全国英语等级考试公共英语阅读模拟试题练习

全国英语等级考试公共英语阅读模拟试题练习（7篇）

1.全国英语等级考试公共英语阅读模拟试题练习 篇一

【阅读练习】

Among the more colorful characters of Leadville’s golden age were H.A.W.Tabor and his second wife, Elizabeth McCourt, better known as “Baby Doe”. Their history is fast becoming one of the legends of the Old West. Horace Austin Warner Tabor was a school teacher in Vermont. With his first wife and two children he left Vermont by covered wagon in 1855 to homestead in Kansas. Perhaps he did not find farming to his liking, or perhaps he was lured by rumors of fortunes to be made in Colorado mines. At any rate, a few years later he moved west to the small Colorado mining camp known as California Gulch, which he later renamed Leadville when he became its leading citizen. “Great deposits of lead are sure to be found here.” he said.

As it turned out, it was silver, not lead, that was to make Leadville’s fortune and wealth. Tabor knew little about mining himself, so he opened a general store, which sold everything from boots to salt, flour, and tobacco.『It was his custom to “grubstake” prospective miners, in other words, to supply them with food and supplies, or“grub”, while they looked for ore, in return for which he would get a share in the mine if one was discovered.』①He did this for a number of years, but no one that he aided ever found anything of value.

Finally one day in the year 1878, so the story goes, two miners came in and asked for “grub”. Tabor had decided to quit supplying it because he had lost too much money that way. These were persistent, however, and Tabor was too busy to argue with them. “Oh help yourself. One more time won’t make any difference,” He said and went on selling shoes and hats to other customers. The two miners took $17 worth of supplies, in return for which they gave Tabor a one-third interest in their findings. They picked a barren place on the mountain side and began to dig. After nine days they struck a rich vein of silver. Tabor bought the shares of the other two men, and so the mine belonged to him alone. This mine, known as the “Pittsburgh Mine,” made 1 300 000 for Tabor in return for his $17 investment.

Later Tabor bought the Matchless Mine on another barren hillside just outside the town for $117 000. This turned out to be even more fabulous than the Pittsburgh, yielding $35 000 worth of silver per day at one time. Leadville grew. Tabor became its first mayor, and later became lieutenant governor of the state.

1. Leadville got its name for the following reasons EXCEPT ______.

A. because Tabor became its leading citizen

B. because great deposits of lead is expected to be found there

C. because it could bring good fortune to Tabor

D. because it was renamed

2. The word “grubstake” in paragraph 2 means ______.

A. to supply miners with food and supplies

B. to open a general store

C. to do one’s contribution to the development of the mine

D. to supply miners with food and supplies and in return get a share in the mine, if one was discovered

3. Tabor made his first fortune ______.

A. by supplying two prospective miners and getting in return a one-third interest in the findings

B. because he was persuaded by the two miners to quit supplying

C. by buying the shares of the other

D. as a land speculator

4. The underlying reason for Tabor’s life career is ______.

A. purely accidental

B. based on the analysis of miner’s being very poor and their possibility of discovering profitable mining site

C. through the help from his second wife

D. he planned well and accomplished targets step by step

5. If this passage is the first part of an article ,who might be introduced in the following part?

A. Tabor’s life.

B. Tabor’s second wife, Elizabeth McCourt.

C. Other colorful characters.

D. Tabor’s other careers.

英语四级阅读答案解析:

1. C 细节题。因为Leadville可以为Tabor带来巨富。这一点不是Leadville得名的原因，因为在文章第二段中，讲到这一点时，提及三个原因：A.因为Tabor成为当地的居民代表人物，B.因为在Leadville有丰富的铅的储藏量。D.因为Leadville是因为Tabor重要而起的名。

2. D 词汇题。第二段中grubstake的词义与D所述内容是相同的，即“供给探矿者资金，衣物，食品以及其他物品”。

3. A 细节题。Tabor第一次真正发财是他为两名矿工提供资助，为此他获得他们矿资源三分之一的股份。见文章第三段4-9行内容：两名开矿者从Tabor那儿借走价值17美元的物品，作为回报，Tabor获得他们矿资源三分之一股份。于是两位开矿者在一座山旁的不毛之地开始挖掘，九天之后，发现了银的富矿，于是Tabor又将两人的股份全买下，这样，银矿属于Tabor一个人所有，这个矿就是后来著名的“匹兹堡”矿。Tabor用17美元的投资换来了130万美元的收获。

4. B 推断题。由原文可知泰勃的财产来源是有一定偶然性的，但是毕竟也是基于他开创“grubstake”模式，因为A、D都不对，C更是没有根据，因为他还没有娶第二位夫人这一切就发生了。分析泰勃的做法，会得出B选项所示的结论。

5. B 推断题。如果本文是一篇文章的第一部分，那么在文章的第二部分将介绍谁呢?可以从文章第一句分析出来，在Leadville的黄金年代，其多彩的特点当中，Tabor及其第二任妻子Elizabeth McCourt是值得大书特书的，接着，文章都在讲述有关H.A.W.Tabor发家致富的历史，如先买下匹兹堡矿，后又买下Matchless矿，最后成为市长，代理州长，等等，所以涉及到的全是男主人公，因此下边再讲的话，应成为女主人公即Elizabeth McCourt的天地了，她是Tabor的第二任妻子。这是顺理成章的事。

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2.全国英语等级考试公共英语阅读模拟试题练习 篇二

1 运用正确的阅读方法

1.1 略读

略读(skimming)就是选择性地阅读。其主要作用是了解文章的大意。在阅读过程中不需要逐字地去读,但是要求眼睛跳动的频率和幅度都比较高,并且要高度集中注意力。使用略读的方法可以大大地提高阅读速度,在最短的时间获得最多的信息,但不可能了解文章的全部细节内容。

1.2 寻读

寻读(scanning)也称跳读,是以最快的速度扫视所读材料,有目的的在材料中找到所需信息,如查找某个人名、地名、时间、地点、专有名词等,然后再仔细阅读该部分内容。

1.3 研读

研读(study reading)就是仔细阅读,即是对文章要有透彻深刻的理解。通常指对个别难句的句法理解和翻译,或运用上下文、逻辑关系、背景知识、作者态度等进行推理和判断。

2 遵循科学的答题步骤

Step 1:通读文章

采用方法:略读

主要任务:了解文章大意

在这一过程中不要将大量的时间浪费在个别生词上,而要以了解文章基本内容和把握文章的框架为主。同时,在阅读文章前几句话时,要预测一下文章的大意:通过确定who,what,when,where,why,迅速了解文章的脉络及线索。

Step 2:审视题目

主要任务:寻找关键词

在阅读题目的时候,要注意找出关键词,比如为了引起考生特别注意的大写词、黑体词、斜体词、否定词、专有名词、时间或地点名词、人名、形容词比较级或最高级等。

Step 3:定位答案范围

采用方法:寻读

主要任务:确定答案范围

用寻读的方式回到文章找到相应的或与关键词同义的信息,并将该词所在句定位为答案范围。

Step 4:识别题目种类,采取对应策略

采用方法:研读

主要任务:结合题目,采取对应的答题策略

这一过程是要根据考题,运用上下文语境、逻辑关系、背景知识等进行判断和推理,并结合题目,采取相应的答题策略。

3 常见题型的解题方法

3.1 细节题

解答这类题型的关键在于找出题干中所隐含的关键词,关键词可能出现在题目中,或者通过选项的比较也可以找到。确定了关键词之后,要到文章中用寻读的方式找到含有关键词或与关键词同义的句子,通过仔细阅读该句就能选出正确的选项了。

