中学生英文小说(8篇)
1.中学生英文小说 篇一
gone with the wind 飘(又名:傲慢与偏见)简介: gone with the wind is a romantic drama and the novel written by margaret mitchell, which sets the american civil war as the background.the novels protagonist, scarlett ohara is the daughter of a planter, who is rich and standing in georgia usa.father gerald is an irish immigrant.arriving in georgia, gerald is penniless but he wins the ownership of the manor of tarot by gambling.after that, he began the venture in this red land, weaving his american dream.until 43 years old, he is married with the daughter named ellen of a french immigrant in east coast knot.gerald is good-natured, but bad-tempered and the young wife has a good family education and strict moral values.she manages the day-to-day affairs of the estate as a whole on her own, even sets the black slaves to the doctor.because of these, the couples get the respects from the white manor and won the love of the black slaves.their daughter scarlett is grown up in this environment.《飘》所讲述的是一个以美国南北战争为背景的爱情故事。小说的主人公斯卡雷特?奥哈拉是美国佐治亚州一位富足且颇有地位的种植园主的女儿。父亲杰拉尔德是爱尔兰的移民。刚到佐治
经典语句摘录: 1.after all, tomorrow is another day.--scarlett.毕竟,明天又是另外的一天呢。2.a glamour to it--a perfection, a symmetry like grecian art.--ashley 那时它富有魅力,像古希腊艺术那样是圆满的、完整的和匀称的。(艾希礼关于战前生活的阐述)3.i was never one to patiently pick up broken fragments, and new.what is broken--and i’d rather remember it as it was at its best than mend it and see the broken places as long as i lived.—rhett 我从来不是那样的人,不能耐心地拾起一些碎片,把它们黏合在一起,然后对自己说这个修补好了的东西跟新的完全一样。一样东西破碎了就是破碎了--我宁愿记住它最好时的模样,而不想把它修补好,然后终生看着那些破碎了的地方。4.land is the only thing in the world worth working for, worth fighting for, worth dying for.because its the only thing that lasts.土地是世界上唯一值得你去为之工作, 为之战斗, 为之牺牲的东西,因为它是唯一永恒的东西。5.i wish i could be more like you.我要像你一样就好了。7.i think its hard winning a war with words.我认为纸上谈兵没什么作用。8.sir, youre no gentleman.and you miss are no lady.先生,你可真不是个君子,小姐,你也不是什么淑女。9.i never give anything without expecting something in return.i always get paid.我做任何事不过是为了有所回报,我总要得到报酬。10.in spite of you and me and the whole silly world going to pieces around us, i love you.哪怕是世界末日我都会爱着你。11.i love you more than ive ever loved any woman.and ive waited longer for you than ive waited for any woman.我爱你,比我更爱任何女人。我为你等待的时间比我等任何女人都要长。12.if i have to lie, steal, cheat or kill, as god as my witness, ill never be hungry again!即使让我撒谎,去偷,去骗,去杀人,上帝作证,我再也不要挨饿了。13.now i find myself in a world which for me is worse than death.a world in which there is no place for me.现在我发现自己活在一个比死还要痛苦的世界,一个无我容身之处的世界。14.you’re throwing away happiness with both hands.reaching out for something that will never make you happy.你把自己的幸福拱手相让,去追求一些根本不会让你幸福的东西。15.home.ill go home.and ill think of some way to get him back.after all, tomorrow is another day.家,我要回家.我要想办法让他回来.不管怎样,明天又是全新的一天。
感想:
gone with the wind, an american romantic novel written by margaret mitchell is a reflection of the civil war.what impresses us most is the spirit of a rebellious georgia woman named scarlett ohara and her travails with friends, family and lovers in the midst of the antebellum south, the american civil war, and the reconstruction period.it also tells the story of love those blossoms between scarlett ohara and rhett butler.this is really a kind of moving story.someone said that the most classic scene in the novel was that when scarlett returned her ruined home, holding the earth in her hand, she promised that no matter to steal or to rob she would篇二:英文小说读后感之飘
汉语:
小说《飘》是美国著名女作家玛格丽特·米歇尔创作的一部具有浪漫主义色彩、反映南北战争题材的小说。主人公斯佳丽身上表现出来的叛逆精神和艰苦创业、自强不息的精神,一直令读者为之倾心。这部经久不息的小说感动了无数的读者。有人说这部电影最经典的场面是思嘉在战争后回到被毁的家园,在园中手握红土发誓,无论去偷去抢都不会让家人挨饿那段,因为那时她的眼神和表情真的特别震撼人。这样说我也不反对,因为这实在是一部太经典的片子,经典的场面太多,各人有各人的偏爱。我倒是情愿选择这个:以后,明天就是新的一天了。什么是爱?什么是恨?爱和恨可以象两条永不相交的平行线,爱和恨也可能只需要一缕阳光就可以消融。珍惜拥有的人是幸福的,因为我们总是并不确切知道我们需要的到底是什么。太多的人只有在失去的时候,才知道去珍惜。泰戈尔有一句诗我特别喜欢:如果错过太阳时你流泪了,那么你也将错过星星了。历尽沧桑,你要学会忽略过去。因为——tomorrow is another day。
2.中学生英文小说 篇二
Gothic fiction has its root in England.The English author Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto (1764) is generally considered to be the first true gothic novel.Thus is born the gothic tradition in literature, not only limited in England, but widespread in continental Europe, such as in France and Germany, and soon it gains popularity in America.Up to 1790s, with the publication of The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) and The Italian (1797) by Ann Radcliffe and Matthew Lewis’The Monk (1796) , gothic fiction has been created in its standard form as an important genre of literature and gradually begins to exert its influence on writings in other countries, especially in Germany and in America.
