个旅客信息系统提供关于酒店、路边服务的信息及类似信息给乘车的旅客。有关当前道路前放服务的查询必须根据用户的位置、移动的方向及速度进行处理。

能源（电池能源）对应动计算机来说是有限的资源，这一限制影响了系统设计的许多方面。能源效率需求最有趣的结果之一的使用计划的数据广播来减少传输查询中移动系统的需求。越来越多的数据会放在由用户管理、而不是由数据库管理员管理的计算机上，并且这些计算机有时可能与网络断开连接。

5、总结

随着企业认识到联机事务处理系统收集的联机数据的价值，决策支持系统也越发变得重要了。现已提出SQL扩展，如cube操作，能帮助系统生成汇总数据。数据挖掘致力于从大数据库中自动发现统计规律和模式等知识。数据可视化系统帮助人们从视觉上发现这些知识。

目前，空间数据库正越来越多的被应用于存储计算机辅助设计数据和地理数据。设计数据基本上是以矢量数据的形式存储，而地理数据则包含矢量数据和光栅数据。

多媒体数据库正变得越来越重要。基于相似性的查询以及按可以确保的速率传送数据是当前研究的重要课题。

移动计算系统的普及使人们对这类系统上运行的数据库产生了浓厚的兴趣。在这类系统上的查询处理可能会设计在服务器端数据库上的查找。

2.建筑学本科毕业设计外文翻译 篇二

学 院: 专 业: 学 号: 学生姓名: 指导教师:

城市建设学院 建筑学

日 期: 二零一一年六月

First Chapter：Development of the city of Tehran

Ali Madanipour 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

Tehran :the making of a metropolis，First Chapter：Development of the city of Tehran，Ali Madanipour，ISBN：0471957798，Press： New York John Wiley，1998，page five to page eleven。

第一章：德黑兰市的发展

阿里.马丹妮普尔

德黑兰：一个大都市的建造，第一章：德黑兰市的发展，阿里.马丹妮普尔，书号：0471957798，纽约John Wiley出版社，1998，第五页到第十一页。

德黑兰市的发展

全市已长成了一定的规模性和复杂性，以这样的程度，空间管理需要另外的手段来处理城市组织和不断发展的复杂性，并为城市总体规划做准备。

第二次世界大战后，在盟军占领国家的期间，有一个时期的民主化，在冷战时开始的政治紧张局势之后，它们互相斗争对石油的控制权。这个时期已经结束于1953年，结果 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

是由政变产生了伊朗王，那个后来担任了25年的行政君主的人。随着高出生率和农村向城市迁移，德黑兰和其他大城市增长加剧甚至比以前更快地。到1956年，德黑兰的人口上升到150万，到了1966至300万，1976至450万，其规模也从1934年46平方公里到1976年的250平方公里。

从石油行业的收入增长创造的盈余资源，需要流通和经济的吸收。50年代中期，特别是在工业化的驱动下德黑兰许多大城市有了新工作。20世纪60年代的土地改革释放了大量来自农业的农村人口，这是不能吸收的指数人口增长。这种新的劳动力被吸引到城市：到新的产业，到似乎始终蓬勃发展建筑界，去服务不断增长公共部门和官僚机构。德黑兰的角色是国家的行政，经济，文化中心，它坚定而巩固地通往外面的世界。德黑兰战后的城市扩张，是在管制、私营部门的推动，投机性的发展下进行的。房屋一直供不应求，并有大量可用的富余劳动力和资本，因此在德黑兰建筑行业蓬勃发展，土地和财产的价格不断上涨。这个城市成长为一个在某种意义上道路对外脱节的，城镇和乡村一体化的，郊区不断增长的新的定居点。这加强了社会的孤立性，破坏了郊区的花园和绿地，并使城市管理者的感到无能为力。1962年一位副市长在德黑兰表示：“建筑物和居民点已经满足人们所想要的无论何处何种样子”，创造了一个“事实上城镇相互连接的方式不当”的城市（Nafisi, 1964,第426页）。有许多事情迫切需要做，但市政府并没有法律上或经济上有能力处理这进程。