3.2 推断题

考生首先要从文章中找出关键词,尽可能地挖掘出这些词的引申含义。这种题目形式对考生的要求绝对不是停留在语言的字面理解。做题时考生要切记一点:问题下面的四个选项中凡是和原文中的说法相同或相近的一般都不能选;四个选项中凡是讲得太过具体的也都不是选项。

3.3 主旨题

考生要注意文章中几个容易透露主旨信息的关键位置,切忌看细节性内容。这类题目的解题关键在于文章的主题句,即第一段和最后一段,或是段落的段首和段尾。

3.4 态度题

首先要了解经常出现在题目选项中,代表观点或态度的常见词汇,如indifferent(漠不关心的),amused(愉快的),doubtful(怀疑的),ironic(讽刺的),mocking(嘲笑的),subjective(主观的),objective(客观的,公正的),sarcastic(讽刺的),exaggerated(夸大的),skeptical(怀疑的),sympathetic(同情的),serious(严肃的),unclear(不清楚的)等。要想正确体会作者的态度和观点,应该把注意力放在作者对某一事实描述时所使用的语言。这一类词最能体现出作者在进行写作时的心态以及对待事物的立场。另外,抓住作者在文中描述的几件事,比较事件之间的联系和共性或者捕捉一些带有感情色彩的词语,也可以判断出作者的态度或观点。例如,在一篇描述美国政治的文章中,作者可能会用到statesman或politician这两词来表示“政治家”,前者是个中性词,无感情色彩,而后者带有贬义色彩,更确切的说法是“政客”。通过这些词汇所表达出来的感情色彩,也能判断出作者对事物的观点是支持还是反对。

3.5 词义理解题

寻读定位相关词的出处。根据上下文与词的构造等猜词法来猜测,最好将四个选项带回文中,看看哪一个最合适。即使不是生词,也应当作生词来猜。

4 猜词方法

在阅读过程中难免会遇到生词,下面介绍几种常用的猜词方法,可以帮助考生正确判断出生词的含义。

4.1 词性猜词法

对于一个生词,可以先根据构词法知识来判断其词性,再在此基础上借助该词与前后单词的搭配使用,再联系整体语言环境猜测含义。词性可以从前后词的搭配、前缀或后缀等来进行判断。比如,-ment,-er/or,-tion等后缀结尾的单词为名词;-ible,-tive,-ful结尾的单词为形容词;在“I wanted to save it,but my cursor had frozen.”(2009年text C)一句中,可以判断“cursor”一词为名词。因为前词是“my”,所以

“cursor”肯定是名词词性;再根据前文“save”知道是“保存”的意思,所以这句话会和电脑有关;再通过后文“frozen”是“冰冻”之意,也就是“不能移动”的意思,从而判断出“cursor”是“光标”。

4.2 拆词猜词法

将长单词的前后缀、词根拆开,根据各部分的含义,从而组合推断出该单词的含义。

4.3 上下文猜词法

在上下文中寻找对于该生词的解释说明,而作者一般不会将某词的解释直接表达出来,但可能换作另外的一种方式来进行描述。例如,以下表达法都代表解释说明,应该注意:Imean…,that's is to say,or...,in other words,which equals to...,等等。另外,破折号、冒号等也有类似的功能,这些标点符号之后往往就是对生词的解释。

4.4 对比猜词法

如果同一个单词在上下文中反复出现,则可以把与这个词所出现的相关语境作对比,从而猜测其词义。

4.5 联想猜词法

将生词联系到我们日常生活从而猜测其含义。比如在一篇讨论美国当今经济形势的文章中出现“mortgage meltdown”这个短语。考生可能知道这两个单词分别表示"贷款"和"垮台",这时考生应该联想到当前美国的实际经济状况,这样不难猜到它指的是“次贷危机”。

5 结束语

虽然阅读能力的提高是以大量广泛的阅读为基础的,但同时也应讲求使用正确的阅读方法和科学的解题技巧,并有针对性地进行日常训练,这样才能最大限度地提高阅读的理解能力和阅读速度,在考试中取得更为理想的成绩。正确的阅读方法和解题技巧对于提高阅读理解能力和答题的正确率是十分关键的,考生应当在平时的阅读中有意识地加以训练巩固,这样在考试时才能得心应手。

摘要：阅读理解题在英语专业四级考试中占分比重较大,是英语专业四级考试中重要的组成部分,其目的在于检测考生综合运用阅读技能从阅读语境中准确获取和推导语篇言语意义的能力。运用正确的方法帮助考生直击考试难点,使考生能够更准确巧妙的解题,在提高基本能力的基础上有效提高考分,成为当今英语专业教师在专四辅导教学中的首要任务。

关键词：英语专业四级考试,阅读理解,阅读方法,答题步骤,题型对策

参考文献

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[2]李萍.英语专业四级考试阅读解题十策[J].成都大学学报:教育科学版,2008(10):76.

[3]宋建福.全国英语专业四级考试历年真题研究[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2009:167-202.

[4]陈汉生.TEM4新编高等院校英语专业四级考试指南[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001.

[5]李书民.新编高校英语专业四级考试指南及模拟试题[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2006:167-177.

[6]刘艳.英语专业四级阅读理解题型分析及对策[J].湖北函授大学学报,2008(1).

[7]张广勇.英语专业四级阅读与对策[J].贵州民族学院学报:哲学社会科学版,2008(6).

3.全国英语等级考试公共英语阅读模拟试题练习 篇三

【关键词】全国公共英语等级考试;教学思想;教学方法;教学内容

引言

自从取消非在校大学生参加大学英语四六级考试资格的政策出台之后,全国公共英语等级考试PETS成为众多在职人员追逐的目标,相关教材也因此赤手可热。由复旦大学出版社在2007年出版的《全国公共英语等级考试》第三级教材是依据《全国英语等级考试大纲》编写的一套备考教材,既可作为PETS考试培训的实用教材,也可供考生自学使用。

“任何一套教材都有优缺点, 世上没有完美无缺的教材,也不可能成为不朽之作。”(刘道义,2004)因此,“对教材进行评估,有助于教学大纲的实现,能为教育行政部门选择教科书提供参考依据,能向教科书编写单位改进教材提供参考意见,教材评估尤其有利于教师在实际教学中对教材进行取舍和调整,有针对性地帮助学生学习。”(刘道义,2004)。那么何为评估呢?Hutchinson and Waters认为,“评估就是判断某事物是否适合某一特定目的。”(Hutchinson and Waters,1987)教材评估的目的多种多样,评估的方法也不尽相同。本文试从教学指导思想和方法、教材内容的选择与安排、教材的组成部分和设计形式,教学对象及其效果等方面对《全国公共英语等级考试》第三级教材的特点做出系统的评估,并指出了其不足之处。

