食品安全英文

食品安全英文（共6篇）

1.食品安全英文 篇一

As is depicted in the drawing above，Food Safety Law，who is like a brave fighter，is trying to cut off the claws of all food safety problems with a sharp sword although he is under all kinds of pressure from food，drink，milk，vegetables and other aspects。This image vividly（生动地）shows that maintaining food safety is a long way to go。

For a long period of time，people’s worship of money has resulted in distorted personality（扭曲的人格）and alienated soul（异化的灵魂），which makes people disregard human life in their desperate pursuit for maximum interests。Such incidents like melamine（三聚氰胺）in milk power，the random additive or pigment in food，water-injected meat and mushroom，Sudan Red in KFC are continuing around China and have become a challenging problem。

To completely ensure food safety，we should first advocate the development of healthy green food and teach farmers how to prevent pesticide residues，thus eliminating the root of generating harmful food。Secondly，the punishment for illegal traders should be more serious，thus increasing the cost of their crimes and make them think twice before doing desperate moves。图片中的食品安全法，犹如一位勇敢的斗士，顶着来自于食品、饮料、奶粉、蔬菜等方面的重大压力，手持利剑，要斩断种种伸向食品安全的魔爪。这就形象地告知人们，维护食品安全任重而道远。

长期以来，由于一些人的拜金主义，致使其人格扭曲，灵魂异化，为了使自己的利益最大化，置食品安全于不顾，漠视生命，为发财铤而走险。奶粉中添加三聚氰胺，食品中乱加添加剂或色素，注水肉和注水蘑菇，肯德基苏丹红等事件可谓此起彼伏，实在气人头疼。要彻底保障食品安全，首先应倡导健康绿色食品的发展，教育粮农，奶农，菜农，果农如何防止农药残留，从根源上杜绝有害食品的产生。其次是加大对不法商贩的惩罚力度，增大其违法犯罪的成本，使他们铤而走险的心理有所收敛。

2.食品安全英文 篇二

As a broadly applied power source for portable devices, lithium-ion battery has advantages of high energy density, no memory effects, long cycle life, being environmental friendly, etc. After small lithium-ion batteries are dominant in the consumer electronics area, large lithium-ion batteries are developed, marching into automobile and power grid applications.

The application of lithium-ion battery brings about fire accidents and explosions, many researchers in the field of battery chemistry have studied and analyzed the reasons of battery failures under various conditions from a chemistry point of view[1,2,3,4]. According to such studies, continuous improvements of battery components were made: various anode and cathode materials were developed to improve the chemical stability; a multilayer separator was designed to limit thermal runaway[5]; proper additives were introduced into electrolyte to block chemical reactions[6] or to discharge the battery itself for mitigation of overcharge risk without affecting normal charging[7], etc. Manufacturing and assembling techniques were also improved to decrease the defect probability. However, detailed substances of battery components and the quality of battery assembling, which highly affect the safety of the battery, remain unclear to electrical engineers operating battery energy storage system (BESS). Therefore, principles of lithium-ion battery needs to be presented, then a basic perspective on risks caused by lithium-ion battery and reasons of such risks can be gained. This perspective will provide engineers operating BESS with proper ways for well-regulated safety.

1 Principles of Lithium-ion Battery Cell

1.1 Components of a Lithium-ion Battery Cell

In the lithium-ion chemistry system, both the positive and negative electrodes serve as host structures for the lithium-ions. Different kinds of metal oxide of lithium, such as LiCoO2, LiFePO4 and LiMn2O4, etc, can be used as the positive material (called the cathode material). Graphite is the normal choice for the negative material (called the anode material). Fig. 1 shows the basic components of a lithium-ion battery cell, and the dashed lines refer to the discharge process.

In the process of battery charging, the lithium-ions flow from the positive material to the negative material inside the battery via the electrolyte, while the electrons flow from the positive current collector to the negative current collector by an external circuit. The discharging process is realized with an opposite movement direction of lithium-ions and electrons. To prevent direct electron transfer between electrodes, a separator is inserted between the positive and negative materials.

A lithium-ion cell consists of four components: active positive material, active negative material, separator, and electrolyte. Generally, the electrical performances of the cell including energy and power capability, safety, and reliability, are highly influenced by the materials of above four components.

