语法错误的英文(12篇)
1.语法错误的英文 篇一
一、研究目的
本次研究旨在通过对我校英语专业专科生的写作进行语法错误分析,了解学生常出现的语法错误有哪些以及其发生频率,以指导英语教学实践,提高英语课堂教学效果。
二、研究对象
笔者选取了我校大二的2013级英语专业专科生作为研究对象。该级学生已经完成了精读课程及其他基础课程的学习任务。
三、研究步骤
1.期末测试。2013级英语专业全体专科生统一参加第四学期精读期末测试(闭卷);考场内考生人数30人以内,考场纪律严明。
2 . 答卷评阅和抽取样卷。考试结束后学生的测验试卷由同一位教师评阅。笔者随后随机抽取了1班27-45号和2班27-50号有效卷共41名学生的答卷作为研究样本。
3 . 数据收集。笔者对样本进行整理、分类、计数、排序,然后使用Excel对各项进行数据汇总,分析所统计的数据。
此次数据收集只涉及语法错误,其它错误都不在此次研究之列,如标点符号错误,因为粗心或失误导致的错误。因此,此次抽取样本作文中出现的语法错误共计426个。
4.语法错误分类。本文采取Dulay,Burt和Krason(1982) 以及Corder(1967)的错误分类原则,将收集到的语法错误分为局部性错误和全局性错误。局部性错误指句子成分内或复合句的某句子内的错误;全局性错误指涉及句子整体结构、句内成分间关系、句子间关系的错误。本次统计的语法错误共计426个,其中局部性错误336个,全局性错误90处。错误类型涉及动词、名词、代词、形容词、冠词、介词、副词、连词和句式使用错误。具体错误数量依次如下:动词类型错误数166个,名词类型49个,句式类型80个,代词类型30个, 形容词类型24个,连词类型10个,介词类型29个,冠词类型23个,副词类型11个。以上数据显示学生的写作中出现的错误由多到少排名依次是:动词、句式错误、名词、代词、介词、形容词、冠词、副词和连词类型。下面对主要对以上排名前三的错误类型进行分类。
5.动词类型错误。动词类型错误共计168个,涉及12个小项。具体分布如下:不定式错误38个,及物动词误用7个, 情态动词错误1个,动名词错误6个,时态错误55个,被动语态错用3个,动词搭配错误10个,动词词义误用1个,主谓不一致34个,不及物动词误用3个,动词词性错用9个,动词的过去分词错误1个,其中及物动词误用指其所接宾语不定式与动名词混用;不及物动词误用是指其后随意加宾语;时态错误包括时态使用错误和时态表现形式错误,如一般现在时态的否定式少助动词等。以上数据表明:时态错误、不定式错误和主谓不一致错误远高于其他小项的错误数目。研究中发现:样本中出现的时态错误主要集中在时态重点是一般现在时态和现在完成时态的表现形式上,特别是前者的否定式; 时态错误普及率高,高达75%的样本各出现了一两个时态错误。另外,样本中不定式使用错误频发,主要表现在不定式做主语时少“to”。
6.句式错误。全局性错误90,其中句式错误共80个。句式类型错误具体涉及的小项及分布如下:语序错误3个,句子成分残缺或多余错误40个,句法错误37个。研究中笔者发现高达50%的样本出现了后两项错误。
7.名词类型错误。名词类型错误数49。名词类型错误具体涉及的小项及分布如下:名词单复数误用40个,名词词性误用7个,名词所有格错误2个。研究发现名词单复数误用不仅多,而且有高达80%的样本不同程度地出现此类错误。
通过对各个小项之间的错误数目比较,笔者将错误数目位于前八的几项汇总了,具体错误数目依次如下:时态错误52个,句子成分残缺或多余40个,名词单复数使用错误40个,不定式使用错误38个,句法错误37个,冠词多余或缺失23个,介词缺失或多余15个和代词意义误用15。此外,形容词的比较级的误用、定语从句关系代词的误用也不容忽视。
四、结果
无论从大项目还是从小项目的比较,各项数据都表明学生在写作中比较容易出错的点是时态、名词和句式的使用。
但是,由于笔者自身水平有限,本次研究也有诸多不足。例如受研究样本数量、研究文本内容和题材的限制等因素的影响,样本表现出来的错误类型不全面,可能无法全面真实地反映学生的语法能力,结果具有一定的局限性;并且错误并没有明显可辨的特征,错误的原因错综复杂,对错误的界定因笔者水平有限,可能不够合理。
参考文献
2.语法错误的英文 篇二
解读独立写作评分标准
语言上的错误在考试中是难免的,关键在于错误的严重程度以及错误出现的频率如何。关于语言错误会对托福独立写作的成绩产生什么影响,考生可以通过细读独立写作的评分标准来找答案。
托福成绩单后附有一个表格,这个表格对考生听、说、读、写四项的分数分别给出了具体的阐述。其中,独立写作成绩在最高档Good (对应的最终分是24~30分)的文章在语言方面的特点如下:use of English that is occasionally ungrammatical, unclear, or unidiomatic。得分在中档Fair (对应的最终分是17~23分)则意味着文章存在如下语言问题:grammatical mistakes or vague/incorrect uses of words may make the writing difficult to understand。由此可见Good档次的文章中犯语法错误必须是occasionally,即可以有错误,但必须非常少;而Fair档次的文章中语法错误可能就相对严重,会影响评卷人对文意的理解。
