初中英语定语从句专项

2024-10-13

初中英语定语从句专项(共10篇)(共10篇)

1.初中英语定语从句专项 篇一

教学目标

1. 知识目标:掌握下列重点单词和词组的意思及用法ache, evercise, weight, give up, interest及其词汇转化

2. 能力目标:能够询问有关健康的信息,表达态度,提供建议。学习使用由whose引导的定语从句。

3.情感目标:通过了解tony 的经历,培养体谅、关爱他人的情感态度。

教学重难点

1.重点:对话中的句型应用,由whose引导的定语从句

2.难点:由whose引导的定语从句的运用。

教学工具

课件

教学过程

[课前朗读]: 朗读生词ache, exercise, weight, give up, interest, tasty----taste, menu, persuade.根据音标读出单词并了解汉语意思,养成学生自主学习词汇的习惯,促使学生迅速进入学习状态。

[检查词汇预习]:

a.采取学生结对、小组互查等形式来检查学生对词汇的预习情况。

b.朗读单词,注意发音。

一、情境导入

教师可问学生:(1)What’s your favourite sport?(2) How do you think we can keep fit?(3) Have you ever remembered what happened to Tony in Module9?这样会调动学生用英语思维的积极性, 引出本单元话题。

二、小听力(自主完成,合作释疑)

听Activity 2,完成表格

Betty

Lingling

Taijiquan

Weight

training

Running

针对表格进行说的练习。如:How does Lingling think of Taijiquan and running?

三、大听力 多层听

1.听Activity 3,完成下列各题。

1).Who has Betty bumped into?

A. The head teacher B. The English teacher C.Lingling and Betty

2).Does Daming think that the boy in his team can go to a sports school ?

A. Yes, he does B. No, he doesn’t C. We don’t know

3).What does Daming want the head teacher to write ?

A. Something about staying healthy

B. Something about training for the Olympics

C. something about buying a camera

2. 再听Activity 3,完成下列表格。

1. How did Tony feel

the basketball training? 1. He feels very

2. What will the boy in Daming’s team need to do? 2. He needs to do a lot of___ _____

3. Why isn’t allowed to use his father’s camera any more? 3. Because he almost __ ______ it last time.

四、默读对话,自主完成Activity 4.

完成后小组展示并纠正。小组间合作解决activity 3中不懂的地方,教师适时点拨。

五、突破重点与难点

对重点内容和疑难问题进行合作探究学习。

1.My legs ache a bit. ___________________(翻译)

(1) a bit 译为_____________. 其同义短语是___________.

自主造句:_______________________________.

2. Don’t give up if you want to stay fit.__________________________.

give up, 放弃。其中up是代词,后跟名词作宾语时可放在短语 ,也可放在 ,而跟代词宾语时只能放 。例如:give it/them up放弃做某事----give up doing sth.

自主造句: _______________________.

我们学过的可加动名词的动词或短语有

3.He is not fit or strong enough.____________________________

总结enough 的用法并举例

自主造句:

4. I’ve got a friend whose brother is training for the Olympics.此句含有一个whose 引导的定语从句,whose在从句中作定语,又如:

He is the only student in our class whose father is a policeman.

There is a boy whose parents want him to go to a sports school.

先行词为无生命的物体时也可以用whose 引导定语从句.如:

The book whose cover is green is mine.

No one now lives in the room whose windows are broken.

5.找出含有whose 的定语从句并翻译句子。分析定语从句的.先行词。

___________________________________________________.

___________________________________________________.

___________________________________________________.

___________________________________________________.

5. 自主补充完善

六、归纳短语

通过对对话的学习,让学生归纳本课的短语,可以小组合作,然后通过展示呈现出一个小组的成果,然后其他小组补充完善。

1. _____________________ 9._______________________

2. _____________________ 10.______________________

3. _____________________ ______________________

4. _____________________ _______________________

5. _____________________ ______________________

6. _____________________ ______________________

7. _____________________ ______________________

8. _____________________ ______________________

七、诵读积累

(一)跟录音机朗读对话,模仿语音语调。

(二)读熟对话

(三)读烂短语

(四)读烂下列重点句子

1.Don’t give up if you want to stay fit.

2. He isn’t fit or strong enough.

3.I’m not allowed to use it any more.

4.It’s my father who gives me my pocket money.

5. Don’t talk to me about that.

6. What’s up?

7.Guess what?

8. (含有whose的定语从句)

八、说的训练:

Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions in Activity 5.

九、当堂检测

(一)翻译下列短语及句子:

1.放弃___________________2.一点_____________________________

3.保持健康 _______________ 4.足够强壮_________________

5.碰巧遇到_________________6.发生什么事了?_________________

7.看起来像 ________________ 8.祝你好运 ________________

2.初中英语定语从句专项 篇二

英语定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。现就它们的翻译方法分述如下:

1、限制性定语从句

1.1 前置法

采用“的”的结构, 把从句部分译成汉语的定语, 置于被修饰词之前。

The room which served for studio was bare and dusty.

这个用作工作室的房间空荡荡的, 布满灰尘。

Nothing can take the place of complete rest such as you canget from sleep.

