经典励志话语

2024-11-02

经典励志话语（6篇）

1.经典励志话语篇一

1. 憨厚朴实有碍事业的成功。约翰·克拉克

2. 事业的成功没有止境，它是一场无终点的追求。

3. 人生是短促的，这句话应该促醒每一个人去进行一切他所想做的事。虽然勤勉不能保证一定成功，死亡可能摧折欣欣向荣的事业，但那些功业未遂的人，至少已有参加行伍的光荣，即使他未获胜，却也算战斗过。约翰逊

4. 再长的路，一步步也能走完，再短的路，不迈开双脚也无法到达。

5. 成功者，做别人不愿意做的事情，别人不敢做的事情，做不到的事情。

6. 每天只看目标，别老想障碍。

7. 用心观察成功者，别老是关注失败者。

8. 付出才会杰出;为别人创造价值，别人才愿意和你交往。

9. 只向最顶端的人学习，只和最棒的人交往，只做最棒的人做的事。

10. 书本也是好老师，活用才能成功。

2.经典励志话语篇二

关键词：《红楼梦》,话语建构,文本,话语实践,社会实践

1 Introduction

It has been more than 200 years since A Dream of Red Mansions was born.Now, people both at home and abroad hail it as one of the greatest literary works in the history of Chinese literature and its important role in literature and even in other disciplines is widely acknowledged.People are so enthusiastic about the studies of A Dream of Red Mansions that a new subject emerged at the early days of Guang Xv’s period of Qing dynasty, which is called nowadays“Red-ology”.However, when the work was firstly born, it received serious criticism and even was forbidden from publication and reading by the government then.The criticism was mainly from the feudal ruling class and some scholars maintaining the traditional feudal orders stubbornly, who attacked A Dream of Red Mansions as curiosa and attached immoral values to it.In spite of the banishment of the government, the book found its popularity among ordinary mass people and they read and handed it down under the table, running the risk of being punished by the ruling class.It is said that a young lady of that time was so addicted to the book that she lost her life because of it.The tale goes like this:the young lady got the book from her elder brother and was deeply moved, losing her appetite for food and desire of sleeping.Realizing this, her parents took the book away and threw it into fire.The young lady was so heart-broken and depressed that she got sick and finally lost her life[1].This is a tragedy, which is hard to confirm, and yet it shows, in a sense, how popular A Dream of Red Mansions was among common people at that time, though they may not understand the true meanings and significance of it and may just be attracted by the love tragedy between Pao-yu and Tai-yu.Despite all this, the dominant upper classes at that time didn’t give their favor to the book.Things are different now.The book gains its reputation as one of the greatest literary works in Chinese literature and even in the world literature, and many scholars devote all their life to the studies of it.What is it that makes the dominant power changed their attitudes towards the book?How the classical position of A Dream of Red Mansions is constructed in the course of history?This is what the essay aims at exploring.

With the popularity of the research into western literary theories, discourse analysis is attracting more and more academic attention of scholars both at home and abroad.And what is discourse?Discourse is a way for humans to express their ideas and thinking.Usually it is of a general and ambiguous quality.The famous French philosopher Michel Foucault, a pioneering figure of western post-modernism, focuses his attention on the fragments of history and culture, that is, the quality of discontinuity of history and culture.He tries to see more between the lines of those fragmentary records and build his own concept of“Archaeology of Knowledge”.He says in his book titled The Archaeology of Knowledge that“the use of concepts of discontinuity, rupture, threshold, limit, series, and transformation present all historical analysis not only with questions of procedure, but with theoretical problems”[2].In this way, Foucault gifts discourse a more general meaning, ranging from groups of statements as a whole to individual utterance.A Dream of Red Mansions is by any standard a kind of discourse, so do those critical essays and works about A Dream of Red Mansions in the course of recent history.In academic field both at home and abroad, the study of discourse is often associated with society, culture, cognition and so forth.Wolfgang Teubert, a professor of corpus linguistics at the University of Birmingham, in his book Meaning, Discourse and Society, investigates the construction of reality within discourse, putting discourse in social settings.Also, he mentions the cognitive turn in academic field and connects discourse with mind.Similarly, in Sociolinguistics and Social Theory, edited by Nikolas Coupland, Srikant Sarangi and Christopher N.Candlin, language and discourse are regarded as social practice and ideology is also a concept related to discourse analysis.Chinese scholar Chang Zonglin states in his work Comparative Studies in Language&Culture that language and culture interplay with each other, that is to say, “language study cannot be separated from culture studies and vice versa”[3].Especially, English linguist Norman Fairclough expresses in his famous book Discourse and Social Change that he aims at“bringing together linguistically-oriented discourse analysis and social and political thought relevant to discourse and language, in the form of a framework which will be suitable for use in social scientific research, and specifically in the study of social change”[4].He puts forward a three-dimensional framework of discourse analysis, that is, text, discursive practice and social practice, relating discursive change with that in the fields of society and culture.Besides academic books, there are many papers dealing with the relationship between discourse and sociology or discourse and culture.