1.2 Safety Theories of Lithium-ion Battery Cell

In the field of battery chemistry, severe safety issues, such as fire and explosion, can be concluded as a thermal runaway phenomenon. Therefore, attentions should be paid to thermal behaviors of major components in a lithium-ion battery cell. In this paper, the exothermic phenomenon of the aforementioned 4 major components under different conditions, which may lead to battery failures, were briefly discussed.

1.2.1 Positive Material

Common active positive materials should be metastable during the charging process. Once the cell is overcharged, lithium-ion is depleted of the positive material, resulting in an increase of the cell internal impedance and temperature. With the increasing temperature, the positive material decomposition occurs to generate heat and release oxygen to the electrolyte[8]. The initiating temperatures of the positive material decomposition are different. LiCoO2 starts the decomposition at around 181 ℃, whereas LiFePO4 starts at around 221 ℃ and LiMn2O4 starts at around 209 ℃[9]. The released oxygen reacts with the electrolyte to generate heat and gas. The heat from electrolyte oxidation can be coupled with the heat from positive material decomposition and finally leads to a thermal runaway of the cell. Moreover, the over-charge of a lithium-ion battery occurs during normal operation without well-designed balance circuit.

The assembling level also affects the performance of a cell. A tight bend can result in a cracking of the positive material and the underlying current collector will lead to lithium plating during the charging cycle, gas generation inside the cell and a capacity loss.

1.2.2 Negative Material

When a cell is assembled, it is completely discharged. The first charge forms an electrolyte decomposition layer on the surface of the negative material, called the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. SEI functions as a protective barrier, which prevents the direct reaction between intercalated lithium in the negative material and electrolytes. Exothermic decomposition of SEI layer occurs at 90～120 ℃. Without the protection of SEI, the exothermic reactions between intercalated lithium in the negative material and electrolytes will start[8,10].

Physical damages of SEI, which results in direct reactions between intercalated lithium in the negative material and electrolytes, are caused by lithium metal plating. The fundamental mechanism of lithium metal plating is that lithium-ions are not held by the negative material but are converted into lithium metal outside the negative material, which is caused by two aspects: (1) at a low temperature (lower than -30 ℃), the flowing of lithium-ion through the SEI layer is hindered. Therefore, charging the cell under this condition can result in lithium plating on SEI/electrolyte interface[11]. (2) the overcharge or insufficient negative material can cause lithium plating because the negative material is full of lithium-ions and cannot hold any more ions[4]. The dendrite growth of lithium can penetrate the separator and result in a fierce internal short circuit between the positive and negative materials.

Studies showed that a thermal runaway of the cell is not caused by a single deep over-discharge but repeated over-discharges[12]. When a cell is over-discharged, its negative material is depleted of lithium-ions. Then the oxidation of copper current collector occurs, which leads to dissolution of copper into the electrolyte. When it is charged again, the dissolved copper is deposited of the cell with decreasing performance, a cell structure injury or even an internal short circuit.

1.2.3 Separator

The separator provides a physical isolation between the positive and negative materials, allowing free transport of lithium-ions and forbidding the flow of electrons without direct participation in the cell reaction. However, its properties and structures affect the overall performances of the battery, such as power density, energy density, cycle life, and safety.

No matter under normal or abnormal operations, the internal temperature of the battery increases due to the exothermic reactions. When the internal temperature approximately reaches 130 ℃, the separator starts to melt, which helps to terminate the internal current by closing its pores and impeding the movement of the lithium-ion between electrodes. However, if there exists other exothermic reactions inside the battery, which causes even higher internal temperature, the separator will start to collapse above 180 ℃. Consequently, the physical structure of separator fails and leads to a direct contact of electrodes, thus resulting in a fierce internal short circuit[13].

To increase the thermal stability of the separator membrane, battery designers introduce multi-layer material based membrane. For instance, in a design of the PP/PE/PP triple-layer membrane, the pore of polyethylene (PE) can be self-closed at a relatively low temperature (approximately 135 ℃). The physical support of polypropylene (PP) can survive at a relatively high temperature (approximately 160 ℃)[14,15].

1.2.4 Electrolyte

As discussed before, when SEI between the negative material and the electrolyte is broken, the intercalated lithium in the negative material has an exothermic reaction with the electrolyte.

The decomposition of electrolyte can occur with an elevated temperature (higher than 200 ℃). The decomposition products include different kinds of toxic and ignitable gases such as H2, CH4, C2H4 and C2H6, etc. When they are released to the air, the ignition occurs if the ignition source exists and oxygen is sufficient[12].