什么也代替不了从睡眠中得到的充分休息。

I like a room whose window looks out over the sea.

我想要一间窗户面临大海的房间。

On the day before we left home there came a snowstorm.

在我们出发的前一天, 下了一场暴雪。

1.2 后置法

如果从句部分的译文较长, 前置显得不合乎汉语习惯, 可译成后置的并列分句, 有时要重复先行词。

Inertia is that property of matter because of which a forcemust be exerted on a body in order to accelerate.

惯性是物质的一种特性, 由于这个特性, 必须对一物体施加一种力才能使它加速运动。

Phamacology is the science which deals especially with chemical changes in medicine as a result of which it is possibleto develop new drugs.

药理学是一门科学, 它专门研究医药中的化学变化, 从而有可能开发新药。

These children have caring and loving parents who have notharmed them in any way whatsoever.

这些孩子的父母关心爱护他们, 而且从来没有以任何方式伤害过他们。

1.3 溶合法

在There be句型中, 常把主语和定语从句溶合成单句

There no places on the earth that the foot of man has nottrodden.

地球上没有一个地方人类没有到过。

There are doctors who have grown up without having beencalled to treat a case of rabies.

有些很有经验的医生从未接诊过狂犬病人。

There are very few but admire his talents.

很少有人不欣赏他的才干。

There is much which will be unpleasing to the English reader.

有些东西会使英国读者不愉快。

2、非限制性定语从句

2.1 前置法

限制性定语从句一般是描述性的或署名性, 如果从句比较短, 仍可译成前置定语。

He liked his sister, who was warmkind, but did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.

他喜欢他那活泼和蔼的姐姐, 不喜欢他那冷漠高傲的哥哥。

But his laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.

他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默。

2.2 后置法

译成并列分句 (重复或不重复先行词)

It is possible to find in an enectric field a large number ofpoints, all of which have the same potentials.

可以在一个电场中找到许许多多的点, 所有点都具有相同的电位。

Food is taken in through the mouth, where it is chewed and mixed with saliva.

食物经口摄入, 在口腔内咀嚼并与唾液拌合。

There are 103 elements found in nature, most of which are metals.

已经发现自然界有103种元素, 其中大多数元素是金属。

3、状语性定语从句

有些定语从句, 包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句, 在语义上具有状语的功能, 可表达时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、目的等。可译成相应的词或句。

I saw Mr.Li, who was walking on tha street.

我看见李先生, (当时) 他正在街上走着。 (时间)

The sick child, who had been given the medicine, soon fell asleep.

患儿服药后很快就入睡了。 (时间)

We don’t like the room, which is cold.

我们不喜欢那个房间, (因为) 它很冷。 (原因)

He would know nothing who wants to know everything.

(假如) 什么都想学, 就什么也学不到。 (条件)

The vampire bat attacked the cattle, which sickened and died.

吸血蝙蝠袭击家畜, 造成家畜生病死亡。 (结果)

There was something orginal, independent and heroric about the plan that oleased all of them.

这个方案富于创造性、独出心裁、很有魄力, 使他们都很满意。 (结果)

Some of the patients, who had taken the medicine, showed no better because they had neglected the doctor’s advice.

有些患者虽然服了药, 仍不见好转, 因为他们未遵医嘱。 (让步)

The disease, which may occur at any age, is most frequent in early adult life.

虽然该病可发生在任何年龄的人, 但在青年人中最为常见 (让步)

Envoys were sent out who should promote friendly relationswith other countries.

对外派出使节, 目的是促进与其它国家的友好关系。 (目的)

Singapore has a welfare called the central provident, which ensures that the retired have a nest egg.

新加坡有一项被称为“中央节俭基金“的福利计划, 以保证退休者有一份养老金。 (目的)

以上介绍的定语从句翻译尚不完善, 现抄录两句英文及其翻译, 供读者和同仁体味其翻译之妙。

President Reagan is only the latest in a long line of intergovernmentalists who want to make sense of the functions of national, stateand local governments.

主张各级政府协调整治的人, 历来都有, 他们的意图是要充分发挥联邦、州和地方政府的职能。里根总统只不过是最新代表人物。

The Gross family are returniks—Russians who emigrated to the west and now decided to return.

格罗斯一家人是回国移民, 他们原是移居西方的俄罗斯人, 现在决定回国定居。

参考文献

[1].张培基、喻云跟, 李宗杰:英汉翻译教程, 上海外语教育出版社2010

3.浅淡初中英语限制性定语从句教学 篇三

一、定义

在复合句中担任定语的从句,叫定语从句。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词或代词以后,这种名词或代词叫做先行词。

二、引导定语从句的关联词

⒈关系代词:that,which,who,whom和whose

⒉关系副词:where,when和why

关系代词与关系副词在句中起联系从句与主句的作用,同时又在从句中作一定的成分。如主语、宾语、定语、状语等。

三、关系代词:that,who(whom)whose和which的具体用法

(1)that引导的定语从句。在从句中作主语、宾语等。其先行词是人也可以是物。

①A scientist is a person who/that invents or discovers things.(主语)

②A train is a machine that can run..(主语)

③He is the man that/whom we should learn from.(宾语)

(2)Who(whom)引导的定语从句。在从句中作主语、宾语等。其先行词是人。(若在从句中作宾语,要用whom)。

①The teacher who/that teaches us English is from the USA.(主语)

②She is the person whom/that I met at the school gate yesterday.(宾语)

(3)Which引导的定语从句。在从句中作主语或宾语。其先行词是物。

The letter which/that he received yesterday is his mother’s(宾语)

(4)Whose指人或物。在从句中作定语。指物时常可用of which代替。

①The man whose bike was stolen was my uncle.(指人作定语)

②Mr Green lives in a house whose roof is red.(指物作定语)

四、注意以下几点

1.用that而不用which的情况

(1)先行词为all,much,little,everything,anything,nothing,none,few,the one等不定代词时。

①That’s all that I have seen and heard.