With its profound historical, cultural and literary sources, gothic fiction flourishes rapidly and develops everlastingly in America.On the one hand, the early immigrants in America Continent often struggle for hunger, cold, plague and death.American history witness them explore and conquer in such a strange and dangerous environment.On the other, American fiction springs up at the very time that gothic fiction is at its peak in England and Europe.Thirdly, realism doesn’t have important effect until 1870s in America, nor does it enjoy supremacy as in England.Therefore, romanticism is prevailing for a long time.Above all, the most significant reason attributes to the Puritanism tradition in American history and culture.Most of the early settlers are puritans who flee to America in order not to be persecuted.Thus puritans are greatly enhanced with the best examples of Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692 and the Great Awakening led by Jonathan Edwards between 1703 and 1745.As far as to 19thcentury, Puritanism continues to develop, especially in the South, which, fundamentally accounts for the growth of gothic fiction in America.
The first influential novelist is Charles B.Brown who sets gothic fiction in American surroundings.His best-known work Wieland (1798) , also the fist gothic novel in America, shows“sensational violence, dramatic intensity and intellectual complexity”.Compared to gothic fiction in England of 17thcentury, an obvious difference lies in that people’s inner fear is deeply rooted in their heart rather than out of external horrible things or environment which is often showed in England.Since the very beginning American gothic novel goes on a distinctive way.As it pays more attention to people’s inner and psychological beings after 1830s, in England it turns to be more realistic and socialized.
Washington Irving, the first American author who gains real fame in Europe, creates the scarifying Headless Horseman in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.He is inspired by Sir Walter Scott and German gothic novels, and in turn his works encourage authors such as Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
Edgar Allan Poe, a black-feathered literary master of the macabre, reinterprets the Gothic innovatively in his period.With the idea that“terror is not of Germany, but of the soul”, he goes deep into the inner self and searches the individual for himself.In his creepy short stories, such as The Tell-Tale Heart, The Fall of the House Usher, The Premature Burial and Black Cat, he explores the“terrors of the soul”and revisits classic gothic transition of decay, death and madness.The great contribution he has made to the development of gothic fiction is that he associates the exploration of moralities with soul searching.He places characters in certain surroundings he has created, exploits the power of terror to enter into their spiritual mind, and then reveals primitive instinct and basic needs and finally explores the conflict between good and evil from different aspects.
It is the same case with Nathaniel Hawthorne to uncover moral and spiritual conflicts in his works.Descended from Puritans, he appears to be more direct than Poe in reflecting and criticizing Puritanism.Moreover, his feelings about Puritanism are mixed as expressed in those works of gothic flavor, such as Young Goodman Brown, The Minister’s Black Veil, and The House of Seven Gables.As a Puritan, he reveals the evil which does exist universally in human beings.In addition, he also criticizes that humanities are destroyed by Puritanism.
At the end of the 19th century, Ambrose Bierce and Robert W.Chambers are two notable writers in the Gothic tradition.Bierce inherits the horrific and pessimistic tradition of Poe and Chambers indulges himself in decadent style of Wilde and Machen.
The 20th century sees a much more prosperous gothic fiction in America than in England.Writers of different schools, such as William Faulkner, John Hawkes, Thomas Pynchon, Toni Morrison, H.P.Lovecraft, Stephen King, Thomas Harris and Anne Rice all employ gothic tradition or create gothic fiction.A subgenre of the Gothic writing style, Southern Gothic comes into being combining some Gothic sensibilities with the setting and style of the Southern United States.Famous Southern writers include William Faulkner, Harper Lee, and Flannery O’Connor.Tennessee Williams described Southern Gothic as a style that captured"an intuition, of an underlying dreadfulness in modern experience."
One of the most influential writers of the 20thcentury, William Faulkner, focuses his works on his native state of Mississippi to uncover the decline and decay of the aristocratic South.His works, including A Rose for Emily, As I Lay Dying, Sanctuary, Light in August, Absalom, Absalom!and Intruder in the Dust all bears Southern Gothic tones.He ranks the most important one in Southern writers and deeply influences his followers such as Richard Wright, Carson Mc Cullers, Flannery O’Connor, Toni Morris and Anne Rice who further develop the distinctive Southern Gothic.
Besides Faulkner, Southern black writers find gothic style a strong tool to condemn and criticize slavery and racism.For example, Richard Wright’s Native Son, the first book of an AfricanAmerican writer to enjoy widespread success, sees the terrible result of racial inequality and social injustice by using gothic horror.Toni Morris, in her masterpiece Beloved, paints a dark and powerful portrait of the dehumanizing effects of slavery through ghost story, violent scenes and haunted houses.
Modern gothic writer Anne Rice chooses Vampire, the otherworldly beings rather than human to explore sexual and romantic desire and the spiritual world.Her Interview With The Vampire is the best selling vampire novel, in which she observes and expresses the modern world from the vampire’s perspective and then emphasizes that the modern world and the morally degraded people are more horrible than vampires.
Gothic novel is the roots from which modern horror fiction takes.What’s more, it holds a close relationship with science fiction to show people’s fear towards what they have created;it enters into other media as well such as the theatre, the films and the music.In recently years, with the widespread internet, the gothic tradition enjoys a broader stage to continue its exciting, thrilling, weird and grotesque stories.However, whatever the story it may be, the theme is always the same, that is to portrait the confrontation of good and evil and the exploration of morality with soul searching.It always reveals the evil which destroys humanities, threatens or degenerates human beings.Unfortunately, people have become used to it and often turn a blind eye, sometimes even take the evil for the good.Only by the shocking gothic novel can wake them up to be aware of the evil and danger around them.Where there is evil, there is gothic fiction.Its future can be seen not only in American literature, but also in all literatures.
摘要:哥特传统广泛地存在于英美文学中。该文首先探讨了英美文学中哥特小说的起源, 进而分析其在美国文学中发展壮大的原因, 而后梳理出美国文学中哥特式小说的代表作家及其代表作, 最后指出, 哥特小说致力于揭露人类如何去面对善恶以及深刻的道德探索。
关键词:哥特小说,美国文学,恐惧
参考文献
[1]http://www.answers.com/topic/gothic fiction.
