mba英语作文(5篇)
1.mba英语作文 篇一
2010年MBA英语作文真题解析(文字版)
同学们好!刚刚结束了比较紧张的英语考试,大家辛苦了,在这里我来给大家讲解一下,刚刚咱们已经经历过的作文的真题。好!虽说今年咱们大纲有一定的改变,作文题的分数可以说是增加了,但是其实题型都是没有改变太多,都是大家很熟悉的题型,第一篇不出所料应用文,第二篇是我们觉得考虑的考试概率最大的一种形式,用的是图表作文,所以大家一定不会感到陌生。
咱们现在先看一下第一篇应用文,其实是应用文中最最简单的什么?感谢信,咱们中国人会写感谢信,英文感谢信不会弱到哪里去。像感谢信怎么写呢?其实非常有模式可循,但是看一下模板,这个模板风险很小,因为形式差不多,这一篇说的是什么?它的要求是说,你刚刚从美国出来,你是一个什么人呢?你是一个中美交流文化项目的成员,然后你回国了,受到他们热烈的招待,作为礼貌,作为礼仪之邦,写一封信给美国的同事,现在它有一个要求,第一是表示感谢,对他们热情接待的感谢;第二点是作为礼尚往来,欢迎他们在due course,在合适的时候,适当的时候访问中国,其实这篇作文我相信大家都写的不错,我简单给大家讲一下,首先某某你的同事的名字,前面别忘了加上亲爱的,DearXX就可以了,第一句话套话,Iam writting this letter to thank for your warm hospitality在作文的题目上面,有一个reception,接待。那咱们写作的时候,把这个话搬上去,咱们换一个词就可以咱们把reception,换成hospitality,好客。说实话写作文,最看重的是你是不是英文,是否符合英文的表达习惯,你出现了一个比较地道的句型,老师一看确实是英文,他就会给你高分。接下来说什么呢?当然是要赞美一下,beautiful courtry,你要赞美一下你这个国家非常的美丽,接着是一些愉快谈话的东西,比如说I would also like to thank you for the interesting discussion with you。在我们两个团之间有一些非常的愉快的谈话,当然不管愉快不愉快,我们都感谢他们,然后怎么样?在这个期间,在咱们访问期间,经历了什么样的事情,感受你们国家的文化,因为涉及到文化交流的内容,所以咱们接下来可以说两句实质性的东西,比如说咱们进行了开晚会,唱了歌,或者中美双方土著的文化,这个随便写,写两句就可以了,这个涉及到实质的东西,最后是结尾了,结尾怎么样?中国有一句话,叫来而不往非礼也,你去了人家国家,最后也要邀请人家。Iam looking forward to your early visit to China,很简单的一些套用的句子,如果你来了,我会怎么样呢?这个用中国人的思维就可以了,因为全世界好客的思维都是一样的。when I will be able to pay back some of the hospitality,我将会以同样的热情来回报您。
好!这篇英文,最后要署名,它指定的署名叫张伟,你不要把自己的名字写上了。前面还有一个固定的名字,sincerely yours,或者换一个说法,faithfully yours,你们忠诚的朋友,你可靠的朋友之类的,所以小作文我相信大家肯定没有问题的。
接下来讲一下大作文,大作文是15分,一看是一个图表作文,在大家的意料之中,仔细观察图表作文相对来说是比较好写的,为什么呢?它上面给的是图表,它肯定是给客观的信息,你用英文表达出来就占了一定字数了,而且还比较准确,是不是?所以一定要看清楚了,图表上面数字你不能写错了,你不能说30万写成20万,或者说30万写成300万,这里面有一个billion,这个是十亿,看第一个要求,interpret the chart and give your comments,阐述一下图表,描述一下图表,然后给出评论,非常简单的要求,它对你的要求不会很高,只要是看懂这个图,然后给一个评论。咱们看一下图表的评论是什么?Mobile-phone subscriptions,移动电话的用户。
好!接下来白色的条码代表什么?developing country,发展中国家,黑色的条码代表什么?发达国家。这个没有问题,接下来看这个表,一提到手机大家都很熟悉,所以今年的考题真的算很容易的,因为这都是咱们大家耳熟能详,身边就有的东西。然后看一下2000年是什么?发达国家,基本上是接近十亿的数量手机用户,但是还没有到,大概在6亿到7亿之间。而发展中国家现在是落在发达国家之后的。它大概这个位置是在应该是5亿左右的样子,也就是说2000年发展中国家手机用户数量是要远远低于发达国家的,这给我们一个什么信息?在2000年的时候,咱们的手机用户,像中国这样的发展中国家用户是不如像美国和西欧一些发达国家的。接下来看2001年、2002年,2001年和2002年的数量差不多,仍然没有太大的改变,只是相对来说,两个集团发展中国家和发达国家都有所增长,到2003年形势发生了一个逆转,怎么样呢?发展中国家的手机用户第一次超过了发达国家,到2004年发展中国家达到了10亿多。大家注意一下,发达国家手机用户的数量增长的是非常不明显的,只是在缓慢的增长,这说明什么问题?它们的手机用户数量基本上达到饱和了,它们发展潜力是很低的。接着看2005年、2006年发达国家,基本上没有太大的变化,只是在往十亿靠拢,咱们发展中国家非常快的飙升,到了2008年,达到了40亿用户。首先看一个客观的趋势,先把数字描述一遍,比如说发达国家2000年是多少,到达2008年是多少,达到用介词to,然后你如果还知道怎么样运用数字的英文的表达方法的话,你还可以写比多少年增加了多少,我们要用介词By,这些细节,如果你有把握的话,就写的仔细一点,这个占了很多字数,而且写的非常地道。客观的内容描述之后,大家可以看到一个范文,我在这里不讲范文,大家可以看一下我们网上的范文是怎么写的。我们要描述一下自己的评论,也就是说,对这个有什么看法,其次就是说这个现象有什么意义呢?暗含了什么趋势呢?首先直接影响,有直接意义的是什么?第一个就是电讯行业的发达,大家想一下40亿和10亿,这都不是小数字,这个电讯怎么说?telecommunication,电讯为什么发达?大家可以着重提一下,这种全球化的需求,globlization,使得世界距离拉近了,使我们变得近的工具什么就是mobile-phone,就是手机。然后还可以延伸到第二个是什么?第二个就是现象,什么现象?也就是咱们发展中国家,在这方面的潜力要远远高于发达国家的,也就是发展中国家以前落后,但是现在潜力很大,以很快的速度增长,超越了发达国家,这说明发展中国家最初的经济是不如发达国家的,现在有一个明显的例子是怎么样?证明咱们发展中国家经济进步了,这个是相对的,并不是说发达国家不进步,是因为他们发达国家的手机已经饱和了。
最后讲一下咱们国家,咱们中国的手机用户肯定贡献了相当大的数字,因为中国这些年手机用户疯狂的增长,能够达到40亿,发展中国家手机用户数量,中国是做了很大的贡献。基本上写到这,这篇文章就差不多。然后你给出自己一些评论,你也可以做一些主观上的说明,比如说我觉得手机的发展是好,还是不好。如果是好的话,比如说当然也不要写太多了,因为要结尾了,你觉得这种趋势是欣欣向荣的趋势,代表着世界的发展,代表着与世界拉近了距离,有的人觉得这不是好事儿,比如说电池不环保,当然这个不要扯远了,你最后提一下,我觉得今后应该怎样,如果你是代表反面的话,希望政府控制手机数量增长之类的,这个是很圆满的结尾了。作文这次确实还是比较容易的,我相信大家考的不错,所以咱们同学们在明天的考试完之后,有时间可以来看一下网上发布的范文和例文来具体了解一下,到底是什么样的感觉。今天就到这里,谢谢!(结束)
2010年MBA联考管理类综合答案:
1-5 DCCAD 6-10 EBBBD 11-15 ACBBE 16-20 AACDD 21-25 EDACB 26-30 DACED 31-35 BDEAB 36-40 ACCAA 41-45 DBEEC 46-50 ADADC 51-55 DBECE
附件:2010年MBA联考真题 2010年MBA联考英语答案:
一、完形填空
1-5DCBAA 6-10BDCBA 11-15CDDAC 16-20BDCAB
二、阅读理解 D 22 A 23 B 24 C 25 C 26 A 27 C 28 D 29 D 30 B 31 A 32 A 33 D 34 C 35 B 36 A 37 C 38 C 39 C 40 D
三、新题型 F T T T F
四、翻译参考
“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇,但对TedNing而言,这个概念一直有个人含义,经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活,使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观,必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。
Ning回忆起20世纪90年代末期卖保险的那段迷茫时光,他通过蓬勃兴起的网络疯狂地找工作,并且与Boulder代理机构签了约。