1966年市政法第一次规定了城规最高委员会的法律体制和土地利用规划公司的综合计划。还有他一系列法律，以支持德黑兰市的新的法律和体制安排，使住房和其他管理工作在城市中发展起来。最重要的一步是策划的德黑兰综合计划于1968年被批准。它是由一个伊朗规划师Fereydun Ghaffari领导下的美国的Victor Gruen和伊朗的Aziz Farmanfarmaian所共同产生的（Ardalan，1986）。该计划确定的城市的问题是：城市密度过高特别是城市中心、主要道路沿线商业活动的膨胀、污染、不完善的基础设施，贫困地区广泛的失业和低收入群体不断地迁移到德黑兰。解决的办法是城市自然社会和经济结构的转型。(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).不过该提案大多主张形态上的变化，试图强调一个现代化的理念，强加这个复杂的都市的秩序。设想这个城市的未来可向西形成一个线性多中心的形式，减少密度和市中心的挤塞情况。全市将形成10个地区，其他各区由绿化带隔开，每个地区约50万居民，并设置拥有高楼的商业及工业中心。各个地区（mantagheh）将分为若干区域（nahyeh）和社区（mahalleh）。每个区域人口约1.5到3万，有一所中学和商业中心以及其他必要设施。每个社区有大约5000居民，有一所小学和一个当地的商业中心。这些地区和区域将有相连的交通运输网络，包括高速公路，捷运路线及巴士路线。过境路线的站点会迅速发展为活动度高居住密度高的节点。重建及改善计划中将有60万人离开中心地区(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).。

几乎所有这些措施可以追溯到那个拥有时尚规划理念的时代，这主要是受英国新城镇的影响。在Victor Gruen的《我们城市的心脏》（1965）书中，曾设想未来的中心大 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

都市会由10个城市包围，每个国家都有它自己的中心。这很像Ebenezer Howard’s（1960年，第142页）提到的，那个四周被园林城市群包围着的中心城市：“社会的城市”。在德黑兰的规划中，这一概念的直译版被使用。另一个在英国新城镇被使用的概念，比如Redditch和 Runcorn，是把公共交通路线作为城市的骨架的重要性，其停车点是它的重点服务中心。使用邻里中心和小学来限制邻里单元人口，这被广泛应用于这些新市镇，这是一个曾在20世纪20年代在美国发展的想法(Mumford, 1954)。这些思想依然存在，但是，主要是在纸面上。该计划已执行，已在美国城市规划中有根深蒂固的想法，包括了用高速公路网的不断延伸去连接城市的脱节部分;在不同地区的社会管理和物理性质的基础上进行区划;引进容积率的控制发展的密度。

在20世纪70年代进行的其他主要规划工作包括Shahrak Gharb的局部发展新城镇，以及Shahestan依照英国顾问Llewelyn–Davies提出的规划新的城市行政中心，虽然这被当做正在上升的革命浪潮后来从未实施过。

革命和后革命时期可分为三个阶段：革命（1979-1988年），重建（1989-1996年）和改革（1997-2004），每个都展示了德黑兰城市规划中不同的做法。

德黑兰和其他城市经过两年大量实证，1979年有代表性的是一个革命的到来推翻了伊朗君主，由议会共和制和神父统治的不稳定结合所取代。其原因可以追溯到在国王的发展模式导致了许多冲突，现代与传统，经济发展与政治发展，全球市场力量和地方资产阶级力量，外国势力和民族主义，腐败和自满中坚分子与不满的群众。像1906年的革命一样，许多隐藏意见的累积使1979的革命成为可能。在第一次革命，维新已占了上风，而在第二次，传统主义者赢得了领导。然而，无论革命的态度还是他们掌握政权之后的一系列重大问题，包括城市发展都显示出现代化的偏好。从这个意义上讲，该国的这两个爆炸革命事件可以被看作是在动荡中逐步转型所作的努力（Madanipour，1998，2003）。革命是在与伊拉克长期战争（1980-1988）之后，其间停止了经济的发展。在城市发展方面的投资减少，而农村地区和省城受到革命政府的青睐，同时遏制从农村向城市迁移并与大城市公平对待。在此期间主要规划干预是对白天城市中心的私家车活动的限制。同时，战争和新政府的免费或低费用的设施，吸引了更多的人承诺向首都城市移民，到1986年人口达600万。从20世纪50年代城市人口的增长速度已开始减慢，而直到80年代中期首都的增长都更快，但是它的增长率也开始下降（Khatam, 1993）。在革命和战争后，正常化和重建时期开始了，其中大部分持续到上世纪90年代。这期间见证了德黑兰城市规划的若干努力。但是没有一个有效的框架来管理剧烈的城市发展。综合计划在革命后遭到攻击，因为它被认为无法适应变化。1998年，市长批评它主要是形态上的发展规划、植根于前政权的政治框架、并没有足够重视实际操作问题（Dehaghani，1995）。