②I mean the one that was bought yesterday.

(2)指物的先行词被形容词最高级或被only,any,one of,few等修饰时。

①It is the most important task that should be finished soon.

②My necklace is not the only thing that is missing.

(3)先行词为数词或被序数词(含last)修饰时:

Look at there flowers.You can see the two that you gave me.

(4)先行词中既有人又有物时:

we were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited.

2.不用that的情况

(1)当先行词本身是that时,关系代词要用which.

The clock is that which tells the time.

(2)关系代词前有介词时:

Eg:This is the room in which Lu Xun lived.

3.关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省

①The tool(that/which)he is working with is called a saw.

②Do you know the woman(who/that)she was talking to?

4.当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数上与先行词保持一致

①The child who is reading there is my brother.

②The children who are reading are my classmates.

五、关系副词when,where,why的用法

关系副词在定语从句中只能充当从句的状语,不能省略。

1.when引导的定语从句

when在定语从句中作表示时间的状语。它所修饰的是表示“时间”的词。

①I still remember the day when you first came here.

②The day when we won the match finally came.

2.where引导的定语从句

where在定语从句中作地点状语,修饰的先行词是表示“地点”的名词或代词。

①I like the places where it is warm.

②Do you still remember the village where you were born?

3.why引导的定语从句

why在定语从句中作原因状语,修饰的先行词一般是reason.

①The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus.

4.初中英语定语从句的用法解析 篇四

【摘要】定语从句是一种形容词的关系从句。它由关系代词或关系副词引导(1)。初中英语中的定语从句仅限于限制性定于从句,但对初中生来说,定语从句既是一个重点,也是一个难点。【关键词】定语从句 先行词 关系代词 关系副词

一、英语中的定语从句与汉语中的定语位置不同。在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。英语中的定语从句始终要放在被修饰的词之后,而汉语中的定语则放在被修饰词之前。如:

The man who / that I saw at the school gate yesterday is my English teacher.先行词 定语从句

昨天我在校门口看见的那个人是我的英语老师。

二、英语从句中的句型结构比较复杂,有先行词、关系代词或关系副词。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词或关系副词。限制性关系分句和它的先行项的所指意义有着不可分割的联系(2)。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中要充当一个成分。关系代词在句中可作主语、宾语或定语,关系副词在句中作状语。如:

I am waiting for the boy who /that is wearing a red coat.(主语)

先行词 关系代词

我正在等穿着红色外套的那个男孩。

The dictionary that / which my sister gave me last Sunday is very expensive.(宾语)先行词 关系代词

我姐姐上周星期天给我的那本字典很贵。

The woman is his mother whose name is Linda Brown.(定语)先行词 关系代词

那个是他的母亲,名叫琳达·布朗。

That is the house where my father used to live.(状语)先行词 关系副词

那是我父亲曾经居住过的房子。

三、初中英语中的定语从句关系代词或关系副词的具体用法。

1.who指人(也可用that),在定语从句中作主语,也可作宾语。如: Yesterday I helped an old man who / that lost his way.(主语)

昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。

Mr Wang is the man(who / that / whom)you met in the zoo this morning.(宾语)王先生就是今天早上你在动物里遇到的那个人。

注意:关系代词who指人,作宾语时,可用whom代替;作宾语时,关系代词可省略。作其它成分,关系代词则不能省略。

2.whose指人,也可指物。在定语从句中作定语。

The boy whose mother is ill is staying at home to look after her today.其母亲生病的那个男孩今天呆在家里照顾她。I have a story book whose cover is red.我有一本封面是红色的故事书。

3.which指物(也可用that),在定语从句中作主语,也可作宾语。如: Football is a game which / that is liked by most boys.(主语)足球是被大多数男孩喜欢的运动。

I don’t believe the news which / that Tom won the game.(宾语)我不相信汤姆赢得这场比赛的消息。

四、关系代词whom, which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放在先行词与定语从句之间。如:

That is the place in which I lived for five years.=That is the place which / that I lived in for five years.那就是我住过五年的地方。

Mr Zhang is the man for whom I am looking.=Mr Zhang is the man who / whom / that I am looking for.张先生就是我正在找的那个人。

五、具体使用关系代词或关系副词需要注意的问题。

1.先行词是地点时,如果该先行词做了定语从句的主语或宾语时,关系代词用that或which.如: The school that / which I used to study in is becoming better and better.(the school 作了介词in的宾语。)我过去曾经学习的那所学校变得越来越好了。