在《新托福考试官方指南》的评分标准中,最高档5分(对应最终分30分)在语言方面要求文章“displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors”。考生要想达到5分的档次,其写作中的词汇和语法错误必须在minor层面,也就是不能犯典型、重大的语法错误。4分档(对应最终分25分)在语言方面要求文章“displays facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or use of idiomatic language that do not interfere with meaning”。相对于5分档,4分档出现了“显著”的语言错误,但必须是“偶尔”出现这样的错误,且必须是“很小”的错误,否则就达不到4分的档次。3分档的文章“may demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaning”。由此可见,3分档文章的语言错误影响到了意思的“清晰度”,有时甚至导致“意思模糊”。
评分标准的4分和5分档都提到了minor errors。那么什么是minor errors,什么是非minor errors?笔者认为,像偶尔的冠词错误、名词单复数错误、介词使用不够精准,这些错误影响相对较小,通常不会影响意思的理解,属于minor errors。不过要想取得高分,这些也只能偶尔出错,不宜频繁出错。但是,下面列出的10大错误,则是笔者根据长期教学经验总结出的考生常犯的超出了minor范畴的错误。这些错误比较严重,一旦出现就容易影响分数,尤其关系到考生得分能否进入最高档。对于这些错误,考生要特别注意避免。
考生常犯的10种语法错误
主谓不一致
中文不存在主谓一致的问题,因此很多考生在写英文句子时意识不到这一点。在英语中,主谓一致的问题在一般现在时中出现较多,特别是在第三人称单数的谓语动词上容易出现。当主语和谓语之间插入成分较多、主语离谓语较远时,这类错误更容易出现。另外在定语从句中,由于从句的谓语动词和先行词被连词隔开,考生也容易忽略从句的主谓一致问题。此外,there be句型中be动词的单复数要根据be动词后面的名词单复数而定。来看下面的几个例句。
例1:Those examination questions is very familiar to me.
评析:主语是复数名词,谓语应该用are,不应该用is。
更正:Those examination questions are every familiar to me.
例2:A school who has famous professors are more worthy for students to choose.
评析:主句的主语和谓语之间有定语从句,相隔较远,因此考生容易犯主谓不一致的错误。主句的谓语还是应当由主句的主语a school来决定。
更正:A school who has famous professors is more worthy for students to choose.
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例3:Doing housework has some advantages that is good for children’s future.
评析:That引导的定语从句的谓语应当由先行词advantages决定,先行词是复数名词,因此that引导的定语从句谓语应当用are。
更正:Doing housework has some advantages that are good for children’s future.
例4:There is so many people competing for a position.
评析:There be句型的谓语应当由be动词后面的名词决定。名词people是复数,因此be动词应该用are。
更正:There are so many people competing for a position.
句子残缺
句子必须有谓语动词才称得上完整。考生在写作中有时会出现句子没有谓语动词的情况,或是从句缺主语的情况,这都属于残缺句子。
例5:That’s why I against that people find a job just for money.
评析:Against是介词,不能作谓语,可以在前面加系动词am。
更正:That’s why I am against that people find a job just for money.
例6:I enjoy it very much when chat and play with my friends.
评析:该句中when引导的从句缺乏主语,句子残缺,需要补充主语I。
更正:I enjoy it very much when I chat and play with my friends.
一个简单句中出现两个谓语动词
很多考生在写作时只是根据中文的思维和感觉写,对于英文中一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词的规则不够敏感,容易在一个简单句中出现两个或两个以上谓语动词,这是明显违反语法的。在there be句型中特别容易出现两个谓语动词的错误。考生应当记住:一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词,当出现两个谓语动词时,要将其中一个转化成恰当的非谓语形式或从句的谓语。请看下面的例子。
例7:There are so many people compete for a position.