综合计划的25年寿命在1991年结束。一个伊朗顾问公司（A-Tech）受委托于1985年筹备1986-1996期间的规划。经过多次延迟，在1993年，该计划最终被城市规划高级理事会批准。该计划还注重增长的管理和线性空间战略，利用了城市区域，次区域，地 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

区，小区和邻里尺度。它促进保护、权力下放、多中心发展，有五个卫星新市镇，并发展住宅增加城市密度。该协会建议，城市在5个亚区中被划分成22个区，每个区都拥有自己的服务中心（Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004）。

1993年的计划不受市政当局欢迎，不同意它的估价和优先次序，认为它不现实、昂贵、无法实施。1996-2001年期间市政当局自己做了一个战略规划，它被认为是德黑兰市政的第一个规划或是德黑兰80。它强调对一个城市提出战略和政策来实现他们的第一个规划，而不是以介绍土地利用规划为目标。它把城市的主要问题确定为能提供服务的资源短缺、城市发展模式和速度、环境污染、缺乏有效的公共交通工具、效率低下和官僚主义。然后市政府对城市的未来远景概述了六个主要特征：一个清洁的城市，建设便于运动的城市公园和绿化带，新的文化和体育设施，改革发展的城市组织，以及对城市空间的改善，包括土地利用和保护的全面和详细的计划的编制规划(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996)。

全市实施了1968年的计划中提出的一部分建议，诸如增加南方的绿色开放空间，或是兴建高速公路网;开放城市的大部分地区使之得到新的发展以缓解全城的运作。继承1993年计划的意见，市政府放宽容积率限制，并允许热闹地带有更高的密度。然而，这并非基于规划的考虑，主要是为了使市政当局的财政独立。这在发展产业区广受欢迎，但受到公民的争议。开发者可以通过向市政府缴纳罚款建立更高的建筑物，而不必考虑对周围环境的影响，这个政策俗称“密度销售”。该城市的面貌，特别是在其北部地区，是在短期内改变的，其中包括中通过宽阔的街道和高速公路连接高楼大厦。在较贫穷的南部，一个大型的重建项目Navab穿过密集而破旧的建筑物建造高速公路，建立庞大的上层建筑的各个方面。这个城市的行政边界扩大了两次，一次向外，一次向西，涵盖了700平方公里的22个区市。

这个时期的重建争议随着民主的改革而产生，它重新启动了城市市议会的选举，这首先造成了市长和市政府关系的制度混乱。该会于2001年公布了自己的城市构想作为德黑兰宪章，这总结了大会上安理会成员、非政府组织和市政专家之间原则上同意的问题。该宪章主要采纳了可持续性和民主性原则，被用于开发自然和处理环境、交通、社会、文化、经济问题、城市管理战略、区域性城市，国家和国际角色。

Development of the city of Tehran The city had grown in size and complexity to such an extent thatits spatial managementneeded additional tools, which resulted in the growing complexity of municipalorganization, and in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for the city.After the Second World War, during which the Allied forces occupied the country, there was a period of democratization, followed by political tensions of the start of the cold war, 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

and struggles over the control of oil.This period was ended in 1953 by a coup detat that returned the Shah to power, who then acted as an executive monarch for the next 25 years.With high birth rates and an intensification of rural–urban migration, Tehran— and other large cities—grew even faster than before.By 1956, Tehran’s population rose to 1.5 million, by 1966 to 3 million, and by 1976 to 4.5 million;its size grew from 46 km² in 1934 to 250 km² in 1976(Kariman, 1976;Vezarat-e Barnameh va Budgeh, 1987).Revenues from the oil industry rose, creating surplus resources that needed to be circulated and absorbed in the economy.An industrialization drive from the mid-1950s created many new jobs in big cities, particularly in Tehran.The land reforms of the 1960s released large numbers of rural population from agriculture, which was not able to absorb the exponential demographic growth.This new labour force was attracted to cities: to the new industries, to the construction sector which seemed to be always booming, to services and the constantly growing public sector bureaucracy.Tehran’s role as the administrative, economic, and cultural centre of the country, and its gateway to the outside world, was firmly consolidated.Urban expansion in postwar Tehran was based on under-regulated, private-sector driven, speculative development.Demand for housing always exceeded supply, and a surplus of labor and capital was always available;hence the flourishing construction industry and the rising prices of land and property in Tehran.The city grew in a disjointed manner in all directions along the outgoing roads, integrating the surrounding towns and villages, and growing new suburban settlements.This intensified social segregation, destroyed suburban gardens and green spaces, and left the city managers feeling powerless.A deputy mayor of the city in 1962 commented that in Tehran, ‘‘the buildings and settlements have been developed by whomever has wanted in whatever way and wherever they have wanted’’, creating a city that was ‘‘in fact a number of towns connected to each other in an inappropriate way’’(Nafisi, 1964, p.426).There was a feeling that something urgently needed to be done, but the municipality was not legally or financially capable of dealing with this process.The 1966 Municipality Act provided, for the first time, a legal framework for the formation of the Urban Planning High Council and for the establishment of land-use planning in the form of comprehensive plans.A series of other laws followed, underpinning new legal and institutional arrangements for the Tehran municipality, allowing the Ministry of Housing and others to work together in managing the growth of the city.The most important step taken in planning was the approval of the Tehran Comprehensive Plan in 1968.It was produced by a consortium of Aziz Farmanfarmaian Associates of Iran and Victor Gruen Associates of the 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