A Dream of Red Mansions, since born in the later period of China’s Qing dynasty, has been thrown into the big melting pot of society and culture, exposed to the public’s criticism and whose position in literature is thus built in this process.Regarded as a kind of discourse, it, of course, can be interpreted from the perspectives of ideology, sociology, culture and so on.The process of its discursive change explains how it shifts from a so-called curiosa criticized by authorities to the top rank of the pyramid of literature.This essay will employ the three-dimensional framework of discourse analysis put forward by Norman Fairclough to interpret the discursive change of A Dream of Red Mansions.Actually, apart from ideology, society and culture, influence may also happen among discourses themselves, that is to say, a dominant discourse can exert an impact on a disadvantaged discourse which becomes weaker and weaker and finally may be wiped out.These factors combine to make a discursive change possible.

2 The Discursive Change of A Dream of Red Mansions

As has been mentioned above, the journey of A Dream of Red Mansions’s gaining its world-famous reputation is full of ups and downs.Shortly after its birth, the dominant voice towards it is overwhelmed with sharp criticism and malicious curses.Nevertheless, in today’s world, it is safe to say that the book has won every reader’s heart and no one will cast cursing words to it.An increasing number of readers join in the group of studying Red-ology, which in turn expanding the scope of its influence.The following will focus on three factors related to the discursive change of A Dream of Red Mansions, resorting to the framework of Fairclough’s three dimensions.

2.1 Text:Encyclopedia+Mysteries

In terms of content, in the beginning, A Dream of Red Mansions was conceived as a kind of curiosa and accused of immorality.As is known, the main background setting of the book is Chia Mansion, further divided into Jung Mansion and Ning Mansion.The Chia Mansion belongs to the upper class of that time and can even be called a small kingdom.The story focuses mainly on the love between Pao-yu and Tai-yu as well as Pao-chai and some other beautiful girls, which is where the criticism towards it lies.Also, Pao-yu, as a central character in this book, is different from other people of his time both in mind and behaviors.He says that“Girls are made of water, men of mud and I feel clean and refreshed when I’m with girls but find men dirty and stinking”[5], which is seen as a subversion of the dominant attitude towards women at that time.What’s more, Pao-yu holds a natural hatred for imperial examination system of that time and loathes those people who urge him to walk into official career, which is also seen as a crime threatening their dominant position in society by the ruling class of that time.But, actually, A Dream of Red Mansions tells more than that.

2.1.1 An Encyclopedia of the Society of that Time

As a product of that time, the book is inevitably tinted with the color of that time.In fact, the book is so inclusive that it is called an encyclopedia of that society.It covers the people from all social strata, ranging from feudal aristocracy to the lower class people, though more ink is poured on the life of upper class.More importantly, A Dream of Red Mansions is a good window for us to peep into the folk culture of that time.For example, in the 13th chapter, Ko-ching’s mortuary cult is described in very detail, observing the ritual custom then.The book boasts a distinct Chinese feature because of the use of Beijing dialect and a large amount of Chinese ancient poetry, which provide a good source for scholars to research.Besides, almost all kinds of cultures and arts are mentioned in this book, such as the culture of food, of finery, of architecture, of medicine, of drama, of tea ceremony, of landscape garden and so on, making the life of those characters vividly presented before readers’eyes, gifting the book a strong color of realism, though it resorts to fantastic means sometimes.

2.1.2 Mysteries that are Open to Interpret

Another attractive point of this book is that it is permeated with mysteries, which mainly come from the blank space between the lines.It is generally known that the book was left unfinished by Cao Xueqin and the later 40 chapters were continued by Gao Er, whose writing skills are considered less exquisite than Cao Xueqin and who is condemned by some scholars for twisting Cao’s original meanings that are basically hidden behind the judging poems in the beginning.Therefore, many scholars devote themselves to the study of the fates of many main characters and making speculations as to the ending of the book, with some scholars even rewriting it, for example, Liu Xingwu.This is one mystery, which I call“the mystery of ending”.Another one is“the mystery of identity”, saying that many characters’identity is uncertain, with a wide room of making inferences.These mysteries exist, sometimes because of the use of a writing technique which purposely uses very precise words to express rich meanings and readers are asked to read between lines in order to take the hints, and sometimes because of the author’s modification to the plot in the process of writing.Anyway, it is because of these mysteries and uncertainty that A Dream of Red Mansions attracts the attention and interest of generations after generations.