The flammable organic solvent is used as the electrolyte of lithium-ion cells. If the electrolyte is released into the air, it ignites and releases additional heat[12].

2 Abuse Test of Lithium-ion Battery Cell

Practically, the failure of lithium-ion cell is a comprehensive process, which can start with any of the above-mentioned exothermic reactions while ended with different dangers such as battery body expansion, electrolyte leakage, gas venting, fire, explosion, etc. To estimate the safety level of commercial lithium-ion batteries, abuse test items in mechanical, electrical and thermal aspects are designed according to standards from UL[16] and IEC[17,18]. For lithium-ion BESS used in the grid application, large batteries with pouch type or prismatic type design are preferred. In this paper, commercial LiFePO4 based battery cells of those two types were tested. All the cells were fully charged before abuse tests according to the standards.

2.1 Thermal Abuse

Objective cells were heated in a temperature chamber. The ambient temperature of the chamber was set to 130 ℃ with an increased rate of 5 ℃/min. After the ambient temperature in the chamber reached 130 ℃, it was kept for 10 min and then the samples were observed. Under the temperature, potential risks were brought by SEI failure, the melt of the separator and an increased gas pressure from the electrolyte.

After the test, the leakage, gas venting and the voltage drop of the tested battery cells were not observed. Therefore, there was no thermal runaway of the tested cells.

It is observed from Fig.2 that the cell body expansion of both prismatic type cells and pouch type cells occurs. The body expansion might be caused by vaporizing electrolyte. The body expansion rate under the test depends on the amount of the low-boiling-point solvent in the electrolyte. And the exact amount and the proportion are unclear to users. However, according to the observation, it is concluded that the pouch type sample shown in Fig.2 (c) has better performance than that in Fig.2 (b), which indicates a higher safety level. The prismatic type sample in Fig.2 (a) shows good performance due to its high thermal resistance caused by the thickness.

2.2 Nail Penetration

A Ø5 mm nail was penetrated into the samples at 20 mm/s. It was then pulled out after 1 min. Under this test condition, an internal short circuit caused by the direct contact of positive and negative materials may happen. The heat brought by the internal short circuit may lead to decomposition reactions of battery components.

During the test, electrolyte spray and serious gas venting were observed for all the prismatic type cells. The measured voltage and surface temperature of one cell are shown in Fig.3 (a). The curves showed an occurrence of the internal short circuit which caused a release of the stored energy and a drop of the cell voltage. Furthermore, the temperature rose up to 130.8 ℃ due to the released energy. The surface temperature then dropped to a relatively safe range, which means exothermic chain reactions did not occur and the thermal runaway was avoided after the test.

For pouch type cells, temperature rise, electrolyte spray or gas venting were not found during the test, except one of five samples. In Fig.3 (b), the measured voltage and the surface temperature of the problematic one are plotted. Part of the stored energy was released through the internal short circuit. And the internal short circuit was terminated by the gas released from the electrolyte, which expended the cell body and formed an isolation layer between the positive and negative materials and the separator in the penetrated area. This incomplete internal short circuit only led to a slightly reduced cell voltage and a peak temperature of 90.5 ℃. As the cell surface temperature dropped, the phenomenon of thermal runaway did not occur after the test.

The venting protection of the prismatic type cell was triggered due to the high internal pressure, as shown in Fig.4 (a). For the pouch type cell, body expansions could be observed, as shown in Fig.4 (b). Generally, pouch type cells show higher safety level compared with prismatic type cells.

2.3 Overcharge

The samples are overcharged with a current of 0.05 C. Once the cell voltage reaches 5 V or the charging time reaches 30 min, the test ends. 1 C is defined as the current rate at which the battery cell is fully discharged in 1 hour, which means 1 C equals 40 A for a battery with the capacity of 40 Ah.

For all the tested samples, there were no electrolyte leakage, venting gas or other dangers observed. The body expansion of the samples can be observed after the test. According to the measured cell voltage, the ambient and cell surface temperatures shown in Fig.5, it is concluded that the phenomenon of thermal runaway did not occur.

2.4 External Short Circuit

A circuit contactor was connected between sample electrodes, and the short circuit resistance was set to 5 mΩ.