事情进展并不顺利,TedNing说到:“那真是个糟糕的选择,因为我对此没有激情,”可以预料,他把工作中的矛盾能解释为没有业务。Ning说:“我很痛苦渴望午夜起来盯着天花板,我没钱,我需要工作,每个人都说‘等吧,只要有耐心会好转的。’”
五、作文 小作文: Dear xxx, I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to you for your kindness to receive me when I participated in an exchange program in USA.Your generous help made it possible that I had a very pleasant stay and a chance to know American cultures better.Besides, I think it is an honor for me to make friends with you and I will cherish the goodwill you showed to me wherever I go.I do hope that you will visit China one day, so that I could have the opportunity to repay your kindness and refresh our friendship.I feel obliged to thank you again.Sincerely yours, Zhang Wei 大作文:
In this chart, we can see the mobile phone subscriptions in developed countries have a steady and slight increase from 1990 to 2007 and then remain constant in 2008.Meanwhile the mobile phone subscriptions in developing countries have witnessed a slow increase from 1990 to 2004 and then a great surge from 2004 to 20007: the biggest surge happens from 2005 to 2006.This chart reflects different developing modes of mobile phone industry in developed and developing countries.The developed countries have a limited number of populations, most of whom are well-educated.Therefore, the spreading of the mobile phone service is efficient and soon the market is saturated.Also at the beginning the developed countries have more people who can afford this service.The developing countries have a large population who keeps a large demand for mobile service.As the mobile phone service becomes cheaper and cheaper, the increasing customers subscribe to benefit from this service.As discussed above, it is not surprising to see this change.In my opinion, this trend that the number of mobile-phone subscriptions is increasingly increasing will continue for a while in the future.附件:2010年MBA联考英语真题
请尊重知识产权,转载请联系作者。QQ:100133136 转载请务必写明出处:哈尔滨社科教育MBA教育培训中心 中心地址: 哈市中山路172号常青大厦2306
明年MBA招生报名工作同时展开:学员现在预定座位有优惠。报名电话:0451-55515656 55513737 81662602 联系人:庄老师、徐老师
1-5 : d d b a a 6-10: b d c b a 11-15: a d d a a 16-20: b d c d b
21-25: d c c c c 26-30:a c b c b 31-35:a d d c b 36-40:d c c b c 41-45:f t f t f
翻译:
“可持续性”,已经成为当前的一个热门词汇,但是对泰德*宁来说,这个词自有另一番意思,在经历了人生的一段痛苦的、难以为续的阶段后,他清楚地认识到,可持续性发展导向的价值必须通过日常的每一个行动和选择来实现。
宁回忆起了在上个世纪90年代末期有一年要卖保险的那段混沌经历,在经历了互联网的繁荣和大发展之后,宁迫切的需要一份工作,于是,他同博德的一家中介机构签了合约。
事情的进展很不顺利,宁说:“那真是错误的一步,因为那根本不是我的兴趣所在”。可以想见,在这种困扰的背后则是低迷的销售业绩。“我当时真是可怜,我如此的焦虑,以至于总是半夜醒来,然后盯着天花板,我没有钱并且需要这份工作,每个人都和我说,再等等,总会有转机的,再多给自己点时间” 【范文】
小作文:
Dear Sir/Madam,I’m writing to express our sincere thanks for your help you have offered to us during our stay in your country for the Sino-American cultural exchange.Without your careful treatment, we should not have found our feet in that city so rapidly.Without your adequate preparation, we should not have got so much knowledge about American culture as well.In a word, but for you the exchange should not have progressed so perfectly.Now we have got back to our country and we all look forward to a further exchange between you America and China.Welcome to china in the future.Again thanks very much for your help.Best wishes!
Sincerely yours,LiMing
大作文
大体是:手机订阅服务
As can be seen from the graph, a hotpot is boiling various kinds of words from both Chinese and Western culture.The words can be categorized as literature, moral values and performing arts.In my view, the picture shows us the modern Chinese society in which traditional and Western culture conflict with each other.Meanwhile kinds of different values merge into whole part in some degree.In the highly-integrated world today, we can connect each other very easily.So does the culture.Every one has to face up with kinds of alien culture besides our traditional culture.However, it does not mean the foreign culture should be accepted completely.It is up to the option of the person who has the hotpot.We can decide whether and how to accept it.It means that we should take full advantage of the excellent part of culture.
