高考英语总复习 Unit4 Global warming学案 选修

高考英语总复习 Unit4 Global warming学案 选修（精选8篇）

1.高考英语总复习 Unit4 Global warming学案 选修 篇一

过关检测

1．阅读材料，回答问题。

从2011年6月10日起，羊城地铁报联手广州地铁总公司推出了“随手拍地铁文明行为”和“随手拍地铁不文明行为”活动。截至7月27日，共收集了600多条“随手拍”。在“铁丝”最憎恶的不文明行为投票中，一天时间内近700人对15个选项进行了投票，排在前三位的分别是“在车厢中脱鞋晒‘香港脚’”“垃圾乱扔、乱放”和“不按地面标志排队候车”。行李放在座位上占位、倚靠扶手做“柱男”和“柱女”、上车后堵住门口等影响他人正常上下车的行为也使乘客感到憎恶。另外，不自觉给有需要的乘客让座一项在不文明行为投票中的排名也较为靠前，这说明广州依然推崇礼让出行的文明之风。

(1)广州市地铁上的不文明行为告诉我们要倡导什么样的社会公德？(2)如果你是广州的一位市民，你认为如何才能避免不文明行为的发生。

解析：本题主要考查社会公德的内容以及怎样提高公民道德水平，避免不文明行为的发生。阅读材料，审清设问，结合所学的知识回答即可。

答案：(1)文明礼貌、助人为乐、爱护公物、保护环境、遵纪守法。

(2)①克服私心，方便他人也方便自己；②充满爱心，尊重他人也尊重自己；③遵守公德，人人有责。要树立公德观念，养成遵守公德的习惯，就需要严格要求自己，从大处着眼，从小处着手，长期坚持。2．阅读材料，回答问题。

2011年8月，湖北一青年手指受伤后到某医院缝针，因付不起费用，缝好的伤口被拆线。负责医生称，拆线为患者主动要求，只能照做。该医院经过充分调查后，对当事医生作出停职处理，并向患者当面道歉。对于收费被质疑过高的问题，院方表示，收费均有清单可以核查。武汉一位医疗界人士表示，救死扶伤是医生的天职，虽然患者在欠费情况下要求拆线，但医生的做法并不妥当，医生可向上级领导汇报，再做进一步处理。(1)材料中的当事医生的做法违背了什么道德要求？(2)如果你是当事医生，应怎样避免此类事件的发生？

解析：本题考查考生对职业道德的理解。第(1)问，医生的职责是救死扶伤，材料中的当事医生的做法明显违背了职业道德的要求。第(2)问，注意从当事医生的角度来回答，可从提高自身素质和践行职业道德等方面来组织答案。

答案：(1)材料中当事医生的做法违背了职业道德的要求。在我国，职业道德要求医生：爱岗敬业、诚实守信、办事公道、服务群众、奉献社会。

(2)要不断提高自身素质，培养职业精神，践行职业道德。①培养职业精神，践行职业道德，首先要端正职业态度。②培养职业精神，践行职业道德，关键在于树立正确的职业理想。③培养职业精神，践行职业道德，还要学习职业道德知识，培养职业责任意识，规范自己的行为。④培养职业精神，践行职业道德，其最终目的，在于提升职业生涯中的人生境界。

3．2011年7月15日，庆祝建党90周年重点献礼影片《郭明义》在全国公映，很多对这部电影期待已久的观众终于一饱眼福。郭明义同志是鞍钢矿业公司齐大山铁矿采场公路管理员。在鞍钢工作的28年里，他无论做什么，都兢兢业业、任劳任怨，干一行爱一行、钻一行精一行。此外，他还几十年如一日，助人为乐、无私奉献，先后资助180多名贫困学生，坚持常年献血，积极倡导发起“爱心团队”，带动广大职工献血、献造血干细胞，被誉为“当代雷锋”，被评为“2010感动中国人物”。胡锦涛总书记作出重要批示，“郭明义同志是助人为乐的道德模范，是新时期学习实践雷锋精神的优秀代表。要大力弘扬他的先进事迹和崇高品德，为构建社会主义和谐社会提供强大精神动力。”(1)郭明义的事迹是如何体现我国公民道德建设的核心和原则的？(2)请从公民道德的角度谈谈我们应该向郭明义学习什么。

解析：第(1)问主要考查课本知识，我国公民道德建设的核心是为人民服务，原则是集体主义；第(2)问考查如何向道德榜样学习，追求更高的道德目标，根据材料信息结合相关知识点展开分析即可。

答案：(1)①为人民服务是社会主义道德的本质特征，是公民道德建设的核心。郭明义始终把群众放在心上，做到了全心全意为人民服务。②集体主义是社会主义公民道德建设的原则。郭明义以大局为重，个人利益服从集体利益，助人为乐，无私奉献，坚持了集体主义原则。

(2)①应该学习郭明义同志为人民服务的思想。每个公民不论职业如何、能力大小，都要在本职岗位上，通过不同形式做到为人民服务。②要学习郭明义个人利益服从集体利益的思想，学习他爱岗敬业、服务群众、奉献社会的职业道德。

4．近来，网上曝出部分官员“微博约会门”“裸聊门”“开房门”等不检点行为，这些都折射出了一些官员的素质低下，少数官员“向钱看”，或者利用手中的权力大搞不正之风。因此要加强对官员官德的教育，要让“八荣八耻”、科学发展观等入脑入心，成为官员的精神追求。加强对官员的刚性约束，同时也要强化对官员的道德和文化教育，让他们真正恪守道德规范的信条。(1)上述材料反映了什么问题？

(2)运用职业道德的有关知识回答如何解决这一问题。

解析：材料列举的现象深刻揭露了当前部分官员的道德缺失。根据设问规定的作答范围和指向，可以从职业道德角度结合职业道德的重要性和对官员的要求两个方面回答。答案：(1)材料中所列举的现象揭露了当前部分官员的道德缺失。职业道德是所有从业人员在职业活动中应该遵循的行为规则，它对于规范从业人员的职业行为，树立良好的行 业作风，保证各类生产和各项工作顺利进行，起着不可忽视的作用。材料中提到的“官德”缺失将会降低政府的权威，因此必须予以尽快解决。

(2)针对我国部分官员的道德觉悟低的现状，必须加强以职业道德、社会公德为主要内容的道德建设。要做好以下几个方面。①要端正职业态度。这是衡量一个人职业道德水平的重要标准。②树立正确的职业理想。职业理想包括维持个人生活、实现个人价值和承担社会义务三方面内容。其中只有首先承担了社会义务，才能获得个人生活的所需物品，才能实现个人价值。③学习职业道德知识，以更好地领悟职业精神，理解职业道德。④在自己的职业活动中，不断磨砺职业精神，自觉践行职业道德，以提升职业生涯中的人生境界。

5．据商务部提供的数据显示，中国企业每年因信用缺失导致直接和间接经济损失高达6 000亿元，其中因产品质量低劣造成的各种损失达到2 000亿元。从牛奶添加三聚氰胺，馒头使用增白剂，到生猪喂食“瘦肉精”，再到达芬奇家具假称洋货……一些企业或经营个体掺假损害消费者利益的行为，不仅影响自身的经济效益、损害行业的基本利益，而且对我国经济的正常运行造成了严峻威胁，给社会和谐运转带来了负面影响，严重影响社会主义市场经济健康有序发展。社会主义市场经济，说到底也是诚信经济，没有社会诚信作为基础，社会主义市场经济体系及与其相关的一整套社会制度就难以建立健全，人与人之间的和谐共处就会成为一句空话。

(1)结合材料说明诚信在社会主义市场经济中的作用。(2)请你为社会主义市场经济健康有序发展提出合理化建议。

解析：本题以当今社会中一些企业失信为背景，考查诚信对市场经济的作用以及竞争伦理原则。试题联系热点，材料鲜活，问题设置符合新课标理念，加强了对研究性学习方式的考查。

答案：(1)①诚信作为经济活动中的道德要素，具有保证市场经济健康有序运行的重要价值和意义。从经济发展的角度看，诚信的最大回报，就是市场经济的健康运行。假冒伪劣产品扰乱了市场秩序，危害人的生命健康。②对于参与经济活动的主体来说，无论个人、企业或其他组织，讲诚信，都是其立业之基、成功之本。与人合作，诚信是首要原则；创业经营，诚信是企业之魂；创业始于自信，成功缘于诚信。正如材料中所说，没有社会诚信作为基础，社会主义市场经济体系及与其相关的一整套社会制度就难以建立健全。

(2)①在市场经济中倡导诚信伦理，构建社会诚信机制。在全社会形成诚实守信的良好风尚，构建以道德为支撑的社会信用制度，增强全社会的信用意识，加快建设企业和个人信用服务体系，建立信用监督和失信惩戒制度，逐步开放信用服务市场；弘扬中华民族崇尚诚信的美德，构建诚信友爱的社会主义和谐社会；加强以诚实守信为重点的公民道德建设。②在市场经济中倡导竞争伦理原则。在竞争中倡导正当竞争，反对不正当竞争，贯彻机会均等、公平竞争的原则，遵循自愿、平等、公平、诚实信用的原则，正确处理竞争与合作的关系，坚持在竞争中合作，在合作中竞争。6．阅读材料，回答问题。

随着经济规模不断跃升，我国人均GDP有望突破4 000美元关口，但同时，判断收入分配公平性指标的基尼系数已越过0.4的警戒线，不同行业、不同人群间收入差距逐渐拉大。2011年4月19日，中国社科院发布的《2011年农村经济绿皮书》预测，2011年城镇居民人均可支配收入与农村居民人均纯收入之比为3.26∶1。(1)从经济伦理角度看，公平主要表现在哪些方面？(2)怎样实现社会公平和正义？