[2]金莉, 秦亚青.美国文学[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1999.
[3]肖明翰.英美文学中的哥特传统[J].外国文学评论, 2001 (2) .
3.阅读英文小说的那些事儿 篇三
为什么要读英文小说
可以提供丰富的语言学习材料
成为小说家的先决条件是具备好的文笔。简·奥斯丁曾说:“It is only a novel ... in which the most thorough knowledge of human nature ... are conveyed to the world in the best-chosen language (精挑细选的语言).”这句话道出了小说的特质——语言与知识的完美结合。文笔上乘的小说家,比如威廉·毛姆、奥斯卡·王尔德、F. S. 菲茨杰拉德、欧内斯特·海明威,他们的作品是丰富的文字盛宴,这是英美剧和电影所无法提供的。
有助于培养严谨的思维
小说大多都在讲故事,而故事必须有叙事结构,结构必须有逻辑,有合理的前因后果,才能持续地吸引读者读下去。有的小说还有多重线索,明暗线交织分布,需要我们记住前后人物或上下文的关联。因此,阅读好的小说能够提高我们的逻辑思维能力。
有助于提高情商
好的小说可以让读者对书中人物的境遇感同身受,产生同理心。同理心有助于我们去理解他人,从而提高情商。比如读了夏洛特·勃朗特的小说《简·爱》(Jane Eyre),主人公简在孤儿院的幼年遭遇会让我们为之动容,开始去主动关心那些不幸的孩子。
有助于开发想象力
有人这样来形容阅读小说:“Reading novels is day-dreaming with the eyes open.”从爱丽丝的梦幻世界,到哈利·波特的魔法国度,这些从纸面涌出的奇妙世界就藏在一本本小说里,让我们可以尽情享受白日做梦的美妙,也让我们的想象力随着这些奇妙的世界一起驰骋。
如何读英文小说
选择适合自己的书
中学生如果去读J. R. R. 托尔金的长篇小说《指环王》(The Lord of the Rings),很有可能会因为全篇晦涩的生词而立刻放弃,甚至从此讨厌读小说。如果换一本语言简单的小说,比如乔治·奥威尔的《动物庄园》(Animal Farm),或者专门为儿童或青少年创作的小说,比如洛伊丝·劳里的《记忆传授人》(The Giver),大家就会读得津津有味。因此,在阅读英文小说的最初阶段,选择适合自己阅读能力的书目很关键。
那该如何确定一本书是否适合自己呢?在资源有限的条件下,不少同学或许用过许多老师常推荐采用的一种简单方法:读某部小说的第一页,如果不认识的生词达到五个以上,那么这本小说就不适合你阅读。这种“五词法”虽然简便,但毕竟有点粗糙,因为它并不能检验一个人的真实阅读水平。如今,我们有更为科学的方法可以采用,比如在美国被广泛使用的蓝思阅读测评体系(Lexile Reading Framework)。该体系对收录的英文书的阅读难度进行测评,然后给出一个难度值——蓝思值。读者可以参照自己的蓝思值寻找适宜的书。一般来说,读者在阅读其“舒适区”(自身阅读水平以上50L~以下100L)的文本时,他的阅读体验是最流畅的,而且语言提高得最快;但如果小说的难度远高于个人的蓝思值(编著:可扫描右下角二维码测试),就不建议阅读。因此,建议各位同学在拿到一本英文小说时,先查一下其蓝思值(大家可登录Lexile官网https://www.lexile.com/fab/来查询小说的蓝思值),看看是否适合自己阅读——毕竟适合自己的才是最好的。
不要频繁地查阅词典
再简单的英文小说阅读时也难免会碰到生词。有的同学一碰到生词,就忍不住去查词典,每个单词都非得知道意思才能继续往下读。其实,这是一种不太好的阅读习惯。在阅读过程中,如果遇到的生词不影响语意,大家完全可以先跳过,继续往下阅读,或者根据上下文来猜测生词的大概含义。如果某个生词影响句子大意,并且通过阅读也无法揣测其意思,这时可以查词典。下面以《哈利·波特与魔法石》(Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone)第一章的一个片段为例来说明。
【小说原文】"My dear Professor, surely a sensible person like yourself can call him by his name? All this 'You-Know-Who' nonsense—for eleven years I have been trying to persuade people to call him by his proper name: Voldemort."
"I know you haven't," said Professor McGonagall, sounding half exasperated, half admiring. "But you're different."
【译文】“我亲爱的教授,像您这样的人一定可以对他直呼其名吧?‘神秘人’这个名称太荒谬了——11年来,我一直在努力persuade人们称呼他真正的名字:伏地魔。”
“我知道,”麦格教授说道,语气半是exasperated,半是羡慕,“但你不一样啊。”
【阅读指导】读完小说原文,有的同学可能不认识persuade这个词,但不需要着急查词典,完全可以从前文进行推测。邓布利多校长11年来一直在试图让人们叫“神秘人”伏地魔,因此persuade大意应该是“让某人做某事”之意。麦格教授回答的语气半是羡慕,而另外一个词exasperated大部分同学也不认识,通过上下文也无法猜测出来,这时可以查词典。通过查词典我们可以了解exasperated的意思是“生气的,恼怒的”。查完词典后,建议大家不要直接将其汉语意思写在书上,当第二次遇到这个词觉得意思还是模棱两可时,再去查一次词典,一来二去可以加深记忆,就不容易忘了。不知大家有没有发现,这其实也是一种记单词的方法。这种从具体语境中积累下来的单词不仅很难忘记,而且比那些死记硬背下来的单词运用起来更得心应手。
学会摘抄精彩的表达
学习语言首先需要不断输入,只有语言输入积累到一定水平之后才能输出语言。因此,要想提高书面语和口语水平,就需要输入高质量的语言。英文小说中集聚了许多精炼的地道表达,大家多积累多输入,口语或书面语的语言质量自然也会相应地提高一大截。
最后,我想把《冰与火之歌》(A Song of Ice and Fire)作者乔治·R·R·马丁对于阅读的心得拿来与各位分享:“A reader lives a thousand lives before he dies. The man who never reads lives only one. (读书的人在有生之年历尽千遍人生,而从不读书的人仅有一次人生经历。)”阅读除了可以让我们有丰富的人生体验,还能让我们“拥有上升到更高境界的能力”。所有这些体验、洞见、知识、启迪、力量都可以从一本好的英文小说里获得。因此,带着一颗年轻的心,去小说里尽情畅游吧!