2.mba英语作文 篇二
关键词:MBA英语教学,DDL模式,传统英语教学模式
一、引言
自1990年以来, 国务院学位委员会批准在我国试办MBA教育2, 这一人才培养项目符合市场经济要求及时代发展需要, 受到了社会极大关注, 并获得迅猛发展。追根溯源, 我国的MBA教育是在学习了北美实务型工商管理人才的培养模式和吸收了我国干部研究生班教育成功经验的基础上发展起来的, 历经二十年左右时间的摸索与完善, 于2011年7月全国MBA教育指导委员会完成了编写和出版新版教学大纲3的工作。该教学大纲突出了国际化的教学要求, 不少院校已经纷纷开设了全英语授课课程。但是, 该大纲并未对MBA英语教学提出任何要求, 这就造成了一个十分尴尬的局面:英语课程虽在MBA国际化进程中扮演着举足轻重的作用, 却没有相关的教学大纲和教学要求。
为此, 笔者借鉴了《非英语专业研究生英语 (第一外语) 教学大纲》4, 以此作为指导MBA英语教学的一个依据。该大纲对非英语专业硕士研究生的英语教学提出了明确要求, 硕士生英语教学重点必须强调应用, 结合专业英语的特点, 从实际出发, 讲究实效。据此, MBA英语教学必须结合工商管理学科的自身特点, 强调应用与实效, 加强理论研究和实践总结, 努力探索和建立符合该专业特点及我国MBA学生需求的教学方法。
纵观国内对MBA英语教学方法的研究, 成果稀疏且多从宏观角度探讨MBA英语课程的设置问题。笔者从中国期刊全文数据库 (CNKI) 搜索到的22篇与MBA英语教学相关的论文中, 从微观角度出发探讨MBA英语教学法的论文只有2~3篇 (如马春霞、曹艳琴2009;邢秀翀、赵婉秋2006) 。由此可见, 对该领域的研究尚处于起步阶段, 亟待进一步发展。为有效提高我国MBA学员的英语能力, 笔者在MBA英语教学实践中创新性地引入DDL模式, 通过问卷调查的方式收集学员反馈意见并对该数据进行分析, 试图找到符合MBA英语教学需求与特点的教学方法。
二、DDL模式在MBA英语教学中的应用
(一) DDL模式理论基础及在MBA英语教学中的意义
建构主义是近年来兴起的教学理念 (Kaufman 2004) , 其理论主要基于认知建构主义和社会建构主义 (Kaufman 2004;Schcolnik et al.2006) 。DDL模式就是基于这两种建构主义理论的具体实践。DDL (Data-Driven Learning, 数据驱动学习) 模式摒弃了传统的呈现—练习—产出 (PresentPractice-Produce) 教学流程, 主张观察—假设—实验 (Observe-Hypothesize-Experiment) 的体验式、发现式学习流程 (梁茂成等2010) 。具体而言, 通过该模式, 学习者接触到语料库中大量的真实语料, 并通过自己的猜测与判断归纳出语言 (特别是词汇) 的使用规律 (Johns 1991) 。DDL的基本理念符合“以学习者为中心”的思想, 其最大优势在于学生不再是被动地接受灌输的知识, 而是主动地习得语言。教师的地位从主导变成辅助协调 (Lytovchenko 2009) 。
DDL模式在MBA项目中的应用具有重大意义:第一, MBA学员均为具有多年工作经验的成人, 传统的填鸭式英语教学模式已不能满足他们的需求, 应该寻求一种强调实际操作能力、在“做中学”的教学方式, 强调探索发现式教学体验的DDL模式为MBA英语教学的创新发展带来了启示;第二, MBA英语教学强调语料的真实性, 语料库中均为大量真实语料, 符合MBA英语教学要求;第三, MBA学员大多是具有多年学习和工作经验且思想成熟的成年人, 他们对DDL模式的使用提出了许多建设性的意见和建议, 这将有利于扩大该模式的适用范围, 使之得到进一步的发展与完善。
(二) DDL模式在MBA英语教学中的实际应用
笔者所在大学的MBA项目在2009年首创英语引航计划, 利用学员正式入学前的两个月时间, 对学员进行英语综合能力集训, 以便使这些长期没有接触英语的学员能尽快适应MBA项目的全英语教学模式。笔者在两个月的学前英语集训中进行了小范围DDL教学改革实验, 从商务英语词汇搭配教学及近义词辨析教学两方面探索DDL模式在MBA商务英语词汇教学中的作用。
在商务英语词汇搭配教学中, 为了简化教学流程, 笔者使用了Sketch Engine语料库检索工具辅助DDL模式教学。具体而言, 就是通过Sketch Engine的简单索引功能向学员展示商务词汇的语境共现 (Key Word in Context, KWIC) 现象, 让他们对词汇的使用方式进行观察、猜想和归纳。以商务英语中的高频词financial为例, 对英国国家语料库的检索结果如图1。首先, 利用Sketch Engine找出含有中心词financial的一些句子片段1, 让学生以小组为单位观察与该词搭配使用的词语, 并判断其词性, 从而猜测financial的词性, 归纳并总结出该词的意义和用法。然后, 再以小组为单位向全班同学汇报讨论结果。最后, 全班将讨论结果汇总, 即financial的词性为形容词, 常修饰position, support等名词, 并再次使用Sketch Engine对该结论进行确认。这样, 学员在观察—猜测—归纳—总结词汇用法及其搭配的过程中接触到大量真实语境, 有利于其掌握该词汇的正确用法。
在商务英语近义词辨析教学中, 笔者仍然使用Sketch Engine辅助DDL模式的开展。商务英语词汇的专业性增加了正确区分商务英语中近义词用法的难度。常规的教学模式是对比两个词汇在词典中的释义差别, 并举出相关的例子使学员进一步了解两个词在用法上的不同, 但这种方法费时、低效。DDL模式能直观地展现出两个词汇在使用上的异同之处, 有利于学员积极习得词汇。下文以两个易混的商务高频词corporation和firm为例。首先进入Sketch Engine的词汇速描对照菜单, 输入corporation和firm, 然后确认辨析对象均为名词时的异同之处。
如图2所示, 顶端的标尺显示其他词汇与corporation和firm的搭配频率。最左边 (颜色为深绿色) 表示与corporation搭配频率最高的词汇, 频率值为6.0, 向右, 随着频率的减弱, 绿色逐渐由深变浅。最右边 (颜色为深红色) 表示与firm搭配频率最高的词汇, 频率值为-6.0, 向左, 随着频率的减弱, 红色由深变浅。中间没有填充颜色的区域表示与两者的搭配频率相当1。图2中三列表格显示的背景填充色为红色, 表示列举的是与firm搭配频率高的词汇。由于有颜色标示, 表格中频率值前面的负号省略了。我们以前两列为例说明。第一列中的词 (如household、consultancy、associate等) 表示通过and/or连接与firm形成并列词组的名词, 它们与firm的搭配频率由高到低依次排列 (6.4, 5.4, 5.2...) 。第二列显示常以firm做主语的动词 (如specialize, em ploy, invest等) 。这些名词或动词与corporation搭配的频率非常低。Sketch Engine用背景颜色直观地呈现搭配频率, 省却了大量的筛选工作, 方便了区别和分析, 有利于学员自行进行探索发现, 从而归纳两词的异同。
三、DDL模式效果调查及分析
(一) 调查问卷设计
调查问卷中的每一项均是以里克特量表为基础设计的选择题, 五个选项按照分数高低, 按最积极评价 (5分) 到最消极评价 (1分) 排列。包含十道选择题, 分为四个维度:第一个维度 (Q1和Q2) 是对DDL模式在MBA教学中应用的总体评价;第二个维度 (Q3、Q4、Q5和Q6) 是关于DDL模式在MBA学员词汇习得方面所起的作用;第三个维度 (Q7和Q8) 是DDL模式在提高学员听说能力方面的作用;第四个维度 (Q9和Q10) 是DDL模式在提高学员读写能力方面的作用。为了防止思维定势, 有四个问题 (Q3、Q5、Q7和Q10) 设定为反向计分。
(二) 调查对象
受试学员总共30人, 为2012年秋季入学的MBA学员, 他们均通过了MBA联考, 达到了录取分数线, 具备一定的英语语言能力。学员组成有以下特点:男性18人, 女性12人, 男多女少, 和普通外语学院女多男少的现象刚好相反;年龄跨度大, 最大的38岁, 最小的27岁;30个学员中有24人来自广东省。