解析：本题以收入差距扩大为背景材料，考查考生对社会公平和正义的理解。第(1)问考查公平是什么，第(2)问考查怎样维护社会公平和正义。

答案：(1)公平主要表现在平等地使用公共资源，平等地获得参与竞争的机会，同样地遵守各项规则，共同享受经济发展成果等方面。

(2)①实现社会公平和正义，需要妥善协调社会各方面的利益关系，正确处理人民内部矛盾和其他社会矛盾。不同行业、不同人群间收入差距逐渐拉大，会使社会矛盾加剧。只有缩小收入差距，才能协调好各方面的利益关系，促进经济发展和社会和谐。②要提供制度保障和政策措施，实行合理的分配制度，并综合运用多种手段，把社会成员的收入差距控制在合适的范围内。必须通过国家的分配制度和政策，把城镇居民人均可支配收入与农村居民人均纯收入的差距控制在合理的范围内，以实现社会公平，促进经济和谐发展。③要进一步彰显公平和正义的伦理原则，大力倡导扶贫济困、见义勇为、主持公道、伸张正义等道德风尚，努力营造与社会主义市场经济相适应的道德氛围。只有这样，人们才能心情更加舒畅，积极性、主动性、创造性才能充分发挥出来，各方面的社会关系才能更加协调，社会公平和正义才能最大限度地实现。7．阅读材料，回答问题。

材料一 核电具有排放低、经济性高、与现行电网兼容性强等优点，备受世人青睐。自苏联1954年建设了全球首座核电站以来，核电开始作为新的能源系统为人类提供电力能源，并且得到蓬勃发展。在很多国家，核电占据了相当重要的地位。有16个国家的核发电量占国内总发电量的25%以上，其中法国、立陶宛、比利时等国家的核电占比超过50%，法国甚至达到80%。核电已成为继火电和水电之后，人类主要的电力来源。

材料二 核电为人类提供清洁能源的同时，也存在一些负面影响。核电站的潜在威胁主要在于其核废弃物的放射性。从核电站反应堆芯中换出来的燃烧后的堆芯属于高放射性物质，在掩埋时要确保其地质条件能够保障处置库至少能在10万年内安全。从技术层面来看，虽然核电的安全系数非常高，但核电站一旦发生事故，这种危害将会是毁灭性的。2011年3月1日日本爆发的里氏9.0级地震造成了多座核机组爆炸事件。苏联切尔诺贝利核电站的核泄漏至今仍令人心有余悸。核泄漏的严重性、持久性会危及人类几千年的文明。(1)结合材料，简述科技的发展会给人类带来哪些影响。

(2)为了使核能的运用始终符合人类福祉，现代科技的发展应遵循怎样的科技伦理基本原则？

解析：当代经济的迅速发展，对能源提出了更高的要求。核电的利用要考虑其安全性。对第(1)问的分析要把握核电的积极作用和消极作用，运用辩证的观点来分析。第(2)问，核能的健康发展需要多方面的努力，必须坚持科技伦理的基本原则。

答案：(1)①引发了生产力的巨大进步和社会的深刻变革。极大地改变了世界的面貌，深刻地影响了社会关系，不断丰富人们的精神世界。核电作为新的能源系统为人类提供电力能源，并得到蓬勃发展，深化了人们对自然、社会和人自身的认识。核电的不断发展，惠及人类社会生活，使世界更加美好。②给自然生态和人类自身的发展带来新的隐患，使安全形势与社会和谐的维护面临新的挑战。核电在造福于人类的同时，也出现了安全问题，日本和苏联的核泄漏事件发人深省。

(2)①科技工作者要深刻理解科技工作的意义，将对自然奥秘的探索与人类的福祉相结合，在努力掌握专业技能的同时，更应该使自己成为一个热爱人民、为社会谋福利的创造者。②科技成果的运用，要从整体利益和长远利益出发，有时为了长远利益还要牺牲一点儿眼前利益。③任何科技活动都必须遵守无害原则，即无损于自然环境和人类的存在与发展。8．2011年9月2日联大召开非正式会议纪念“禁止核试验国际日”。联大主席戴斯在会上发言时表示，核试验与核武器对人类的健康和安全以及地球环境都构成威胁，国际社会必须重视这一问题，并尽快采取行动让《全面禁止核试验条约》生效，以早日实现无核武世界的目标。戴斯指出，在整个20世纪，核试验被用来打造军事实力。冷战时期，基于核威慑的逻辑，许多国家为推进核技术，在地上、地下和水下开展了许多次核试验，给人类和地球带来了威胁。核试验产生的沉降物引发疾病，毒害食物链，污染水源和生态环境，这些影响一直持续到今天。

(1)国际社会为什么要尽快采取行动让《全面禁止核试验条约》生效？(2)我们应该如何正确运用核技术？

解析：本题主要考查考生对科技发展的认识，考查考生调动和运用知识、描述和阐释事物的能力。解答本题时，要注意一分为二地看问题，同时与材料结合起来分析。答案：(1)核技术在造福人类的同时，在运用中出现了一些问题，如核辐射对环境的污染、核废料的处理等。核技术威力极大，运用在军事方面，对整个世界具有威慑作用；如果被不理性或恶意运用，足以灭绝人类自身。

(2)科学技术的成果可以造福人类，也可以危害人类。核技术运用在医学领域和建设核电站等方面，可以服务与造福人类，缓解能源危机，但是如果用于制造核武器，则会危害人类和地球的存在。因此应当理性对待核技术，和平利用核能；充分开发的同时，要加强管理。尤其要加强国际合作，防止核武器扩散威胁世界的和平与发展。

9． 生态文明是社会文明进步的重要标志。从文化层面讲，生态文明建设离不开健全的环境意识的培育和环境道德规范的建设。建设生态文明，就是要广泛动员人民群众参与多种形式的环境保护实践活动，努力形成保护环境、防治污染、美化家园的社会文明风尚。(1)健全的环境意识有哪些内容？

(2)如何在具体行动上落实环境道德规范？

答案：(1)健全的环境意识，是准确的环境科学知识和正确的环境价值观念的统一。包括环境科学知识、环境价值观念和环境伦理。

(2)①关心并积极改善自己周围的环境状况。②选择有利于环保、与自然协调的生活方式。③勇于并善于同污染环境、破坏环境的行为作斗争。④了解和掌握必要的环境保护知识和技能。

10．2011年8月，山东省青岛市第二海水浴场分布着大片浒苔。据悉，从2007年至今，青岛已连续5年遭受浒苔侵袭，水产养殖业、海洋环境和旅游业遭受巨大冲击。浒苔一般在每年的7月初登陆青岛前海，8月初就会结束，而2011年8月却没有结束。浒苔汹涌与人类活动有关。我国城市化、工业化和农业的快速发展以及人口的快速膨胀使工业废水和生活污水的入海量剧增，加上地表径流带来的农田化肥、农药和其他污染物中的氮磷等营养盐，为浒苔暴发提供了充足的外部营养条件。

健康的可持续发展的经济是我们建设和谐社会的基础，而丰富的资源储备、功能健全的生态系统，又是发展经济的基本前提。人类要实现可持续发展，必须遵守环境伦理要求。

(1)环境伦理的基本原则是什么？(2)怎样才能使人们遵守环境伦理要求？

解析：本题考查环境伦理的相关知识。根据所学有关环境伦理基本原则的知识，结合材料中的相关信息可以得出第(1)问的答案；第(2)问结合所学遵守环境伦理的相关知识，直接作答即可。

答案：(1)环境伦理的基本原则是环境正义原则和尊重自然原则。

(2)①国家要加强立法，严惩违反《环境法》的行为。②政府要加强监管，加强宣传教育，惩治破坏环境的行为。③公民个人要从自身做起，选择有利于环保的生活方式，要勇于同破坏环境的行为作斗争。④加强国际间的合作，世界各国要共同努力。

2.高考英语总复习教学反思 篇二

【关 键 词】 基础；方法；坚持

走出大学校门参加工作以来，经过两次高考总复习，总体感觉是时间短、压力大、任务重。回顾近几年的英语高考题，可见以下几个特点：综合性强，题型灵活，知识面广，要求学生有很强的语言运用能力。为做好新一轮的教学工作，我对高三英语教学工作进行了反思和总结。

一、合理制定复习计划，分阶段进行

（一）巩固强化基础知识

1. 词汇短语。全面复习高一至高三的词汇，并适当扩充词汇量。让学生明白并非记住所有课本词汇就能考好英语。重点词汇要重点记忆，重点词汇指的是在月考、期中考试、期末考试试卷中的常见词汇和短语。这些词汇应该平时学习中就系统性地摘抄在笔记本上，包括一些常见的名称、动词、形容词以及某些动词短语，如break，cut，set，go，get，put，take，make，介词短语等的习惯搭配。复习过程中，还要及时对学生的复习成果进行检测，可利用早读时间进行。

2. 句法和语法复习。句法语法是英语高考中比重较大的部分，完形填空和阅读理解的基础就在于此。句法包括倒装句、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、强调句等。语法复习包括上述提到的句法中的语法知识，如连词的考查就是最重要的一部分。除此之外，还包括非谓语、主谓一致、虚拟语气以及时态语态的复习。

（二）进行专项复习

高考就是学生复习的指挥棒，高考考什么，学生就该练什么。听力、单项选择、完形填空、阅读理解、短文改错、书面表达就是我们高考的六大板块。

1. 听力复习。首先，打好基础，拼读、语调很重要。对词义的正确掌握以及充足的词汇量有助于正确理解所听内容和捕捉关键信息。其次，听力的提高是一个循序渐进的过程，且和口语、阅读、记忆息息相关。所以，平时就应该多开口读，广泛阅读，丰富背景知识扩大知识面，才能使听到的句子信息在短时间内输入大脑。最后，多做真题和模拟套题，掌握听力技巧，听力时要求做到眼睛、耳朵、手、脑的协调配合。并且要抓住录音的间隙快速读题，对于较长的选项，应采取跳读的方式，整体观察所有选项。

2. 单项选择的复习。首先，单选考查的是对单词、词组，所以必须熟悉单词的用法，同义词、近义词、反义词和一些固定搭配。其次，用排除法排除题干中次要的部分，如插入语、定语从句、状语从句等。

John plays football ______，if not better than，David.