先行词是地点时,如果该先行词不作定语从句的主语或宾语时,关系代词用where.如: The place where the accident happened isn’t far from our school.事故发生的那个地方离我们学校不远。

(定语从句中的动词happened是不及物动词,它不跟宾语,而the accident又作了定语从句的主语,因此该定语从句既不需要主语,也不需要宾语。)2.只用that,不用which的情况。(1)前有序数词修饰时。如:

This is the tenth gift that I received for my birthday.这是我收到的第十个生日礼物。

(2)前有形容词最高级修饰时。如:

That is the most exciting game that I have ever watched.那是我曾经看过最令人兴奋的比赛。

(3)先行词是all, little, few, something, anything, everything等不定代词时。如: All that he told me is true.他告诉我的一切是真实的。(4)先行词被the only修饰时。如:

The only thing that I can get is a pen.我唯一能得到的东西就是一支钢笔。(5)先行词既指人,又指物时。如:

We talked about the people and the things that we were interested in.我们谈论了我们感兴趣的人和事。

3.只用which,不用that的情况。

(1)定语从句是物时,定语从句由“介词+关系代词which”引导。如: The thing about which the teacher is talking is very important.老师正在谈论的那件事非常重要。

(2)先行词本身是that, those时,如:

5.初中定语从句语法汇总 篇五

一、定语从句的基本概念:

定语从句即在句中有一个具有主谓结构的完整的句子来充当定语,修饰前面的名词短语或者代词。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如:

This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party?

I still remember the night when I first came to the village.This is the place where Lily once lived.二、定语从句的分类

根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。

三、关系代词和关系副词的功用

关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词可以做主语,宾语,定语,关系副词可作状语。

1.关系代词:主要有that, which, who, whom, whose等,它们在句子中可用作主语(如that, which, who等)、宾语(如that, which, whom等)和定语(如which, whose)。例句:I found the book which I was looking for.我找到了我要找的书。(做宾语)

She is the woman whose car was stolen.她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。(做定语)She is the woman whom I gave the money to.她就是我给她钱的那位妇女。(做宾语)Is he the man that sells dogs? 他就是卖狗的人吗?(做主语)She is the girl who won the prize.她就是获奖的姑娘。(做主语)

注意:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。2.关系副词:主要有where, when, why等,它们在句子中主要用作状语。(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。

This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。

(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如:

This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。

(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。例如:

Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

四、关系代词的用法

1.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:

Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:

The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)The film(which)we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)

注意:关系词只能用that,不能用which的情况:

a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例:He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。

b.被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例:Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗? c.先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last,little,few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例:This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:

例:I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

d.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that 例:Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁? f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例:There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。注意:关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况: a.先行词为that,those时,用which,而不用that.例:What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例:This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which,而不用that.例:Tom came back,which made us happy.汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。

3、who,whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略。

例:The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)

Who is the teacher(whom)Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语,可省略)注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,that,which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。

例:This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。

(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例:his is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。

(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例:The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。

五、关系副词的用法

1、When的用法:

关系副词when在定语从句中用作状语,表示时间,用以修饰表示时间的先行词;在许多情况下可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价),其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含义与搭配来确定。例:1988 was the year when he was born.1988是他的出生年。

句子分析:句中的when he was born为修饰the year的定语从句,关系副词when在此相当于in which。表示在某一年,英语习惯上用介词in,如in 1988, in 2008等,所以此处用in which。

例:I’ll never forget the day when I first met you.我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。句子分析:句中的when I first met you为修饰the day的定语从句,关系副词when在此相当于on which。表示在某一天,英语习惯上用介词on,如on that day, on Friday等,所以此处用on which。

例:Don’t forget the time when the wedding will start.不要忘记婚礼开始的时间。句子分析:句中的when the wedding will start为修饰the time的定语从句,关系副词when在此相当于at which。表示在某一时刻,英语习惯上用介词at,如at that time, at the moment等,所以此处用at which。

2、where的用法:

关系副词where在定语从句中也是用作状语,表示地点,用以修饰表示地点的先行词;在许多情况下也可以理解为“介词+which”的意思(which的意思与先行词所表示的意思等价),其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含与搭配来确定。

例:What is the name of the town where you live? 你住的那个城市叫什么名字? 句子分析:句中的where you live为修饰the town的定语从句,关系副词where在此相当于in which。表示住在某城市,英语习惯上说 live in a city,所以此处用 in which。例:This cross marks the spot where she died.这个十字符号标明她死去的地点。句子分析:句中的 where she died 为修饰 the spot 的定语从句,关系副词 where 在此相当于 at which。表示在某一地点,英语习惯上说 at a spot,所以此处用 at which。

3、why的用法:

关系副词why在定语从句中也是用作状语,表示原因;why引导定语从句时,其先行词只有一个,那就是the reason;在许多情况下why也可以理解为for which。例:These are the reasons why we do it.这些就是我们这样做的理由。

句子分析:句中的why we do it为修饰the reason的定语从句,关系副词why在此相当于for which。

例:Do you know the reason why she doesn’t like me? 你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗? 句子分析:句中的why she doesn’t like me为修饰the reason的定语从句,关系副词why在此相当于for which。

why是一个比较特殊的关系副词,它引导定语从句时,除可换成for which外,有时也可换成that,甚至省略。如:

他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。

6.中考英语定语从句复习 篇六

在复合句中修饰或限定名词、代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰或限定的名词、代词叫做先行词;引导定语从句的词叫做引导词。定语从句放在所修饰、限定的词(先行词)之后。

例1:The boy who is reading a story book is my brother.