1.教材指导思想和方法

众所周知,任何一套好的外语教材的编写都以一定的外语教学理论为依据。《全国公共英语等级考试》第三级教材也不例外,正如编者在前言中表述的那样,“本套教材紧扣考试大纲中规定的交际话题和功能意念,融功能意念于交际之中,既教授语言知识,又适当介绍英国国家文化,每册每单元覆盖一个交际话题,如:询问姓名,家庭环境,日常生活,饮食习惯,业余活动,教育,假期,购物,等。这与社会语言学认为的语言的社会本质是语言的主要特征,语言的产生与存在都是出于社会交际的需要,交际功能是语言的主要功能和著名应用语言学家、交际教学法的创始人之一H.G.Widdowson,在其专著《语学交际法》中指出,编写教材要考虑到语言的交际功能及语言在实际生活中的使用是相一致的。这也是交际英语教学法的基本观点和教学原则,即在进行教学活动前,必须先调查学生的需要(learnersneeds);在教学中,根据学生的需要给予大量的语言信息,围绕“交际能力”的培养在每一个环节都让学生充分理解和积极参与;教材使用自然、地道,真实的原文,通常是从各种书籍与报刊杂志节选的文章或电影、电视和电台报道和片段等,培养学生的交际能力和具有可应用于真实生活的实用性。学生通过学习本部教材每一单元的对话部分,对涉及日常生活各个方面的交际用语有了较好的掌握,这些是在很多传统的以专门讲授语法,词汇和句型的教材中所不能学到的,将词汇,句型融入情景交际中,学生学习起来轻松,容易。如第一单元的对话部分是询问人的姓名,电话和住址以及做自我介绍等:

Smith: Oh, hello, how are you?

He: Very well, thank you, Dr Smith. And you?

Smith: Fine, thanks.

He: Dr Smith, Id like you to meet my good friend and colleague, Li Yan. This is my advisor, Dr. Danny Smith.

Li: How do you do?

Smith: How do you do, Ms. Li? Welcome to our university.

通过这段对话的学习,学生在实际的语言运用中掌握了如何问好,介绍朋友,自我介绍等基本用语。每一单元的对话部分后面还设有一个与本单元主题有关的useful expressions.如第一单元后面的good morning! How is everything going? Please allow me to introduce myself. 并且区分了正式语与非正式语的区别。如:

Formal: May I introduce you to Mr. Li ?

Informal: Id like you to meet Mr. Li.

2.教学内容的选择与安排

2.1 内容的选择

“有教学大纲为依据,有当代语言学和教学理论为指导,教材编写还必须把好选材关。所选材料必须做到语言真实,题材广泛,体裁多样;不仅具有思想性,知识性,趣味性,还应有可思性”(黄和斌,2001:244)《全国公共英语等级考试》第三级教材均体现了这些特点。

2.1.1 实用性

实用性是指在注重打好语言基础的同时,更侧重培养学生的语言应用能力,特别是使用英语进行涉外交际的能力。这与《全国公共英语等级考试》的指导理论思想是相统一的。教材中每一个单元都设有一个单元学习目标,具体说明了通过本单元的学习能够学会运用哪些知识,均以“能”字开头,充分反映了教材学为所用的宗旨。如第二单元的学习目标为:

Listening:能听懂对话关于家庭等基本情况

Speaking:能掌握交谈中如何插话的技巧;

Reading:能通过阅读这两篇文章了解当代西方家庭的一些情况

Grammer:能学会将来完成时、一般过去将来时的用法

这些目标在单元中也得到了具体的实施,如学习如何更正补充自己想说的话题的句型,有:I mean to say…, and in addition, by the way, have you thought…等。《全国公共英语等级考试》三级教材实用性最为突出的部分是写作。每一单元都设有一个guided writing,且作文题材实用性比较强,如写申请信、道歉信、抱怨信、祝贺信、传真、备忘录、商务报告等。这对于工作人员来说是非常实用的。此外教材的写作部分提供了具体的模板,包括格式、常用句型、词汇等。这样的例子在教材中比比皆是。下面以第六单元的祝贺信来举例说明:

常用贺词:

I would like to sincerely congratulate you on your recent graduation from Mountain State University with your MBA.

I hasten to tender you a word of congratulations on this splendid success.

表达祝愿常用语:

Best wishes for the future.

I wish you all the best in the future life and career.

教材中的这些知识有利于学生在实际的工作中去运用和巩固。

2.1.2 趣味性与文化性

我国古代教育家孔子曾经说过:“知之者不如好之者, 好之者不如乐之者。”美国心理学家布鲁约也说过,“学习最好的刺激是对所学材料的兴趣。”这都说明学习兴趣与学习效果有着不可分割的联系。而学习者学习兴趣的产生, 与教材课文中趣味性有着密切的联系。而外语学习的趣味性往往与语言的文化是紧密相关的。通过介绍西方国家的历史文化,风土人情比单纯的学习语法、词汇、句型要更能激发学生的兴趣,提高学习效果。《全国公共英语等级考试》三级教材也认真贯彻了这一点。阅读文章大都是与西方的文化有关,介绍一些和人们生活息息相关的知识。如教材阅读部分介绍的关于复活节,麦当劳,橄榄球等:

Rugby has the reputation of being one of the roughest sports in the world. Outside the British Isles, rugby is little known and in fact is often confused with soccer.

Easter is a chief Christian festival which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ on the first Sunday after the first full moon that coincides with, or come after, the spring equinox.

另外,外语学习的目的之一是为了能够与所学语言国家的人们交往,所以教材中所选的语言要真实地道,能反映目的语国家人们的真实语言使用情况,《全国公共英语等级考试》三级教材上述内容的设置反映了这部教材语言的真实性。

2.1.3 广泛性

“课文内容的广泛性有利于学生更好地掌握语言。根据社会语言学理论,内容制约并决定着语言形式。语言交流的话题、场合、对象和手段决定了语言形式的选择,所以课文的题材越丰富,学生所学到的语言就越全面。”(黄和斌,2001:245)这样一方面有利于学生学习不同语域的语言形式,另一方面由于学生兴趣,情感因素这样多样化的题材才能更好的调动他们的学习积极性。参加PETS考试的学生大都为工作人员,因此教材的编写应该尽量涉及与他们工作相关的英语词汇。本部教材的对话和写作部分都切实的贯彻了这一点。

2.1.4 内容可思性

所谓内容的可思性,就是所选材料应给人以启迪,能发人深思,文章值得人再三回味。可思性与思想性,趣味性和知识性是浑然一体、密不可分。这部教材的写作和口语部分的选材都是些与人们生活密切相关的话题,反映一定的社会问题,且发人深省。如十二单元的看图作文用两条路的图片寓意人生中会面临很多选择;十四单元饼状图作文“Consumption of Resources in Relation to Population”提醒人们要节约能源,控制人口的增长; 口试模拟题中的对于四副图片----城堡,海边,山区,都市的描述,旨在说明不同的人会选择不同的地方去生活,孰好孰坏,因人而异。