2.1.3 How to Do Text Analysis

Western literary theories are disputable about how to do text analysis.New criticism stresses the importance of close reading and tries to integrate meaning and form together;Russian formalism pays more attention than new criticism to form and sees text as a special use of language;Marxism does not separate text from the society where it is generated and strives to find the interrelationship between text and society.It is in Marxism that Fairclough finds a common voice.Fairclough says in his Discourse and Social Change that“discourse analysis is in fact a multidisciplinary activity, and one can no more assume a detailed linguistic background from its practitioners than one can assume detailed backgrounds in sociology, psychology or politics”[4].That is to say, text analysis should be done from many perspectives, assuming a multidisciplinary eye.The all-embracing quality of A Dream of Red Mansions as a text makes it possible for scholars to interpret it in many ways, which, in a sense, accounts for why the book can keep refreshing all the time and does not fall into the obscurity of history.To sum up, the encyclopedic and mysterious features of A Dream of Red Mansions lead to the possibility of multi-interpretation and finally promote the book to the top rank of the pyramid of literature.

2.2 Discursive Practice:Author+Readers+Ideology

Another dimension of discourse analysis is, according to Fairclough, discursive practice, which means in his words“involves processes of text production, distribution and consumption, and the nature of these processes varies between different types of discourse according to social factors”[4].Text is not isolated.Before it is born, it is conceived in the mind of its author;after its birth, it will inevitably exercise an influence on the mind of its readers and in turn, the changes in readers’mind and ideology will certainly affect their evaluation and interpretation of the text.In Fairclough’s words, “Texts are consumed differently in different social contexts”[4].Different social contexts lead to the changes in people’s ideology.Therefore, the two subjective factors—author and readers—will influence the processes of production and consumption of a text with their ideology.If their ideology changes, the texts they produce will surely change accordingly.

2.2.1 A Theoretical Explanation of the Relation between Text and Ideology

Ideology is closely related to people’s psychology, mind or cognition.Text, as a product of ideology, can be regarded as a bridge between people’s inner mind and outside world, or a transition from inner activities to outside products, so the study of people’s inner mind is of great significance to text analysis.

A cognitive turn characterized the second half of the 20thcentury and scholars began to turn their attention to the research of people’s cognition in order to make sense of how meanings are produced.They wanted to set up models of language that can reflect what is known about the human mind, and further explain people’s behaviors under the influence of their mind and cognition.They held that language is the externalization of thought.Mc Ginn insists that“It is far more plausible to suppose that our language is caused by our thoughts—that we can only introduce words for which we already have concepts”, “Words express concepts;they don’t create them”[9].Meanwhile, in the field of psycholinguistics, scholars also hold that“thought provides the basis for speech comprehension, which in turn provides the basis for speech production”[10].That is to say, oral speech or written text is closely connected with its author’s mind or ideology and reflect his/her intention at that time.For example, when creating A Dream of Red Mansions, Cao Xueqin must have in his mind a purpose or be overwhelmed with a kind of feeling he wanted to impart to his readers.Similarly, readers of different social classes or different times may have different ideologies in their mind and therefore give various responses and interpretations to the book.What plays an important role in determining people’s ideologies is social status and social change.

2.2.2 An Illustration of the Cognitive Change to A Dream of Red Mansions

A Dream of Red Mansions, in its early stage, evoked different reactions among different social classes.Many people of lower strata liked it very much, even though they may not really grasp the underlying meaning behind the words and may only be moved by the pure love story between Pao-yu and Tai-yu.Another group of people who give their favor to the book are those men of letters, praising highly the refined poems in it and, to some extent, realizing the significance of its revolutionary and rebellious spirit.Nonetheless, these agreeable voices could not gain an upper hand in the struggle against the dominant authority of that time.The feudal ruling class was so sensitive to the climate of the society that they were quick to catch up what kind of influence this book would exert on the mass people.Also, they were quick in their action.Shortly after the book’s circulation among mass people, the government gave an order to ban the book from publication and circulation and people were not allowed to read and discuss it.The ruling class of that time had good reasons to do this, claiming that the book, which was called The Story of the Stone at first, was detrimental to public morality and should be burn as curiosa.The mass people, though like the book very much, dare not read it in broad daylight, on the one hand, because of the pressure and prohibition of the authority, and on the other hand, because of their inner acknowledgement of the heterodox position of the book, for most of them were deeply influenced by Chinese traditional Confucianism.