那个正在读一本故事书的男孩是我的兄弟。

在这句话中,who is reading a story book.是定语从句。它修饰、限定the boy,the boy是先行词,引导定语从句的who是引导词。

定语从句的分类

定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

限制性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面,用来说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况,与先行词的关系非常密切,翻译时一般要译到先行词的前面;如果去掉,则整个句子的意思含混不清。

A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health. 医生是照顾人们健康的人。

非限制性定语从句起到补充说明作用,译为汉语时常不译作定语,而是根据句意译为相应的其他形式的从句。它与主句的关系不如限制性定语从句密切,只是对先行词作附加说明,既使去掉,主句的意思依然清楚。非限制性定语从句前往往有逗号与主句隔开,如非限制性定语从句放在句子中间,其前后都需要用逗号与隔开。

Yesterday, Jimmy left for Canada, where he had stayed two years.

昨天,吉米动身到加拿大去了,他曾在那儿呆了两年。

定语从句的引导词

引导定语从句的词称为引导词,它一方面连接先行词和定语从句;别一方面又在定语从句中充当句子成份,如例1中的who,以定语从句中作主语。引导词一般不能按照疑问代词或疑问副词的意义进行翻译,一般情况下应译为“……的”。定语从句的引导词可为分为关系代词和关系副词。

I. 关系代词

关系代词代替的是表示人或物的名词或代词,并且在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成份。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。关系代词在从句是作宾语时常可省略。常见的关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。

1. 当先行词指人时,使用who或whom,如果在从句中作主语,则用who;作宾语,则用whom,但在口语中,常可用who代替whom,也可以省略。Whom 作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。

The boy who can play basketball well is our monitor.

那个篮球打得好的男孩是我们的班长。

The man (whom) we met at the school gate is an English teacher.

我们在学校门口遇到的那个人是一位英语教师。

The woman to whom you talked is Kangkang`s mother. =

The woman (whom) you talked to is Kangkang`s mother

那位与你谈话的妇女是康康的妈妈。

2. 当先行词指物时,使用which,在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时常可省略。Which 作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。

The books which were bought last week will be sent to poor children.

上周买的那些书将被送给贫困孩子。

He gave me the ball (which) we bought last week. 他把我们上周买的球给了我。

Dont bring children to see the animals of which they are afraid. =

Dont bring children to see the animals (which) they are afraid of.

不在带孩子去看那些他们害怕的动物。

3. Whose 引导的定语从句的先行词可以是人也可以是物,whose在从句中作定语。Whose 作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。

The man whose coat is blue is cleaning the room. 那个穿蓝上衣的人在打扫房间。

The book whose cover is red is an English book. 那本红色封面的书是一本英语书。

The boss in whose factory I worked is a very kind person. =

The boss whose factory I worked in is a very kind person.

我工作的那个工厂的老板是一个非常和善的人。

4. that引导的定语从句的先行词既可指人也可指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。that在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,介词一般不放在它的前面。

The new job that I found was to be a teacher. 我新找的工作是当老师。

He is the teacher that we met at the bus stop.

他就是我们昨天在公共汽车站遇到的那位老师。

The village that he lives in is very far away. 他所居住的村子非常远。

关系代词在定语从句中作短语动词的宾语时,此时关系代词前的介词应是短语动词固定搭配中的那一个介词。

This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。

5. 当先行词指人时that一般可以与who 通用;当先行词指物时,that一般可以与which通用。但是当先行词符合下列条件之一时,只能用that.

⑴ 当先行词指物为不定代词时,只用that引导定语从句。

Ive forgotten everything that I learnt at school. 我在学校学的东西我全忘记了。

⑵ 当先行词是最高级或被最高级所修饰时,只能用that引导定语从句。

This is the best way that we can raise money. 这是我们可以筹钱的最好方法。

⑶ 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时,只能用that引导定语从句。

He is the first person that I met this morning. 他是我今天早上见到的第一个人。

⑷ 当先行词被only, very, just, last, one of, all no, little, few, any等词修饰时,只能用that引导定语从句。

It is one of the beautiful views that I have seen. 这是我所见到的最美的风景之一。

⑸ 当先行词既有人又有物时,只能用that引导定语从句。

We talked the things and persons that we were interested in.

我们谈论我们感兴趣的人和事。

⑹ 如果有两个从句,其中一个用了who (which)来引导,则另一个用that以避免重复。

He built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

他建造了工厂要生产一些我们以前没见过的东西。

⑺ 当先行词被the only, the very, the some, the last等词修饰时,只能用that引导定语从句。

This is the last place that I want to visit. 这是我想参观的最后一个地方。

6. 当先行词指物时,that一般可以与which通用。但是当先行词符合下列条件之一时,只能用which.