(三) 调查方法
在为期两个月的英语强化培训结束时, 对30名学员进行问卷调查。发出问卷30份, 回收问卷30份, 有效问卷30份。
(四) 调查结果及分析
使用统计软件SPSS 19.0对收集整理好的数据进行统计分析1。根据调查表格的设计, 如果调查项目超过3分即为正向评价, 分数越高, 评价越积极。具体的调查结果及分析见表1。
第一个维度“对DDL模式的总体看法”得分最高, 离散程度最小, 这说明受试的MBA学员对这种与传统英语教学法大相径庭的DDL模式多持肯定意见, 认为这种方式可切实提高其英语能力。同时也表明DDL模式在MBA英语教学中的初步试用是成功的, 有望在今后的教学中得以推广和发展。
第三个维度“听说能力的提高”得分最低, 离散程度最大, 表明多数MBA学员一致认为DDL模式对听说能力的提高帮助不大。这主要是因为他们接触到的语言资料是平面视觉的单一模态, 因此, 将单一模态的DDL模式教学发展成为多模态的DDL模式教学是今后的努力方向。
四个维度中“读写能力的提高”得分较高。这主要是因为MBA学员在DDL模式教学中需要阅读大量真实语料, 从而锻炼了阅读能力;此外, 在DDL模式下的词汇搭配和近义词辨析教学中, 学员需要把词汇的含义和用法结合起来, 并能在正确的语境中正确使用词汇与语法, 有利于其提高写作能力。
“词汇习得方面的作用”得分也较高。这主要是因为学员们通过DDL模式能够接触到大量词汇使用的真实语境;另外, 教师在教学中引导学员将注意力集中到中心词汇及其邻近的语境上, 从而习得词汇的意义和用法, 而不是机械化地记忆词汇的中文释义。
综上所述, 在MBA英语教学中使用DDL模式是一种较为成功、有效的教学模式, 但在听说能力的提高方面仍有改善的空间, 这也是今后完善DDL模式的努力方向。
四、结语
英语教学是MBA项目国际化进程中的重要一步, 为了提高MBA英语教学质量, 改革势在必行。为此, 笔者在MBA英语教学中引入DDL模式, 阐述了DDL模式在MBA英语教学中的使用情况并调查了学员对此模式的反馈意见。通过对反馈数据的初步分析, 肯定了DDL模式在词汇习得以及读写能力提高方面的作用, 但在提高听说能力方面还有待加强。本研究为DDL模式在MBA英语教学中应用的进一步发展奠定了基础, 但仍存在以下两点局限性:第一, 受试人数较少, 试验时间较短;第二, 限于篇幅, 没能对数据进行更进一步地分析, 例如可按受试者年龄、地域等进行差异性检验。这有待笔者另外撰文阐述。
参考文献
梁茂成, 李文中, 许家金.2010.语料库应用教程[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
马春霞, 曹艳琴.2009.改革教学内容和教学方法提高MBA学员英语应用能力[J].广西教育学院学报, 99 (1) :74-82.
邢秀翀, 赵婉秋.2006.合作学习法在MBA专业英语阅读教学的应用[J].学位与研究生教育 (12) :14-17.
Johns, T.1991.Should you be persuaded:two examples of data-driven learning[J].English Language Research Journal (4) :1 -16.
Kaufman, D.2004.Constructivist issues in language learning and teaching[J].Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24 (3) :303 -319.
Lytovchenko, I.2009.How to make upper-level university English classes more interactive[J].English Teaching Forum, 47(2) :24-29.
3.考博英语复试(MBA) 篇三
这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。这是一个必问的问题。考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史,他是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索,来判断你是否适合读研或者MBA.下面是一个积极正面回答的好例子:“在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动,并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。大学期间,我曾在一家服装店打工,我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。销售固然重要,但对我来说,更重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。我很有竞争意识,力求完美对我很重要。”
In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in.As a college student,I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily.The sale was important,but for me,it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied.It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them.I„m very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best.医
学 全在线
2、What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?(在毕业以后5年内你想做些什么?)
你要清楚你实际上能胜任什么。你可以事先和其他的MBA交流一番。问问他们在毕业后在公司的头5年都做了些什么。可以这样回答:“我希望能在我的职位上尽力做好工作,由于在同一领域工作的许多人都被提为区域负责人,所以我亦有此打算。”
I hope to do my best I can be at my job and because many in this line of work are promoted to area manager,I am planning on that also.3.What is your greatest strength?(你最突出的优点是什么?)
这是很多面试考官喜欢问的一个问题,这是你“展示自己”的最佳机会,不要吹嘘自己或过于自负,但要让雇主知道你相信自己,你知道自己的优点。如可答:“我认为我最大的优点是能够执着地尽力把事情办好。当做完一件工作而其成果又正合我的预想时,我会有一种真正的成就感。我给自己定了一些高目标。比如说,我要成为出色的毕业生。尽管在大学一年级时我启动慢了些,但最终我以优等论文完成了学业。”
I feel that my strongest asset is my ability to stick to things to get them done.I feel a real sense of accomplishment when I finish a job and it turns out just as I„d planned.I‟ve set some high goals for myself.For example,I want to graduate with highest distinction.And even though I had a slow start in my freshman year,I made up for it by doing an honor„s thesis.4.What is your greatest weakness?(你最大的弱点是什么?)