A. As well B. as well as

C. so well D. so well as

例题中的if not better than做题时就应该排除，是句子更简洁，不影响做题。

最后，如若遇到疑问句还可利用还原法，更容易理解句子成分，如：

Is this the house ______ he lived last year？

Is the house _______ he lived last year？

A. that B. where C. the one D. what

3. 完形填空的复习。近年来，高考完形填空出现了如下几个特点：上下文选择为主，语法选择为辅；以单词填空为主，短语搭配为辅。这就要求学生有语言综合运用能力，以及对文章逻辑联系的理解和情境中词义辨析的能力。首先，要把握好四分钟内不看选项整体阅读一遍，基本弄清大意。然后，进行第二遍阅读，细度首句，首句一般为中心句，且一般不设空。最后，做题时，要分析该题到底为上下文推理、词义辨析、常识推理、固定搭配还是语法填空。

4. 阅读理解的复习。阅读理解在高考中所占比重很大，所以，学生必须要提高阅读理解的能力。要提高阅读成绩，首先必须掌握题型。大致题型包括：主旨大意题、推理判断题、题义推测题、细节理解题。然后，先浏览全文再看问题，最后回原文定位。再次，读文章时要在文章中对关键词作出标记，便于做题时找到细节。值得注意的是，文章要精读第一段和最后一段，中间段落采用略读，但各段首第一句也要精读，因为该句大多为中心句。

5. 短文改错的复习。通读全文，了解大意，注意逻辑。期间要注意以下的重点要素：冠词的使用、名词的数、主谓一致、时态和人称、谓语动词和非谓语动词、并列和从属连词、形容词副词及其原级和比较级等等。因为错误往往设置于此。

6. 书面表达的复习。写作要求学生要有正确的造句能力和各种文体的写作技巧。造句首先要能写出正确的简单句，即先写出主谓宾，然后再扩词造句。如：

Li Hua is my friend. ——Li Hua，a student，is my friend.

——Li Hua，a student from No. 1 Middle School，is my best friend.

此外，审题、拟提纲也是重要的环节。平时学习中还要学习和背诵各种文体的范文。

二、适当进行模拟训练，查缺补漏

认真给学生评讲历年高考试卷和模拟试卷，从中得到反馈。然后对各次考試中普遍存在的错题进行分析，并指导学生进行错题归纳，可减少以后考试的错误率。

以上都是本人在这几年来对高考复习的教学反思，但教学中还存在着很多不足，在今后的工作中还要加以努力。

【参考文献】

[1] 崔子龙. 浅析如何在高考英语总复习中充分挖掘学生的潜能[J]. 快乐阅读，2012（1）.

[2] 张金秀. 如何搞好高考英语总复习[J]. 考试周刊，2010（16）.

3.高考英语总复习 Unit4 Global warming学案 选修 篇三

1．马克思说：“商品中包含的劳动的这种二重性，是首先由我批判地证明了的。这一点是理解政治经济学的枢纽。”

怎样理解马克思的这一论述？

2．李克强在题为“深刻理解《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划的建议》主题主线，促进经济社会全面协调可持续发展”的文章中强调，在新的时代背景下，我们所谋求的发展，必须是科学发展。坚持科学发展，实现又好又快发展，就要认识规律，遵循规律，按经济、社会、自然等的客观规律办事，把发展的途径和方式与发展的成效和结果有机统一起来，真正实现科学发展。

价值规律是商品经济的基本规律，请运用经济学常识的相关知识，谈谈你对价值规律的认识。

解析：本题考查学生对价值规律的理解，对价值规律的认识。应该从价值规律的基本内容、表现形式和作用等方面进行分析说明。

答案：(1)价值规律是商品经济的基本规律，其基本内容是，商品的价值量是由生产商品的社会必要劳动时间决定的，商品交换要按照价值量相等的原则进行。

(2)受供求关系的影响，价格围绕价值上下波动是价值规律发挥作用的表现。(3)价值规律的作用主要表现在：第一，自发地使社会资源在不同的生产部门之间流动；第二，促使商品生产者提高劳动生产率，有利于技术进步和社会生产力的发展；第三，实现优胜劣汰。在经济活动中，我们必须遵循和运用价值规律，促进节能减排，提高资源利用效率，解放和发展社会生产力，增强综合国力，提高人民生活水平。

3．材料一 马克思说：“也许会有人认为，既然商品的价值是由生产它所耗费的劳动量决定的，那么一个人越懒或越笨，他生产的商品就越有价值，因为完成这个商品所需要的劳动时间越多。然而，这样推论将是一个可悲的错误。”

材料二 “生产一个商品所必需的劳动量，随着所用劳动的生产率的变化而不断变化。劳动的生产率越高，在一定的劳动时间内所完成的产品也越多；劳动的生产率越低，在同一时间内所完成的产品也越少。”

(1)根据材料一，回答马克思为什么说“这样推论将是一个可悲的错误”？(2)根据材料二，说明单位商品的价值量与社会劳动生产率是什么关系？

解析：此题为材料分析题，考查学生调动和运用知识论证问题能力的能力。第(1)问考查商品的价值量由社会必要劳动时间决定，而不是由个别劳动时间决定；第(2)问考查价值量和劳动生产率的关系。

答案：(1)决定商品价值的不是个别劳动时间，而是社会必要劳动时间。社会必要劳动时间是指在社会正常生产条件下，在社会平均的劳动熟练程度和劳动强度下生产某种使用价值所需要的时间。一个人越懒或越笨，为完成这个商品所需要的个别劳动时间高于社会必要劳动时间，他生产的商品相对成本就高，或者卖不出去，他的劳动得不到社会的承认，从而将导致他亏本甚至破产的命运。

(2)材料二说明单位商品的价值量与社会劳动生产率成反比。因为，劳动生产率越高，在同一劳动时间内所完成的产品也越多，由于劳动总量不变，包含在单位商品中的劳动量就越少；相反，劳动生产率越低，在同一劳动时间内所完成的产品也越少，在劳动总量不变的情况下，单位商品的价值量也就越大。

4．低碳经济是以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的经济模式，是未来新的经济增长点。我国很多企业面对低碳经济的发展机遇摩拳擦掌，却面临资金、技术等困难。发展低碳经济不仅成本高、周期长、见效慢，而且少数发达国家还垄断着低碳经济的核心技术，不愿意转让。为推动企业走低碳发展之路，国家强化政策支持，包括加大财政投入力度，落实研发投入抵扣所得税政策，完善知识产权保护制度，鼓励国际合作等，从而坚定了企业发展的信心。

低碳商品上市初期，价格往往会高于同类非低碳商品，但最终其价格会下降。运用马克思劳动价值论的有关知识，阐释低碳商品价格下降的必然性。

5．次级抵押贷款是指一些贷款机构向信用程度较差和收入不高的借款人提供的贷款。在前几年美国经济繁荣阶段，次级抵押贷款市场迅速发展，甚至一些不具备偿还能力的人也获得大量贷款。2006年，美联储大量的加息，加重了贷款者的负担，2007年以来，美国住房大幅降温，房价下降，贷款者无法到期偿还，一些放贷机构受到冲击。2008年以来，众多次级抵押贷款公司申请破产保护，美国和欧洲的一些投资基金受到重创。2009年国际金融危机已从局部发展到全球，从发达国家传导到新兴市场国家，从金融领域扩散到实体经济领域，给世界各国人民生活带来严重影响。

4.高考英语介词语法专项总复习 篇四

①.在…(某时间或空间)里

a. The last time we met was in New Zealand.

b. They took him to hospital in the car.

c. What is in the newspaper today ?

d. Her mother was always in her mind.

e. I threw it in the wastepaper basket.

f. He was born in 1980 in Genoa.

g. An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.

h. Rome was not built in a day.

②.在(一段时间)之后, 与将来时连用

a. I will come round in a day or two.

b. She is going up to London in three days’ time.

③.处于某种状态之中

a. They are now in a painful situation.

b. The tigers are in danger.

c. He was obviously in good health.

d. The poor girl is in tears.

e. The baby is in a beautiful sleep.

f. John is in a bad temper.

g. Are you in doubt about it ?

h. How do you come to know it ? I asked in surprise.

i. He waited in anxiety for the report.

j. She shut her eyes in fear.

k. We went on our way in great happiness.

l. We sat in silence, looking to the sea.

m. It must be done in a hurry.

n. He sat there, deep in thought.

④.有某种特征, 性质等

a. He was in his early twenties.

b. This kind of products are in great demand.

c. The chairs were in the newest style.

d. The letter was all in French.

⑤.表示穿着

a. She is in a white coat today.

b. She was dressed in white like a nurse.

⑥.表示动作正在进行

a. The meeting was in progress at that time.

b. He was in conversation with the manager when I called.

⑦.在…方面, 在…上

a. He has changed a lot in appearance over the past few years.

b. The theory won’t work in practice.

c. He was about five feet in height.

d. In some things you must trust your elders.

e. They are quite reasonable in price.

f. They had no difficulty in finding his house.

g. He was active in taking part in the activity.

⑧.用…, 以…

a. He told us about his idea in simple English.

b. A message was written in pencil on the door.

c. He paid me in dollars for the work.

d. The room is painted in bright colours.

⑨.在…过程中, 在…时

a. In doing we learn.

b. He fell into despair in doing so.

5.高考英语总复习 Unit4 Global warming学案 选修 篇五

一.在非真实条件句中

虚拟条件句(if从句) 主句

与现在事实

相反 主语 + 主语 + would/could/might/ should + do

与过去事实

相反 主语 + 主语 + would/could/might/should + have done

与将来事实

相反 ①主语 + did

②主语 +were to do

③主语 + should do 主语 + would/could/might/should + do

1 If I were you, I would buy it. 2 If she knew English, she would ask me for help now.

3 If you had got up earlier, you would have caught the train yesterday.

注意：错综时间条件句：从句和主句发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要分别根据它所表示的不同时间作相应的调整。 5 If you had followed my advice (听从)yesterday, you would be better now.

6 If they had studied hard in the past, they would do it easily now.

二 省略if的情况: 虚拟条件句中含were , should, had 时，可省略if,把这几个词置于句首。

1 Were I you, I wouldn’t do that. (be) 2. Had you come earlier, you would have seen him.

3. Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.