⑴ 当作主语或宾语的关系代词前有介词时,只能用which.

This is the house of which the windows face south. 这是那间窗户朝南的房子。

⑵ 在引导非限制性定语从句时,which可代表先行词或前面的一句话,译成“这一点,这件事”。

He passed the exam, which made us very happy. 他通过了考试,这使得我们非常高兴。

⑶ 先行词为that, those时,引导词用which.

Whats that which on the table? 桌子上是什么?

7. 当先行词指人时that一般可以与who 通用。但是当先行词符合下列条件之一时,只能用who.

⑴ 当先行词是one, ones, anyone, those指代人时, 只能用who.

Anyone who does that must be mad. 谁那样做一定是疯了。

⑵ 在there be 结构中,先行词是人时,只能用who.

There is a girl who is waiting for you. 有个女孩在等你。

⑶ 当先行词是人,后面有较长的修饰语时,只用who.

I met a friend of mine who had got three gold medals in the Asian Games.

昨天我在公园见到一个朋友,他在亚运会上得到了三枚金牌。

⑷ 当先行词是I, you, he ,they等时(常用于谚语中),只用who.

He who plays with fire gets burned. 玩火自焚。

II. 关系副词

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。常用关系副词有why, when, where.

1.when 指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。也可以用“介词+关系代词”代替when, 这时的介词一般为in, at, on等。

Ill never forget the day when (on which) I first come here.

我永远都不会忘记我第一次到这儿的那天。

2.where 指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。也可以用“介词+关系代词”代替where, 这时的介词一般为表示方位的at, in , on, beside等。

This is the room where (in which) he lived last year. 这是他去年住过的房间。

3.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。也可以用“介词+关系代词”代替why, 这时的介词一般为for。

Thats the reason why (for which) he was late for school. 这就是他上学迟到的原因。

4.that 可用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。

This is the place (that / where / in which) he works. 这是他工作的地方。

非限制性定语从句

关系代词和关系副词在非限制性定语从句中的应用与在限制性定语从句中类似。先行词为人时,用who, whom, whose;先行词为物时,用which。 that不用于非限制性定语从句中。

Mary has a brother, who is an engineer. 玛丽有一个兄弟,他是一位工程师。

She has six cousins, three of whom lived to grow up.

她有六个表兄弟,其中三个已经长大成人了。

The children are taught by a 32-year-old Englishman, whose wife is an American.

孩子们的老师是一位32岁的英国人,他的妻子是美国人。

非限制性定语从句也可以由where或when 引起。

Last week we visited Hangzhou, where there is a beautiful lake.

上周我们游览了杭州,那儿有一个美丽的湖。

We will put off the party until next week, when we wont be so busy.

7.浅谈英语定语从句状语化 篇七

关键词:定语从句,状语译法,转译,英译中

一、定语从句的翻译问题

英语中的复合句具有很强的严谨性, 其主从关系主要包含很多从句。但是定语从句是其中最为复杂的一种类型, 在翻译的过程中, 很同意对译文形成干扰和影响。此外, 在中对英的翻译中, 基于汉语中没有定语从句, 仅有定语修饰, 因而整个要依照汉语的语言习性来进行, 同时由定语从句处理不当造成的译文过分生硬。在翻译定语从句翻译之前, 首要的是准确理解原文, 将句子架构实现拆分, 并从中找到先行词以保证对定语从句的辨别。应用利用中英文来实现双方语言的翻译, 找到适合的语言表达方式来翻译。

(一) 限制性定语从句

所谓限制性定语从句, 就是指对修饰语有限制意义的定语从句。通常可以翻译为:“…的人 (或东西) ”, 比方说在翻译:Everyone who (that) knew him hated him.就可以直接翻译为:认识他的人都喜欢他。

(二) 非限制性定语从句

所谓非限制性定语从句, 在性质上, 其对自己修饰的词语一般起到的作用仅仅是补充说明, 一般而言会用逗号将其与其他部分分隔开。对于英译中, 一般会将从句拆分成不同的并列句来翻译, 比方说They went to the Royal Theatre, where they saw Ibsen’s Peer Gent.就能将它翻译成皇家, 在那里我们看了易卜生的《彼尔·英特》。由此可以看出, 对于Royal Theatre进行修饰的代词是where, 即通过where进行非限制定语从句的引导, 这也在一定程度上为Royal Theatre进行补充。但是对Neil, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent就可以翻译成:大家都怀疑保罗, 后来证明他是无辜的。这句翻译中其对Neil的修饰, 主要是通过whom的补充说明做到的。

二、将定语从句进行状语化的转译法

在进行英语表达时, 定语从句通常都会有先行词, 而且其是与关系代词或副词息息相关, 而对其关系来说, 一般只需要其具有一定的表达需求, 同时能将定语从句进行延伸。不过在汉语中, 一般是依照句子想要表达的逻辑性、时间性实现的语意延伸, 而不考虑其衔接性。不过在汉语中, 通常定语可以在修饰语之前来修饰。因而在由英语翻译为汉语时, 要注意英语中定语成分句子如果太长, 那么就能根据意思进行处理, 将定语放置于修饰词之前, 通过时间及逻辑进行翻译, 依据具体情况对前置及后置分句进行处理, 同时还能依据具体情况另起一句完善。下述有关定语从句的状语翻译方式可以表述为:

(一) 表原因状语的定语从句

定语从句里的原因定语从句是最普遍的。但是将这种类型的定语从句当作原因状语实现翻译时也应当充分考虑其其逻辑性在原因上的解释。这一翻译方法也可以实现意义完整。

(二) 表结果状语的定语从句

相对英语定语从句自己带有的结果意义就能当作结果状语进行翻译。也能将这一类型的定语从句来翻译, 比方说“所以”、“使”等。

(三) 具有条件性状语性质的定语从句的转译法

在定语从句中, 主语在修饰中的作用主要是动作的建立, 同时可以充分完善相对应地猜想及假设, 因此, 这一类型的从句, 应当当作有条件状语性的定语从句的转换与翻译。而且这里指的条件一般都比较真实, 而且非现实及现实相背离的条件。由此可以推断, 此从句中说到的谓语动词很难有虚拟性。通常情况下, 可以翻译成“如果……”“要是……”等。

(四) 表时间状语的定语从句

对具有时间逻辑性的句子架构通过定语从句实现时间状语的翻译。简而言之, 就是对其时间顺序进行状语翻译, 一般可以翻译为“在……时”。

(五) 目的性状语性质的定语从句转译法

对于具有目的意义的定语从句的翻译, 通常以目的状语为主, 可以将其翻译为“以便”、“以”。也就是说由此语义, 与in order that实现的状语从句具有相同的意思。

三、怎样进行英文名著中定语从句的状语性转译

对于翻译西方在它的文学作品的翻译在语言上有很高的要求。由于文学作品对语言的凝练性很高, 运用定语从句实现的表达不单单可以充分体现其生动性及描绘性, 同时在语言的严谨性及规范性具有更强的作用。由此文学名著来说, 相对定语从句, 不管是否是普通的定语翻译, 以及有状语性质的定语翻译, 而且其都应当保障英语本身的涵义, 同时尽最大可能塑造与译文风格相吻合的翻译状态。因此翻译人员在翻译时, 应当充分感知句子意思, 而且对其内涵也需要进一步理解, 通过翻译精准传达。

比方说:Miss Temple had always something of serenity in her air, of state in her mien, of refined propriety in her language, which precluded deviation into the ardent, the excited, the eager。就可以翻译为, 因为简爱毫无缘由地遭到布罗克尔赫斯特的羞辱, 其内心深感委屈, 极其难过。此时谭布尔便给了简爱解释的机会, 同时对简爱评价个人品德。此定语从句一般说明了简爱本身的改变, 将具有状语性的定语从句当作结果状语进行翻译, 同时翻译为“谭布尔小姐神情中总带点儿宁静, 仪态中总是带点儿庄严, 谈吐总是彬彬有礼, 这些都使她不至于显得狂热、激动和急切”。

结论

通过定语从句翻译, 应当将从句语序的理念脱离, 加强对文章句子逻辑性的体会, 然后挑选出一定的汉语表达方式。在翻译过程中的最终目标就是使原文意思完整精准地表达出来。因此, 要对上下文之间的衔接及文章本身的逻辑性给予更多关注, 实现翻译真正的信达雅。

参考文献

[1]郑声滔.英语定语从句的状语化转译法初探[J].双语学习, 2007 (10) .

[2]郑声衡, 黄飞, 郑声滔.将英语定语从句转译成原因状语的方法及意义[J].湖北广播电视大学学报, 2010 (1) .

[3]胡金.英语定语从句状语化研究及翻译[J].中国科教创新导, 2007 (2) .

[4]贾生芳.英语定语从句状语化研究及翻译[J].教学实践, 2009 (12) .

[5]刘霞.英语定语从句状语化研究及翻译[J].外语教学, 2010 (9) .

8.英语定语从句翻译技巧浅析 篇八

关键词:英译汉 定语从句 表达方式 翻译技巧

引言

定语从句是英语语言表达过程中最常用、重要的基本句型之一,其结构严谨,层次繁多,涵义复杂。然而,由于英语和汉语分别属于不同的语系(英语属于印欧语系;汉语俗语汉藏语系),英汉表达方式上也存在诸多差异,因此,不少同学翻译出来的汉语译文还有待改进和提高。英语学习者只有充分意识到这些差异,深刻领会原文涵义,并掌握相应的翻译技巧,其译文才会准确、恰当和得体。

一、定语从句译作带“的”词组作定语

英语中一些较为简单的定语从句在翻译成汉语时,通常被译成带“的”字的词组,放在被修饰部分之前。

People who can not distinguish between colors are said to be color-blinded.

分不清颜色的人是色盲。

二、非限制性定语从句和较长的限制性定语从句译作并列的分句并后置

They had a fine walk, which had done his liver good.

他们进行了一次愉快的散步,这非常有利于他的肝脏健康。

三、定语从句与主句融合在一起,和译作一个句子

There was nothing that interested him at the show.

展览会上没有什么东西能引起他的兴趣。

四、定语从句分译作独立的句子

Jack's father, who is a doctor, loves him very much.