In the initial trials of the test, fires were found on the cable or the contactor, as shown in Fig.6. Therefore, cables and contactors with a current of 1 500 A were chosen in the test afterward to avoid the fire in the test circuit.

The body expansion, electrolyte leakage and gas venting were found during the test of all the prismatic type samples as well as some pouch type samples. After the test circuit contactor was closed, the cell surface temperature rose up to around 100 ℃. With an elevated temperature, cell body expanded (as shown in Fig.7, area A) with gas released from the electrolyte (as shown in Fig.7, area B) and electrolyte leaked (as shown in Fig.7, area C). Finally, a fierce gas venting with electrolyte (as shown in Fig.7, area D) occurred. According to the previous introduction of the electrolyte, the vented gas and electrolyte is ignitable. After around 10 min, the cell surface temperature began to drop. There was no fire or explosion during and after the test. Therefore, the phenomenon of thermal runaway did not occur.

Besides, the current collector of the positive electrode was melt down immediately, terminating the external short circuit. The phenomenon was observed in most of the pouch type samples and one prismatic type sample. Fig.8 showed that the melting-down of prismatic type samples was fiercer than that of pouch type samples. Metallic sparks in Fig. 8 splashed from the positive current collector. Those metallic sparks can ignite the venting gas or leaking electrolyte and then cause fire.

3 Single Cell Safety and BESS Safety

The abuse test of the single lithium-ion battery cell provides an understanding of battery performance in critical states. However, it cannot cover all the safety issues when the battery is assembled and used in an energy storage system.

Test results only demonstrate the safety performances under serious failures for single time. The accumulated damages of battery chemistries and battery structure due to soft failures, such as repeated slight overcharges or over-discharges, will not be found in the safety test report of manufactures. However, BESS safety can be improved based on the abuse tests of battery cells and the analysis of the accidents. In this paper, BESS safety is classified into three categories.

3.1 Primary Safety

The primary safety of BESS refers to the safety of batteries, cables, switches, and power conversion system (PCS), etc. In this paper, the primary safety related to the battery is studied.

The battery type and the material are the basic concern. Each battery cell plays a significant role in the entire BESS safety. Therefore, the electrode material, the body design and the rated capacity of the battery are carefully selected. For a lithium-ion based BESS, pouch type battery cells which are usually less than 2 cm thick with a capacity ranging from 15 Ah to 30 Ah are recommended concerning primary safety. If the cell capacity is too high, i.e., higher than 40 Ah, the chemical energy release caused by thermal runaway failures becomes dangerous for other components, thus leading to a cascaded failure in BESS.

The consistency among cells also affects BESS safety. The megawatt-level BESS is usually composed of thousands of energized battery cells grouped in modules and strings. Concerning the impacts of one battery cell on other cells, the initial consistency of the cells should meet the requirements mentioned in Ref.[19]. The inferior initial consistency will increase the loading of balancing circuit and bring potential risks of batteries during the operation. Consistency is even more important in the application of second-hand batteries. When batteries retired from electric vehicles (EVs) are going to be used in a BESS, battery sorting and module recombination must be performed by the consistency control to ensure the performance and the safety of the whole system.

The fuse link is an important protection for cutting off over current caused by electrical faults or incorrect operations. In Ref.[19], the fuse link is required to be installed between modules as well as between battery system and PCS. Thus, battery cells in the module can be protected from external over current. For the pouch type battery, normally two or three cells are connected in parallel to increase the redundancy and the capacity of the module. When a single cell fails, an over current will occur to remain other healthy cells in case of no fuse connection among cells. Therefore, the fuse link installation for each parallel connected cell inside the module are considered.

3.2 Secondary Safety

The secondary safety of BESS refers to the safety guarantee or improvement by the battery management system (BMS), balance technologies, and other protection circuits.

The balance circuit is necessary for maintaining the consistency. Even though the initial consistency of battery cells has a good performance, the consistency will decrease with natural aging. The difference in equivalent internal resistances and internal capacitances of battery cells usually causes unbalanced voltage and current. And overcharge or over-discharge leads to the damage of battery. Therefore, the limited operation range and reliable balanced circuit with related BMS is required to maintain good system performance, life cycle and safety.

Since the failure of a single cell may lead to over-voltage or over-current in other healthy cells, besides the fuse link installation, proper protection circuit and algorithm against those dangers are designed. The redundancy design is considered for safe system operation and safe shut-down under N-1 conditions.