评析:There be句型中的be动词本身就是这个句子的谓语动词,后面不能再出现谓语动词。这时,可以将后面的动词转化为非谓语动词的形式,或者转化成从句的谓语动词。
更正1:There are so many people competing for a position.
更正2:There are so many people who compete for a position.
例8:I, nonetheless, believe that my job and my social life are both play an essential role in my daily happiness.
评析:在这个句子中,are和play是两个谓语动词,不能一起用。系动词is/am/are可以和现在分词一起用于表进行,可以和过去分词一起用于表被动,也可以和不定式一起用于表将来,但是不能和动词原形一起用。
更正1:I, nonetheless, believe that my job and my social life are both playing an essential role in my daily happiness.
更正2:I, nonetheless, believe that my job and my social life both play an essential role in my daily happiness.
从句独立成句
从句必须依附于主句而存在,单独一个连词引导的从句不能用句点和主句隔开而独立成句。
例9:It is helpful for children to make mistakes and learn from their own mistakes. Because making mistakes sometimes is the best way to avoid more mistakes and to cultivate valuable aspects of characters.
评析:Because引导的原因状语从句不能单独成句,必须依附于主句而存在。可以把两句话连成一句,或是把原因状语从句改为以it is because或this is because开头的句子。
更正1:It is helpful for children to make mistakes and learn from their own mistakes because making mistakes sometimes is the best way to avoid more mistakes and to cultivate valuable aspects of character.
更正2:It is helpful for children to make mistakes and learn from their own mistakes. This is because making mistakes sometimes is the best way to avoid more mistakes and to cultivate valuable aspects of character.
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情态动词后面没有跟动词原形
情态动词后面必须跟动词原形,不能跟动词的其他形式。
例10:We must limiting the time that children spend in watching TV.
评析:句中must是情态动词,后面必须跟动词原形,不能跟现在分词。
更正:We must limit the time that children spend in watching TV.
例11:Admittedly, the good food may contributes to an enjoyable vacation.
评析:句中may是情态动词,后面必须跟动词原形,不能跟第三人称单数形式。
更正:Admittedly, the good food may contribute to an enjoyable vacation.
两个简单句之间缺乏连词
如果用逗号连接两个简单句,那句子之间必须有恰当的连词,不能只用逗号来连接。
例12:Many Chinese students are good at their studies, they don’t have much social experience.
评析:逗号连接的是两个独立的含有主谓结构的句子,两个句子之间是转折关系,必须加上表转折的连词(如but),不能只用逗号连接。
更正:Many Chinese students are good at their studies, but they don’t have much social experience.
例13:I am a boy, I am strong.
评析:I am a boy和I am strong是两个简单句,可以在中间加连词或用分号,可以写成两句话,也可以把其中一句改为非谓语结构,但是不能只用逗号连接。
更正1:I am a boy, and I am strong.
更正2:I am a boy; I am strong.
更正3:I am a boy. I am strong.
更正4:Being a boy, I am strong.
词性误用
考生在记单词的时候容易只记单词的意思,不注意词性和用法,导致名词、动词、形容词、副词之间词性误用的情况。这样的错误比较严重,应该避免。
例14:He worked industrious all day.
评析:句中的industrious是形容词,不能修饰动词。形容词用于修饰名词,副词可以修饰动词、形容词和副词。
更正:He worked industriously all day.
代词错误
代词方面的错误主要是代词与其所指代的名词单复数不一致。
例15:As a person, sooner or later, they will meet some problems.
评析:句中的they作为复数代词与其所指代的名词person单复数不一致,此处应用单数形式的代词。
更正:As a person, sooner or later, he or she will meet some problems.
介词后面跟动词原形
介词后面不能跟动词原形,必须跟名词或动名词。
例16:People splash water on each other for celebrate their new year.
评析:介词for后面不能跟动词原形celebrate,可以改为动名词形式。
更正:People splash water on each other for celebrating their new year.
动词原形作主语
动词原形不能作主语。祈使句会用动词原形开头,但句子只是省略了主语,而不是没有主语,而且托福写作也极少用到祈使句。可以作主语的成分包括名词、代词、动名词、不定式、主语从句和形式主语it。
例17:I insist that join a sports team is the best way for us to make new friends.
评析:句中的动词原形join不能作宾语从句的主语,可以转化成动名词再作主语。
更正:I insist that joining a sports team is the best way for us to make new friends.