杰克的父亲非常爱他。他父亲是位医生。

五、定语从句译作宾语从句

As is known to all, Taiwan is an inalienable part of China.

众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。

六、定语从句译作“谓语部分”

Other scientists have expressed opinions that are somewhat between these two extremes.

其它科学家的观点介于上述两种极端看法之间。

七、定语从句译作同位语从句

The speed of sound in air at ordinary temperatures is about 1,100 feet per second, which is about 700 miles per hour.

在常温下,声音在空气中的传播速度约为1,100英尺每秒,即大约每小时700英里。

八、定语从句译作状语从句

英语里的定语从句通常被称为关系从句(relative clauses),不等同于汉语里的定语。英语里的一些定语从句,往往从形式上看是定语,但实际上与主句之间存在一定的逻辑关系,其功能相当于汉语里的状语从句,因此,在翻译时,通常按照汉语的表达习惯,把英语里的这些定语从句翻译成状语从句。

1.定语从句译作目的状语

He decided to write an article that would attract public attention to the matter.

他决定写篇文章,以便引起公众对此事地关注。

2.定语从句译作原因状语

The police arrested several football fans who were causing trouble at the football game.

警察逮捕了几名球迷,因为他们在足球比赛中闹事。

3.定语从句译作结果状语

She is clever and quick at work, for which she is honored with the title of model worker.

她工作出色、效率高,因此荣获了模范工作者的称号。

4.定语从句译作条件状语

One will surely succeed, who preserves to the end.

只要坚持到底,就一定能够成功。

5.定语从句译作表示假设的状语

Anyone who has questions please put up your hand.

如果有问题,请举手。

6.定语从句译作表示方式的状语

My father learned a trade, as he was supposed to, and settled into a life as expected of him.

就像他应该做的那样,我父亲学会了一门手艺,过上了别人所期望的生活。

7.定语从句译作时间状语

A diver who is driving a bus mustn't talk with others.

司机开车的时候,一定不能跟别人讲话。

8.定语从句译作让步状语

The girl, who is 16 years old, is determined to be a mathematician.

尽管那个女孩只有16岁,但她决心要当个数学家。

9.定语从句译作表示转折的状语

The task, which seemed to be difficult, was already completed in time.

这项任务看上去似乎很难,但是已经按时完成了。

10.定语从句译作表示对比的状语

She always gets up early, which her brother never does.

她总是起得很早,而她弟弟却从不起早。

结语

英语定语从句表达方式复杂且与有别于汉语,经常给我们的翻译带来困难。了解并掌握一些方法和技巧定会对我们的学习起到积极作用。愿本文总结出来的一些方法和技巧能够对大家的学习有所帮助。与此同时,笔者更希望本文能够起到抛砖引玉的作用,激发广大英语爱好者和学习者在努力学习的同时,不断探索规律、总结技巧。“苦干加巧干”,我们一定会取得更大的成绩和进步!

参考文献:

[1] 张培基 喻云根等. 英汉翻译教程 [M]. 上海外语教育出版社 上海 2003:130—139页.

[2] 汪涛. 实用英汉互译技巧 [M]. 武汉:武汉大学出版社, 2004: 85—99页.

[3] 陈永捷. 孙立良. 实用英语综合教程3 [M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,1999:18—115页.

[4] 庄绎传.英汉翻译教程 [M] . 北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000:62—64页.

[5] 章振邦. 英语语法 [M]. 上海译文出版社 上海 2003:130—139页.

9.英语定语从句翻译句子 篇九

A. that B. who C. whom D. this

2. The man _____ lives next to us is my English teacher.

A. who B. which C. who D. /

6. The only language _____ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.

A. which B. that C. / D. it

7. The girl handed everything _____ she had picked up in the street to the police.

A. which B. in which C. that D. all

8. _____ cleans the blackboard should be praised.

A. That B. Who C. The one who D. The students who

9. Please show me the book _____ you bought yesterday.

A. which B. whom C. whose D. this

10. This is the best book _ I have been looking for all this year.

A. who B. whom C. which D. /

11. This is the only article of these that _____ written by him.

A. was B. were C. is D. are

12. The man _____ was here just now is a doctor.

A. whom B. who C. / D. he

13. The boy _____ has two lovely dogs.

A. who live next door B. which lives next door

C. whom lives next door D. that lives next door

14. Those _____ made no mistakes in today’s exercises please raise your hands.

A. which B. whom C. that D. who

15. Don’t go in, this is the shop _____ we have just been _____.

A. /, to B. that, / C. where, to D. which, there

16. He is the most careful boy _____ I know.

A. what B. which C. as D. ./

17. This is the school _____ Mr. Smith once taught.

A. in that B. when C. where D. there

18. Have you visited the house _____ the famous scientist was born?

A. where B. in that C. that D. which

10.英语定语从句课件资源 篇十

1.who指人,在从句中做主语

(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

(2)Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。

(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about.

注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。

(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

3. which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略

(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语)

(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语)

4. that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。

在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。

(5) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主语)

(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? (在句子中做宾语)

5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语

(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

(2) I lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.

whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替

(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

(5)Do you like the book whose color is yellow?

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