With the development of society and the transition of era, people’s ideology changed, so did the ideology of society as a whole.In the transition from feudalism to socialism, people sometimes jumped out of the fetters of ideology and observed it in an objective way.In this way, they found a new world in A Dream of Red Mansions.Formerly, the study of the book could be classified into two schools, the one was the group of criticizing (评点派) , and the other was the school of searching for hidden meanings (索隐派) , which either put emphasis on the comments of the plot or characters, or strive to find the hidden social realities the book was based on.The one who makes great contributions to the solid position of A Dream of Red Mansions in literature is Lu Xun (1881-1936) .Although he did not write some monograph discussing A Dream of Red Mansions exclusively, he did write it into his work A Brief History of Chinese Fiction, and put forward many brilliant ideas.He sees more than love stories in it and regards it as a realistic tragedy, meanwhile digging the social meaning and advanced ideas within it.According to Lu Xun, this novel breaks the traditional schema that good people are pure good while bad people are completely bad[8], and instead, all the characters in it are somewhat imperfect.Besides, he holds that the tragedy of these characters actually reveals the essence of feudal society and can be seen as an exposure of the cruelty of feudalism[8].Nowadays, it is generally admitted that Pao-yu is a new-age person conceived in the embryo of feudal society and A Dream of Red Mansions is an encyclopedic book that provides scholars with a window to peep into Chinese traditional culture and that can be related to many other disciplines which makes multi-interpretations become possible.In a word, the questions as to how this novel was produced and how it was consumed by readers are all connected with ideology, and the change of ideology leads to different understanding and interpretations towards the book, which contributes to the discursive change of A Dream of Red Mansions.

2.3 Social Practice:Society+Culture+Power

Discourse does not come into being from nowhere.In a sense, it is deeply rooted in the climate of society.In this connection, Fairclough thinks highly of Marxism, saying that Marxism“provides a rich framework for investigating discourse as a form of social practice”[4].“People are social beings”[9], and there is surely interpersonal bound between them, for“What makes up society is not the people themselves but their interactions”[9].Interactions include those within a community and those happening between a community and other communities, with the latter maybe exerting a more significant influence by changing people’s ideas, the culture of a society and the shifting of power relationship.

2.3.1 The Influence of Western Literary Theories on the Study of Red-ology

In the later period of Qing dynasty, China woke from the policy of seclusion and began to learn from western countries in order to strengthen itself.In this way, some western literary theories found their way to China and did feel an echo among Chinese scholars.Since after, some Chinese scholars employed western theories to interpret Chinese literary works and made great contributions to academic studies.

Wang Guowei (1877-1927) , born in the later period of Qing dynasty, is a very great scholar in literature, aesthetics, historiography, philosophy, Sinology and so on.After coming into contact with Schopenhauer’s philosophy, he spent more than two years studying it and finally applied it into the interpretations of A Dream of Red Mansions.According to him, A Dream of Red Mansions is a book recording the pains and tragedies in life, and is the first work so far in China which is permeated with a real sense of pessimism[1].Though Wang’s ideas are still remain to be discussed as to its correctness, he does play a pioneering role in introducing western literary theories into the interpretations of literary works in China.

After Wang Guowei, there were several other scholars turning their attention to western theories in their study of Red-ology, such as Wu Mi’s A New Comment on A Dream of Red Mansions (《红楼梦新谈》) and Pei Zhi’s A New Discussion of A Dream of Red Mansions (《红楼梦新评》) .These essays or monographs are the results of an exchange between Chinese and western ideas.

2.3.2 Red-ology as Political Weapons in the New Culture Movement

The interaction between China and western countries leads to the dialogue between Chinese and western cultures.In the period of the 19thcentury, a group of young men of letters and patriots in China launched the New Culture Movement, paying great effort to advocate the spirit of democracy and science, with the purpose of transforming China’s cultural and political system.This trend also extended its influence to the study of Red-ology.A Dream of Red Mansions was reinterpreted to work for the political purpose of patriotic intellectuals.