4.英文小说读后感 篇四
Ive just fininshed reading the first 4 Harry Potter books for about the 5th time through, and theyre just as magical and affecting as they have ever been. Everything is in here: suspense, adventure, mystery, humour, danger. Theres even some pretty satisfying paybacks. The characters are fantastic and fantastically realistic. There are bad people who turn out to be good guys and good people who turn out to be bad guys, just like life.
I think the thing I like best about these books is the message that its okay to be different - to be not “normal.” I would love for everyone in school to have hear that message. It would probably reduce the bullying around the school.
These books value real thoughts. Much has been made of Harrys rule breaking, but only once in the series so far does he break a rule for arbitrary personal gain. Most of the time he makes a decision that whats right is more important than whats written. And you know what? Lifes like that sometimes. I think its great that kids are getting an example of how to do whats right even when it involves breaking rules. The Potter books also show that there are consequences for rule breaking. If not getting caught and getting a detention, then a spell going wrong and someone getting turned into a cat. This shows that when you make a decision to go against the rules that things may not go as you expected and you have to take responsibility for the oute.
5.小说《小王子》的英文读后感 篇五
I’ve been wondering where one’s childlike purity has gone when he or she grows up. To find the answer, I read The Little Prince, which is a fairy tale for adult and fable about life, written by Antoine de Saint Exupéry.
The story of The Little Prince is about a prince from an asteroid named B-612, which is a fairly small one, with three volcanoes and a rose on it. The prince spent his days caring for his “planet”, sweeping the volcanoes and pulling out the baobab trees that would make his little planet turn to dust if they were not removed. However, he was lonely. He watched the sunset every time he was down. He had seen the sunset forty-three times in a day, for endless loneliness and sadness filled up his heart. Fortunately, a beautiful rose enriched his life. She loved the distressed prince, while the prince loved her sincerely as well. Unluckily, the sensitive prince once doubted about love due to the rose’s anger, and he left his rose as well as his planet to start his lonely journey.
After visiting six other asteroids, he came to the earth. He met a fox and tamed it. It was the fox who taught the prince that his rose was in a class by herself. The prince began to realized that he was tamed by his rose, he responsible for her. As a result, he was eager to see his rose again, but he found himself unable to leave the earth. Finally, the prince chose to go back to his asteroid with the snake’s bite, though he felt afraid of pains.
6.中学生英文小说 篇六
《心之死》,作者伊丽莎白·鲍恩。
故事概述:
小说主人公波希娅·奎因是一个天真而又躁动不安的女孩。16岁时,奎因被交给同父异母的哥哥照顾。她从哥哥和嫂子以及他们鲁莽冲动的朋友那里看到了一个真实的成人世界,但那绝不是一个美好的世界。
作者介绍:
伊丽莎白·鲍恩是一位多才多艺、著作颇丰的英国爱尔兰女作家。她深受西方评论家和读者的青睐,被认为是二十世纪最好的小说家之一,很多评论家把她与弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫和亨利·詹姆斯相提并论。鲍恩以刻画女性人物见长并致力于表现和探求女性寻求自我的过程,其代表作《心之死》突出表现了年轻女性鲍西亚与嫂子安娜在男权社会自我主体意识觉醒及主体性构建的历程。
故事内容简述:
本文从女性主义文学批评的角度出发,尝试运用拉康的主体理论来阐释小说中主要女性人物鲍西亚和安娜主体性的建构历程并反思女性主体性的建构。 本文共分为四章。第一章主要分析了小说中主人公鲍西亚和嫂子安娜主体性的缺失。第二、三章各自分别从三个方面来探析鲍西亚及安娜主体性的建构。作为年轻的女性,鲍西亚主体性的建构主要体现在构建自己的话语权、获得父权制下的母亲的认可和寻求建立与男性和谐的关系;嫂子安娜主体性的建构突出表现在其主体意识的觉醒,追求家庭主宰权和挑战男性在社会上的主导地位。第四章通过对女性在主体性建构过程中所面临的困境与艰辛的论述和对女性主体性建构过程的动态化特征的论证来反思女性主体性的建构。
★ 中国古代文学居士
★ 中国古代文学读书笔记精选
★ 我国古代文学常识
★ 试析翻译策略和翻译理论研究论文
★ 毕业留言回顾
★ 回顾工作总结及工作计划
★ 回顾小学作文
★ 古代文学课程实践分析论文
★ 何为哲学基础理论研究论文
7.中学生英文小说 篇七
Life of Pi是2001年出版的一部描述一名印度男孩Pi在太平洋上与成年孟加拉虎同船而撑过二百二十七天的生存故事, 作者为加拿大作家扬·马特尔 (Yann Martel) 。本书获2002年度英国布克奖, 2012年由李安所执导的同名电影上映。
1 作品简介
1.1 第一部分:成人Pi回忆他的童年
为了纪念一个在法国名为皮辛·墨利多 (Piscine Molitor) 的游泳池, 父母给他取名为皮辛·墨利多·帕帖尔 (Piscine Molitor Patel) 。由于Piscine发音听起来接近英文发音的“尿尿 (Pissing) ”, 他的同学们取笑他, 给他取了一个“尿尿”的绰号。受够了同学取笑的他, 在中学时期改称自己为Pi (即圆周率) 。他的父亲在本地治里 (Pondicherry) 拥有一间动物园, 在童年期间, Pi了解了一些动物行为, 同时父亲也提供给他富裕、舒适的生活。Pi从小在印度宗教中洗涤, 但是在14岁的时候, 因缘巧合之下, 他接触了基督教和伊斯兰教, 他单纯地只想要爱神, 因此开始依附、追随着三种宗教。
1.2 第二部分:太平洋上的漂流
后来, 由于政治上的一些纷扰, Pi的家人决定移民到加拿大。带着一些动物园的动物, 搭着一艘日本货物船, 他们踏上了从印度到加拿大的旅程。但是出海才不到几天, 货船遇到了暴风雨沉船了, 他的家人也在船难中死去。恢复意识后的Pi发现自己跟一只斑点鬣狗、一只受伤的斑马、一只猩猩和一只成年孟加拉虎在一艘小救生艇里。
斑点鬣狗杀死了斑马和猩猩, 名叫理查德·帕克 (Richard Parker) 的孟加拉虎杀死了斑点鬣狗。惊慌的Pi利用了一些能够漂浮的器具, 制造了一个小的漂浮筏, 用绳子把漂浮筏跟小救生艇系在一起, 然后逃到小漂浮筏上。Pi给理查德·帕克捕鱼吃并收集喝的淡水, 也同时尝试各种方法来制约它。后来, 理查德·帕克习惯了Pi的存在, 他们从此在船上共同生存。
之后, Pi发现一个岛屿, 岛屿上住了许多狐獴, 可这座岛是食人岛。Pi很快离开了那里。227天后, 救生艇被冲上了墨西哥海岸, Pi获救, 理查德·帕克头也不回的走入了附近的丛林。
1.3 第三部分:墨西哥托马坦镇医院
两位来自日本交通部的官方人员前来调查沉船原因, 当Pi讲述他与动物共存的故事后, 他们觉得这个故事不可信, 所以Pi告诉了他们另外一个版本──当人在极端环境下失去人性之后的版本──Pi跟另外三个幸存者在救生艇上:轮船的厨师、断了一只腿的船员、和Pi的母亲。厨师杀了船员跟Pi的母亲, 把他们俩切成一块一块来当做食物跟诱饵, 而后Pi杀死了厨师。连接起了两个故事之间的关系──斑点鬣狗是轮船的厨师、受伤的斑马是船员、猩猩是Pi的母亲、而那只名叫理查德·帕克的孟加拉虎则是Pi本人。不寒而栗后, 两位日本官方人员选择了第一个故事。
2 衔接理论的发展历程
语篇衔接理论是现代篇章分析理论所要解决的重要问题之一。Halliday在1962年首次提出了衔接的概念。1976年, Halliday和Hasan出版了Cohesion in English一书, 系统的研究了英语语言系统中可用来建构衔接关系的语料, 形成了完整的理论体系。在此书中, Halliday&Hasan认为, 衔接是一种语义上的概念, 他们把衔接定义为“存在于语篇中并使之成为语篇的意义间的联系” (The concept of cohesion is a semantic one;it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text) 。
Halliday和Hasan区分了五种衔接手段:照应 (reference) 、替代 (substitution) 、省略 (ellipsis) 、连接成分 (conjunction) 和词汇搭配 (lexical cohesion) 。1985年, 在Halliday和Hasan的专著Language, Context and Text (《语言·语境·语篇》) 一书中, Hasan把衔接概念的涵盖范围由非结构衔接扩展到了结构衔接。结构衔接包括平行对称结构、主位述位结构、已知信息—信息结构。非结构衔接又分为成分关系衔接和有机关系衔接。成分关系衔接包括指称、替代、省略和词汇衔接。有机关系包括连接关系、相邻对、延续关系等。
l994年, 胡壮麟出版了《语篇的衔接与连贯》一书, 提出了语篇衔接与连贯的多层次思想, 从而进一步扩大了衔接的范围。从宏观上讲, 语篇内部的衔接机制通过Halliday, Hasan和胡壮麟三位专家的研究已形成了比较完整的系统。张德禄继三位专家之后增加了外指衔接机制, 从情景语境和文化语境中去寻找所指项的显性衔接机制和隐性衔接机制, 从而对语篇内部的衔接机制做了有益的补充。
3 小说Life of Pi中的衔接手段及作用
3.1 照应 (reference)
照应指的是语篇中一个成分作为另一个成分的参照点, 也就是说, 语篇中一个语言成分与另一个可以与之相互解释的成分之间的关系。从语用功能的角度来看, 照应可以分为两种:外指 (exophora) 和内指 (endophora) 。根据Halliday&Hasan (1976) 的划分, 照应可分为人称照应 (personal reference) 、指示照应 (demonstrative reference) 和比较照应 (comparative reference) 。
3.1.1 人称照应
例1) :I never had problems with my fellow scientists.Scientists are a friendly, atheistic, hard-working, beer-drinking lotwhose minds are preoccupied with sex, chess and baseball whenthey are not preoccupied with science.
小说第一章里Pi讲述自己在多伦多上大学主修动物学和宗教学时的经历, 这句话表明他虽然信仰宗教, 但并没有和科学发生任何冲突, 并认为那些科学家们在不工作的时候也和普通人无异。这段话中出现的人称照应有whose、they来回指scientists.避免了重复。
3.1.2 指示照应
用指示代词或相应的限定词以及冠词等所表示的照应关系叫做指示照应。
例2) :“It was a pool the gods would have delighted to swimin.Molitor had the best competitive swimming club in Paris.There were two pools, an indoor and an outdoor.Both were as big assmall oceans.The indoor pool always had two lanes reserved forswimmers who wanted to do lengths.The water was so clean andclear you could have used it to make your morning coffee.”