如何避免常犯的语法错误
上述错误是笔者在修改学生的作文时经常发现的错误类型,给出的例句也是学生在写作中出现错误的句子。除了这些错误,语法错误当然还包括时态错误、名词单复数错误、冠词错误等,但前文列出的10种语法错误对托福写作分数的影响最为显著。尽管每位考生常犯的错误不尽相同,但语法错误有这样的共同特点:它们都是长期形成的,因而具有习惯性和无意识性,可以说是非常“顽固”。考生必须刻意用心纠正才能避免在考场上犯下这些错误。
看了本文列出的10种语法错误,有些考生可能会觉得非常简单,但是不能仅仅因为看上去简单而轻视这些错误。在写作的时候,尤其是在限时的紧张情况下,这些错误很容易出现。很多考生托福写作的成绩徘徊不前,正是由于对自身存在的问题没有重视,没有刻意去纠正。为此,笔者建议考生做到以下三点。
1.平时训练的限时作文尽量找老师或同学修改,以便发现和纠正自己意识不到的错误。自己要总结出特别容易错的语法项目,制定清单,每次写作前复习,在写作的过程中刻意避免。对于不明白的语法项目,要查找语法书进行针对性学习,不必系统学习全部语法。
2.在练习的过程中,考生可以每写一段就停下来检查一下,然后再写下一段。这样可以避免犯的错误过多,来不及纠正。
3.在考试的过程中,考生可以在独立写作规定的30分钟内留出3~5分钟。在全文写完之后,用这几分钟的时间专门检查自己常犯的错误。
3.英语语法错误 篇三
Too much tests are disadvantage for students’ study. (误)
Too many tests are disadvantageous to students. (正)
In modern society, people are under various pressures(误)
In modern society, people are under various kinds of pressure. (正)
2.动词及物与不及物的误用
The traffic accident was taken place at the junction of two highways. (误)The traffic accident took place at the junction of two highways. (正)
Because of his excellent performance, the boss rose his salary. (误) Because of his excellent performance, the boss raised his salary. (正)
3.介词to和不定式符号的混淆
Too many tests will do harm to cultivate our independent thinking. (误) Too many tests will do harm to the cultivation of our independent thinking.
All these contributed to solve the serious problem. (误)
All these contributed to the solution to the serious problem. (正)
4.情态动词的误用
It may not good to our health. (误)
It may be not good to our health. (正) (正)
They should spent much time. (误)
4.英语作文常见典型语法错误 篇四
1.句子成分残缺不全
We always working till late at night before taking exams.(误)
We are always working /we always work till late at night before taking exams(正)
We should read books may be useful to us. (误)
We should read books which may be useful to us. (正)
2.句子成分多余
This test is end, but there is another test is waiting for you. (误)
One test ends, but another is waiting for you. (正)
The driver of the red car was died on the spot. (误)
The driver of the red car died on the spot. (正)
3.主谓不一致
Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective. (误)
Some think that reading should be selective. (正)
My sister go to the cinema at least once a week. (误)
My sister goes to the cinema at least once a week. (正)
4.动词时态、语态的误用
I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street. (误)
I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. (正)
We have little time to read some books which we interest. (误)
We have little time to read some books in which we are interested. (正)
I am a student who has studying in the college for two years. (误)
I have been studying in the college for two years.(正)
5.词类混淆
It is my point that reading must be selectively. (误)
In my opinion, reading must be selective. (正)
Honest is so important for everyperson. (误)
Honesty is so important for everyone. (正)
The old man was hit by a car when he across the street. (误)
5.托福口语4个常见语法错误解析 篇五
1、句子前后不一致
托福口语中的句子前后不一致是指一个句子前言不对后语,或是结构上不畅通,这也是考生常犯的毛病。
例:The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
剖析:The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。
改为:Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.
2、指代对象不一致
这里的指代对象不一致主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。把这一项单独提出来是因为大家实在很青睐这一部分:
例:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid. (玛丽和我姐姐很要好,因为她要她做她的伴娘。)
剖析:读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。
改为:Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
例. And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.
剖析:句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。
改为:We can also know society by serving it ourselves.
3、主谓不一致
例:When one have money, he can do what he want to. (人一旦有了钱,他就能想干什么就干什么。)
剖析:one是单数第三人称,因而本句的have应改为has;同理,want应改为wants。本句是典型的主谓不一致。而由于中国人中文中的三单不分,所以会导致即使犯了这样的错误也没有意识,即使是目标要100+的学生,也依然会常犯。
改为:Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do).
4、词性不一致
“词性不一致”常表现为:介词当动词用;形容词当副词用;名词当动词用等。
例:None can negative the importance of money.