三 含蓄条件句 :使用with, without, but, or,or else, otherwise， but for(= if it were not for…与现在事实相反;if it had not been for…与过去事实相反)等代条件句。

1 We couldn’t have succeeded without your help.(没有你的帮助)

2 But for the rain(要不是) we would have finished the work.

3 He telephoned to inform me of your birthday. or (=If he hadn’t telephoned to inform me of your birthday)I would have known nothing about it.

但是： If it were not for the fact that she ____sing, I would invite her to the party. C

A. couldn’tB. shouldn’t C. can’tD. mightn’t

四 常用虚拟语气的句型

(一) 在下列句型中，常用“should + 动词原形”且should可以省略：

1 表示要求，建议，命令，提议，意愿等的主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句中。

一坚持insist; 二命令order, command; 三建议suggest, advise,propose; 四要求demand,require,request,ask等后。

注意：当suggest作__________讲，insist作_________讲，后边that从句不用虚拟语气。

2 在It is + 形容词(necessary, natural, strange, etc. ) + that从句中。

在It is/was a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc. ) + that从句中。

1)We all agreed to his suggestion(that)we (should abandon the plan. 放弃那个计划.

2) It is suggested that the meeting should be put off next week.(被推迟)

3) It’s necessary/important/natural that we_______________________每天打扫房间.

但是1) Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. (从未偷过)

2) The look on his face suggested that he was angry.

但是： It is(high/about)time(that)sb.did sth /should do sth

Eg: It is high time we started / should start. 动身出发

(二) 用动词的过去式表示与现在事实(或将来事实)相反，用动词的过去完成式表示与过去事实相反的句型。

1).wish后that引导的宾语从句中。(表示对将来的设想，用could/would/might+v.)

2).as if(though)引导的表语从句或方式状语从句中。

3).would rather后的宾语从句中。

4).If only引导的感叹句中。

1 I wish I _______________________. 和你一样聪明。

2 I wish he ______________________ tomorrow. 再次尝试

3 He looks as if/though he ____________________. 他是一个艺术家

4 I’d rather you _________________ there yesterday. 不去

6.高考英语总复习 Unit4 Global warming学案 选修 篇六

非连续性文本的归纳概括与比较

异同2大类题型 课时跟踪练

(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)阅读下面的文字，完成1～3题。

材料一 随着我国城镇化进程的加快以及人民生活水平的提高，生活垃圾的总量也在不断加大。部分城市在市郊露天堆放垃圾，对大气、土壤、水的环境造成污染。大量餐厨垃圾与其他垃圾混合填埋或焚烧，产生有毒物质，威胁着居民健康。这种现象正在向农村地区漫延。

垃圾分类作为垃圾处理的前端环节，其作用早已得到世界的公认，分类收集不仅能大幅度减少垃圾给环境带来的污染、节约垃圾无害化处理费用，更能使资源得到重复利用。有人将垃圾称为“放错了地方的资源”，据保守估计，我国城市每年丢弃的可回收垃圾价值在300亿元左右。但我国的垃圾分类工作一直难以有效推进。相关调查显示，约四分之一的受访者认为垃圾分类效果不明显或完全没有效果。

(摘编自《垃圾变资源！这不是魔法，而是垃圾分类》，2017年4月5日新华网)材料二 笔者所在的小区，居民楼前三个垃圾桶分别标示出应放置可回收物、其他垃圾和餐厨垃圾。可是大多数居民还是把垃圾混杂在一起，一扔了之。问及原因时，有人说：“我辛辛苦苦分了类，环卫车辆却混在一起运走了，分类还有什么意义？”

这种现象可以说屡见不鲜。垃圾分类处理是个复杂的系统工程，包括分类投放、分类收集、分类运输、分类处理，各个环节必须配套衔接，才能高效运行。分类投放是居民的责任，分类收集、分类运输、分类处理是政府的责任。分类投放的参与率和准确率较低，会影响垃圾分类制度的实施效果；而分类的目标和途径不十分清晰，后端分类处理不到位、不完善，又影响前端居民分类的积极性。

前不久，国务院办公厅转发国家发展和改革委员会、住房和城乡建设部《生活垃圾分类制度实施方案》，给出了我国推进垃圾分类的总体路线图。但是，这一方案即便再科学合理，如果缺乏全民动员、全民参与，也难以由蓝图变为现实。我们应当认识到，生活垃圾虽然有资源属性，但污染属性更不可忽视。不按要求扔垃圾，并不只是“把资源放错了地方”而已，实际上，那就是随意丢弃污染物、危害环境的行为。垃圾分类是我们作为“污染者”的基本责任，责无旁贷。当然，各地政府同样不能以“居民没有分类”“缺乏资金”等理由拖延、观望，应当落实政府主体责任，坚持政府主导，根据本地特点，做好分类收集、分类运输、分类处理设施体系建设，同时制定完善的惩罚和奖励的政策措施。

随着生态文明建设的持续推进、国民素质的提升和垃圾处理设施的进步，普遍推行垃圾分类制度的条件已经成熟。重要的是，居民和政府快把自家的“门前雪”打扫干净吧！各负其责，各尽其力，形成合力，减量化、资源化、无害化的目标一定能够实现，垃圾分类前景可期。

(摘编自刘毅《垃圾分类应自扫门前雪》，2017年5月6日《人民日报》)1．下列关于民众对垃圾分类认知与实践相关情况的理解，不正确的一项是（）A．大多数民众都知道垃圾分类的概念，而50.9%的民众“仅了解常见的可回收/不可回收垃圾”。

B．民众对垃圾分类的认知程度与实践情况大致吻合，基本不了解和从未进行分类的都是少数。

C．有些居民不是缺乏垃圾分类意识，而是后端分类处理不到位、不完善，挫伤了他们分类的积极性。

D．居民分类投放的参与率和准确率较低，是我国以往垃圾分类工作难以有效推进的主要原因。

解析：“主要原因”错，从原文中材料二第二段的内容来看，“居民分类投放的参与率和准确率较低”仅仅是原因之一。

答案：D

2．下列对材料相关内容的分析和评价，正确的两项是（）A．材料一揭示了垃圾分类的必要性和紧迫性，并对民众的认知与实践情况作了统计；材料二分析了垃圾分类难以有效推进的原因并提出破解之道。

B．居民对垃圾分类的认知与实践制约着垃圾分类的实施效果，新闻媒体的宣传报道，有助于形成舆论氛围，增强居民分类投放、分类收集的意识。

C．生活垃圾既有资源属性，可以回收再利用，但也有污染属性，会对环境造成污染，所谓垃圾是“放错了地方的资源”这类说法并不准确。

D．针对一些地方政府常以各种理由对垃圾分类工作拖延、观望的情况，《生活垃圾分类制度实施方案》制定了完善的惩罚和奖励的政策措施。

E．《生活垃圾分类制度实施方案》的发布，明确了我国推进垃圾分类工作的总体规划，具有重要的新闻价值，受到主流媒体的关注。

解析：B项，“新闻媒体的宣传报道，有助于形成舆论氛围，增强居民分类投放、分类收集的意识”属臆测，从文中信息无法推出这一点。C项，“所谓垃圾是‘放错了地方的资源’这类说法并不准确”错，由材料二第三段可知，垃圾的资源属性与污染属性并不矛盾，作者并没有否定“把资源放错了地方”这一说法。D项，“制定了完善的惩罚和奖励的政策措施”错，原文是“应当……制定完善的惩罚和奖励的政策措施”，选项变“未然”为“已然”。

答案：AE

3．怎样才能有效推进我国的生活垃圾分类？请结合材料简要概括。

解析：解答此题，要抓住题干中“怎样才能有效推进我国的生活垃圾分类”这个问题，注意题干中“结合材料”一语，从文本中筛选出相关信息，切忌凭空随意作答。比如，从材料一所列图表可以看出，虽然知道垃圾应该分类的人很多，但清楚了解并坚持分类存放、投送垃圾的人却不多，由此可知应强化居民垃圾分类的意识，让他们养成习惯；从材料二第一段中“有人说”的话语及第三段中的“应当落实政府主体责任……惩罚和奖励的政策措施”可知，政府也要负起责任。

答案：①从居民来说，要提高认识，掌握分类方法，养成良好习

惯；②从政府来说，要完善处理设施，建立配套系统，制定奖惩措施。

阅读下面的文字，完成4～6题。材料一

大连光源：能给原子拍视频

日前，由中国科学院大连化学物理研究所和上海应用物理研究所联合研制的极紫外自由电子激光装置——“大连光源”，发出了世界上最强的极紫外自由电子激光脉冲，单个皮秒(1皮秒等于一万亿分之一秒)激光脉冲产生140万亿个光子，这套总长100米的装置成为世界上最亮且波长完全可调的极紫外自由电子激光光源。

“大连光源”由加速器、波荡器和光束线站三部分构成。先由时间宽度为几个皮秒的脉冲激光(驱动激光)在光阴极上打出一簇高密度的脉冲电子，再利用直线加速器将这个脉冲电子束加速到3亿电子伏特的能量，电子的速度与光速非常接近。另一束皮秒或者相近时间宽度的强激光(种子激光)照射在这个高能电子束上，电子束中的电子在种子激光的作用下，就会按照激光的波长在空间重新分布(调制)，然后让被调制的电子束继续穿越一系列周期性变化的磁场。电子在周期性磁场中就会一边以光速向前飞行，一边左右摆动，向前辐射出光线。途中各处发射的光会叠加增强，同时电子自身辐射的光也在调制电子自己的空间分布，从而使得电子更加强烈地辐射光线，适当地选择周期性磁场的强度，就会使得种子激光中的某个谐波成分按照前述方式急剧地自激放大并达到饱和，从而输出极紫外激光。

“‘大连光源’有最亮的‘闪光灯’，峰值功率的亮度比太阳光高100亿倍的100亿倍，有最快的‘快门’，出光长度能达到飞秒(1飞秒等于一千亿分之一秒)、皮秒，不但能让分子、原子‘无处遁形’，还能给它们‘拍电影’，将物理化学反应的全过程动态记录下来。”上