2.2 内容的安排

《全国公共英语等级考试》三级教材是全国英语等级考试五个级别中的中间级,本部教材共有18个单元,每个单元都是围绕着一个主题展开的,分别为人、家庭、天气与气候、饮食、日常生活、业余活动、购物、假期、地方、教育、健康和医疗、服务等。每个单元由五部分组成:第一部分是口语练习,设有三个对话并附有相关话题的其他常用说法;第二部分是听力训练,围绕单元主题,练习形式有回答问题、填空和选择等;第三部分是阅读,包括两篇文章,词汇较难,设有阅读练习,形式是回答问题和选择;第四部分是语法,本部教材将英语的语法循序渐进的做了系统的讲解,这对于工作的学生来说,无疑帮助很大。由于工作人员长期不接触英语,造成语法生疏,而教材对语法的系统讲解有利于帮助学生巩固基础;第五部分是指导性作文,简要介绍有关作文技能,包括格式、常用表达等。内容包括私人信件及商务信函的写法,图标描述等。这些与考生的工作结合的是很紧密的。每个章节配有大量的练习题,针对每个单元的词汇设置即时的词汇练习,有利于学生课堂消化这些词汇;每课后面还有针对某个单词及其派生词设置的词汇练习,大大增加了学生的词汇量和培养阅读中的猜词能力。语法部分的练习更是有的放矢,针对本单元的语法专项设置的练习题,有利于学生即时巩固提高。

2.3 教材的组成和设计

《全国公共英语等级考试》三级教材只有学生用书,并配有光盘,历年真题,没有配套的练习册。本套教材印刷很清晰,字距行距比一般的英语教材要大一点,配有一些有趣的图片和表格。

2.4 不足之处

笔者经过实际教学工作中发现《全国公共英语等级考试》三级教材仍有一些不尽人意的地方,具体如下:

2.4.1 教材词汇难度与PETS等级考试不符

PETS三级考试大纲要求的词汇是4107个,《全国公共英语等级考试》三级的词汇的难度远远大于三级考试,尤其是阅读部分的很多词汇较为生僻,虽然编者在前言中说,“某些选材略高于该级别的难度是为了使考生在适应本级难度的情况下,潜移默化的提高自己的英语水平。”(姜荷梅,2007)但笔者在实际的教学中发现,很多学生觉得词汇难度过大,导致他们的学习积极性和信心受到打击。如阅读部分的词汇如catchall, presage, bestride, asbestos, carcinogeon等难度过大,但却列在了新词汇里面。

2.4.2 部分口语材料实用性不强

《全国公共英语等级考试》三级教材中每一课都配有三个对话,但第三个对话大都口语性不强,材料中的词也不够口语话,部分材料更像短小的阅读理解。

2.4.3 交际法的弊端

《全国公共英语等级考试》三级教材主张融功能意念于交际中,但往往这种交际化是以牺牲语言的准确性为代价的。没有必要的词汇、语法知识,难以培养出较高的语言交际能力。

3.结语

《全国公共英语等级考试》三级教材吸收了当代语言学的研究成果,从功能语言学和社会语言学角度出发把握外语教学的方向;是一套紧扣教学大纲,语料量饱满、课文设计合理、练习面广的适合于广大考生使用的理想教材。笔者在实践工作中,也体现了这套教材的优势,但建议在紧扣考试方面还有待于加强。

参考文献

[1]Nunan,D. language teaching methodology [M ]. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd. 1991.

[2]Hutchinson, T. and Waters, A. English for specific purposes: A learning-centered approach[M ]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987.

[3]黄和斌等. 外语教学理论与实践 [M ].译林出版社, 2001::244 -247.

[4]刘道义. 浅议英语教材的评价标准 [J]课程教材改革, 2004.

[5]姜荷梅,蒋秉章. 全国英语等级考试PETS第三级. [M ]复旦大学出版社,2007.

4.全国英语等级考试公共英语阅读模拟试题练习 篇四

Passage 1

Tourism wasn#39;t as important as it is today. In the past, only people with a good deal of money could travel on holidays to other countries. More people travel today than in the past because there is a growing middle class in many parts of the world, that is to say, people now have more money for travel. Special air plane fares for tourists make travel less expensive and more attractive than ever before.

One person doesn#39;t travel for the same reason as another. But most people enjoy seeing countries that are different from their own. They also like to meet new people and new food.

Tourism causes many changes in a country and in people#39;s lives. People build new hotels and restaurants and train native men a women as guides to show visitors interesting places. There#39;re new night clubs and other amusement.

International tourism is clearly a big business.

1. In the old days _________ could travel to other countries.

○A. boys or girls, men or women, young or old

○B. either kings or queens

○C. both the poor and the rich

○D. nobody but those who had money

2. Many more people travel today than in the past because _________.

○A. people have become more interested in traveling

○B. travelling today is easier than in the past

○C. people now have spare money for travel

○D. great changes have taken place in the world

3. What makes travel more attractive than before?

○A. Travel by air to other countries is much cheaper today.

○B. More guides are being trained to show beautiful spots.

○C. Modern telegraph lines make travel less expensive.

○D. New hotels and restaurants have been built.

4. People make journeys to many parts of the world? This is because ________.

○A. they want to make a study of geography

○B. they travel for different reasons

○C. they want to taste different kinds of food

○D. they don#39;t want to do anything else except that they visit friends

5. Which of the following statements is true according to the article?

○A. Tourism won#39;t bring any changes in people#39;s minds.

○B. People have some trouble in making journeys.

○C. With the development of tourism, great changes will take place in many parts of the world.

○D. Tourism causes only some changes …… and in clothing.

Passage 2

More attention was paid to the quality of production in France at the time of Renc Coty. Charles Deschancl was then the financial minister. He stressed that workmanship (工作质量) and quality were more important than quantity for industrial production. It would be necessary to produce quality goods for international market to compete with those produced in other countries. The French economy needed a larger share of the international market to balance its import and export trade. French industrial and agricultural production was still not enough to meet the immediate needs of the people, let alone long-ranged developments. Essential imports had extended the national credit (信用) to the breaking point. Rents were tightly controlled, but the extreme inflation (通货膨胀) affected general population most severely through the cost of food. Food costs took as much as 80 per cent of the workers#39; income. Wages, it is true, had risen, extensive family allowances (补贴) and benefits were paid by the state, and there was full-time and overtime employment. Taken together, these factors enabled the working class to exist but allowed them no sense of safety. In this precarious (不安定) and discouraging situation, workmen were willing to work overseas for higher wages.

The government was not willing to let workers leave the country. It was feared this migration of workers would deplete (使空虚) the labor force. The lack of qualified workers might stop the improvement in the quality of industrial products produced. Qualified workers employed abroad would only increase the quantity of quality produced in foreign countries. Also the quantity of quality goods produced in France would not be able to increase as part of its qualified labor force moved to other countries.

6. According to the passage, the French workers were _____________.

○A. better paid than the workers in any other European country

○B. able to save more money with the increase in his wages

○C. anxious to work abroad

○D. often unable to find work in France

7. Which was not true in French?

○A. Food costs were low.

○B. Wages had increased.

○C. The state paid family allowances.

○D. There was overtime employment.

8. According to the passage, French production ___________.

○A. was inadequate to meet the needs of the French people

○B. was flooding the international market with inferior

○C. emphasized industrial production at the expense of agricultural production

○D. was enough for the local market

9. According to the passage, the French government _____________.

○A. prohibited French to work abroad

○B. reduced taxed to fight inflation

○C. paid family allowances and benefits

○D. prohibited the French workers to join labor unions

10. Which of the following is not true?

○A. Migration of workers would deplete the labor force.