你不应该说你没有任何弱点,以此来回避这个问题。每个人都有弱点,最佳策略是承认你的弱点,但同时表明你在予以改进,并有克服弱点的计划。可能的话,你可说出一项可能会给公司带来好处的弱点,如可说:“我是一个完美主义者。工作做得不漂亮,我是不会撒手的。”
I„m such a perfectionist that I will not stop until a job is well done.5.How do you feel about your progress to date?“(对于你至今所取得的进步你是怎样看的?)
绝不要对你以前的所作所为表示内疚。如可答:“我认为我在学校表现不错。事实上,有好几门功课我的成绩居全班第一。在某公司实习时,我获得了该公司数年来给予其雇员的好几项最高评价。”
I think I did well in school.In fact,in a number of courses I received the highest exam scores in the class.As an intern for the X Company,I received some of the highest evaluations that had been given in years.二、其他常见问题
6.Why did you choose peking university?
7.Why did you choose MBA?
8.What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?
9.What has been your greatest accomplishment?
10.Describe your greatest strengths and weaknesses.11.What have you learned from the jobs you have held?
三、行为面试问题(Sample Behavioral Interview Questions):
12.Describe the best/worst team of which you have been a member.13Tell me about a time when your course load was heaviest.How did you get all of your work done?
14.Give me a specific example of a time when you sold someone on an idea or concept.15.Tell me about a time when you were creative in solving a problem.16.Describe a time when you got co-workers or classmates who dislike each other to work together.17.Tell me about a time when you made a bad decision.四、压力面试问题(Sample Stress Interview Questions):
18.What kinds of people do you find it difficult to work with?
19.What are some of the things you find difficult to do?
20.How would you evaluate me as an interviewer?
21.What interests you least about MBA?
22.How do you handle rejection?
23.What is the worst thing you have heard about our school?
24.See this pen I„m holding.Sell it to me.五、案例面试问题(Sample Case Interview Questions):
25.A chain of grocery stores currently receives its stock on a decentralized basis.Each store deals independently with its suppliers.The president of the chain is wondering whether the firm can benefit from a centralized warehouse.What are the key considerations in making this decision?
A magazine publisher is trying to decide how many magazines she should deliver to each individual distribution outlet in order to maximize profits.She has extensive historical sales volume data for each of the outlets.How should she determine delivery quantities?
六、非常规问题:
26.It is the 15th Century.How do convince the Pope that the Earth is round?
27.If I gave you an elephant,where would you hide it?
28.Why are soda cans tapered on the top and bottom?
29.How much RAM does a PC need to run Windows95?
30.You are in a boat on a fresh water lake.In your hand is a rock.You throw the rock into the lake.How is the lake„s water level affected?
31.If it rained music,what would grow?
32.Describe your best friend and what he or she does for a living.33.In what ways are you similar or different from your best friend?
34.What are your career„s strengths and how do you capitalize on them?
35.Are you a happy person?
36.According to JRM,Jr.,a fast growing software company asked this question…… You have a wealthy aunt who weighs 300 pounds.Tell me how you would redesign her toilet.七、其他常见的英语面试问题:
37.Would you please make a brief introduction about yourself?
38.Why did you take the MBA examination? Would you please say something about the currently MBA program in China?医.学.全.在线
39.Why do you choose RENMIN University to study MBA? Tell me a little about RENMIN University form your understanding.40.How do the people around you review MBA?
41.What„s the difference between MBA program at home and abroad?
42.If you failed this time what will you do in the near future?
43.Why do you want to be a part of MBA students?
44.Why do you think you are qualified for MBA program?
45.Do you have a career plan in 5 years?
46.Do you have a study plan if you were accepted as a MBA student?
47.What„s your opinion about the requirement that a MBA student must have working experience?
48.How do you define marketing or management?
49.Do you think English is quite important in MBA study? Why?
50.Do you think MBA training courses will help you a lot in your future life? Why?
51.What do you want to do after your MBA study?
52.What is the most important qualification that a MBA student should have?
53.Say a little about teamwork.54.Say a little about management.55.How communication works in organizations?
56.Tell me the relationship between the management and management theory.57.What will you do if you can„t find a job?
58.Do you think that the economy will get better?
59.Who are you currently employed with?
60.What kinds of opportunities are you looking for?
61.What is your biggest accomplishment on the job?
62.What joy did you enjoy the most and why?
63.What would your former boss say about you?
64.Why did you leave your last job?
65.Please tell me a little about your working history? What kind of fields?
66.Say a little about your educational background.67.What are your strengths and weakness?
68.What do you do in your spare time?
69.What is your impression of Beijing?
70.What is CFO? If you were a CFO,what would you do?
71.What is the difference between sales and marketing?
72.What do you think is the most important as a manager?
在面试快结束的时候,一般考官都会问,你有没有什么要问的。除非你是最后一个面试者,你明显感到所有的考官都急切的想离开,一般不适合说“I don„t have any question.”可以问考官一两个你关心的问题(Questions you should ask the recruiter):
73.What changes do you anticipate in our school?(你希望我们学校会有些什么样的变化)
74.Which is the best course in our school?(什么课程是我们院最好的课程)
75.does our school provide some guidance of job to MBA?
最后可以说:Thank you for giving me the chance.I hope to see you again and soon.(谢谢您给我机会,我希望很快能再见到您。)
4.MBA英语写作万能句 篇四
万能模版一(问题解决类)
分析原因:
引入句:
Why does the situation remain unimproved? There are many factors resulting in it.万能原因:
1.Most people haven’t yet realized how serious the problem has become.2.The greatest blame(根结)should be placed on factors such as grossly(=very)inefficient management and [ without a doubt ] corruption.3.Some people do not care whether X may cause damage to property and injury or even death to individuals, but fix their eyes on the profits/benefits they can get from it.4.X is a social trend(趋势).Reversing undesirable social trends will be far from an easy task and will require a dramatic change in attitudes.5.Measures taken to control the problem are not efficient enough to restrain(约束)violators(违规者).6.The main reason is continuing degeneration of social values(价值观)and decline of morality(道德观).7.污染问题:Excessive quantities of X are being used nowadays with the rapid development of industry.8.环境问题:With the increase in [the country’s] population, the demand for X is growing steadily/sharply(稳步地/急剧地).分析危害:
引入句:
1.Nobody can deny that X has brought a large number of negative effects and it will continue to do so if nothing is done.2.As everyone sees, this phenomenon produces harmful effects in many aspects.万能危害:
1.X do/does great harm to human health/mental health and social morality.2.The bad effect of X lies in the fact that it can hinder(阻碍)the healthy and smooth development of economy/society [ as well as spoil the mutual trust(破坏相互信任)among people.]