United States, under the direction of Fereydun Ghaffari, an Iranian city planner(Ardalan, 1986).The plan identified the city’s problems as high density, especially in the city centre;expansion of commercial activities along the main roads;pollution;inefficient infrastructure;widespread unemployment in the poorer areas, and the continuous migration of low-income groups to Tehran.The solution was to be found in the transformation of the city’s physical, social and economic fabric(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).The proposals were, nevertheless, mostly advocating physical change, attempting, in a modernist spirit, to impose a new order onto this complex metropolis.The future of the city was envisaged to be growing westward in a linear polycentric form, reducing the density and congestion of the city centre.The city would be formed of 10 large urban districts, separated from each other by green belts,each with about 500,000 inhabitants, a commercial and an industrial centre with high-rise buildings.Each district(mantagheh)would be subdivided into a number of areas(nahyeh)and neighborhoods(mahalleh).An area, with a population of about 15–30,000, would have a high school and a commercial centre and other necessary facilities.A neighborhood, with its 5000 inhabitants, would have a primary school and a local commercial centre.These districts and areas would be linked by a transportation network, which included motorways, a rapid transit route and a bus route.The stops on the rapid transit route would be developed as the nodes for concentration of activities with a high residential density.A number of redevelopment and improvement schemes in the existing urban areas would relocate 600,000 people out of the central areas(Farmanfarmaian and Gruen, 1968).Almost all these measures can be traced to the fashionable planning ideas of the time, which were largely influenced by the British New Towns.In his book, The Heart of Our Cities, Victor Gruen(1965)had envisaged the metropolis of tomorrow as a central city surrounded by 10 additional cities,each with its own centre.This resembled Ebenezer Howard’s(1960, p.142)‘‘social cities’’, in which a central city was surrounded by a cluster of garden cities.In Tehran’s plan, a linear version of this concept was used.Another linear concept, which was used in the British New Towns of the time such as Redditch and Runcorn, was the importance of public transport routes as the town’s spine, with its stopping points serving as its foci.The use of neighborhood units of limited population, focused on a neighborhood centre and a primary school, was widely used in these New Towns, an idea that had been developed in the 1920s in the United States(Mumford, 1954).These ideas remained, however, largely on paper.Some of the plan’s ideas that were implemented, which were rooted in American city planning, included a network of freeways to connect the disjointed 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

parts of the sprawling metropolis;zoning as the basis for managing the social and physical character of different areas;and the introduction of Floor Area Ratios for controlling development densities.Other major planning exercises, undertaken in the 1970s, included the partial development of a New Town, Shahrak Gharb, and the planning of a new administrative centre for the city—Shahestan—by the British consultants Llewelyn–Davies, although there was never time to implement the latter, as the tides of revolution were rising.Planning through policy development: reconstruction after the revolution and war The revolutionary and post-revolutionary period can be divided into three phases: revolution(1979–1988), reconstruction(1989–1996), and reform(1997–2004), each demonstrating different approaches to urban planning in Tehran.After two years of mass demonstrations in Tehran and other cities, the year 1979 was marked by the advent of a revolution that toppled the monarchy in Iran, to be replaced by a state which uneasily combined the rule of the clergy with parliamentary republicanism.Its causes can be traced in the shortcomings of the Shah’s model of development, which led to clashes between modernization and traditions, between economic development and political underdevelopment, between global market forces and local bourgeoisie, between foreign influence and nationalism, between a corrupt and complacent elite and discontented masses.Like the revolution of 1906, a coalition of many shades of opinion made the revolution of 1979 possible.In the first revolution, the modernizers had the upper hand, while in the second the traditionalists won the leadership.However, the attitudes of both revolutions—and the regimes that followed them—to a number of major issues, including urban development, show a preference for modernization.In this sense, both revolutions can be seen as explosive episodes in the country’s troubled efforts at progressive transformation(Madanipour, 1998, 2003).The revolution was followed by a long war(1980–1988)with Iraq, which halted economic development.Investment in urban development dwindled, while rural areas and provincial towns were favoured by the revolutionary government, both to curb rural–urban migration and to strike a balance with large cities.The key planning intervention in this period was to impose daytime restrictions on the movement of private cars in the city centre.Meanwhile, the war and the promise of free or low-cost facilities by the new government attracted more migrants to the capital city, its population reaching 6 million by 1986.The rate of population growth in the city had started to slow down from the 1950s, while the metropolitan region was growing faster until the mid-1980s, when its growth rate also started to decline(Khatam, 1993).After the revolution and war, a period of normalization and reconstruction started, which 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