海应用物理研究所所长赵振堂说明了“大连光源”的大用场。

(选自《人民日报》，有删改)材料二 自由电子激光是国际上最先进的新一代光源，也是当今世界科技强国竞相发展的重要方向，在科学研究、先进技术、国防科技发展中有着重要的应用前景。自由电子激光的发展在前沿科学研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用，特别是近十年来，自由电子激光技术的发展和突破为探索未知物质世界、发现新科学规律、实现技术变革提供了前所未有的研究工具。

“‘大连光源’的建成出光成为我国大科学工程的又一成功范例，也必将大大促进我国在能源、化学、物理、生物、材料、大气雾霾、光刻等多个重要领域研究水平的提升，为我国的科学事业注入新的活力。”中国科学院副院长王恩哥表示，这一光源的成功研制为我国未来发展更新一代的高重复频率极紫外自由电子激光打下了坚实的基础。

(选自“中国经济网”，有删改)材料三 “大连光源”自正式开工建设以来，在两年的时间里完成了基建工程以及主体光源装置的研制，并且在很短的时间内调试成功产生了世界上单脉冲最亮的极紫外激光，创造了我国同类大型科学装置建设的新纪录。

这一项目也开创了我国科学研究专家与大科学装置研制专家成功合作的先例，对于未来加快推动大科学装置在科学研究中的应用具有重要的现实意义。

以科学目标为驱动，让“大连光源”成为我国大科学装置研制的典范。赵振堂告诉《中国科学报》记者，我国早期的大科学装置，往往都是先建好装置，再去找用户，看看哪些科学家能用。“但是‘大

连光源’把这个过程反了过来，是科学家先对科研有了需求，再找到工程团队来合作。这要求我们在建装置之前就充分调研，开工之前就要掌握装置的科学目标是什么。”

大连化物所的长处是科学研究，而上海应物所团队在大科学装置建设方面积累了20年的经验，两个团队为了相同的梦想走到了长兴岛，合作顺利得出人意料。

(选自《中国科学报》，有删改)4．下列理解和分析，不符合原文意思的一项是（）A．“大连光源”是世界上最亮且波长完全可调的极紫外自由电子激光光源，全套装置总长100米，能给分子、原子拍摄视频，记录下物理化学反应的动态全过程。

B．自由电子激光是国际上最先进的新一代光源，有着重要的应用前景，“大连光源”为我国探索未知物质世界、发现新科学规律、实现技术变革提供了新的研究工具。

C．“大连光源”由上海应物所和大连化物所联合研制，前者的科学研究专家与后者的大科学装置研制专家成功合作，成为我国大科学工程的成功范例。

D．我国早期的大科学装置，往往在建设之前缺乏充分调研，科学目标不够明确，一般都是先建好装置，再去找用户，而“大连光源”的研制则改变了这一状况。

解析：C项，错在“前者”“后者”的颠倒。答案：C

5．下列对材料有关内容的概括和分析，最恰当的两项是（）A．材料一第二段先介绍了“大连光源”的构造，然后按照先后顺序详细介绍了“大连光源”输出极紫外激光的过程，这让读者对

“大连光源”有了更清晰的认识。

B．材料二第一段介绍了自由电子激光技术在世界科技领域的发展现状，其目的是为了突出我国的“大连光源”在自由电子激光技术领域已处于世界最先进水平。

C．材料三前两段介绍了“大连光源”项目的建设过程，这个过程不仅用时短，而且技术领先世界，具有重要的现实意义，因此该项目成为我国大科学装置研制的典范。

D．三则材料因为报道的重点不同，表达方式也各不相同，材料一主要运用了说明和描写的表达方式，力求准确生动；材料二、三主要运用议论的表达方式，观点鲜明。

E．以上材料引用了上海应用物理研究所所长赵振堂和中国科学院副院长王恩哥对“大连光源”的相关介绍和评价，这些引用增加了新闻的权威性和真实性。

解析：B项，“其目的是为了……”错，且“已处于世界最先进水平”属主观臆断。C项，“介绍了……过程”错，且强加因果。D项，“描写的表达方式”错。

答案：AE

6．三则材料对“大连光源”的报道，其共同点和各自的侧重点是什么？

解析：题干问的是三则报道的共同点和各自的侧重点，其实就是比较三则报道在内容上的异同。分别分析三则报道：第一则报道分三段，第一段说“大连光源”的先进，第二段主要说“大连光源”的构造和原理，第三段说“大连光源”的作用；第二则报道分两段，第一段介绍自由电子激光的应用前景，第二段强调“大连光源”的重要意义；第三则报道分四段，第一段说“大连光源”创纪录，后三段分析

“大连光源”成功的原因。由此总结概括三则报道的异同点即可。

答案：共同点：都报道了“大连光源”项目的成就。

7.高考英语总复习 Unit4 Global warming学案 选修 篇七

Unit Three

一、单词

1. talented adj. 有才能的，有才华的

2. architecture n. 建筑;建筑学

3. photographer n. 摄影师，摄影家

4. geometric adj. 几何的，几何学的

5. masterpiece n. 杰作

6. calculate vt.&vi. 计算

7. astronomy n. 天文学

8. range vi.(在一定范围幅度内)变动

9. float vi.&vt. (使)漂浮

10. disgusting adj. 令人厌恶的

11. stick vt. 粘住，粘贴

12. weep vi. 哭泣，流泪

13. height n. 高处，高地;高度;身高

14. experiment vi. 实验，试验

15. scholarship n. 奖学金

16. abstract adj. 抽象的

17. artwork n. 艺术作品，美术作品

18. rainbow n. 彩虹

19. starry adj. 布满星星的

20. studio n. 画室;录音棚;

21. distribute vt. 传播，散布，发行

22. fee n. 费，费用，酬金

23. negotiate vi. 谈判，洽谈，协商

vt. 通过谈判达成(或解决)，谈成

24. adore vt. 喜爱;崇拜;爱慕

25. subjective adj. 主观的

26. apptite n. 爱好，欲望;食欲，胃口

27. fisherman n. 渔民，渔夫

28. artistic adj. 艺术的

29. assistance n. 协助，援助

30. framework n. 框架，构架，结构

31. abandon vt. 放弃，丢弃;遗弃

32. scratch n., vt.&vi. 抓，挠，刮，擦

33. ankle n. 踝;踝关节

34. watercolor n. 水彩画

35. reservation n. 预定，预约;保留

36. dormitory n. 宿舍

37. canal n. 沟渠;运河

38. bargain n. 便宜货;划算的买卖

vi. 讨价还价，讲价;讲条件，谈判

39. gallery n. 美术馆，画廊

40. slice n. 薄片，切片

41. chef n. 厨师

42. cube n. 小方块;立方体

二、短语

1. be amazed at sth. 对……感到惊讶

be amazed to do sth. 惊讶地做某事

be amazed that-clause 惊讶地……

2. more than 不仅仅是;非常

3. calculate the cost of 计算……的费用

4. share sth. with / between / among

在……之间共同分享……

share one’s opinion

和某人具有同样的观点

5. range from …to…从……到……

range between…from…

在……和……之间

range over 超过

out of range 超出……的范围

6. weep about 为……而哭泣

weep over / for 因……而哭

weep for 哭着想要……

weep oneself to sleep哭着哭着睡着了

7. on the / one’s way to (doing) sth. 在去

某地的路上;即将来到，接近

8. distribute sth. to / among 把某物分发

给……

9. negotiate with sb. about sth. 和某人就

某事进行协商

the negotiating table 谈判桌

10. have an appetite for 喜爱，渴望

lose appetite for 失去……的兴趣 /爱好

11. with the assistance of 在……的帮助

下

12. abandon sth. 放弃某物

an abandoned baby一个被遗弃的婴儿

abandon oneself to sth. 听任 (感情泛

滥)，陷入，沉溺于

Abandon…to…

不得已而放弃, 舍弃……(给某人)

13. start from scratch

从头开始，白手起家

14. be mixed with 用……混合

15. the secret to sth. 某物的秘诀

16. in addition 另外，加之

17. make a reservation 预定，预约

18. be admitted to 获准进入……，

被……录取

19. folk customs 民间风俗

20. after graduation 在毕业之后

graduate from… 从……毕业

21. be made out of 由……制成,

用……制成

22. serve as 担任 (某职)，

起……的作用, 权当

23. cut up 切割开来，切碎

24. stick a stamp on the envelope 把一枚

邮票贴在信封上

stick to 坚持

25. dip into 把……伸进;浏览, 翻阅

26. cut out 裁剪了;切掉

27. have a go (at) 试一试做某事

三、句子理解

1. I was amazed to learn that Picasso produced more than 20,000 pieces of art and that he wasn’t just a painter.

2. This painting is so valuable that it is difficult to calaulate what its price would be if the museum wanted to sell it.

3. Besides the works of da Vinci, the Louvre Museum has more than 6,000 other European paintings, ranging from the 13th to the 19th century.

4. Hardly had we left the dormitory the next morning when we realized we forgot our map in the room.

5. It was while at the New York School of Art that he exprimented with different materials such as cloth and plastic in his paintings.

6. There are many other things that you can use to make unusual pictures, so why not have a go at some of the ideas above and then try out some ideas of your own?