As has been mentioned above, in early days, the study of A Dream of Red Mansions mainly included two schools—the group of criticizing and the school of searching for hidden meanings, which are now collectively called“old Red-ology” (旧红学) .In 1921, Hu Shi (1891-1962) published a famous essay titled A Research on A Dream of Red Mansions (《红楼梦考证》) , marking the birth of new Red-ology (新红学) .Hu Shi’s study of Red-ology was of clear political intentions.At that time, he realized that the talking of“-ism”had a quite wide market among people while the need of actual action was largely ignored, so he put forward that“we should focus our attentions more on the actual problems instead of the empty talking of‘-ism’”, and he further suggested that we should“make suppositions boldly and draw confirmations carefully” (大胆地假设, 小心地求证) .His study of A Dream of Red Mansions was to impart the kind of scientific attitude and pragmatic spirit to the public.When it came to the age of Mao Zedong, Hu Shi’s philosophy of idealism and advocating of pragmatism were severely criticized and the new generation of proletarian revolutionists held that the research of Red-ology, like other academic fields, should also adopt the ideas and methods of Marxism to work for the career of proletariats[8].It is easy to draw from above that at the transitional period of ages, literary research is tinted with a strong color of politics and has already become a political weapon for revolutionists to fight for their power in society.

Fairclough says that“discursive practices are ideologically invested in so far as they incorporate significations which contribute to sustaining or restructuring power relations”“Relations of power may in principle be affected”[4].In a sense, this is to say, the encounter of different ideologies changes people’s way of thinking and may lead the mass people to take actions and finally lead to the shift of power relations.“What we feel, what we do and find we cannot do, will determine what we make of the utterances we hear from other members”[9].People’s understanding and interpretations for a text are somewhat related to their inner mind and purpose which are certainly, to some extent, molded by the climate of outside society.Therefore, in a way, the discursive change of a text happens along with the change of society and the shifting of power relationships.

3 The Influence Exerted by Strong Discourse on Weak Discourse

When doing discourse analysis, apart from diachronic factors, we should also take into account the interaction existing between different kinds of discourse.There is a world within discourse, where things interplay with each other and vicissitudes take place.From the perspective of influence, discourse can be categorized into the powerful one and the weak one.To some extent, whether a kind of discourse is powerful or weak, it mainly depends on the group of people who speak it.If a community is very powerful and influential, the voice they utter would somehow be paid more attention to and accordingly, would be more influential among different communities.This is the so-called powerful discourse.On the contrary, if some people are of marginalized position in society, the words they say may be also marginalized and even ignored by the mainstream society.This is the so-called weak or disadvantaged discourse.“Powerful communities in society can exert an influence on comparatively weaker communities by discourse.”[10]In other words, the powerful discourse would threaten and even erode the weak discourse.However, whether a kind of discourse is strong or weak, this is not a fixed thing.During a period, this kind of discourse is dominant;later, another kind of discourse may gain an upper hand, with the result of breaking the original balance within discourse and set up a new balance.This can be called the inner change of discourse.

In the early days after A Dream of Red Mansions’s publication, the opponent voice from feudal ruling class was the powerful discourse while the favor from mass people was somewhat marginalized.The government, guarding for the interests of upper ruling class, rejected the novel stubbornly in the name of morality and social civility.Under the pressure of so-called“orthodox”, those people who gave their vote to this novel did not dare to put it on the table, and had to copy and discuss it secretly.Yet, with the development of society and culture, people changed their ways of thinking and began to appreciate it in a quite new way.The laudatory words gradually prevail and become powerful discourse which silences the opponent voice.During the process of balance-breaking and balance-rebuilding between strong discourse and weak discourse, A Dream of Red Mansions walks from the periphery of literature to the very center of it, and embraces its classical position indisputably.

4 Conclusion

Discourse has its own journey of development, which is the so-called discursive change.In a general sense, two factors contribute to the change-external cause and internal cause.The former includes society, culture, ideology and so on, whose change leads to the transformation in people’s-or more specifically, readers’way of thinking, and makes readers adopt a new way to elucidate the discourse which thus is able to keep rejuvenated and diversified and acquires new meaning.As to the inner cause, it refers to the interplaying impact within discourse.Strong discourse gradually expands its domain and eats up that of weak discourse, finally gaining the very dominant position.In this way, the thing that the powerful discourse refers to would accordingly achieves a solid position in society.Of course, it is certainly impossible to separate external factors and internal factors from each other.Actually, they are complementary to each other, with the former being a stimulus to the latter and coming into effect through the latter.Fairclough put forward three dimensions of discourse analysis, which are text, discursive practice and social practice.The three dimensions reflect three points of view in discourse analysis-text, readers and society, through which external causes and internal causes interweave with each other.