The thermal management including a cooling design improves the battery life and the safety of the system, in which the heat generated during the normal operation and the heat released in case of cell or module thermal runaway are considered. Once encountering an emergency, the cooling system can reduce the heat generated by the chemical reaction inside the battery, which helps to prevent the cascaded thermal runaway of healthy batteries.

3.3 Auxiliary Safety

The auxiliary safety of BESS refers to safety guarantees or improvements by the components which do not participate in the operation of BESS.

Thermal isolation is recommended for BESS. According to recent accidents of NGK NaS BESS in Japan and Xtreme Power BESS in Hawaii, the thermal runaway of singleor multi-cells heats other healthy cells and causes a cascaded thermal runaway in the battery system, which finally results in BESS fire. In a commercial BESS, battery cabinets are usually closely placed one by one without heator fire protections or other isolation solutions. The layout is safe in electrical distances, but not in thermal distances. Concerning failure isolation in BESS, thermal or fire isolation material between cabinets is recommended. Sedimentation of cabinets with thermal runaway can also cut off the direct contact between failed and healthy cabinets, thus providing a limited impact on each cabinet. Besides, fire protection zones in the BESS are required to be designed.

Air quality monitoring is recommended for early warning of the thermal runaway. When the thermal runaway starts in a cell, different kinds of gas, including CO, CO2 and other hydrocarbons, will vent.

In summary, safety concerns and the origins of the safety issues of large lithium-ion batteries are presented. To improve the safety level of large energy storage systems based on lithium-ion batteries, comprehensive measures should be adopted.

4 Conclusions

In this paper, the working principles of the lithium-ion battery and its safety fundamentals are described. Results from abuse tests on prismatic and pouch type cells are obtained by analyzing the observed phenomena and comparing with the safety of two types of cells. Pouch type cells have higher safety performances than prismatic type cells in aspects of thermal behaviors, internal pressure releases and self-termination of failures. Moreover, safety concerns in BESS are discussed and measures for improving its safety are proposed.

3.英文安全标语 篇三

2. Unmarked intersection ahead (前方是没有标志的`十字路口--慢行)

3. Lane crossover with width restriction: 前方十字路口有宽度限制)

4. Lane shift with width restriction: 前方上坡 有宽度限制

5. Mandatory direction of travel 主干道

6. Hiker’s parking: 宿营地

7. Customs post 海关邮筒

8. Detour direction sign 绕行标志

9. pproaching end of motorway 即将驶出高速。

10. Dangerous bend 弯道危险

11. Diverted traffic 交叉路口

12. Look left (right) 向左(右)看。

13. New hours of parking control 停车控制新时段

14. No entry 禁止驶人

15. No stopping at any time 任何时间不准停车

16. No thoroughfare 禁止通行

17. Pedestrian crossing ahead 注意前方人行横道。

18. Pedestrian crossing 人行横道

19. Please drive carefully 请小心驾驶。

20. Road closed 此路封闭

21. Slow， school 前方学校请慢行。

22. Speed limit of 48kmh 限速每小时48公里

4.安全管理员英文简历 篇四

Wedlock: Single Nation: Han

Residence: Guangdong-Jieyang Age: 29

Location: Guangdong-Zhuhai Height: 167cm

Target Locations: Guangdong

Target Positions: Logistics/Procurement-Procurement Commissioner/Assistant

Industry/Factories-New products into Engineer

Sales Management-Commerce Clerk

Target Jobs: SQE、Procurement engineer

Desired Salary: Negotiable

When Can Start: immediately

Education

-09 ～ -07 Guangdong petroleum chemical industry institute industrial engieering Bachelor Degree

Training

-03 ～ 2012-03 Controlsafety association zhuhai Primary safety director Primary safety director

-11 ～ -12 lean knowledge internal train

2010-03 ～ 2010-03 internal ISO9001:

Work Experience2 years 10 months work experience,and served on 2 Companies.

(2010-09 ～ Present)

Company Type: Foreign Enterprise Company Category: Electrical,Micro-electronics

Job Title: Product Engineer Positions: Product Engineer

Job Description: 1. In NPI phase, follow up new supplier quality of the materials and Qual Build case tracking, assist with SQE to communicate with supplier and let them imporve the quality issue.

2. Management of material production scrap issue, reduce the production of each product scrap rate from $0.01 to $0.005 in 2011.