○B. The lack of qualified workers might stop the improvement in the quality of products.

○C. Qualified workers work abroad would increase the quality of products in foreign countries.

○D. Qualified workers work abroad was good for France.

Passage 3

Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, summed up the four chief qualities of money some 2,000 years ago. It must be lasting and easy to recognize, to divide, and to carry about.

When we think of money today, we picture it ……as round, flat pieces of metal which we call coins, or as printed paper notes. But there are still parts of the world today where coins and notes are of no use. They will buy nothing, and a traveler might starve if he had none of the particular local ”money“ to …… Among remote people, who are not often reached by traders from outside, commerce usually means barter (物物交换). There is a direct exchange of goods. Perhaps it is fish for vegetables, meat for grain, or various kinds of food in exchange for pots, baskets, or other manufactured goods. For this kind of simple trading, money is not needed, but there is often something that everyone wants and everybody can use, such as salt to flavor (给……调味) food, shells for ornaments(装饰), or iron and copper to make into tools and pots. These things-salt, shells or metals-are till used as money in out-of-the way parts of the world today.

Salt may rather a strange substance to use as money, but in countries where the food of the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an absolute necessity. Cakes of salt, stamped to show their value, were used as money in Tibet until recent times, and cakes of salt will still buy goods in Berneo and parts of Africa.

Cowrie sea shells have been used as money at some time or another over the greater part of the Old World. These were collected mainly from the beaches of the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean, and were traded to India and China. In Africa, cowries were traded right across the continent from East to West. Four or five thousand went for one Maria Theresa dollar, an Austrian silver coin which was once accepted as money in many parts of Africa.

Metal, valued by weight, early coins in many parts of the world. Iron, in lumps, bars or rings is still used in many countries instead of money. It can either be exchanged for goods, or made into tools, weapons or ornaments. The early money of China, apart from shells, was of bronze (青铜), ten in flat, round pieces with a hole in the middle, called ”cash“. The earliest of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old-older than the earliest coins of the eastern Mediterranean.

Nowadays, coins and notes have taken place of nearly all the more interesting forms of money, and although in one or two of the more remote countries people still hold it for future use on ceremonial (仪式的) occasions such as weddings and funerals (葬礼), examples of early money will soon be found only in museums.

11. In some parts of the world a traveler might starve __________.

○A. even if his money was of the local kind

○B. even if the had no coins or notes

○C. if the did not know the local rate of exchange

○D. even if he had plenty of coins and notes

12. Barter usually takes the place of money transaction where __________.

○A. there is only salt

○B. the people#39;s trading needs are fairly simple

○C. metal tools are used

○D. only for ceremonial purposes

13. Salt is still used as money __________.

○A. in Tibet

○B. in the Maldive Islands

○C. in several countries

○D. only for ceremonial purposes

14. Four or five thousand cowrie shells used to be __________.

○A. as valuable as a Maria Theresa dollar

○B. valued because they were easy to carry

○C. useful currency in south America

○D. useful currency in south America

15. The earliest known coins from the eastern Mediterranean _________.

○A. are as old as the earliest known Chinese coins

○B. are old than the earliest known Chinese coins

○C. are not as old as the earliest known Chinese coins

○D. were much larger than their Chinese equivalents

第二部分 完成句子 (25分)

根据短文内容完成句子，每个空格只能填一个单词。有的单词第一个字母已经给出，请将其余字母补全。

Once upon a time (not so very long ago, either!) industrial goods were made to last forever. If you bought a car or a stove, it was a once-in-a-life time investment. You paid good money for it, and you took good care of it. Nowadays industry has persuaded us that products shouldn#39;t last a long time. It#39;s cheaper to throw them away than it is to repair them. This has led directly to the ”throw away society“ which is a tremendous (巨大的) waste of the earth#39;s resources.

Just think of the cars that are traded daily, just because they are out of style. Think of the expensive packaging material that is thrown away every time a new object is bought. And we consumers (消费者) have to pay for that material! Our industrial society has turned us into spoiled children. This wastefulness (消费) has got into the mess we are in now. when we have no resources left, then we#39;ll start to take care of what we have. But why can#39;t we act before this happens? Why can#39;t we go back to being a society in which the prevention (防止) of waste is a virtue (美德)?

16. Not long ago, products were made to last to _______ as you take care of them.

17. People don#39;t repair many things nowadays because they spend ______ to buy a new one.

18. The shoppers have to pay not only for the goods themselves but also for the ______ paper.

19. According to the author#39;s idea, we should take care of what we have when there are ________ resources left.

20. ”The mess“ (in the 5th Line of 2nd Paragraph) means _________.

第三部分 阅读理解 (80分)

Passage 1

One phase of the business cycle is the expansion phase. This phase is a two-fold one, including recovery and prosperity. During the recovery period there is ever - growing expansion of existing facilities and new facilities for production are created. More businesses are created and older ones expanded. Improvements of various kinds are made. There is an ever increasing optimism (乐观主义) about the future of economic growth. Much capital is invested in machinery or ”heavy“ industry. More labor is employed. More raw materials are required. As one part of the economy develops, other parts are affected. For example, a great expansion in automobiles results in an expansion of the steel, glass, and industries. Roads are required. Thus the cement and machinery industries are stimulated. Demand for labor and materials results in greater prosperity for workers and suppliers (供应商) of raw materials, including farmers. This increases purchasing power and the volume of goods bought and sold. Thus prosperity is diffused (扩散) among the various portions of the population. This prosperity period may continue to rise and rise without an apparent end. However a time comes when this phase reaches a peak and stop spiraling (盘旋地移动) upwards. This is the end of the expansion phase.>

21. We may assume that in the next paragraph the writer will discuss _______.

○A. union demands

○B. the status of the farmer

○C. the higher cost of living

○D. the recession period

22. The title below that best expresses the idea of this passage is ________.

○A. The Business Cycle

○B. The Recovery Stage

○C. Attaining Prosperity

○D. The Period of Good Times

23. Prosperity in one industry _________.

○A. reflects itself in many other industries

○B. will spiral upwards

○C. will affect the steel industry

○D. will end abruptly

24. Which of the following industries will probably be a good indicator of a period of expansion?

○A. Toys.

○B. Machine tools.

○C. Foodstuffs.

○D. Farming.

25. During the period of prosperity, people regard the future ___________.

○A. cautiously

○B. in a confident manner

○C. opportunely

○D. indifferently

Passage 2

The value of money is going down. What you could buy in 1970 for ￡20, now, in 1979 costs ￡56.40. That#39;s inflation and nobody likes it, least of all the Bank of England. One of the results of inflation is that people need coins and notes of higher value. At the moment, the note of the highest value which is generally in circulation(流通) is the ￡20 note. Now, the Bank of England plans to introduce a new, ￡50 note. And the Bank is trying to decide which famous English man or woman to put on the back of the new note.