语法

倒装句

1.完全倒装

将全部谓语动词放在主语之前的倒装称为完全倒装。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。

1) 在here, there引导的句子中，谓语是be, exist等表示状态的不及物动词。

2) 在语气词here, there开头的句子里，谓语动词是come, go等。如果主语是人称代词，则不用倒装。

3)副词now, then, thus引导的句子里，谓语是come, follow, begin, end, be等

4)在in, out, down, up, over, away, off, back等表示方向的副词做状语置于句首，谓语动词是come, go, rush, run等不及物动词的句子里。如果主语是人称代词，则不用倒装。

5)在地点状语提前，谓语是be, stand, sit, lie等动词的句子里。

6)在分词 / 形容词 + be + 主语……的句子里。

7)为了保持平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或使上下文紧密衔接时，要倒装。

2.部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

1)so / neither / nor防于句首，表示前面所说的肯定 / 否定的一种情况也适合另外一个人或物，其结构是：so / neither / nor + be(助动词或情态动词)+ 主语。

注意：如果前面所提及到的两种或两种以上情况也适合于另外一个人或物，则要用句型It is the same with…或So it is with…。

2)当not, never, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, in no time, not only…but also…, not …until…, hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, in no way等具有否定意义或半否定的副词或短语放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装。

3)当only修饰状语或状语从句放在句首时，主句要用部分倒装。

注意：当only修饰状语从句放在句首时，一定要将主句中的主谓语采取部分倒装的形式，与从句中的主谓语的语序没有任何关系，即从句中的主谓语仍然采用陈述语序。

4)在so / such…that…结构中，或so / such与所修饰的词一起位于句首加强语气时，用部分倒装

5)在以often, always, once, many a time, now and then, every other day, 以及then等做状语的词位于句首时，也要用部分倒装。

6)在虚拟语气条件句中，从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。

7)当as / though引导让步状语从句时，可以把从句中的表语、状语甚至动词原形提到as / though之前进行倒装。

注意：

1)倒装之后从句中的主谓语仍然保持陈述语序。如：

Poor as he was, he was honest.

2)如果表语是名词或形容词或副词的最高级，则名词之前不能加冠词，最高级之前不能加the。如：

Child as he is, he knows a lot.

Oldest as he is, he doesn’t do well in studies.

3)将这一类的倒装句改成陈述句，不能用as引导，而只能用though / although引导。

4)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：

8.高考英语总复习 Unit4 Global warming学案 选修 篇八

1.单词

A advance, bend, besides, except, content, continue, invite, marry, prove, puzzle, receive, accept, respect, support, when, while

B connect, dozen, mention, personally, question

2.短语

A as a result of, ask for, be fond of, by the time, go on with, how much, lead to, learn…by heart, stick to, work out.

B as far as, carry out, in space, look into, not only…but also, with the help of, with+object+prepositional phrase

3.句型

1.“主语+谓语动词+it+宾语补足语(名词或形容词)+不定式短语”

2. see sb. doing sth.看见某人做某事

3. It + appears/seems + that – clause.

4. I feel like doing sth.

5. I’d like to do sth.

6.I want/intend/wish/plan to do sth

7.It is+adj.+(for sb.)to do sth.

考点精析与拓展

I.单词和词组

1.stick

(1)vt.;vi.粘住;离不开;坚持

Einstein stuck to his theories and went on with his work.爱因斯坦坚持他的理论并继续工作下去。

(2)n.枝条;棍，手杖。

Professor Zhang walks with a stick.张教授拄着手杖走路。

2.prove vt.;vi.证明;结果是;证明是。

①Again history proved them wrong.历史再次证明他们错了。

②I can prove that he never tells a lie.我能证明他从不说谎。

③The method proved(to be)highly effective.这个方法证明是非常有效的。

3.content

(1)n.内容;目录

He always reads the contents of a book first of all.他读书总是先从目录看起。

(2)adj.满足的;甘心的

Are you content with your work?你对你的工作满意吗?

(3)vt.使(某人)满足。

The little boy contented himself with a new toy.那男孩有了新玩具就满足了。

4.respect

(1)vt.尊重;重视;遵守。

①You should respect the teachers.你们应尊敬老师。

②Everyone must respect the law.人人都应守法

(2)n.尊敬;请安;问候。

①We have been told to show respect for our elder.父母教导我们必须尊敬长辈。

②My father sends his respects to your parents.我父亲向你父母问好。

5.lend to 引导;导致。

①Labour leads to happiness.劳动使人幸福。

②Where does this road lead to?这条路通向哪里?

③His carelessness led to his failre.他的粗心导致失败。

6.be full of…→be filled with…充满…

①The classroom was full of students.教室里挤满了学生。

②Her eyes were full of tears.她眼泪汪汪的。

7.work out算出;解决。

①Can you work out how much money it will need?你能算出需多少钱吗?

②I’ve worked out the problem.我已解决了这个问题。

8.take sides(in)袒护;站在……一边。

①They took the side of their child.他们袒护自己的孩子。

②She has taken sides in the quarrel.她参与了争吵。

9.question

(1)n.问题。

①Let me ask you a question.让我问你个问题。

②He has decided tha question.他解决了这个问题。

(2)vt.质问;询问。

①He was questioned by the teacher.他受到老师的质问。

②I question the truth of the story.我怀疑这个故事的真实性。

10.connect vt.; vi.连接;联系。

①He connected the two speakers to (with)the recorder.他把两个喇叭同录音机相连。

②Many people connect China with the Great Wall.许多人把中国与长城联系在一起。

11. attempt

(1)n.尝试;企图。

①He made an attempt to learn to ski.他尝试着学滑雪。

②He failed in attempt at climbing up the mountain.他企图爬上这座山，却失败了。

(2)vt.尝试;企图。

①She attempted to learn Japanese.她试图学习日语。

②The prisoner attempted an escape.那犯人企图逃走。

12.keep out of = keep sth.(sb.)out of不使入内;不牵涉进去。

①Warm clothing will keep the cold out.保暖的衣服可御寒。

②Keep out of their quarrels.不要参与他们争吵。

13.tell A from B →tell difference between A and B.

①Can you tell the difference between the two words?你能辨别这两个单词间的不同吗?

②It’s hard to tell one twin from the other.双胞胎很难分辨。

14.dozens of几十;许多。

①She bought dozens of dresses.她买了许多衣服。

②I’ve borrowed dozens of books for my daughter.我为女儿借了许多书。

II.句型

1.Einstein lived the rest of his life quietly in the USA.爱因斯坦在美国安静地度过了他的余生。

live…life过着……生活

live a hard life过着艰苦的生活

live a happy life 过着愉快的生活

live a quiet life过着安静的生活

live a miserable life过着悲惨的生活

The working people are living a happy life now.劳动人民过着幸福的生活。

2.As a result, it appered to scientists on earth that the stars had moved.因此，地球上的科学家看来，恒星好像是移动了。

句型：It appears/seems(to sb.) +that-clause.看来/似乎是……

①It appears to me that something is wrong.我看好像有点不大对头。

②It appears that he will the prize.看来他会得笑。

3.Einstein.who was a Jew, found it impossible to continue living in Germany.

爱因斯坦是一个犹太人，他发现他不可能在德国继续生活下去了。

句型：主语+动词+it+形容词或名词+不定式短语

此句型中，it 作形式宾语，常用于句型中的动词有find,feel, think, consider, make等。

①I found it quite pleasant to work with him.我发现和他一起工作很愉快。

②He feels it his duty to help others.他感到帮助别人是他的责任。

4.I feel like going to a museum.我想去博物馆。

feel like…想(做某事);愿意。

I feel like a drink. Have you got any beer?我想喝点东西，你俩有啤酒吗?

5.First, it must be very light, the lighter,…首先，它必须很轻，越轻越好，……

句型：the + 形容词或副词比较级，the + 形容词或副词比较级(越……，就越……)

①The more, the better.越多越好。

②The more they talked, the more encouraged they felt.他们越说，就越感到鼓舞。

③The more he thought about it, the less he liked.他对这个考虑越多，就越不喜欢。

6.The problem with looking into space from the earth is that there is a lot of dust in the earth air.从地球上观察太空存在一个问题，这就是地球的大气中有着大量的尘埃。

with在句中的含意：就……来说。

①With many of the poor, hunger is a constant problem.食不果腹是许多穷人经常存在的问题。

②The problem with these men was that they had no knowledge.这些人的主要问题是他们没有知识。

三、精典名题导解

题1 (MET 1992)

It worried her a bit _________her hair was turning grey.

A.while B. if C.that D.for

分析：C。该题考查主语从句的连接词，句中it指主语从句，因意义完整，所以只需要起连接作用的连接词that.

题2 (NMET 1996)

_________we can’t get seems better than________ we have.

A.What; what B.What; that

C.That; that D.That; what

分析：A。get和have之后都无宾语，故都应填what。

题3 (NMET 1996)

___________we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

A.If B.Whether C.That D.Where

分析：B。主语从句表示的是不肯定的意义，故不能选择C。从意义上看，D不合句意，又因whether能引导主语从句，而if不能。

题4 (上海 )

-Will yo go skiing with me this winter vacation?

-It __________.

A.all depend B.all depends

C.is all depended D.is all depending

分析：B。本题是固定用法。It all depends.“看情况而定”。

题5 (高考改错题)

Who can walk in the space?

分析：去掉the. space 作“空间，太空”讲，不与the 连用。space表示具体的空白处、空地等时(即有修饰语修饰space时)，它应与冠词连用。

题6 (上海 2002)

One may to understand thousands of new words is to gain _________ good knowledge of basic word formation.

A./ B.the C.a D.one

分析：C。知识为不可数名词，但当在knowledge前加上修饰语时，需用“a”。

四、课后巩固训练

第一卷(三部分，共115分)

第一部分：听力(共两节，满分30分)

第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)

1. How much did each dinner cost?

A. $16. B. $8. C. $32.

2. What does the woman want to know?

A. Where Sally lost her money last week.

B. What Sally had done to break her arm.

C. How Sally was feeling.

3. Which dress did the woman wear?

A. The prettier one.

B. The new one.

C. The more comfortable one.

4. Who is the woman?

A. Ann Robinson’s sister.

B. Ann Robinson’s sister.

C. Ann Robinson’s friend.

5. What will happen if the man does shopping?

A. The woman will cook.

B. He will dine out.

C. He will have to buy some food for the dinner.

第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)

听第6段材料，回答第6-7题。

6. What are they talking about?

A. Where to spend their holiday.

B. How to drive a tractor.

C. Their summer vacation.

7. Where did Jane spend her summer holiday?

A. On a farm. B. At home. C. In a fruit garden.

听第7段材料，回答第8-11题。

8. Where did the man go this morning?

A. His own garden. B. A playground. C. The Summer Palace.

9. Did the man often go there early in the morning in the past?

A. No, this is the first time for him.

B. Yes, often.

C. No, only several times.

10. Who did the man see sitting under a tree?

A. Two old women. B. Two old men. C. Two young girls.

11. What kind of sports is Taijiquan?

A. Proper sports. B. General sports. C. National sports.

听第8段材料，回答第12-14题。

12. Where is the man calling?

A. A train station. B. A park. C. A theatre.

13. What are the prices of the tickets he wants?

A. $3.50. B. $5. C. $7.50

14. What time does he have to collect the tickets?

A. Before 7:50 B. Before 7:45 C. Before 7:15

听第9段材料，回答第15-17题。

15. What is the man doing?

A. He is painting a picture.

B. He is painting the house.

C. He is painting the fence.

16. What is the woman going to help the man with?

A. She is going to clean the house.

B. She is going to buy a carpet.

C. She is going to make some curtains.

17. Why does the man say sorry to the woman?

A. Because he made a mess in the house.

B. Because he dropped some paint on the carpet.

C. Because he used a colour that woman doesn’t like.

听第10段材料，回答第18-20题。

18. What did the man do at about 4 o’clock?

A. He drove to have supper with his daughter.

B. He drove to fetch his daughter.

C. He drove back home with his daughter.

19. What did the man stop off at a shop for?

A. To get something for his car.

B. To get some gas.

C. To buy some fruit and bread.

20. What happened according to what you hear?

A. His car fell off the bridge.

B. An earthquake happened.

C. There was something wrong with his car.

第二部分：英语知识运用(共两节，满分45分)

第一节 单项填空(共15小题;每小题1分，满分15分)

21. -When will your group go for the spring journey, next week or the week after?