3. The group responsible for the department improvement activities of the organization, participate in the lean production activities and process improvement. improve production line capacity, improve the UPH,from 180 to 210, and UPPH from 4.25 up to 5.

(2009-06 ～ 2010-08)

Company Type: Foreign Enterprise Company Category: Energy,Mineral

Job Title: Engineer Positions: Industrial Engineer

Job Description: 1.More than one year experience in the electronics industry IE, mainly engaged in the production of new products introduction, was responsible for the import of 4 products

2.Collect the manufacture issue, calling the meeting to review data on product, material, process and recommend modifications. Then give a feedback to customer.

3.Collect and execution of customer for new products introduction requirements.

4.follow up the schedule of the material preparation in order meet NPI schedule.

5.Assess and establish the working hours of the new products.design the process and flow chart fo new products, output the WI/SOP.

6.Responsible for the process ,effcient,productivity improvement.

Special Skills

Professional Title:

Computer Level: national computer exam. grade 1

Computer Skills: Good understand Windows XP and office soft.especially in EXCEL

Strengths: 1.Industrial Engineering with a solid theoretical basis and practical experience

2.Good communication skills and project implementation capacity, logical thinking

3.Good at dealing with people, responsibility, teamwork, adaptability

4.Good at dealing with emergencies. Ability to learn, be patient

5.On the processes and have some knowledge of LEAN

Language Skills

Chinese: Good Cantonese: Good

English Level: CET-4 Spoken General

English: Good

Career Objective

Career Direction: Target: Professional manager

Plan:

5.超市食品名称中英文对照 篇五

Fresh Grade Legs 大鸡腿 Fresh Grade Breast 鸡胸肉 Chicken Drumsticks 小鸡腿 Chicken Wings 鸡翅膀

Grounded Meat 绞肉 Pigs Liver 猪肝 Pigs feet 猪脚 Pigs Kidney 猪腰 Pigs Hearts 猪心

Pork Steak 没骨头的猪排 Pork Chops 连骨头的猪排 Rolled Pork loin 卷好的腰部瘦肉

Rolled Pork Belly 卷好的腰部瘦肉连带皮 Pork sausage meat 做香肠的绞肉 Smoked Bacon 醺肉

Pork Fillet 小里肌肉 Spare Rib Pork chops 带骨的瘦肉 Spare Rib of Pork 小排骨肉

Pork ribs 肋骨可煮汤食用 Black Pudding 黑香肠 Pork Burgers 汉堡肉 Pork-pieces 一块块的?C肉

Pork Dripping 猪油滴 Lard 猪油 Hock 蹄膀 Casserole Pork 中间带骨的腿肉 Joint有骨的大块肉

Stewing Beef 小块的瘦肉 Steak & Kidney 牛肉块加牛腰 Frying steak 可煎食的大片牛排 Minced Beef 牛绞肉

Rump Steak 大块牛排 Leg Beef 牛键肉 OX-Tail 牛尾 OX-heart 牛心

OX-Tongues 牛舌 Barnsley Chops 带骨的腿肉 Shoulder Chops 肩肉 Porter House Steak 腰上的牛排肉

Chuck Steak 头肩肉筋、油较多 Tenderized Steak 拍打过的牛排 Roll 牛肠 Cowheels 牛筋

Pig bag 猪肚 Homey come Tripe 蜂窝牛肚 Tripe Pieces 牛肚块 Best thick seam 白牛肚

B.海产类

Herring 鲱鱼 Salmon 鲑鱼 Cod 鳕鱼 Tuna 鲔鱼 Plaice 比目鱼 Octopus 鱆鱼 Squid 乌贼 Dressed squid 花枝