Quite a problem. The Bank usually chooses safe, historical personalities. We already have Sir Isaac Newton, the scientist, the first duck of Wellington, the famous soldier who led the British army at Waterloo, Florence Nightingale, founder of English nursing and - of course - Shakespeare. So far, the list of possible choices for the ￡50 note is quite predictable (可预测的). There#39;s Sir Francis Drake, to represent the achievements of English explorers in the sixteenth century. Then we have Lord Nelson, another sailor and the man who won the battle of Trafalgar in 1805 for England. Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the engineer, is also on the list because of the magnificent bridges which he built. The Bank will not forget music this time either - sir Edward Elgar, one of our most famous composers of the nineteenth century is a possible choice. If they choose a woman, the faminist (女权主义者) movement has two representatives; Boadicea, Queen of the early English tribes of the first century, who fought against the Romans, or Emily Pankhurst, who fought to get the vote for women early in this century.

What do you think of this selection? There#39;s no one who was alive in the last fifty years on it and no political leader. Why not? Why doesn#39;t the Bank choose popular heroes-like the Beetles, for example? Write and tell ”BBC Modern English“ who is on your list for this banknote. Imagine you have to choose some personality to go on a banknote in your own country. Who is your choice?

26. ”Inflation“ in this story means _________.

○A. ”rise in prices resulting from an increase in the money, credit, etc.“

○B. ”the rise and fall of the voice in speaking“

○C. ”the process of inflating or being inflated“

○D. ”an illness brought by infection“

27. Who dislike(s) inflation most?

○A. Ordinary people.

○B. Merchants.

○C. Officials.

○D. The Bank of England.

28. Why is there no-one who was alive in the last fifty years in the selection and no political leader?

○A. Because the Bank of England does not like contemporary figures and political leaders.

○B. Because living personalities and political leaders are not as influential as anyone in this selection.

○C. Because the Bank of England usually chooses safe and historical personalities.

○D. Because living personalities and political leaders are not allowed to be put on the back of the new banknote.

29. The British army at Waterloo was fighting against _________.

○A. the Indian army

○B. the French army

○C. the Spanish army

○D. the Russian army

30. BBC Modern English is _____________.

○A. a book

○B. a TV program

○C. a TV guide

○D. a magazine for students of English as a foreign language

第四部分 概括大意 (20分)

给下面一篇文章的每一段概括大意。每一段的主题用一个或几个单词表示，空出的词已给出了第一个字母，请把其余字母补全。

31. F abundance and Price Rising

The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly give way to apparent abundance. Stores and shops are choked with food. Rationing (定量供应) is virtually suspended (暂停), and overseas suppliers (供应商) have been asked to hold back deliveries. Yet, instead of joy, there is wide-spread uneasiness and confusion. Why do food prices keep on rising when there seems to be so much more food about? Is the abundance only temporary, or has it come to stay? Does it mean that we need to think less now about producing more food at home? No one knows what to expect.

32. Rea

The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly been unexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests in North America is now being followed by a third. Most of Britain#39;s overseas suppliers of meat, too, are offering more this year and home production has also risen.

33. E of Food Situation

But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by a simultaneous rise in food prices, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government support for food. The shops are overstocked (存货过多) with food out only because there is more food available, but also because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.

34. Fa of World Prices

Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world pries have begun to fall with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper than the home-produced variety. And now grain prices, too, are falling. Consumers are beginning to ask why they should not be enabled to benefit form this trend.

35. The Res of Farmers Fear

The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation have seen it all happen before. Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers fear they are about to be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market. Present production is running at 51 per cent above pre-war levels, and the government has called for an expansion to 60 per cent by 1956; but repeated Ministerial (内阁的) advice is carrying little weight and the expansion programme is not working very well.

第五部分 阅读理解 (120分)

Passage 1

There are striking differences between financial markets on the Continent of Europe on the one hand, and in Britain on the other. In Britain, the market is really the City of London. It is a free market: and it controls most of the flow of savings to investment. On the Continent, either a few banks or government institutions dominate the money markets. In France and Italy, for example, government bureaucrats (官僚) direct the flow of funds to suit their economic plans. In Germany the flow is directed by the all-powerful banks. In Britain there is more free interplay (相互作用) of market forces and far fewer regulations, rules and ”red tape“. A French banker summed it up this way : ” On the Continent you can#39;t do anything unless you#39;ve been old you can; in England on the other hand you can do everything as long as you haven#39;t been told not to.“

There are many basic reasons for these differences. One is that Continental savers (储蓄者) tend to prefer gold, cash or short-term assets. They invest only 10% of their savings in institutions like pension funds or insurance companies. But in Britain 50% of savings goes to them, and they, in turn, invest directly in equity (证券) market. A far lower proportion of savings is put in the banks in the form of liquid assets than on the Continent. Continent governments intervene directly or through the banks to collect saving together and transform them into medium or long-term loans for investment. The equity market is largely by-passed. On the Continent economic planning tends to be far more centralized (把……集中起来) than in Britain. In Britain it is possible to influence decisions affecting the country#39;s economy from within the City. It attracts a skilled and highly qualified work force. In France, on the other hand, an intelligent young man who wants a career in finance would probably find the civil service more attractive.

In Britain the market or more accurately, money tends to be regarded as an end in itself. On the Continent it is regarded as a means to an end; investment in the economy. To British eyes continental systems with the possible exception of the Dutch seem bureaucratic (官僚主义的), slow and inefficient. But there is one outstanding fact the City should not overlook. Britain#39;s growth rates and levels investment over the last ten years have been much lower than on the Continent. There are many reasons of this, but the City must take part of the blame. If it is accepted that the basic function of a financial market is to supply industry and commerce with finance in order to achieve desired rates of growth, it can be said that by concentrating on the market for its own sake the City has tended to forget that basic function.

36. What is the best title for the passage?

○A. Reasons behind the difference.

○B. Banking and Finance: a Basic Difference in Attitudes.

○C. Monetary Policy in Britain.

○D. The European Continent and Britain.

37. What seems to be the most basic reason for this difference?

○A. The British tend to regard money as an end, whereas Continental European consider it a means to an end.

○B. The British invest only 10% of their savings in pension funds.

○C. On the Continent you can#39;t do anything unless you have been told you can.

○D. Intelligent young men who want a career tend to go to civil service in the Continent.

38. According to the passage, the Dutch way of finance and banking ________.

○A. is similar to that of the French

○B. makes no difference whatever system it follows

○C. is perhaps resembling that of the British

○D. has a low efficiency

39. The word ”striking“ in Line 1 means ________.

○A. beating

○B. surplus

○C. noticeable

○D. seemingly

40. In what way does the Continental system seem better?

○A. The Continent maintains a higher growth rate and levels of investment.

○B. It has less proportions of savings in the form of liquid assets.

○C. It attracts intelligent young men.

○D. It functions properly despite the fact that the British discount it.

Passage 2

Insurance in respect of the property will be effected by the Society in accordance with the Rules and the mortgage conditions with such insurance companies as the Society may determined. The Society has a wide experience of insurance companies and of the terms offered by their policies, and places insurance with many companies who are able to provide the cover which and if so please contact immediately the Branch Office to which you submitted your application for loan, and so long as that company and its terms are acceptable to the Society cover will be arranged accordingly. If you should suggest a company and it is not one with which the Society does business you will be informed and offered a choice of other companies. You may request a change of insurance company at any time during the life of the mortgage. If your mortgage is under the endowment (损赠) scheme or supported by an insurance guarantee or if the documents of title specify the company to be used it may not be possible to accept your choice.