剖析:negative 系形容词,误作动词。
改为:None can deny the importance of money.
托福综合口语练习的五大建议
听懂态度:通过倾听语调、重音和选词,尽力听懂讲话人的态度。当你回答问题时,它将帮助你表述其中一个讲话人的观点。
阅读文章:为更好地备考包含阅读任务的口语题型,你可以通过阅读短文提取文章要点提纲的方式来归纳信息,从而有助于你准备口头问答。
对话交谈:尽可能多地练习你的口头表达能力,尽可能与英语母语者交流,或参加用英语讨论的俱乐部。
使用课本练习:为更好地备考基于学术内容的口语题型,你可以找一本在章节结尾处设置相关学术问题的课本,然后尝试口头回答这些问题。
做笔记:值得注意的是,你可以在综合口语测试的阅读和听力过程中做笔记。练习做笔记有助于应考,同时也是你出国留学必备的一项重要技能!
托福口语T4的诀窍在哪里?
已经出分的宝宝肯定已经准备好了自己的旅行计划和观赛时间表。
那还没有出分的童鞋就要加倍努力,才能攻克托福难关咯。今天,留学君就请到托福口语老师孙侃,来为大家解答口语独立题的那些困惑。
对于考过多次托福的你,每每瞄到成绩单上口语独立题limited, 学术题limited,心情依然是百味杂陈。要拿到更好的分数,还是要重新收拾心情,提升基本功,梳理做题的要点和技巧。针对独立题和校园题,口语组的其他老师已经给出了不少的独到的见解了。今天由我来给大家讲讲学术题不能不谈的一些东西。
以T4为例,要答好T4, 以下这几方面是基本的做题步骤。首先阅读要精准的定位到含义句,并能够在规定时间内把含义句记录在稿纸上,听力要在听懂的基础上把一些重要的关键词记录下来,同时要关注到听力lecture的时态,准备时要尽量快的在30秒内把阅读和听力的关键点在脑子里过一遍,接着是60秒的表达时间。好,那今天我们要讲解的重点就是T4听力步骤时要注意的一些细节。
一般我们在做T4听力时要带着三个问题:
一、几个例子;
二、什么时态;
三、什么内容。
要知道一个例子和两个例子在答题时的整体框架会不同;教授在讲解具体lecture例子时有时用的是过去的例子,有时用的是现在的例子,而我们在表达时也要说对相应的时态;例子的具体内容是必须要听懂并作记录的。
现在开始做听力,我们在听记时一定要敏感的记下来一些动词和名词,因为动词和名词可以帮助我们在短时期内看到词进行连词成句,由于一般句子都由主/谓/宾组成,而主/宾是名词,谓语是动词,一旦在稿纸上记下一些重要的动词和名词,我们在60秒表达时会相应的顺畅很多!所以练习记笔记,特别是多记一些动词,是我们大部分考生后续要进行强化的一个过程。
时态也不能小看,在英语中动词的发生是用时态来表示的,如果时态错了,意思可能就相差十万八千里。所以我们在做T4(以及T6)的听力时,也要对时态给出更多的关注。过去时是非常容易被我们忽略的一种时态,这里介绍一个三步走的方法。我们在做T4(T6)听力时,首先要敏感的听懂过去时,其次要把动词的过去时时态写对,如gruaded(graduated), felt, did, went, thought(thought), thkd(thanked)等, 你在稿纸上记下来动词的过去时形态,第三步才能在60秒钟说对过去时!
在准备时间30秒内,我们尽量可以凭着记忆的余温把一些先前做听力时未记的一些动词(及过去时用词ed)补充完整,然后在脑子里(或口中念念有词的)把稿纸上的内容用英文尽量多的过一遍,这样60秒表达时可以做到游刃有余!
托福口语素材--政府财政紧缩
Task1
The government has a limited budget. Which of the following do you think is the most important field to invest that money in?
education
space exploration
health care
Sample Response
If the government has a limited budget, I think it should invest the money in education, because that creates a solid foundation for all other fields to build upon.
It is essential to have a population that is able to read, write, and do mathematics. Without those skills, people cannot solve even basic problems like calculating the amount of material they need to build something or read the label on a package.
It is also impossible for a country to advance without an educated population. Fields such as health care and space exploration will crumble because people will not have the skills to do research and invent new things.