Mackerel 鲭鱼 Haddock 北大西洋产的鳕鱼 Trout 鳟鱼、适合蒸来吃 Carp 鲤鱼

Cod Fillets 鳕鱼块，可做鱼羹，或炸酥鱼片都很好吃 Conger(Eel)海鳗

专心翻译 做到极致

译国译民

Sea Bream 海鲤 Hake 鳕鱼类 Red Mullet 红鲣，可煎或红烧 来吃 Smoked Salmon 熏鲑*

Herring roes 鲱鱼子 Boiled Cod roes 鳕鱼子 Oyster 牡犡 Mussel 蚌、黑色、椭圆形、没壳的即为淡菜

Crab 螃蟹 Prawn 虾 Crab stick 蟹肉条 Peeled Prawns 虾仁 King Prawns 大虾 Winkles 田螺

Whelks Tops 小螺肉 Shrimps 小虾米 Cockles 小贝肉 Lobster 龙虾

Dried fish 鱼干 Sea vegetable or Sea weed 海带

C.蔬果类

Potato 马铃薯 Carrot 红萝卜 Onion 洋葱 Aborigine 茄子 Celery 芹菜 White Cabbage 包心菜

Red cabbage 紫色包心菜 Cucumber 大黄瓜 Tomato 蕃茄 Radish 小红萝卜 Mooli 白萝卜 Watercress 西洋菜

Baby corn 玉米尖 Sweet corn 玉米 Cauliflower 白花菜 Spring onions 葱 Garlic 大蒜 Ginger 姜

Chinese leaves 大白菜 Leeks 大葱 Mustard & cress 芥菜苗 Green Pepper 青椒

Red pepper 红椒 Yellow pepper 黄椒 Mushroom 洋菇 Broccoli florets 绿花菜

Courgettes 绿皮南瓜，形状似小黄瓜，但不可生食 Coriander 香菜

Dwarf Bean 四季豆 Flat Beans 长形平豆 Iceberg 透明包心菜 Lettuce 莴苣菜

Swede or Turnip 芜菁 Okra 秋葵 Chilies 辣椒 Eddoes 小芋头 Taro 大芋头 Sweet potato 蕃薯

Spinach 菠菜 Bean sprouts 绿豆芽 Peas 碗豆 Corn 玉米粒 Sprout 高丽小菜心

Lemon 柠檬 Pear 梨子 Banana 香蕉 Grape 葡萄 Golden apple 黄绿苹果、脆甜 Granny smith 绿苹果、较酸

专心翻译 做到极致

译国译民

Peach 桃子 Orange 橙 Strawberry 草莓 Mango 芒果 Pine apple 菠萝 Kiwi 奇异果 Star fruit 杨桃

Honeydew-melon 蜜瓜 Cherry 樱桃 Date 枣子 lychee 荔枝 Grape fruit 葡萄柚 Coconut 椰子 Fig 无花果

D.其它

Long rice 长米，较硬，煮前先泡一个小时 Pudding rice or short rice 短米，较软

Brown rice 糙米 THAI Fragrant rice 泰国香米* Glutinous rice 糯米*

Strong flour 高筋面粉 Plain flour 中筋面粉 Self-raising flour 低筋面粉 Whole meal flour 小麦面粉

Brown sugar 红糖Custer sugar 白砂糖（适用于做糕点）Icing Sugar 糖粉 Rock Sugar 冰糖

Noodles 面条 Instant noodles 方便面 Soy sauce 酱油，分生抽浅色及老抽深色两种 Vinegar 醋

Cornstarch 太白粉 Maltose 麦芽糖 Sesame Seeds 芝麻 Sesame oil 麻油 Oyster sauce 蚝油 Pepper 胡椒

Red chili powder 辣椒粉 Sesame paste 芝麻酱 Bean curd sheet 腐皮 Tofu 豆腐 Sago 西贾米

Creamed Coconut 椰油 Monosodium glutamate 味精 Chinese red pepper 花椒 Black bean 豆鼓

Green bean 绿豆 Red Bean 红豆 Black bean 黑豆 Red kidney bean 大红豆

Dried black mushroom 冬菇 Pickled mustard-green 酸菜 Silk noodles 粉丝

Agar-agar 燕菜 Rice-noodle 米粉 Bamboo shoots 竹笋罐头 Star anise 八角

Wanton skin 馄饨皮 Dried chestnuts 干粟子 Tiger lily buds 金针 Red date 红枣

Water chestnuts 荸荠罐头 Mu-er 木耳 Dried shrimps 虾米 Cashew nuts 腰果

6.食品安全英文 篇六

一、自我效能感的概念

“自我效能感”这一理论概念,是在1977年由美国心理学家班杜拉所提出的。自我效能感指的是人们对于自己在某个活动领域之内操作能力的主观性判断和评价。在自我效能感的产生或变化时,主要有四个因素能够对其产生影响,它们分别为成败经验、替代性经验、生理情感的激活、以及他人的语言劝说等。经过实践研究表明,如果学生的自我效能感越高,那么他所设立的目标也就越高,为了实现这一目标所付出的努力也就越多,而且努力所持续的时间也就越长。因此,如果在英文写作教学中提高学生的自我效能感,对提升学生的英文写作能力具有十分重要的意义。