3.It can make people lose faith in the [local] government since they think it is the government’s responsibility to lay a strict control over the problem.4.In many cases, X interfere(干扰)with the normal social order [ and exerts a negative influence on the stability of our society.]
5.Having been hurt by X, some people may hold quite pessimistic(悲观)attitude towards it.Even worse, they may do the same behaviors of hurting others or themselves.6.X causes unfair competition which disturbs the order of the market and hampers(妨碍)the innovation of economic/educational structure.7.环境问题:As these precious resources are not inexhaustible, wasting or polluting them will be a potential threat to human’s future surrival.解决方案:
引入句:
1.It’s time for us to take some effective measures to get the problem into control.2.Considering the seriousness of the problem, it is an urgent thing for us to take certain counter measures to eliminate it.万能措施:
1.We can make the evil nature of X known to all people so that they could consciously(有意识地)guard against it.2.The government needs to tighten its regulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies.3.The government is supposed to lay down rules and regulations to cope with(=solve)the problem.I feel that anyone who violates relevant rules or laws deserves to be punished severely.4.Although there are laws designed to protect us, the number of law enforcers is not sufficient enough.Hence, we should learn to discern between true and false.Only in this way can we defend our legal rights and interests.5.Authorities should strengthen instruction and guidance on people, and more campaigns should be organized to raise people’s awareness(意识)the harm of X.6.We should modify some long-accepted practices or turn to less hazardous(危险的)alternatives.结束句:
1.Certainly, there are some other cures, which are worth adopting.But if we take measures outlined above, we can ensure a reliable prevention system.全文结句:
1.As far as the future prospect is concerned, I am sure that good results will be achieved in this respect.2.To conclude, it seems obvious that tomorrow will be much better and brighter only if everyone does its part and tries hard to seek solutions for its control.万能模版二(社会现象评论类)
As we can see from the situation, has become a common phenomenon among ________.According to a newspaper survey, about _______ percent of _______, this trend will continue for a while in the future.With regard to this phenomenon, people vary greatly in their viewpoint.Some argue that it’s ____________.They believe that ____________________.They also hold that ___________________.However, there are other people who look at this phenomenon in another way.For them, _________________________.Besides, ___________________.In their beliefs, we should take immediate measures to put an end to the current situation.As a coin has two sides, it’s no exception to the phenomenon ofI’m concerned, _________ should be(encouraged)in our(country).Our government should play an active role in this respect.万能模版三(分析利弊类)
首句:
1.Nowadays, X are/is extremely popular and play a very critical role in the modern society.Taking a look around, you can find numerous examples to mention individually.2.Many people tend to agree with me if I say that X makes a necessity for us to live a happy / decent / comfortable / convenient / interesting life.过渡句:
1.As a matter of fact, many people now resort to the new way, less depending upon the old traditional way.Why? Because X have great influence on the work, study and life of people in modern society.2.The prevalence of X will do good to both the individual and the society.接着深入展开X的好处:
1.It is advisable for people to take advantage of this modern, scientific and technological product X, as it has brought us a lot of convenience.Such as …
2.X is a symbol of freedom.It enables an individual or a family to … , without relying on traditional methods.转折句:
1.However, a coin has two sides.Some of us have began to realize that it is the source of trouble as well.2.Nevertheless, X might bring some negative effects and potential dangers to us.深入展开X的危害:
1.Some people might be so indulged in them/it that they may ignore their own duty.结句:
5.MBA 英语常用翻译技巧总结 篇五
(一)翻译考察三方面内容:
1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词的翻 译(如school、set 的多义)
2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择,词序调整,词性转换和增词法等等
3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等)
一、常用方法
英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异,因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到 很多困难,需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用 于笔译之中,也可以运用于口译过程中,而且应该用得更加熟练。
1.增译法:指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较 多,而英语句子一般都要有主语,所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候,除了少数可用英语无主句、被动 语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外,一般都要根据语境补出主语,使句子完整。英汉两种语言 在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高,凡说 到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时,必须在前面加上物主代词。因此,在汉译英时 需要增补物主代词,而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子 与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示,而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此,在 汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外,在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文 中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语,以确保译文意思的完整。总之,通过增译,一是保证译文语法结构的完整,二是保证译文意思的明确。如:(1)What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何?(增译主语和谓语)
(2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句)(3)Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词)
(4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物 主代词)
(5)_______只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。
While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps.(增译连词)(6)这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。
This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)(7)在人权领域,中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)(8)三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮。
Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注 释性词语)
2.省译法:这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法,即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表 达方式的词,以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如:
(1)You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing.你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。(省译物主代词)(2)I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在这儿过得愉快。(省译物主代词)(3)中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection.(省译名词)3.转换法:指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句 型和语态等进行转换。具体的说,就是在词性方面,把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转 换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面,把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。在 句型方面,把并列句变成复合句,把复合句变成并列句,把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面,可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如:
(1)我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。
Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government.(名词转动词)(2)Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词)(3)由于我们实行了改革开放政策,我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved.(动词转名词)(4)I’m all for you opinion.我完全赞成你的意见。(介词转动词)
(5)The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。(动词转名词)
(6)In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment.作者在文章中,对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。(形容词转名词)
(7)In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.在有些欧洲国家里,人民享受最广泛的社会福利,如医疗保险等。(被动语态转主动语态)(8)时间不早了,我们回去吧!