The process of A Dream of Red Mansions’s achieving its classical position in literature is actually the process of its discursive change.As a kind of discourse, this novel itself is all-embracing and can be called an encyclopedia of that time, which makes it possible to do multi-interpretations.More importantly, it is caught in the wide net of society and culture as well as ideology, swaying along with the tide of society.When the affirmative voice towards A Dream of Red Mansions becomes strong and presides over readers and critics, the discursive construction of the novel is finally accomplished.

参考文献

[1]郭豫适.红楼研究小史稿 (kolistan推荐书系, 红楼梦原著论著系列) [M].上海:上海文艺出版社, 1980:8, 165.

[2]Michel Foucault.The Archaeology of Knowledge[M].London:Routledge, 2002.

[3]常宗林.英汉语言文化学[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社, 2004:25.

[4]Norman Fairclough.Discourse and Social Change[M].Cambridge:Polity Press in association with Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 1992:62, 74, 78, 79, 86, 91.

[5]Yang Xianyi&Yang Gladys, Trans.A Dream of Red Mansions[M].Beijing:Foreign Languages Press, 1978:26.

[6]C.Mc Ginn.“How you think”, New York Review of Books[J].2007.9.

[7]Danny D.Steinberg&Hiroshi Nagata&David P.Aline.Psycholinguistics:Language, Mind and World, second edition[M].England:Pearson Education Limited, 2001:36.

[8]郭豫适.红楼研究小史续稿 (kolistan推荐书系, 红楼梦原著论著系列) [M].上海:上海文艺出版社, 1981:92, 94-95, 316.

[9]Wolfgang Teubert, Meaning, Discourse and Society[M].New York:Cambridge University Press, 2010:114, 122, 115.

3.经典励志话语篇三

电视小品是一种独特的电视艺术形式。它选材新颖，立意深刻，人物个性突出，故事情节鲜明，其中幽默诙谐的语言更是小品的闪光之处，透过喜剧的效果反映社会民情和人生哲理，娱乐和教育意义并存，令人久久难忘，深受广大电视观众的青睐。从某种程度上讲，幽默的语言就如小品的血液，失去它，小品就没有了自身的特质和魅力，也就没有了活力。在中国的电视小品中，赵本山出演的小品最受观众欢迎且影响最为广泛。尤其是每年春节晚会上的小品更是经典之作，笑料不断，百看不厌，而其中的经典台词更是家喻户晓，给人们的生活增添了不少快乐。本文用Grice的合作原则来分析赵氏小品的幽默话语，从语言学角度研究小品幽默效果的产生。

二、理论回顾

十九世纪六十年代末，美国哲学家兼逻辑学家Herbert Paul Grice首次提出了合作原则。他指出为了保证交流的成功且为达到此目标，在说话者与听话者之间总存在着一种相互的理解和合作。因此。人们似乎遵循着一些原则，“使你所说的话，在其所发生的阶段，符合你所参与的交谈的公认目标或方向”(胡，2002：197)，这叫做合作原则(CP)，它包括四个准则，分别是数量准则，质量准则，关系准则和方式准则。理论上讲，交谈双方应该遵守合作原则，提供充足、真实、相关和简明的信息以便交谈可以顺利的进行。然而在现实中，为了表达一些隐含的意思，讲话者在很多时候会故意违反合作原则。

数量准则的违反：说话者提供较少或过多的信息。

质量准则的违反：说话人说虚假的或缺乏证据的话。Grice指出说话者通过反语、隐喻、曲言法等修辞手法的应用来故意违反质量准则。(Grice，1975：312)

关系准则的违反：回答毫不相关的内容。

方式准则的违反：说话者说晦涩的，模棱两可的，冗繁的或无序的话。

三、赵氏小品中合作原则的违反和幽默效果的产生

(一)数量准则的违反

1.数量准则第一条的违反

例1白云：俺们村人可喜欢你了，

崔永元：真的啊?

白云：都夸你呢，说你主持那节目可好了，

崔永元：这么说的呀!

白云：就是人长的坷碜点(赵本山宋丹丹崔永元《昨天今天明天》)

例2黑土：你好!你得得瑟瑟还上精神病院给人讲演去了。

白云：嗯。

黑土：讲一天一宿!

白云：怎么的，精神病都出院了!