-____

A. Yes, we will. B. At the end of the year, I think

C. That depends. D. It’s my pleasure.

22. -Why not join us in the game?

-_____

A. Oh, that’s all right. B. Sure, please do.

C. No, you do the same. D. Ok, coming.

23. -I can’t find my umbrella.

-You _____ it on the bus.

A. must forget B. must leave

C. must have forgot D. must have left

24. That was the day, I think _____ I’ll never forget in my life.

A. the one B. when C. on which D. in which

25. If you don’t _____ him and his advice seriously, you may feel regret for this some day.

A. keep B. take C. accept D. receive

26. -Why do you drink so much tea?

-Well, _____it doesn’t keep me awake in the nights.

A. although B. as soon as C. as long as D. while

27. With _____ she needed _____, she left the store.

A. something, to buy B. anything, having bought

C. everything, to buy D. everything bought

28. I can _____ some noise while I am reading, but I can’t stand loud noise.

A. put up with B. keep up with C. get along with D. catch up with

29. I don’t think there’s _____in what you’ve said.

A. anything interest B. anything of interest

C. interest of anything D. interesting anything

30. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the courtyard because the light happened to _____.

A. be turned on B. be put up C. go out D. give in

31. They were not yet aware of the hopelessness of their situation, _____the lack of fresh water on the lifeboat.

A. giving B. given C. to give D. being given

32. _____ she wondered if she had made a mistake.

A. Not until long afterwards that

B. It was not until long afterwards that

C. Not long until afterwards

D. It was long afterwards until

33. Hello! I ____ you _____ in Beijing. How long have you been here?

A. don’t know, were B. haven’t known, are

C. didn’t know, were D. hadn’t known, are

34. Ten years had passed. I found she had ____.

A. much white hair B. a little white hair

C. a few white hairs D. a white head of hairs

35. Chaplin, for ____ life had once been very hard, directed a film about life in an American factory.

A. whom B. whose C. that D. which

第二节 完形填空(共20小题：每小题1.5分，满分30分)

阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从36-55各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

I made a promise to myself on the drive down to the vacation beach cottage. For two weeks I 36 try to be a loving husband and father. Totally 37 . No ifs, ands or buts.

The idea had come to me as I listened to a commentator 38 my car’s tape player. He was 39 a passage about husbands being 40 of their wives. 41 he went on to say, “Love is an act of 42 . A person can choose to love.” To myself, I had to admit that I had been a selfish husband 43 our love had been dulled by my own insensitivity (感觉迟钝) . In unimportant ways, really; scolding Evelyn for her tardiness (拖拉); 44 on the TV channel I wanted to watch; throwing 45 day – old newspapers that I knew Evelyn still wanted to read. Well, for two weeks all that would 46 .

And it 47 . Right from the moment I kissed Evelyn at the door and said, “That new yellow sweater looks 48 on you.” “Oh, Tom, you noticed,” she said, surprised and 49 , maybe a little puzzled.

After the long drive, I wanted to sit and read. Evelyn 50 a walk on the beach. I started to refuse, but then I thought, “Evelyn’s been alone here with the children 51 week and now she wants to be alone with me.” We walked on the beach while the children flew their kites.

So it went. Two weeks of not calling the Wall Street investment (投资) firm 52 I am director; a visit to the shell museum, 53 I usually hate museums (and I enjoyed it); 54 my tongue while Evelyn’s getting ready for a late dimmer for us. Relaxed (轻松) and happy, that’s how the whole vacation passed. I made a new promise to keep on 55 to choose love.

36. A. used to B. would C. should D. could

37. A. loving B. lovely C. lovable D. loved

38. A. at B. with C. on D. on

39. A. thinking B. writing C. believing D. reading

40. A. helpful B. useful C. thoughtful D. hopeful

41. A. Instead B. Then C. Otherwise D. Thus

42. A. play B. will C. promise D. story

43. A. that B. but C. when D. if

44. A. insisting B. hanging C. sticking D. suggesting

45. A. about B. up C. away D. in

46. A. happen B. change C. develop D. forbid

47. A. would B. had C. did D. was

48. A. great B. big C. sorry D. tight

49. A. frightened B. anxious C. took D. pleased

50. A. asked B. suggested C. took D. began

51. A. all of B. all C. all of a D. all a

52. A. which B. what C. where D. that

53. A. if B. but C. as D. though

54. A. stopping B. preventing C. keeping D. holding

55. A. reminding B. requiring C. repaying D. remembering

第三部分：阅读理解(共20小题;每小题2分，满分40分)

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项。

A

The “standard of living” of any country means the average person’s share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country’s standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its ability to produce wealth. “Wealth” in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy: “goods” such as food and clothing, and “services” such as transport and entertainment.

A country’s ability to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a great extent upon a country’s natural resources, such as coal, gold, and other minerals, water supply and so on.

Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well as the U. S. in natural resources, but suffered for many years from wars, and for this and other reasons was unable to develop her resources. Stable political conditions and freedom from foreign invasion(侵略) , enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical efficiency (效能) of a country’s people. Old countries that have, through many centuries, trained up a lot of skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are laregely unskilled. Wealth also produces wealth. As a country becomes wealthier, its people have a large margin for saving, and can put their savings into factories and machines which will help workers to turn out more goods in their working day.

56. A country’s wealth lies in _____.

A. its standard of living

B. its ability to develop its natural resources

C. its ability to provide goods and services

D. its ability to provide transport and entertainment

57. The word “for most” means _____.

A. most importantly B. firstly

C. largely D. for the most part

58. Which of the following is true?

A. China does not have the ability to turn all its resources to use.

B. U. S. is wealthy just because it has a vast land.

C. According to the passage, water is not a kind of natural resource.

D. With rich natural resources, people can live better.

B

At 2:30 on December 5, 1945, five US Navy training planes took off in clear weather from the base Lauderdale, Florida. The planes flew east over the coast…and disappeared. The group was Flight 19, on a run between Florida and Bahamas. Tailor was the group leader. At about 3:40, Tailor reported that his compasses were not reading properly. The other planes followed their leaders aimlessly, first east, then west, then northeast over the ocean, as Tailor tried to make sure of the direction by radio. Then, suddenly Tailor was heard to give orders to dive…

Quickly, two giant Martin seaplanes were sent up to search for Flight 19. Several hours later, the wind became strong and visibility (能见度) dropped. A return to base was ordered. But only one of the Martin seaplanes landed. Four days later, the Navy and Coast Guard combed a 100,000 square miles area with more than 100 planes and ships. No sign was ever shown of the missing planes.

Today, people have noted the disappearance of many ships and planes in the southwest part of the North Atlantic and began to call this area the Bermuda Triangle (百幕大三角区).

The points of the triangle are Bermuda, Puerto Rico and a spot in the Gulf of Mexico, west of Florida. It is a two – faced water world of tiny islands, bright beaches and beautiful waters. Yet thick fogs, powerful currents (激流) and sudden storms are hidden behind this smiling surface.

59. Why did Flight 19 disappear?

A. Because the wind became strong and visibility dropped.

B. Because Tailor was given wrong orders to dive.

C. Because Tailor couldn’t read his compasses correctly.

D. Because something unknown made the compassed unable to work as usual.

60. In what position did Flight 19 disappear?

A. In the southeast part of the Atlantic Ocean.

B. In the northeast part of the Atlantic Ocean.

C. To the southwest of Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean.

D. To the northeast of Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean.

61. How many planes disappeared altogether that day?

A. Five. B. Six. C. Two. D. Only one.

62. The word “comb” in the passage means _____.

A. cover with B. fly over

C. do up one’s hair with a comb D. search all over

63. Which of the following shows the correct position of the Bermuda Triangle?

(F=Florida, Bm=Bermuda, PR=Puerto Rico, Bh=Barhamas, MG=the Gulf of Mexico, Atl =the Atlantic Ocean, B=Base)

It could happen to you

Many people think there is no need to take special care over home safety.

I’m all right, I’m insured (投保).

Maybe – if you’re fully insured. Even then you can never recover the value you place upon your possessions. But you can’t insure against the suffering of mind that we all feel if our homes are torn apart by some stranger, our windows and doors broken, our possessions ruined.

“It won’t happen to me.”

Won’t it? A house is broken into every three minutes of the day. Loss of all kinds, including cars and things stolen from cars, happens every 3 seconds.

“I’ve nothing worth stealing.”

You may think not. But in fact everyone has something worth a thief’s attention. And we all have things of personal value, even if they’re worth little or nothing in hard cash.

“I’m only a tenant (房客) here.”

Most thieves are on the lookout for easy pickings. They are soon discouraged by houses they can’t get into quickly and easily. So do pay special attention.