6.语法错误的英文 篇六
关键词:职校,英语写作,错误分析,对策
一、职校英语写作现状
职校学生针对学生英语基础差,起点低的特点,英语教学往往着重培养学生的“听、说、读”的能力,从而忽视写作这一知识板块的教学。写作能力则是英语综合运用能力的体现,可在实际教学中写作一直是最薄弱的环节。大部分学生写作能力较差,写出来的文章缺乏条理和逻辑,很多是根据汉语直接翻译出来,生硬不通,对于基本语法没有完全掌握,词汇匮乏,错误较多,文章质量低下。
二、英语写作中的语法错误分析
本文搜集整理了三个班级学生的英语作文,对其中的语法错误做了系统的分类和分析。
1. 主谓一致(Subject-Verb Concord)错误。
英语的主谓一致问题是英语语法中基本问题之一,它主要指:1)语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。4)就远原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于离它最远的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。主谓一致的问题看上去似乎很简单,其实使用起来却不是那么容易,有时候甚至很复杂。中职学生在写作时往往忽视这一点,经常造成主谓不一致的语法错误。
2. 句子不完整(Sentence Fragments)。
在口语中,交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等,不完整的句子完全可以被理解.可是书面语就不同了,句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清,这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后,笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。
3. 悬垂修饰语(Dangling Modifiers)。
所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清.例如:At the age of ten,my grandfather died.这句中“at the age of ten”只点出十岁时,但没有说明“谁”十岁时.按一般推理不可能是my grandfather,如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点,全句就不那么费解了,可以改为:When I was ten,my grandfather died.
4. 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)。
指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清,或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句:
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
读完上面这一句话,读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚,谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确,意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为:
Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
5. 不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)。什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。
例:There are many ways we get to know the outside world.
剖析:这个句子包含了两层完整的意思:“There are many ways.”以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。
改为:
There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world.或:
T h e r e a r e m a n y w a y s t h r o u g h w h i c h w e c a n b e c o m e acquainted with the outside world.
三、提高英语写作能力对策
1. 夯实语法基础,提高语言看点。
主谓不一致,垂悬修饰语,句子不完整,指代不清以及不间断句子等都属于语法范畴,因此要提高写作水平必须要学好语法,打好基础。教师在平时的教学中可以对语法进行整理归纳,让学生对语法系统有一个整体的概念。并且辅以相应的习题供学生练习,教师必须给予及时的反馈,纠正学生的语法错误。学生建立了一定的语法基础后,可以进行相应的写作练习。首先让学生互相批改,找出其中的语法错误,最后教师再检查总结。这样长期坚持下来,学生写作中的语法错误定会减少,这样写作质量就相应提高了。
2. 积累实用素材。
根据语言教学原理,有大量的输入才有一定量的输出,就是因为输入少,才会输出难。基于考题的类型,将素材进行归来,诸如环保、污染、节日、健康等等。一些精彩的范文,文笔流畅,语言规范,一定要下功夫背诵,写作过程中遇到类似的话题,可以信手拈来,文章自然也就水到渠成。当然积累的过程是长期的,不可能立竿见影,要知道“不积跬步,无以至千里。”只有这样,才能做到看到题材不慌不忙,胸有成竹。
四、结语
中职学生英语写作中的语法错误,是不可回避的事实,也是一线教师工作者必须面临和亟需解决的一个棘手的问题。研究中职英语写作中出现的语法错误类型,对于今后采取的改进策略,进而卓有成效的提高职校英语写作水平很有现实意义。
参考文献
[1]朱淑婷.中职生英语写作能力现状分析及提高对策[J].职业技术,2011(6):16.
[2]施玲玲.倡导小组合作,优化中职英语写作[J].考试周刊,2009(35).