lasted for most of the 1990s.This period witnessed a number of efforts at urban planning in Tehran.Once again, urban development had intensified without an effective framework to manage it.The comprehensive plan came under attack after the revolution, as it was considered unable to cope with change.In 1998, the Mayor criticized it for being mainly a physical development plan, for being rooted in the political framework of the previous regime, and for not paying enough attention to the problems of implementation(Dehaghani, 1995).The comprehensive plan’s 25-year lifespan came to an end in 1991.A firm of Iranian consultants(A-Tech)was commissioned in 1985 to prepare a plan for the period of 1986–1996.After much delay, it was only in 1993 that the plan was finally approved by the Urban Planning High Council.This plan also focused on growth management and a linear spatial strategy, using the scales of urban region, subregion, district, area and neighbourhood.It promoted conservation, decentralization, polycentric development, development of five satellite new towns, and increasing residential densities in the city.It proposed that the city be divided into 22 districts within five sub-regions, each with its own service centre(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 2004).The 1993 plan was not welcomed by the municipality, which disagreed with its assessments and priorities, finding it unrealistic, expensive, and impossible to implement.The municipality produced its own strategic plan for the period 1996–2001, known as Tehran Municipalty’s First Plan, or Tehran 80.Rather than introducing a land-use plan as its goal, this was the first plan for the city that emphasized a set of strategies and propose d policies to achieve them.It identified the city’s main problems as shortage of resources to deliver its services;the pace and pattern of urban growth;environmental pollution;the absence of effective public transport, and inefficient bureaucracy.The municipality’s vision for the future of the city was then outlined to have six major characteristics: a clean city, ease of movement in the city, the creation of parks and green spaces, the development of new cultural and sports facilities, reform of the municipal organization, and planning for the improvement of urban space, including preparation of comprehensive and detailed plans for land use and conservation(Shahrdari-e Tehran, 1996).The municipality implemented part of the proposals, such as increasing the amount of green open spaces in the south, or constructing new parts of the motorway network, which was proposed by the 1968 plan;opening large parts of the city to new development, and easing movement across the city.Following the advice of the 1993 plan, the municipality relaxed FAR limits and allowed higher densities through bonus zoning.This, however, was not based on planning considerations, but was mainly to bring financial autonomy to the municipality.This proved to be popular with the development industry, but controversial with citizens.Developers could build taller buildings by paying fines to the municipality, in a 武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译

3.毕业论文之外文翻译 篇三

撰写要求与格式规范

（2008年7月修订）

一、毕业论文（设计）文献综述

（一）毕业论文（设计）文献综述的内容要求

1．封面：由学校统一设计，普通A4纸打印即可。

2.正文

综述正文部分需要阐述所选课题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向，特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果。通过与中外研究成果的比较和评论，说明自己的选题是符合当前的研究方向并有所进展，或采用了当前的最新技术并有所改进，目的是使读者进一步了解本课题的意义。文中的用语、图纸、表格、插图应规范、准确，量和单位的使用必须符合国家标准规定，不得使用已废弃的单位，如：高斯（G和Gg）、亩、克、分子浓度（M）、当量能度（N）等。量和单位用法定符号表示。引用他人资料要有标注。文献综述字数在3000字以上。

正文前须附300字左右中文摘要，末尾须附参考文献。

列出的参考文献限于作者直接阅读过的、最主要的且一般要求发表在正式出版物上的文献。参考文献的著录按在文章中出现的先后顺序编号。

期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或etal表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名,出版年,卷次（期次）:起止页次.图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次.论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[C].论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次.学位论文类书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:单位名称,年份.电子文献类书写方法:[序号]主要责任者.题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志 ]出版地:出版者,出版年（更新或修改日期）[引用日期].获取和访问途径.参考文献应在10篇以上。