崔永元：有效果!

黑土：大夫疯了!(赵本山宋丹丹崔永元《说事儿》)

例3黑土：你大妈已经不是你六年前那大妈了，你大爷永远是你大爷。

崔永元：怎么听着那么别扭?(赵本山宋丹丹崔永元《说事儿》)

例4小沈阳：我的中文名字叫做小沈阳

毕福剑：你还有外国名字?

小沈阳：我的英文名字叫xiao～shen～yang～(赵本山毕福剑小沈阳毛毛《不差钱》)

例1中来自东北农村的老太太白云接受节目主持人崔永元的采访，主持人想知道村里人对他的印象如何，她没有一次将所有所需的信息说完，前半句把主持人听的心花怒放，后半句却着实给他以沉重的打击。例2中自云只回答了她演讲后病人的状况，观众还以为她的演讲确实凑效。当黑土补充完所需信息后，观众立刻意识到隐含的意思：白云的演讲太枯燥乏味，以至于病人和医生都无法忍受。毫无疑问，同例1一样，这种惊奇和失望的鲜明对比，前后的大转折促成了强烈的幽默效果。例3是极端违反数量准则第一条的例子。划线部分从表面上将毫无意义可言，但在深层次上它却包含十足的信息：自从白云接受央视节目主持人崔永元的采访后，她变得骄傲，爱慕虚荣；而黑土还是以前那样的质朴诚实。例9中小沈阳的英文名让观众印象深刻。大家都能体会到它的含义：虽然他不是什么大人物，但也追求时尚，也懂英文。只是英文水平有限，英文名也只好是中式发音加英式腔调，叫人忍俊不禁。

2.数量准则第二条的违反

例5赵本山：我叫赵英俊，男，今年35岁(实际年龄跟长相有误差，不细看问题不大，这属于表面老化)，现有住房一套(7点8平米)，存款1760元(让前妻拐跑了)，所以我要找一人勤劳朴实爱我爱家(不能三天两头就张罗着上这上那，一天连人影都看不着，做饭都没人给做)，(赵本山黄晓娟《我想有个家》)

例6崔永元：我刚才看了您这书啊，第一章，就叫《回家》。说的就是上次做完节目回铁岭的时候，那场面，特别壮观PE?

白云：那怎么叫“特别”壮观呢?那是“相当”壮观哪!那家伙，那场面大的，那真是：锣鼓喧天，鞭炮齐鸣，红旗招展，人山人海，那……(赵本山宋丹丹崔永元《说事儿》)

例7毕福剑：爹……不是……那个……我找您儿子。

赵本山：他在乡里等你，哎呀，乡里布置得老隆重啦，乡长书记都在那排队等你哩。布一个大厅，完事，弄一个大房间，给你弄一个大照片，挂在中间啦，周围全是花呀!(赵本山毕福剑小沈阳毛毛《不差钱》)

例8范伟：阿～这歌词我倒是想起来了—可是你还是没想起来。

高秀敏：也难怪你想不起来，你说你上中学走那年那，我30多岁，今年我50。

赵本山：我56。

高秀敏：谁问你了?

赵本山：你问不问我也56，属鸡的?(赵范伟高秀敏《拜年》)

例5中赵英俊每说一句话都以括弧的形式补充了额外的信息，他隐含的信息很清楚：第一，请不要误会“我”的年龄，虽然和长相有点出入；第二，“我”很诚实，该说的不该说的我都说了；第三，我有明确的择偶目标。这些信息不仅增加了小品的笑料，同时还反映出赵英俊的性格特征—诚实、有责任心。例6中，白云的前半句已经足以回答崔永元的问题，然而她急忙描述当时壮观的场面，为的是显示她受访中央电视台后荣归家乡，父老乡亲对她相当热情的欢迎。而正是对数量准则的违反产生了最佳的幽默效果，观众每每欣赏到此，都会捧腹大笑。例7中赵大叔的回答同样提供了过多的信息，隐含的意思是乡里热烈而隆重的欢迎毕老师的到来。由于找大叔本人教育背景的局限性，过多的描述反倒与他的本意相差甚远，让毕老师越听越不是味，幽默效果油然而生。而例8中赵老蔫不必要的补充更是这段的笑点所在，同时也体现了老蔫憨厚老实的性格特征。

(二)质量准则的违反

例9白云：小崔，我恳请你们中央电视台封杀我，走了，不录了。

崔永元：哎，大妈怎么又走了?(赵本山宋丹丹崔永元《说事儿》)

例10刘流：请问：茶叶的茶英语怎么说?