7.语法错误的英文 篇七
【关键词】错误分析 高中英语语法教学 定语从句 建议
从心理干扰角度看,学生在第二语言学习中的错误可分为语际错误和语内错误,无论哪一种,都反映了学生认知能力和学习策略的问题。高中语法项目繁多,拟借定语从句这一语法难点来分析学生中普遍性问题,反思教学效果。
一、语际错误
语际错误是学生将母语习惯套用到英语表达中造成的。英语的句子环环相扣,逻辑鲜明,连接紧密,有更多的连接词。中文的句子少用连接词,仅通过意思使之联系。学生中英文语言的关联感弱,习惯流散句式,在使用定语从句这类复合句时常套用中文语言习惯,错误在所难免。
1.关系代词和关系副词的混淆。定语从句的每个关系词在从句中充当成分,意义上代替了先行词。错句 “He wrote a letter which/ that he explained what had happened in the accident.” 的先行词为“letter”,在从句中充当地点状语,应为关系副词“where”。错句 “The school shop, where customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.”的先行词“shop” 与分句中“customers”之间有所属关系,并非是地点状语,要用关系词“whose”。上述错误凸显出学生的中文思维先入为主,只知先行词之意,忽略其成分功能。
2.代词的误用。在介词加关系代词引导的定语从句中,学生常用人称代词而不是关系代词来完成从句。错句“Through the course of my schooling, I met many teachers, two of them influenced me greatly.”学生的中文思维是“在学习生涯中我遇到许多老师,他们中的两个对我影响很大”,所以误用“them”而不是“whom”。英文重视句子之间的逻辑关系,逗号起到停顿作用,不能担当承启下文的功能,必须根据句子的表意要求添加连接词或关系词才能完成一个有逻辑意义的句子。
3.非限制性定语从句的运用意识弱。非限制性定语从句不起限制词义的作用,与主句联系不紧,有时语义上起到状语分句和并列分句的功能。学生的中英文关联感弱,“I’m seeing the manager tomorrow, and he will be back from New York.”用非限制性定语从句表达更准确,“when”连接更恰当。学生用中文思维套用,英语的运用意识势必减弱。
二、语内错误
语内错误是学生对所学目标语言一知半解造成的。学生在课堂学习语法概念和语法规则时含糊不清,课后缺少复习和巩固,语法学习缺乏系统和连贯性,涉及语言综合运用时,就力不从心。
当学生遇到嵌入式关系句时,认知加工主句的过程就被打断,关系句会干扰主句,因为学生的从句习得顺序让学生理解这种嵌入式的结构相当困难。学生还常常将定语从句与名词性从句混为一谈,误用或混用关系词的现象凸显,主要缘于复合句分析能力的欠缺,及对关系词的意义和句法功能的错误理解。
三、语法教学建议
“如果语言教育的目的包括教会学生正确地、有意义地和得当地使用英语,我们就应把语法看作是一个理性的动态系统,而不是任意规则的静态系统”。教师教授语法时应按照学生“学”的规律进行教学,例如,用填空、配对、分合、句子接龙等来训练学生对定语从句结构的认识。学生在游戏和表达中加深对语法的认知,理解到语法的实用性和交际性。学生学会了语法项目,仍无法表达规范、地道的英文,因为缺乏语感和英语思维,教师教学时要通过英文句型呈现和操练让学生形成中英文对比和关联,从思维的语言表达程序去解释并进行训练。学生在面对复杂的句法结构时,要使用对比、分析等方式来解读,通过朗读、背诵训练记忆力,获取理性的语法规则和语感。
参考文献:
[1]王跃洪.错误分析法在外语教学中的应用[J].河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2001,(6):125.
[2]Amy Sheldon.The Role of Parallel Function in the Acquisition of Relative Clauses in English[J].Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,1974,(3):272-281.
8.英文语法难题的解决方法 篇八
下面以英语中的“动词的分类”知识点为例,介绍这种英语学习方法。
1.举个栗子:
I waited for you.
提问wait是及物动词还是不及物动词呢???
要回答这个问题可以观察这个句子
我们会现在 “I” 这个代词是这个动词“wait”的发起者
还会发现这个动词并没有承受者, for you只是起到对动词wait更进一步解释说明的作用,是动词wait的附属成分。
我们把这样的只有发起者没有承受者的动词称之为不及物动词。
再来看不及物动词的定义,就很好理解了
“Intransitive Verb: if an action or event involves only one person or thing, you mention only the performer of the action and the action”
2. 再举个栗子
Eg: I love you
提问love是及物动词还是不及物动词呢?
在这个句子里我们会发现,这次love这个动词不光有“I”发起者还有“you”承受者。这有别于第一个例子之中的只有发起者。
我们既有发出者又有承受者的动词称之为及物动词
那么定义是酱样子:
“Transitive verbs: involving someone or something other than the subject(主语)“
3. 再再再举个例子
Eg: She sends you her love
提问send是及物动词还是不及物动词呢? 句子中谁是动词的承受者呢?
我们可以通过之前的学习得出,send是及物动词,因为“she”代词是动词的发出者,而承受者也有,就是“her love”。
那可是问题来了,句子中的“you” 起到了什么作用呢?
you其实是send动词的间接承受者,所以我们把you称之为间接宾语。
我们之所以把其称之为间接宾语是因为我们把“you”去掉,这个句子仍然成立。而去掉“her love”句子则不能成立。
上面就非常清晰的解释了语法中的主谓双宾的概念。
这种动词属于及物动词的一种称之为:verb with two objects.
4. 为什么要举出上面这三个例子呢?