We don’t have much time left.Let’s go back.(句型转换)(9)学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。
All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically.(名词转副词)4.拆句法和合并法:这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个 较短、较简单的句子,通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句,一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合,结构较松散,因此简单句较多;英语强调形合,结构较严密,因此长句较多。所以 汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成 长句;而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续 成分与主体的连接处,以及意群结束处将长句切断,译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序,顺译全句,顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如:
(1)Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.同中国加强合作,符合美国的利益。(在主谓连接处拆译)
(2)I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。(在定语从句前 拆译)
(3)This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account 英联邦各国尤其如此,它们认为英国加入欧共体,将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。(在 定语从句前拆译)
(4)中国是个大国,百分之八十的人口从事农业,但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一,其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合译)
5.正译法和反译法:这两种方法通常用于汉译英,偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译,是指把句子按 照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方 式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果,但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因 此比较地道。如:
(1)在美国,人人都能买到枪。
In the United States, everyone can buy a gun.(正译)In the United States, guns are available to everyone.(反译)(2)你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。
You can obtain this information on the Internet.(正译)
This information is accessible/available on the Internet.(反译)(3)他突然想到了一个新主意。
Suddenly he had a new idea.(正译)He suddenly thought out a new idea.(正译)A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him.(反译)(4)他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。
He still could not understand me.(正译)Still he failed to understand me.(反译)(5)无论如何,她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
She can hardly be rated as a bright student.(正译)She is anything but a bright student.(反译)(6)Please withhold the document for the time being.请暂时扣下这份文件。(正译)请暂时不要发这份文件。(反译)
二、被动语态译法
英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见, 凡是在不 必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态, 因此, 掌握被动语态的翻译方法, 对于 MBA 入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要的, 因为在MBA 入学考试中,英译汉文章的内容多以科 普文章为主。在汉语中, 也有被动语态, 通常通过“把”或“被”等词体现出来, 但它的使用范围远远 小于英语中被动语态的使用范围, 因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。对于 英语原文的被动结构, 我们一般采取下列的方法: 1.翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同 的情况。
(1)英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时, 我们往往在译文中使用了“加以”, “经过”, “用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如: 例1.Other questions will be discussed briefly.其它问题将简单地加以讨论。
例2.In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.换言之, 矿物就是存在于地球上, 但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。例3.Nuclear power’s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词—辐射来概括。
(2)将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语, 同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如: 例1.It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.可能有人会指出, 无线电广播同样也能做到这一点, 但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。例2.Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series ofprogrammes which are both instructive and entertaining.(85 年考题)人们常说, 电视使人了解时事, 熟悉政治领域的最新发展变化, 并能源源不断地为观众提供各种 既有教育意义又有趣的节目。
例3.It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.人们普遍认为,孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。另外, 下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is asserted that … 有人主张…… It is believed that … 有人认为……
It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)认为 It is well known that … 大家知道(众所周知)…… It will be said … 有人会说…… It was told that … 有人曾经说……
(3)将英语原文中的by, in, for 等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语, 在此情况下, 英语原文 中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。例如: 例1.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。
例2.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.大战结束时, 这个组织拯救了八百人, 但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。
例3.And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.许多人认为, 普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比, 而且认为这些思维过程必须 经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。(4)翻译成汉语的无主句。例如: 例1.Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.应该尽最大努力告?nbsp| 年轻人吸烟的危害, 特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。
例2.By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.通过这种方法分析发现不同种类的蜂蜜的抗菌活动对热的敏感程度也极为不同。
例4.Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具, 其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了。例5.New source of energy must be found, and this will take time….必须找到新的能源,这需要时间……
另外, 下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is hoped that … 希望……
It is reported that … 据报道…… It is said that … 据说……
It is supposed that … 据推测…… It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说…… It must be admitted that … 必须承认…… It must be pointed out that … 必须指出…… It will be seen from this that … 由此可见……(5)翻译成带表语的主动句。例如: 例1.The decision to attack was not taken lightly.进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
例2.On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的, 但必须具备两个条件: 能够假定这个孩子对测试 的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被 扣分。
(注意上述翻译技巧在该句翻译中的综合运用。)2.译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”等表示。例如: 例1.Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。
例2.These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。
例3.Natural light or “white” light is actually made up of many colours.自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。
例4.The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.流体在管道中流动的情况, 受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。
例5.They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大气的来源。它们还被认为是构成外部行星以及其卫星的一种类 似微星的基础材料。
例6.Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.工具 和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
例7.Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入, 还是相反, 这往往取决于把哪一方 看作是驱动的力量。
例8.The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.石油的供应可能随时会被中断;不管怎样,以目前的这种消费速度,只需30 年左右,所有的油井 都会枯竭。
MBA 英语常用翻译技巧总结
(二)三、形容词译法
英语和汉语语言结构和表达习惯有很多差异之处,翻译时往往能死扣原文逐词逐句译出。下面拟谈谈形容 词的翻译问题。
(一)、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配,有时可译成否定句。1.These goods are in short supply.这些货物供应不足。
2.This equation is far from being complicated.这个方程一定也不复杂。
(二)、为了使译文自然流畅,读起来顺口,在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词“很”、“最”等字。1.It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.这是我度过最愉快的一天。
2.It is easy to compress a gas.气体很容易压缩。
(三)、有时可将英语的“形容词+名词短语”译成汉语的主谓结构。1.She spoke in a high voice.她讲话声音很尖。
2.This engine develops a high torque.这台发动机产生的转矩很大。
(四)、如果一个名词前有几个形容词修饰,英译时应根据汉语习惯决定其顺序。1.a large brick conference hall 一个用砖砌的大会议厅
2.a plastic garden chair 一把在花园里用的塑料椅子
(五)、英语中一些表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词,同连系动词构成复合谓语时,翻译时可 将形容词译成动词。
1.You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的责任。
2.Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America.类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。
3.He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.他诚恳地忏悔过去,并保证永远不再玩汽车。
(六)、由于语言习惯不同,英语里的形容词有时译成汉语副词。1.I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body.我要对每一个人都亲切、温顺、和善。
2.He asked me for a full account of myself and family.他详尽地问起我自己和我家里的情况。
3.Another war will be the absolute end of our country.再来一次战争将彻底毁灭我们这个国家。
从以上几个方面可以看出,译好形容词是使译文通顺、流畅的一个环节
四、举例before 和good 具体译法
(一)连词before 的含义是“在……以前”(previous to the time when)。在句法上,它引导状语从句。可见它的词义颇为单纯,功能比较专一。然而,由于汉英表达习惯的不同,在将before 汉译时,其译法却 多种多样。常见的有以下几种:
1,直译成“(在)……(以或之)前”。这时主句与before 从句中的两个动作按时间先后依次发生。Before I enter on the subject I have something to say.在讨论这一问题之前,我有些话要说。
They led a miserable life before their hometown was liberated.他们家乡解放前生活很苦。
2,译成“(后)……才”。副词“才”在汉语中表示某事发生得晚或慢。如果在含有before 从句的复合句中,强调从句动作发生得晚或慢时,就可以应用这种译法。这里又有两种情况,一种是主句主语为名词或代词,另一种是主语与非人称it。
The train had left before he got to the station.火车开了他才到车站。
It seemed a long time before my turn came.似乎过了好大一会儿才轮到我。
3,连词before 与barely,scarcely, hardly 连用时还可译成“刚……就”。在汉语中,“就”强调事情发生 得早或快。如果原文突出主句与从句的动作一前一后紧接着或几乎同时发生,即可用此译法。We had barely sat down before we heard bicycles outside.我们刚坐下就听到外边有自行车的声音。
We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain.我们刚离开学校天就下起雨来。
4,如果原文主句中谓语动词是否定形式则可译成“就”、“便”、或“快”。这又分主句主语为名(代)词和it 两种情况。
I had not waited long before she came.我没等多久她就来了。
It was not long before he got to know it.不久他就知道了。
5,假使原文目的在于渲染从句动作发生之前,主句动作业已发生,可译成“未……就”或“还没有(来得及)…… 就”。
The day began to break before we got to the hilltop.我们还没有到达山顶天就开始亮了。
Before I could say a single word, he ran away.我连一句话也没来得及说他就跑了。
另外,像before he knew it 一类习惯说法,则可译成“不……(就)”。The boy fell down from the ladder bvefore he knew it.那个男孩不知怎么一来就从梯子上摔了下来。
6,译为“趁(着)”,或用反说,译成“不然会”、“要不就”、“没”、“不”等。Study hard before it is too late.趁早努力学习。
I’ll do it now before I forget.趁着还没忘记,我现在就做。
She arrived before I expected.我没料到她来的这么早。
7,某些习语中的连词before 可译成“先……然后”、“先……再”或“而后”等。One must sow before one can reap.先有播种后有收获。Look before you leap.三思而后行。
有些习语中的before 也可译成“未……先”。
Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.鸡蛋未孵,勿先数雏。
此外,连词before 还作“与其……(宁愿)”(rather than)讲,通常可以为“宁可……也不(肯)”、“宁愿…… 决不”等。例如:
We will die before we give in.我们宁死不屈。He would die before he lied.他宁死也不肯说谎。
以上罗列了连词before 的几种常见的译法。英汉表达方式很不相同,具体译法,须根据具体情况而定
(二)Good 一词,在英语中该算是最熟悉、最常用的了。它的搭配能力很强,而且也常见于科技文章中。一看到good,我们便自然而然得会想到“好的”这一词义。然而,在一些场合,good 的译法却是颇费踌躇 的。
1,可译为“好的”,但概念模糊:如good fish(好鱼),是指品种,大小还是新鲜程度呢?