二、自我效能感对学生英文写作能力的影响

1.对写作练习选择的影响。学生在进行英文写作练习的时候,自我效能感越强,越容易选择难度大、挑战性高的写作练习内容。自我效能感越强的学生,其表现欲望也就越强。因此在英语写作的课堂中,他们就更加愿意用英语将自己的思想表达出来。而激发学生用英语表达思想的意愿,正是提高学生英文写作能力的基本出发点。

2 . 对思维的影响。由于人们的行动都要受到思维的支配,人类的思维有一个主要的功能,就是对未来的行为结果进行预测。通过思维的活动,自我效能感会对人们产生促进或阻碍的作用。自我效能感较强的学生,更愿意去想象成功的写作作品,因此能够真正促进到学生的写作实践。

3.对学习动机的影响。学生的自我效能感越强,其学英文写作的动机也就越强。这样的学生在写作练习的过程中,如果遇到难题,会有更强的毅力和韧性,来解决问题。并且不断的进行自我学习和完善,以达到提高自身英文写作能力的目的。

4.对身心反应的影响。自我效能感还能够对学生的心态和情绪产生不同的影响,例如应激状态、抑郁、焦虑等情绪反应。自我效能感较强的学生,会更加相信自己有能力面对英文写作中存在的难题,同时有信心进行解决。因此,在写作进行之前,学生就不会产生害怕、担忧等负面情绪。让学生能够有一个良好的心态,进行写作练习。

三、基于自我效能感的英文写作策略

1.让学生获得成功的体验。成功或失败的经验,是人们在实际活动中获得自我效能感的一个主要方式,它能够体现人们对事件的掌握和驾驭能力。因此,在英文写作的教学当中,教师应当设置合适的写作目标,让学生能够得到成功的体验,并通过这种方式,帮助学生建立英文写作良好的自我效能感。在具体教学中,教师应当对学生的能力有一个充分的认识,给学生创造更多的机会来表现自己。这样教师能够很容易的发现学生的优点和长处,适当的进行鼓励和表扬。同时,教师还应当根据不同学生的不同英文写作能力,给学生设定不同的写作目标,以激发学生的写作练习的积极性。

2.重视榜样示范作用。所谓的榜样,实际上是一种替代性的成功经验。利用与自身情况相似的榜样示范作用,借鉴其成功的经验,来解决自身面临的难题。榜样示范作用能够促使学生获得更高的自我效能感,学生通过观察和学习来获取成功的经验。例如,教师可以把一些原本写作基础较差,但后期进步很快的学生作为写作练习中的榜样,让其他学生观察榜样的进步过程和努力成果,以提高学生的自我效能感,促进英文写作能力的提高。

3.对学生进行全面、客观的综合评价。当人们对自己的能力表示信任的时候,会拥有一个较高的效能感。而人们对于自身能力的认识则主要是通过外界评价获得的。在传统的教学当中,教师对学生的评价往往只是按照学生的考试成绩和分数来进行,这样的评价不具有客观性和全面性。在英文写作教学当中,教师既要关注学生的学习成果,更要注重其学习过程。综合学生各方面的表现,对其进行全面、客观的评价,对学生的优点应给予适当的表扬和鼓励,这样才能对学生的自我效能感产生积极的影响,从而提高学生的英文写作能力。

英文写作在英语的实际运用当中占有十分重要的位置。因此在英语各个方面应用能力的提高当中,写作能力的提升是相对较为缓慢的。对此,人们在进行英文写作练习的时候,只有具备较高的自我效能感,才能坚持不懈的进行学习,不断的提高自身的英文写作的技能和技巧,最终达到英文写作能力的全面提升。

摘要：随着世界经济一体化的不断发展,国际间的交流不断增加。作为国际通用语言,英语的重要性正在逐渐的凸显出来。我国目前需要培养大量的实用型英语人才,才能在国际交流当中占据有利的地位,争取更大的利益。在国际交往中,英语信函和邮件的往来十分密切。因此,对学生英语写作能力的培养就显得十分重要。本文对英语写作当中的自我效能感理论进行了阐述,并对基于自我效能感的英文写作策略进行了探讨。