（二）毕业论文（设计）文献综述撰写与装订的格式规范

第一部分：封面

1.封面：由学校统一设计。

第二部分：文献综述主题

1.中文摘要与关键词

摘要标题（五号，宋体，顶格，加粗）

摘要内容(五号，宋体)

关键词标题（五号，宋体，顶格，加粗）

关健词内容（五号，宋体，词间用分号隔开）

2.正文标题

标题最多分四级。

一级标题，三号字，宋体，居中，加粗；

二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗；

三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗；

3.正文

小四号字，宋体。

4.引文注释

引文后注释标示示例：“激光平地技术能够大幅度地提高土地平整的精度，激光感应系统的灵敏度至少比人工肉眼判断和操作人员手动控制的准确度提高10-50倍，是常规平地技术所不及的[1]”。这里“[1]”是右上标，其中[1]表示正文后面的“参考文献”中的第1个文献。

5.图表

正文中图、表均需编排序号，有图、表题目及说明（五号、宋体、加粗）。文中所列图形应有所选择，照片不得直接粘贴，须经扫描后以图片形式插入，插图宽度一般不超过10cm。标目中物理量的符号用斜体，单位符号用正体，坐标标值线朝里。标值的数字尽量不超过3位数，或小数点以后不多于1个“0”。如用30km代替30 000m，用5μg代替0.005mg等，并与正文一致。中英文、罗马字符应统一，一般采用Time New Roman斜体（单位符号、缩写等除外）。

6.参考文献

参考文献标题（五号，宋体，加粗，居中）

参考文献内容（五号、宋体；英文用五号，Times New Roman）

第三部分：版面要求

论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸）

版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边距：18mm

字符间距：标准

行距：1.25倍

页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—沈阳农业大学学士学位论文文献综述。页眉的偶数页书写—文献综述题目。在每页底部居中加页码。（宋体、五号、居中）

二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译

（一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求

外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要注明外文原文出处，并上交外文原文复印件。

原文出处:期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或etal表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名,出版年,卷次（期次）:起止页次.原文出处:图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次.原文出处:论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[C].论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次.原文出处:学位论文类书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:单位名称,年份.原文出处:电子文献类书写方法:[序号]主要责任者.题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志 ]出版地:出版者,出版年（更新或修改日期）[引用日期].获取和访问途径.（二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范

第一部分：封面

1.封面格式:由学校统一设计，普通A4纸打印即可。

第二部分：外文翻译主题

1.标题

一级标题，三号字，宋体，居中，加粗

二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗

三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗

2.正文

小四号字，宋体。

第三部分：版面要求

论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸）

版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页

脚边距：18mm

字符间距：标准

行距：1.25倍

页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—沈阳农业大学学士学位论文外文翻译。页眉的偶数页书写—外文翻译题目。在每页底部居中加页码。（宋体、五号、居中）

装订顺序是：封皮、文献综述封皮（普通A4纸打印）、文献综述正文、外文翻译封皮（普通A4纸打印）、外文翻译中文译文、外文原文复印件。

4.外文翻译格式说明 篇四

1.外文翻译题目应为所翻译文章的中文题目，不能写成毕业设计（论文）。与开题报告题目和任务书上以及分组上的题目不一样。

2.外文翻译封面所填基本信息均居中，下划线对齐，学生填写日期均统一填写二Ο一二年十二月三十日。

3.外文翻译正文部分页面设置：上:1.8，下：1.8 ,左：2，右：2.正文部分英文题目居中，英文原文正文字体times new roman，四号字，单倍行距；中文部分采用宋体，四号字，单倍行距。全文禁止直接从网上拷贝，文中不能出现网络格式、下划线、斜体、粗体、不准确的行间距，带颜色的字体等。翻译内容中文字数3000字以上。

4.分列序号采用：

1.xxxx

1.1xxxx

1.1.1xxxx

1.2 xxxx

5.参考文献一定要符合标准

示例：

[1]张三.建筑设计资料集[M].第二版.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1995

6.导师需在封面上写评语（此部分内容需手写），日期统一填写2012年12月31日。

以上各部分内容将严格审核，不符合要求的将退回给指导教师与学生改正至符合要求为止！外文翻译纸质版于2012年11月26日上交系部！

建筑学教研室