这段话来自第三章里Pi回忆自己童年时候的往事, 他的名字就来源于一座巴黎最豪华的游泳池的名字, 他父亲的朋友深情的描述了这座无与伦比的游泳池, There来回指这座泳池, Both来回指indoor pool and outdoor pool.这样的指示可以使语篇的意义衔接。
3.2 替代 (substitution)
替代指的是语篇中的某一个成分被替代词所取代。替代词的语义要从所替代的成分中去寻找, 所以替代词只是形式。替代可分为名词性替代、动词性替代和小句性替代。
例3) :But I don't insist.I don't mean to defend zoos.Closethem all down if you want (and let us hope that what wildlife re-mains can survive in what is left of the natural world) .I know zoosare no longer in people's good graces.Religion faces the same problem.Certain illusions about freedom plague them both.
这是小说第四章一段非常精彩的论述, Pi说人们普遍认为把动物关进动物园是不道德的, 但实际上动物们更愿意待在动物园里。最后他表示自己不是为动物园辩护, 他知道动物园已经在人类那里丧失了好感, 而宗教面临着同样的问题。所以本段话中the same problem来替代前面的no longer in people’s good graces来表示强调。
3.3 省略 (ellipsis)
省略是指把语篇中的某个成分去掉, 可避免重复, 突出新信息, 使表达简练、紧凑、清晰的一种语法手段。由于省略的成分往往可以从上下文中去寻找, 因此, 省略具有语篇衔接的功能。
例4) :If you went to a home, kicked down the front door, chased the people who lived there out into the street and said, "Go!You are free!Free as a bird!Go!Go!"—do you think they wouldshout and dance for joy?They wouldn't.Birds are not free.The peo-ple you've just evicted would sputter, "With what right do youthrow us out?This is our home.We own it.We have lived here foryears.We're calling the police, you scoundrel."
这段话是作者打的一个非常幽默而生动精彩的比方, 人也是动物, 如果你把人们从自己的家里赶出去说:走吧!你们自由了, 像小鸟一样自由, 走!走!人们不会载歌载舞、欢呼雀跃, 而是会把你大骂一顿, 并叫来警察。这里的They would n’t后面省略了shout and dance for joy.避免了重复, 使文字简洁。
3.4 连接 (conjunction)
语篇中的连接指相邻句子 (群) 之间的连接关系。通过运用连接性词语表达不同成分之间具有何种逻辑关系的手段, 从而人们可以了解句子之间的语义联系, 甚至可以经前句从逻辑上预见后续句的语义 (胡壮麟, 1994:92) 。
例5) :Really, your story can only be great.But it all adds upto nothing.In spite of the obvious, shining promise of it, therecomes a moment when you realize that the whisper that has beenpestering you all along from the back of your mind is speaking theflat, awful truth:it won't work.An element is missing, that sparkthat brings to life a real story, regardless of whether the history orthe food is right.Your story is emotionally dead, that's the crux of it.
这部小说亦真亦幻, 这段话是作家在写这部小说前的一段心路历程, 他曾经构思了一部小说, 故事发生在葡萄牙, 作家准备了很长时间, 但是到最后却发现缺乏了最重要的东西——灵魂。所以这部小说不会好看。这里的连接词But、In spite of、regardless of来表明作者的失望之情, 使表达简练、紧凑、清晰。
3.5 词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)
词汇衔接主要是通过重复、同义词或反义词、搭配等词汇手段来体现语篇的语义联系。
3.5.1 重复 (repetition)
重复指的是某个语言成分多次出现的现象。
例6) :There were many seas.The sea roared like a tiger.The sea whispered in your ear like a friend telling you secrets.The sea clinked like small change in a pocket.The sea thundered like ava-lanches.The sea hissed like sandpaper working on wood.The sea sounded like someone vomiting.The sea was dead silent.
这段话出现在第七十八章, Pi和理查德·帕克在海洋上漂流了很多天, 每天看到的除了天空就是大海, 通过细致入微的观察和体验, 大海在他眼里逐渐呈现出不同的面貌, 偶尔狂暴, 偶尔温柔, 偶尔美好, 偶尔恐怖, 这段话不断重复The sea深刻表达了Pi生活的非常单调孤苦, 令读者感同身受。
3.5.2 同义/反义 (synonymy/antonymy)
值得注意的是, 近来西方有些语言学家已经放弃了词性一致这条原则, 认为只要两个词在概念意义上相同或相近, 即使词类不同, 也可视为同义词。
例7) :Richard Parker has stayed with me.I've never forgot-ten him.Dare I say I miss him?I do.I miss him.I still see him in my dreams.
Pi在227天的海上漂流生活中逐渐对理查德·帕克产生了很深的感情, 它最后头也不回的离开对Pi造成的心理伤害很大, 至今都难以释怀。所以这段话里有多个同义的重复来表示Pi难以割舍的心情。I do.I miss him.I still see him in my dreams.就是同义的不断重复。
3.5.3 搭配 (allocation)
搭配即词汇共现也具有联句成篇的作用。例8) :He was eight feet away.His mouth was half open, a fishwing dangling from it.His back became rounder.His rump wriggled.His tail twitched.It was clear:he was in a crouch and he wasmaking to attack me.