宋：(抢先说)Tea!

刘：绿茶?

赵：绿tea!

(赵本山宋丹丹刘流《火炬手》)

例11黑土：这么不会审美呢，

白云：怎地?

黑土：这叫鞋拔子脸那?这是正宗的猪腰子脸!

(赵本山宋丹丹崔永元《昨天今天明天》)

例12赵本山这老婆子嘴咋跟棉裤腰似的!

宋丹丹：怎么了?

赵本山：那么松呢!

(赵本山宋丹丹牛群《策划》)

例9中，白云，一个东北乡下老太太，却用与自己身份不

太符合的“封杀”这个词，暗含着她已经自认为成名人了。而例10中，黑土的答案“绿tea”显然是缺乏证据的虚假错误答案，但他之所以违反质量准则，言下之意是尽管他的英语不好，但在争取奥运火炬手的竞争中不能落后自云。而例11，12中，对话采用比喻的修辞手法。“猪腰子脸”，“棉裤腰”等生动形象，幽默诙谐，把人物的个性展现的淋漓尽致，且笑料十足。

(三)关联准则的违反

例13白云：(白云摘下黑土戴着的耳机)那你扣它干啥啊?

黑土：胃疼。(赵本山宋丹丹崔永元《说事儿》)

例14毕福剑：那就这样吧，照我们的规矩来，自报家门

赵本山：朝前来，别紧张

毛毛：我是来自大城市铁岭莲花乡赤水沟子，我名字叫丫蛋，今天心情非常的冲动，今夜阳光明媚，今夜多云转晴。

(赵本山毕福剑小沈阳毛毛《不差钱》)

例13中，黑土的回答与白云的问题全无任何关联，但所有的观众都会体会到他隐含意思：黑土宁可戴着耳机听音乐也不想忍受白云爱慕虚荣、自夸自大的话语。简短且不相关的回答却是这段对话中不折不扣的笑点。例14中，毛毛作自我介绍时报起了天气预报，表现出一个农村小姑娘当时紧张的心情，准则的违反意味笑料的产生。

(四)方式准则的违反

例15高秀敏：啊，拐了噢，拐啦，拐了噢!拐啦，拐啦!拐啦!

范伟：我说你瞎指挥啥呀你啊?你知道我要上哪你就让我拐呀你啊?

赵本山：喊卖。

高秀敏：卖噢!卖，

赵本山：卖啥呀?

高秀敏：拐赵本山：连上。

高秀敏：拐卖了噢!拐卖了!

范伟：恩?怎么回事儿?谁要拐卖你呀?(赵本山范伟高秀敏《卖拐》)

例16宋丹丹：你呀，你只定是瞅着人家老太太长得漂亮，是吧。

赵本山：拉倒吧。漂亮我挨顿揍还值，还漂亮?

宋丹丹：嗯?

赵本山：那老太太长的比你还难看呢；阿不是，我说她没有你难看；你呀，比她难看。大妹子，我老伤你自尊你说。(赵本山宋丹丹《钟点工》)

例17崔永元：今天的话题是“昨天，今天。明天”。我看咱改改规矩，这回大叔先说。

黑土：昨天，在家准备一宿；今天，上这儿来了；明天，回去，谢谢!(赵本山宋丹丹崔永元《昨天今天明天》)

方式准则的违反是赵氏小品的特点之一。模棱两可或含混不清的句子最能吸引引起观众的注意。例15中，两个有歧义的词语对该小品幽默效果的产生做出了重大的贡献。首先，范伟误解了高秀敏“拐了”的意思，顺着她喊的方向就把自行车转了弯，闹了笑话，而实际上高的意思是“这有对拐要买!”。然后，高继续喊“拐卖了”，还是“有拐要卖”。而范继续误解，以为有人要拐卖高，急忙上前问情况。两次误解产生了强烈的喜剧效果，令人开怀大笑。例16中赵大叔意识到自己的话伤到了钟点工，便想安慰她，缓解一下紧张的局面。可他越解释越伤人，同样意思的话翻来覆去的说，啰嗦冗长，毫无简练可谈。而正是这一准则的违反制造了大量的笑料，博得了观众阵阵笑声。例17中采访的主题“昨天今天明天”确实难为了两老人。主持人的本意只想让他们回忆过去，畅谈现在，展望未来，而老两口只解释了它的字面意思，并一五一十的汇报给主持人，闹出了笑话。

四、结语