“This booklet will help you ……”

it’s based on the practical experience of police forces throughout the country. Most of the suggestions will cost you only a few minutes extra time and thought. A few may cost some expense, but this is small compared with the loss and sadness you might otherwise suffer.

If you are in any doubt, ask for free advice from the Crime (罪犯) Prevention Office at your local police station.

64. The text mainly tells us about _____.

A. how to escape being caught

B. how to take special care of ourselves

C. how to hire a safe house in the country

D. how to protect your home

65. We can learn from the text that_____.

A. it’s impossible to prevent a house from being broken into

B. we all have something that a thief thinks worth stealing

C. most thieves are good at stealing thing from cars

D. you can’t afford to get advice from your local police station

66. If a house if difficult to get into, _____.

A. the thief may give up trying

B. the thief will steal car or things from cars

C. the owner may think extra safety fittings are necessary

D. the owner may think there is no need to take special care

D

Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human resources expert notices this in the job applications that comes across his desk every day. “It’s amazing how many candidates eliminate (淘汰) themselves,” he says.

“Resumes (求职书) arrive with stains. Some candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate,” Crossley concludes, “If they cannot take care of these details, why should we trust them with a job?”

Can we pay too much attention to details? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees,” says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco. “We must constantly ask ourselves how the details we’re working on fit into the larger picture. If they don’t, we should drop them and move to something else.”

Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off – course 90 percent of the time, says Garfield, “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact position of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments (调节) as necessary. “Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.”

Too often we believe what accounts for others’ success is some special secret or a lucky break, But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow.

67. According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected _____.

A. because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume

B. because of their limited education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume

C. because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their application

D. because they eliminated their names from the applicants’ list themselves

68. The word “perfectionists” refuse to those who _____.

A. demand others to get everything absolutely right

B. know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances

C. pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectives

D. are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do

69. The example of Apllo II moon launch is given to illustrate that _____.

A. minor mistakes may not be noticed in achieving major objectives

B. failure is the mother of success

C. adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any work

D. keeping one’s goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlooked

70. The best title for this passage would be _____.

A. Don’t Be a Perfectionist B. Importance of Adjustments

C. Details and Major Objectives D. Hard Work Plus Good Luck

E

Though salivation (分泌唾液) is natural, Pavlov noticed that a dog would salivate not just when it was eating, but also when it saw the man who usually fed it. In Pavlov’s early experiments he simply showed the dog some bread, enough to make the dog salivate. We cannot call this a natural reflex because a dog does not normally salivate at the sight of man. It is what psychologists call a ‘ conditioned response’(条件反射反应). The dog has been taught, or ‘ conditioned’, to salivate when he sees the man.

Having decided to study this, Pavlov developed scientific methods for doing so. In order to make sure the experimenter did not disturb the dog and experimenter were put in separate rooms. Pavlov even put the dog in a kind of frame to make it stand still. He invented a system of tubes for giving the dog food, and watched what happened from outside the room. He found that he could condition the dog to salivate at almost any event – when a bell rang or a light flashed, for example – as long as this event was followed by food.

The American psychologist Skineer developed this idea of conditioning. He could condition animals to do quite complicated things by using a technique he called ‘shaping’. He could teach pigeons, for example, to play table tennis. At first he gave them a reward for knocking the ball a short distance in the right direction. Slowly he increased the distance they must knock the ball before getting the reward, and eventually they received it only when they knocked the ball past their opponent (对手).

71. Which of the following is not the experimenters’ aim?

A. To make sure the experimenter did not disturb the dog.

B. To invent a system of tubes.

C. To condition the dog to salivate at almost any event.

D. To teach pigeons to knock the ball in the right direction.

72. In order to make the dog salivate, Pavolv did not ____.

A. ring the bell B. give the dog food

C. beat the dog D. put the dog in a frame

73. During experiments, Skinner ______.

A. gave pigeons a reward for knocking the ball into the hole

B. gave pigeons a reward for knocking the ball in opposite direction

C. decreased the distance because pigeons must knock the ball

D. gave pigeons a reward for knocking the ball past their ‘opponent’

74. An example of a ‘conditioned response’ is that _____.

A. a dog s mouth waters when it is eating

B. a dog is conditioned to salivate when he sees the man

C. a dog is trained by an experimenter

D. a dog is taught how to drink water

75. The underlined word “psychologist” means _____.

A. 心理学家 B.生理学家 C.物理学家 D.动物学家

第四部分：写作(共两节，满分35分)

第一节 短文改错(共10小题;每小题1分，满分10分)

The former White House cook stopped working last April. He cooked

in traditional French way. His food tasted well, but contained a 76. ________

lot of fat. Doctors say this is not healthier. Welter Scheib. 77. ________

the new chief cook, will have a medical doctor as adviser. 78. ________

Dr Dean Ornish is a heart specialist and writer. He says foods 79. ________

can be low in fat and still delicious. The President’s wife 80. ________

Hillary Clinton chose Mr Scheib after tasted his cooking. She 81. ________

wanted fewer fat in the food she ate in the White house. 82. ________

She wanted to eat more fresh vegetables, and including vegetable 83. ________

pies without the use of chemical. The First Lady would also 84. ________

like the White House to serve more America food. 85. ________

第二节 书面表达(满分25分)

最近，你校同学正在参加某报社组织的一场讨论。讨论的主题是：中国是否应大力发展家用小汽车?请你根据下表所提供的信息，客观地介绍这两种不同的意见。

60%的同学认为： 40%的同学认为：

1.应大力发展 2.促进国家经济发展 3.增加就业机会 4.提高生活质量;方便、省时 1.应有限度地发展 2.增加城市交通拥挤，交通事故 3.修路占用土地 4.空气和噪音污染

注意：1.信的开头已为你写好。2.词数：100左右 3.参考词汇：国民经济-the national economy

About the discussion we’ve had about whether China should devote major efforts to developing car industry, opinions are divided on the question.

60% of the students

参考答案

1-5 BBCBC 6-10 CBCAB 11-15 CCBCB 16-20 CBBCB 21-25 CDDAB

26-30 CDABC 31-35 BBCCA 36-40 BACDC 41-45 BBAAC 46-50 BCADB

51-55 BCDDD 56-60 CAADC 61-65 BDADB 66-70 AACDC 71-75 BCDBA

76. well 改为good 77. healthier 改为healthy 78. adviser 前加an 79.√ 80. and 改为but 81. tasted 改为tasting 82. fewer 改为less 83. and 去掉 84. chemical 改为chemicals 85. America 改为American

第四部分第二节

About the discussion we’ve had about whether China should devote major efforts to developing car industry, opinions are divided on the question.

60% of the students think China should fully develop car industry. They believe this will speed up the development of the national economy. More workers will be employed. With cars the people’s life quality will be raised. They will save time and be more convenient in their life and work.

On the other hand, 40% of them think China should control its car industry development. Otherwise, the city traffic will be even heavier and more fraffic accidents will take place. At the same time, more land will be used for the new roads. What is more, air and noise pollution will become more serious.

听力材料

1. W: Is it true you only spent $ 32 on two dinners?

M: No, I only spent half of that.

2. M: Sally broke her arm last week.

W: How did she do that? She’d always been careful.

3. M: I was hoping that you’d wear your new dress. It’s much prettier.

W: But this one is more comfortable for hot weather.

4. M: Excuse me, are you Ann Robinson?

W: No, I’m not. I’m her sister.

5. M: If I go to the store, will you make dinner for us tonight?

W: Bring back enough food.

6. M: Hello, Jane.

W: Hi, Harry. Did you have a good summer holiday?

M: Sure. I went for my holiday on my uncle’s farm

W: Really? What interesting things did you do there?

M: I helped get in some rice, take care of the fruit garden and drove the tractor.

W: Drove a tractor?

M: Yes. It was easy to learn. Did you go away for your holiday, Jane?

W: Oh, no. I just stayed at home. My mother has been in hospital. I had to look after her and help do some cooking and washing at home.

M: I’m sorry. Oh, it’s late. I must be off now. Bye-bye.

7. M: Guess where I went this morning? I went to the Summer Palace at 5:30.

W: You got up so early. Did you have a good time?

M: Yes. It was the first time for me to go to the Summer Palace early in the morning. And I saw many people, especially older people doing morning exercises remained very still.

W: I know what you mean. They were doing “breathing exercises”.

M: I saw two old men sitting under a tree with their eyes closed. They must have been doing the same. There were also many people in the park practicing Taijiquan.

W: Same as Taijiquan, they are national sports. A lot of people practice them every day in the early morning in a park, on a playground, by a river or along the roadside.

8. W: Palace Theatre. Can I help you?

M: Do you have seats for Saturday evening’s Romeo and Juliet?

W: Yes, we’ve got tickets at $ 3.50, $ 5or $ 7.50.

M: I’d like to reserve four tickets at $ 5, please. Can I collect them on Saturday?

W: Yes, but you must pick them up at least half an hour before the performance. Can I have your name?

M: Smith. Mr. Peter Smith.

W: Right. That’s four seats at $ 5 for Saturday, the 8th .

M: What time does it start?

W: 7:45.

M: Thank you. Goodbye.

9. W: Hello! I’m home! Tom?

M: Hi, Mum! I’m in here.

W: Oh, my God! What going on here?

M: I’ll clear it up later. I’ve nearly finished. What do you think?

W: It’s lovely. I like the roof. What a beautiful red! She’ll love it.

M: I haven’t painted the front door yet. What colour do you think it should be?

W: I think green would be nice…or yellow…or perhaps blue…Oh, I don’t know. Would you like me to make some curtains for it?

M: Oh, that would be great, Mum. Oh…by the way…I’m afraid I’ve got a bit of paint on the carpet over there. I’m terribly sorry.

W: Oh, you haven’t, Tom!

M: It’s alright. I think it will come out. If not, I’ll just paint the rest of the carpet the same colour.

10. I was driving along the road to fetch my daughter from school. We were going to go swinning together. I’d finished work at about 4 o’clock and then gone to the post office. Then I’d stopped off at a shop for some fruit and bread. We liked to have some fruit and bread to eat after our swim.

I was driving fast when suddenly I saw the cars in front of me start to move from side to side.