小说第八十章, 理查德·帕克为了争夺Pi手里的一条剑鱼而打算攻击他, 这里描述它的肢体语言非常生动, “rump”与“wriggled”, “tail”与“twitched”搭配非常恰当, 表述非常准确, 这些场景形象地展现在读者的头脑中, 使读者产生身临其境的感觉。
4 结束语
通过运用衔接理论对小说中部分段落的分析, 可以得出结论, 衔接理论在英语小说中的应用非常广泛, 如果读者对衔接理论有了充分的了解, 并能够把这个理论应用到所阅读的小说当中, 那么读者将会对小说的内容、结构及其精华部分有更为深刻的理解, 同时也能够提高对文学作品的欣赏水平, 语篇衔接手段在英文原版小说的阅读中起着重要的作用。
参考文献
[1]Halliday M A K, Hasan R.Cohesion in English[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[2]Yann Martel.Life of Pi[M].Mariner Books, 2003.
[3]黄国文.语篇分析的理论与实践——广告语篇研究[M].上海:上海外语教育研究出版社, 2001.
[4]胡壮麟.语篇连贯与衔接理论的发展及应用·序[M].上海:上海外语教育研究出版社, 2003.
[5]胡壮麟, 朱永生, 张德禄.系统功能语法概论[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社, 2003.
[6]张德禄, 刘汝山.语篇连贯与衔接理论的发展及应用[M].上海:上海外语教育研究出版社, 2003.
[7]周永红.衔接与连贯——语篇分析之核心[J].湖南工程学院学报, 2008, 18 (3) .
8.中学生英文小说 篇八
【关键词】交际翻译理论 英文小说翻译 应用方法
翻译是指在准确、通顺的基础上,把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的行为。其也是将一种相对而言较为陌生的表达方式转换成相对熟悉表达方式的过程,包括语言翻译、文字翻译、图形翻译、符号翻译等。随着人类对文化交流的需求越来越高,小说阅读也成为当前人类互相进行习俗、文化、传统、生活方式等相关内容交流的重要方式。英文小说翻译也成为满足中国当前诸多读者了解英国文学的重要途径。
一、交际翻译理论概述
交际翻译理论来源于英国翻译理论家纽马克《翻译问题探讨》一书。上世纪六十年代开始,文学著作翻译盛行,由此也产生了诸多优秀翻译学家。彼得·纽马克正是当时重要的翻译家之一。当时翻译界中对于意译和直译的争论较多,在实际翻译中也存在两派。彼得·纽马克在此基础上对前人的相关翻译理论进行总结和概括,并结合自身翻译经验,于1981年著成《翻译问题探讨》一书,并在其中提出语义翻译理论和交际翻译理论。其中语义翻译理论是指在原文作者的写作中心出发,严格根据作者的写作思想及风格,对原文进行翻译,遵循“忠实性”原则。语义翻译理论也更加注重原文的词语排序及语言表述,需尽可能贴合原著。
而交际翻译理论与语义翻译理论相比,更加注重读者的主观感受,其以读者为中心,更加注重读者的理解状况及心理感受,以求在原著的基础上,为读者呈现原著带给读者的同等阅读效果。在交际翻译理论中,彼得·纽马克认为翻译就是两种语言进行交流的一种方式,其认为翻译中原著精神传达比语义传达更重要。
在上述两种翻译理论提出后,彼得·纽马克又提出了文本类型理论,其主要将文本分为信息型、表达型及呼唤型三类。彼得·纽马克提出不同文本类型需采取不同翻译方法,对于信息型文本和呼唤型文本,其翻译的主要目的是向读者传达文本信息,使读者从信息中获得感染,文本的实际表达内容比表达形式更加重要,因此在实际翻译过程中需更加注重文章内容的表达,可不比过于拘泥形式,引起翻译内容晦涩难懂,影响读者阅读感受。因此,这两类文本在翻译时,可采取交际翻译理论。而对于表达型文本,其大多具有较强的学术性,语言的内容和表达形式、风格等更能体现原著作者的中心思想表达,因此在实际翻译过程中需更加注重原著的思想表达,严格按照原著语序、表达形式等进行翻译,这种文本更适合采取语义翻译理论进行翻译。
二、英文小说的翻译流程
1.译前准备。翻译者在实际英文小说翻译前,需做好英文翻译的译前准备,其主要内容包括了解英语小说原著的特点、了解英语小说翻译的相关要求。
英语小说与中文小说一样均具有一定的文体特点。在英文小说中,其特点主要突出在以下几点:语言形象化、语言个性化、修辞格的运用较为广泛、叙事角度较为多样、句式表达形式较为多变等,在实际翻译过程中需先对原著相关文体特点进行了解,根据原著实际表达方式灵活应变,提高翻译质量。英文小说多注重于对客观生活的描述,通过对日常生活环境、人物生活等相关故事等进行描述,为读者创设生动活泼的画面。英文小说题材较多,形式多变,在实际翻译过程中,除了需加强对小说文体特点的了解,还需了解小说翻译的相关要求,以促进翻译文本展现出原著的风采。其四大要求为:形象化、个性化、通俗化、风格化。
此外,在实际翻译过程中,相关翻译人员还需加强对作者及写作背景的了解,以保证翻译文本的准确性,以通过不同语言再现原著。如当代美国作家Madison Smartt Bell的著作《Soldier's Joy》,其写作背景是为了分析当代人类心理问题与生活问题之间的关系,采取第三人称叙事,以娜娜、娜娜的丈夫及娜娜的前男友作为小说主线展开故事。在翻译前了解著作背景及目的能更好地表达作者思想。
2.翻译。翻译过程是影响整篇著作翻译效果的关键。在小说翻译过程中,相关翻译人员需结合英文小说翻译的要求、文本特点、写作背景等,并结合实际翻译经验进行翻译。翻译的主要步骤包括以下三点:第一,将全文细读,准确了解原著所表达的思想、内涵,作者的写作风格等。此过程需进行反复阅读,以保证理解效果。第二,进行首轮翻译时,需保证在最大程度上将原文信息保存,避免信息流失。在第二轮翻译中,采取交际翻译理论,在原文表意的基础上,对首轮翻译译文进行润色、修改,保证译文逻辑性和流畅性,保证译文符合读者阅读习惯。