The initial sum insured will be the figure shown under the heading ”Amount of Property Insurance" in the Details of Loan. This figure is the amount recommended by the Society#39;s valuer (估价者), as his estimate of the replacement cost of the building at the date of valuation, unless some other amount has been agreed in writing between you and the Society. No guarantee is given or implied that the amount of insurance will cover complete loss.

5.全国1月自学考试高级英语试题 篇五

A. answering appropriately B. exploring thoroughly

C. dealing with efficiently D. thinking carefully about

43. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the author’s parents?

A. They were demanding.

B. They were open-minded.

C. They were indifferent to his future.

D. They were anxious about his future.

44. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “genuinely” in Paragraph 3 ?

A. really B. completely

C. immediately D. finally

45. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _________ .

A. few people study for Bachelor’s degrees

B. a college degree means more than ever before

C. college education is required for a good future

D. a Master’s degree can guarantee advanced positions

46. Which of the following can best explain the word “indispensable” in Paragraph 5?

A. ingenuous B. essential

C. advantageous D. helpful

47. The author chose engineering mainly because _________ .

A. it was more popular B. he could make more money

C. he was more interested in it D. he could be more successful

48. College education was expected to make the author _________ .

A. realistic B. technically sophisticated

C. intelligent D. comprehensively developed

49. The author states in Paragraph 7 that _________ .

A. a diversified college can provide knowledge in various fields

B. a diversified college is the only place where a person can learn

C. higher education in a diversified college can ensure success in the future

D. a student can learn as many subjects as he likes in a diversified college

50. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is to _________ .

A. advertise educational institutions

B. persuade people to obtain college degrees

C. emphasize the importance of higher education

D. express his understanding of today’s education systems

IV. Translate the following sentences into Chinese and write the translation on your Answer Sheet. (10 points,2 points for each)

51. Have I come because of parental influence, or because I have some goal of my own that I wish to pursue?

52. When I entered high school, I enrolled in the college preparatory program offered there, looking ahead four years to college attendance.

53.Up to that point in my life, I had always claimed that I wanted to attend college, but didn’t realize why until my high school career drew to a close.

54.I knew that I would not be content to simply end my educational career with high school and enter the working world.

55.I also knew that I wanted to become a more diversified person, and that a college education was the best means to attain that end.

V. Answer the following essay question in English within 80-100 words. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (10 points)

56. Why did you decide to have higher education?

VI. Translate the following sentences into English and write the translation on your Answer Sheet. (20 points,2 points each for 57-60,4 points for 61,8 points for 62)

57.这一解决方式的弊端在于它已不再广泛适用。

58.当这个富足的国家没有孩子饿着肚子上床时，我可能会乐于回去教书。

59.美国人做的比看电视更多的事情只有工作和睡觉。

60.那种认为艺术应该与政治脱钩的观点本身就是一种政治态度。

61.鱼露出水面，闪动着身子在线的另一端挣扎。他紧紧地将鱼攥在手里，把鱼钩从嘴里取出来。

6.全国英语等级考试公共英语阅读模拟试题练习 篇六

2. Although this company is doing well, it has a number of internal difficulties to deal with

3. This company has reduced the profits it makes on individual items

4. One statistic is a less accurate guide to this company’s performance than another

5. The conditions which have helped this company are likely to be less favourable in the future

6. This company’s share price has been extremely volatile over the last twelve months

7. This company is likely to be the subject of a takeover bid in the near future

8. This company’s performance exemplifies a widely held belief

A Chemical Company

Masterson’s interim pre-tax profits growth of 20% was somewhat inflated as a result of the income received from the disposal of several of the company’s subsidiaries. The underlying 8% rise in operating profits is a more realistic gauge of the company’s true progress. However, Masterson’s impending merger with Bentley and Knight and its appointment of a new chief executive should mean that the company will be able to sustain growth for the foreseeable fut5ure. The share price has varied little during the course of the year and now stands at ￡ 6.75考生如果怕自己错过考试报名时间和考试时间的话，可以 免费预约短信提醒，届时会以短信的方式提醒大家报名和考试时间。

B Hotel Group

During the past year the Bowden Hotel Group has acquired 77 new properties, thus doubling in size . last week the group reported pre-tax profits of ￡ 88 million in the first six months of the year, ahead of expectations and helped by a strong performance from its London-based hotels and newly expanded US business. However. There is still some way to go. Integration of the new acquisitions is still not complete and, while the share price has risen recently, major problems with integration have yet to be solved.

C High-tech Company

This time last year a share in Usertech was worth just over ￡ 1. six months ago it was worth ￡ 40. today it is priced at under ￡ 8 . if proof were need, here is an illustration of how much of a lottery the technology market can be. But some technology companies are fighting back and Usertech is one of them . What has renewed excitement in the company is the opening of its new American offices in Dallas and its ambitious plans to expand its user base in both North and Latin America.

D Building Company

Renton’s share price has risen gradually over the past year from ￡2.4 to ￡ 3.8 . The company has been successful in choosing prime location for its buildings and has benefited from the buoyant demand for housing. Whilst this demand is expected to slow down somewhat during the next year, investors are encouraged by the company’s decision to move into building supermarkets. Work has already begun on two sites in London, and the company is expected to sign a contract within the next month for building four large supermarkets in Scotland.

E Pottery Manufacturer

Milton Dishes has been through a shake-up over the past year. The group, which has been cutting margins and improving marketing, may post a small profit this year. The many members of the Milton family, who between them own 58 per cent of the business, have been watching the share price rise steadily and several are looking to sell. Trade rival Ruskin has bought up just over 17 percent of the shares and could well be spurred into further action by the signs of a recovery at the firm.

【参考答案】 1 D 2 B 3 E 4 A 5 D 6 C 7 E 8 C

这种类型的题不过是一个句子换一种说法，关键是看对每一段话的理解。我们看一下1到8在说什么，然后到A到E中寻找答案。

1.该公司正在对其商业活动进行多样化。

2.尽管该公司业绩不错，内部也有一些困难需要处理。

3.该公司单个产品收益减少

4.一项统计数据对该公司的表现不像另外一个那样有准确的指导作用。

5.曾经帮助过该公司的环境在将来可能就不那么好了。

6.该公司的股票价格在过去的一年里变化很大。

7.该公司未来很可能会被收购。

7.英语考试练习题的命题技巧分析 篇七

一、练习题命制的原则和目的

练习题在命制时, 命题者应本着既要巩固所学知识, 又要体现发展能力;既要遵循教学大纲 (包括考试大纲) , 又要体现语言实际应用;既要考虑命题者本人的知识水平, 又要考虑做题人的知识水平的原则。另外, 命题者还要考虑这个命题主要用来考查什么、考查对象是谁、考查范围多大等多种因素。只有这样, 命制的练习题才具有信度和准度, 才能真正达到既巩固知识又培养能力的目的。

二、练习题命制的难度和深度

应该承认, 每年的考试在命题难度上一直把握得比较好, 每年英语考试试题的难度系数基本保持在0.55左右。虽然我们平时命题难以把握一个准确的度, 但至少可以从应考对象入手, 即根据练习题的使用范围和应试对象的年龄以及知识水平的不同来设定练习题的度。现以there be句型为例简单说明该句型在考查时的难度和深度。

例1:There_____some sheep on the farm.