2,勉强可译为“好的”,但不搭配:如Good fire 若译为“很好的炉火”是可以理解的,但不如译为“旺盛的 炉火”。
3,译成“好的”反而错了:如good hard work 不是指“一项好的但却艰巨的工作”,而是指“一项十分艰巨 的工作”。
为什么这样普通的词在翻译时却难处理呢?其原因有二: 第一,只知其一,不知其二、三
有的词有一个义项,有的词有两个或两个以上义项。good 一词,在《现代高级英汉双解辞典》中就有十 八项释义,如不能全面地掌握这些义项,翻译时就会遇到困难。第二,不善举一反三,触类旁通
从语言的发展来看,一个词总会有一个最原始的或最基本的词义(叫做本义),而其他的词义是由这个词 发展或引申而来的(叫做引申义)。引申,就是由原义产生新义。选择词义难就难在这个“新”字上。一是 英语单词本身已有引申义。这就要勤查字典,从诸多词义中去挑选最合适的词义。二是词典中所有词义都 不贴切,要根据汉译的需要去创造新义,而新义又必须与本义相关联。如good 一词在英语中已有引申义 “strong,vigorous(强健的,有力的)”。因此,His eyesight is still good.一句应译为“他的视力仍 然很强。”(good 由“好的”引申为“强的”)。而在下面的例句中,good 可引申为“高度的”。To produce strong X-rays the tube had to be made a very good vacuum.管子要产生强的射线,就必须制成高度的真空。而“高度的”这一词义,在《现代高级英汉双解辞典》、《远 东英汉大辞典》等的汉语释义中都是没有的,因而可算是新创的。现在,让我们以《现代高级英汉双解辞 典》为据,列举good 一词的几个义项来观察它在汉译时是如何引申和再引申的。为了节省篇幅,只探讨 作为形容词用的而且常用于科技文章中的几个义项的译法,不涉及用于生活、口语和文学时的译法,也不 涉及用于问候语、客气的称呼、赞扬之词以及片语和复合词的用法。为了方便,在此不再引用其英语的释 义而用其对应的汉语译义,每一词义只举一例。(1)、美好的;良好的;令人满意的 a good knife 一把好刀 a good conductor 良导体 汉译时引申:
1,a good soil 肥沃的土壤 2,good oil 提纯了的油
3,a good money 真的货币 4,a good river 畅通的河道 5,good English 规范的英语
6,Good switches move quickly.优质开关动作灵活。(good 引申为“优质的”)7,That engine sounds good.那台发动机听起来很正常。(good 引申译为“正常”)8,the rocket travels better through vacuum than it des through the air.火箭穿过真空比穿过空气容易。(good 引申译为“容易”)
9,A good example of a case where electricity is changed to power is the electric streetcar.电变为动力的典型例子是电车。(good example 引申译为“典型的例子”)10,In the absence of an outdoor aerial this telescopic aerial will give a good picture if the transmitter signal is sufficiently strong.在无室外天线时,若发射机的信号很 强,这种拉杆天线可产生清晰的图象(good picture 引申译为“清晰的图象”)
11,Laser possesses a series of remarkable properties, which make it a better light source in a number of cases.激光有许多显著的特性,这些特性使它在许多情况下成为一种更理 想的光源。(good 引申译为“理想的”)(2)、有益的
Milk is good food for children.牛奶对小孩是有益的。汉译时引申: 1,good gradient平缓的坡度
2,It is no good heating the material to such a temperature.把材料加热到这样的温度是不恰当 的。(good 引申为“恰当的”)
(3)、能胜任的;有能力的;能干的 汉译时引申:
1,a good chess player 高明的棋手
2,A good human translator can do perhaps 2000 to 3000 words a day.一个熟练的翻译人员一 天也许能翻译两千到三千个词。(good 引申译为“熟练的”)(4)、彻底的;完全的
The workers gave the machine a good checking.工人们对机器进行了彻底的检查。汉译时引申: 1,have a good drink 喝个痛快
2,It has been thought of making good use of the sun"s energy to serve the well-being of the people.我们早就设想过充分利用太阳能来为自己造福。(good 引申译为“充分”)3,This set consumes so little power that a good 12 volt car battery can still start your car after you have been watching TV for 10 hours.本机耗电极少,因而具有12 伏足电的汽车蓄电池在你看电视十小时后仍能用于开车。(good 引申为“充足的”)
4,Rivers provide good sources of hydropower.河流具有丰富的水力资源。(good 引申译为“丰富 的”)
5,The CE circuit is widely favored since it can be designed for good voltage and current gains.CE 电路得到广泛的使用,因为它能获得高电压增益和高电流增益。(good...gains 引申译为“高……增益”)
(5)、可靠的;安全的;确实的
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