3.译后校对。对译文进行校对时首先需对译文进行通读。第一轮校对时,需保证译文与原文之间意思无出入,信息表达、感情表达、写作风格等需与原著相符。第二轮校对时,在第一轮校对的基础上,对译文内容进行校对,保证译文与原文的统一性。翻译结束后,相关翻译人员需加强对翻译中相关问题的总结,并做好记录。
三、英文小说的翻译中交际翻译理论的实际应用方法
彼得·纽马克提出英文小说可分为信息型和呼唤型两种文本,信息型文主要目的是向读者传递信息,在实际翻译过程中,需将信息传递放于首位,以表达简洁作为翻译基础。而呼唤型小说主要目的是向读者传达情感,在实际翻译过程中需将原著的情感表达作为翻译首位,以表达清晰、语言流畅作为翻译基础。以下对翻译中的词汇、句子、对话中交际翻译理论的实际应用方法进行详细叙述。
1.词汇翻译中交际翻译理论的应用。词汇是组成句子的基础,也是表达著者思想的最基础元素。在实际翻译过程中,不同词汇的运用饱含着著者的思想,一个词汇也表达着多种含义;且词汇背后也蕴含着一个国家的历史文化、情感、文化背景等,因此在不同民族、不同国家、不同种族之间也存在较大的理解差异。在实际英文小说翻译中,采取直接翻译的方式将会导致不同读者因文化差异导致难以理解的状况,进而影响原著情感及思想的表达。例如英文中“bear”表示脾气暴躁或饥饿的人,其还有一种含义是熊,而熊在汉语中引申为愚笨的人。英文小说翻译中,对词汇的翻译主要体现在以下两点:选词和词类转译。
在英文和汉语中,一个词存在多种意义的情况较为常见,且在文学作品中,某些词的含义常具有多义性和不固定性,其语义需根据不同语境进行判定。在英文小说翻译中,每次词汇的翻译其含义、情感、意象等均需以语境作为翻译基础,将语境凌驾于一切因素之上,保证词汇翻译的准确性。如在Madison Smartt Bell 《Soldiers Joy》一书中,有如下对话:
“Just in time!”her mother said, hovering above the food, filling three plates,then settling in her customary seat.
“Thanks, Mom,” Nana's father said.
在这段对话中,用到“in time”,该词汇意思为及时、终于,此处根据下文中提到的娜娜的母亲端着三个盛着食物的盘子,可以推断出此时娜娜正好回来,翻译成“来得正好”符合语境。在后文中提到“Mom”,本意是妈妈,但结合后文说话对象为娜娜的父亲,因此,此处翻译时,不能直接翻译为“妈妈”,以免与中国人的表达方式相背离。因此,在实际翻译时,可根据中国人称谓习惯,以交际翻译理论翻译为“孩子他妈”。
由于汉语和英语属于两种不同的语系,其在语法、词汇、表达上也存在较大差异。在英语中名词使用情况较多,汉语中动词较为常见。如在Jesse Lee Kercheval的《Alice in Dairyland》一书写到:“I say to my friend,because I'm afraid if the sniper knows I've been hit, he'll want to finish me off.”这句话中“I'm afraid”中“afraid”为形容词,本意为害怕的。在翻译中若以直译方式,则为:因为我是害怕的,如果……,这种翻译不符合汉语的用词习惯,因此可将其转化为动词:因为我害怕,如果……。通过这种此类转译,更符合汉语阅读习惯。因此,在实际英文小说翻译过程中,需学会变通,学会词类转译,使译文更加通畅、易懂。
2.句子翻译中交际翻译理论的应用。句子是表达著者完整思想感情的基本语言单元,是构成段落的基本单位,也是翻译的基础单位。汉语和英语的语法体系不同,使得两种语言中句子表达形式存在较大差异,汉语中,一个句子中各词汇的逻辑排列组成完整的句子,而在英语中,以连接词来串联各词汇,形成逻辑关系。在句子翻译时,需根据交际翻译理论,以读者的理解能力及心理状态为基础进行翻译,保证语言通顺易懂。其常用的方法包括增译、切分、换序三种。
如:But although Nana's parents were nothing but gracious to him, they were never going to fall under his spell.这句话直译为尽管娜娜的父母对他和善,他们从没有中他的咒语。直译时,对与文章意义的表达欠缺。而根据上下文,娜娜的父母对其丈夫不喜欢的状况,可在翻译中增译为“他们从没有中他的咒语从而对他产生好感”。通过增译能促进句子表达的完整性,也能促进读者理解,更好地了解人物的心理状态。
3.对话翻译中交际翻译理论的应用。小说中,人物对话是表现人物性格、形成文章冲突的重要要素,人物对话直接推动着故事情节的发展,且人物对话也直接体现着人物性格、思想、身份等,因此。在小说对话翻译时,需把握翻译的个性化、鲜明化,注重语意、语气及感情色彩的处理。
如“Can you talk? Is Anders there?” my mother asked.此句中Can you talk直译为“你能说话吗,安德斯在吗”,直译效果较为生硬,且具有歧义。根据上下文,此对话来由是“我母亲”偷偷给“我”打电话,未防止安德斯听见而出现的询问,采取直译时,其意义不准确,因此可采取语意处理,翻译为“你方便讲话吗,安德斯不在你身边吧”,这样翻译之后,能便于读者理解文章,且更能突出“我母亲”的人物形象及对安德斯的不信任。
四、结束语
汉语和英语语系不同,导致在英语小说翻译过程中,直译效果不佳,易导致读者难以理解的状况发生。在实际英语小说翻译过程中,相关翻译人员在实际翻译中需根据语境状况,综合多种翻译方法和理论,以保证著者思想情感、观点等的准确传达,并能符合汉语的阅读习惯及表达方式,保证翻译效果。
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