A.is B.are C.be D.am

学生刚接触英语, 他们的词汇量、语法知识等均有限。所以, 例1就适合于刚开始接触英语不久的大众学生, 该题主要考查学生对there be句型的基本知识掌握。

例2:There_____a computer and some books on the desk a moment ago.

A.is B.are C.was D.were

此题虽也是对there be句型的考查, 但句中的a com-puter and some books及a moment ago就增加了试题的难度, 所以, 例2适合在英语方面已经经历过一段时间的学生。

例3:Nothing wrong with the TV set, _____芽

A.is it B.does it

C.is there D.does there

此题是考查反义疑问句, 而主干句又是省略句, 考生做题时首先要弄清该句省略了什么。四个选项中都具有一定的干扰性。因此, 此题有一定的难度, 适合于在英语学习方面有了一定积累的学生。

有时候, 同一个知识从不同的角度命题, 也会增加试题的难度。下面以there be句型为例作以说明。

例4:There______some people in the room.

A.is B.are C.has D.have

此题句子完整、信息充分, 但C, D两个选项又增加了考生选择正确答案的难度, 许多考生因受汉语习惯的影响错选D项。

三、练习题命制的技巧和要求

由于英语练习题的题型较多, 下面仅以常见的单项选择和短文改错题为例简要说明。

目前, 单项选择题主要以考查词汇 (短语) 、语法和语言应用为主。练习题主干大多采用简单句、并列句、复合句和对话句为主, 四个答案选项只有一个是正确的, 其余三个选项虽有干扰但均为错误。

1. 练习题切忌超纲

在命题之前, 命题者要仔细阅读教学大纲和考试大纲, 认真分析“两纲”对所要考查知识的具体要求。同时命题者要熟悉教材, 把握教材的深度和广度以及知识的重点和难点。另外, 命题者要牢记所命练习题的适用范围, 确保题干和选项中不涉及超出该年级以外的新知识 (如生词等) 以及考生学过单词、短语和句型的生僻用法。

2. 练习题要知识能力兼顾

平时测验, 练习题可以把知识性考查作为重点, 同类知识也可重复出现, 但最好变化命题角度。一般来说, 知识性考查主要针对词汇、语法或句型。词汇部分应以实词 (名词、代词、形容词、副词和动词) 为重点, 介词、冠词、连词和叹词等虚词的比重要适当降低 (专项练习例外) , 语法项目和句型在考查时也应以大纲和教材中所规定的为主, 切忌随意超纲。但无论是哪种考试的命题, 考生通过死记硬背就能直接做答的练习题的数量应尽可能减少。假如在命制期中、期末或其他正规考试时, 练习题既要重视对基础知识的考查, 更要注重对能力的考查, 而且能力性考查的比重还可根据考试年级或考试类型的不同适当调整。语言离不开语境, 所以, 在语境中考查某个知识的试题是较理想的能力型试题之一。

3. 题干的信息量要充足

在命题时, 题干不宜过短。题干过短会使题干信息量不足, 影响考生正确理解题意, 但题干也不宜过长。题干过长考生会因长时间阅读试题而产生大脑过度疲劳, 也会浪费宝贵时间。

4. 各个选项应具有相似性

为了避免给考生在审题时造成过多的心理压力以及思维分散, 命题时各个选项的长度、结构和词性等应尽可能接近。此外, 一道练习题供选答案最好只考查一个知识点或一个语法项目, 不可许多知识穿插考查。

5. 各个干扰项应具有迷惑性

在命题时, 命题者所设计的每个干扰项都应包含一定的正确因素, 这样才能起到应有的迷惑作用。干扰项虽都具有正确因素, 但必须是错误的。考生一眼看上去就能识别正误的干扰项, 最好少涉及或不要涉及。

6. 正确项具有唯一性

单项选择题的正确项必须是经得起推敲的和完全正确的, 并且是唯一的。因此, 命题者要尽量考虑周全, 保证其正确性无可质疑。对那些似是而非或有争议的选项尽可能不要涉及。

7. 提供的选项应具有规范性

单项选择题的四个供选答案应该规范, 最好不要出现诸如:Either A or B, Neither A nor B, Both A and B, None of the above或者All (of) the above之类的选项, 以免给考生造成误导。

8. 正确答案应分布均匀

所有练习题命制完毕之后, 教师应从头到尾检查一遍。除了检查练习题数量是否达到要求、有没有重复的练习题、每道题的正确答案是否唯一、标点符号和大小写是否规范以外, 还有很重要的一点, 就是检查所有练习题的正确答案分布是否均匀, 例如20道练习题最后选择ABCD四个答案各占五个, 千万避免某个选项的数量过多和连续选择三个以上相同的选项。

四、部分练习题举例

短文改错题旨在测试考生发现、判断和纠正错误的能力, 通过阅读短文最后达到改正命题者设计的所有错误的目的。一般来讲, 短文无论在内容上还是在文字上都比较简单, 文中错误也都是初、中级英语学习者写作时常犯的。所以, 教师在选择文章时在文字和语言水平上最好选取接近该年级学生实际 (如有必要, 可以直接选取某学生的一篇习作) , 文体多以记叙文为主。

1. 短文改错题文章结构

短文改错文章尽量选自于学生实际水平, 文章内容以描写学生日常生活、学习话题为主, 文体为记叙文, 文章长度控制在90～100单词之间。如果原文过长或过短教师可以根据需要适当修改, 最后达到每行平均9～10个单词。

2. 短文改错题错误类型

短文改错的错误类型分为:多词、漏词和错词三种, 占9行, 再包括1行正确, 共10行。一般情况, 多词和漏词不超过2～3行, 错词占7～6行, 正确的1行尽量不要设计在开头行或者结尾行 (纵观近几年全国各地高考试题的短文改错部分, 正确的那行多数都不在文章两头) 。如果教师要把多词设计2行, 那么漏词最好1行, 反之亦然。另外, 多词的2行不要连行设计, 漏词也如此。但是无论哪种错误类型, 改正时只能涉及一个单词。

3. 短文改错题错误分布

短文改错的错误要尽可能涉及知识的各个方面, 也就是说, 错误既要涉及词类知识, 又要涉及句法知识。一般可以遵循以下原则:词法占7～8行, 包括冠词、介词、名词、代词、形容词副词、连词、动词等;句法占2～1行, 包括定语从句、名词性从句、强调句型、倒装句等。具体情况教师可根据文章内容或教学进度进行取舍。

总之, 只有教师在命制练习题时多动脑筋, 多去研究正规考试试题的命题思路和命题原则, 笔者相信每一位教师都可以命制既是高质量又符合教学实际的原创型练习题。

参考文献

[1]雷美玲.对学生进行听力训练的实践.江西教育, 1996 (5) .

[2]Ellis R.Modified oral input and the acquisition of word meanings.Applied Linguistics, 1995 (16) :409.

[3]Ellis R.The study of second language acquisition.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 1999.