是想说明英语语法概念非常的抽象,但是互相之间具有非常强的逻辑关系
抽象概念也就是不具体的
不具体的东西当然不好理解
但是我们又必须掌握像英语语法系统这种完全抽象的概念集合
5. 那怎么掌握呢?
那我们可以像前面的例子之中,通过比较及物和不及物动词之间的共同点和不同点,掌握之间的逻辑关系,来逐级学习英语语法中的抽象概念,由此完全掌握语法。、
小学词汇分类记忆之玩具
bag |
书包;提包;口袋 |
ball |
球 |
balloon |
气球 |
card |
纸牌 |
chess |
棋 |
crayon |
蜡笔 |
diary |
日记;日记簿 |
dictionary |
字典,词典 |
doll |
玩偶,玩具娃娃 |
eraser |
橡皮 |
gift |
礼物;赠品 |
gun |
枪 |
ink |
墨水 |
kite |
风筝 |
notebook |
笔记簿 |
paper |
纸 |
pen |
钢笔 |
pencil |
铅笔 |
postcard |
明信片 |
ruler |
尺;直尺 |
schoolbag |
书包 |
stamp |
邮票 |
tape |
录音带;带子 |
toy |
玩具 |
tool |
工具 |
9.英文简历中的致命错误 篇九
“Qualifications: No education or experience.”
“I am relatively intelligent, obedient and loyal as a puppy.”
“My compensation should be at least equal to my age.”
“Reason for Leaving: It had to do with the IRS, FBI and SEC.”
“Fired because I fought for lower pay.”
“Size of employer: Very tall, probably over 65” .
“Please disregard the enclosed resume-it is terribly out of date.”
“Reason for Leaving: My boss said the end of the world is near.”
“Reason for Leaving: The owner gave new meaning to the word paranoia. I prefer to elaborate privately.”
英文 简历 打字错误与语法错误
“Here are my qualifications for you to overlook.”
“Strengths: Ability to meet deadlines while maintaining composer.”
“I am a rabid typist.”
“Work History: Performed brain wave tests,1879-1981.”
“After receiving advice from several different angels, I have decided to
pursue a new line of work.”
“Accounting cleric.”
“As indicted, I have over five years of experience analyzing investments.”
“Suspected to graduate earlynce analyzing investments.”
“Suspected to graduate early next year.”
“Disposed of $2.5 billion in assets.”
“Proven ability to track down and correct erors.”
“Accomplishments: Oversight of entire department.”
“Am a perfectionist and rarely if if ever forget details.”
“Accomplishments: Completed 11 years of high school.”
英文 简历 不应有的幽默
“Note: Keep this resume on top of the stack. Use all others to heat your house.”
“Assisted in daily preparation of large quantities of consumable items in a fast-paced setting.” (Translation: Short-order cook.)
“But wait...theres more. You get all this business knowledge plus a grasp of marketing that is second nature.”
“I have an excellent track record, although I am not a horse.”
“My fortune cookie said, Your next interview will result in a job-and I like your company in particular.”
“Title: Another resume from the Profiles in Excellence series.”
“Also Known As: Mr. Productivity, Mr. Clever, Mr.Fix-it.”
“Trustworthy references available upon request-if I give them a few bucks.”
10.语法错误的英文 篇十
关键词:泰国学生;语法错误;评改
一、引言
在泰国学生的汉语学习过程中,很多学生都反映汉语的语法知识比较枯燥,而且难以掌握。究其原因,既有泰国学生本身学习特点的因素,也不能否认教师在汉语教学中还存在不足之处。
泰国学生天性活泼好动,对于语法这类相对枯燥的知识内容缺乏兴趣。很大一部分泰国学生对中文有畏难心理。所以教师在语法教学过程中,必须简明扼要,多举例,多引申,将汉语知识点形象化,让语法学习变得生动有趣。在习作評改中,更是如此,必须坚持一定的原则才能事半功倍。
二、对常见语法错误的评改原则
1.不损原意原则
在修改病句的时候必须遵照句子愿意进行修改,不能在修改过程中改变了句子的意思,造成语义变动。在评改泰国学生写出的汉语句子的时候,必须充分了解学生在表达时所欲表达的原本意思及语气。在修改的时候要尽量保留句子原意,若学生所写的句子表意有所偏差,那么要根据学生欲表达的原意进行修改。这样才能给学生以恰当准确的表达示范。
2.先评后改原则
在修改病句的时候,将句子修改正确并不是最终目的,让学生充分认识到错误的原因和修改的方法才是最重要的。所以,在病句评改过程中必须坚持先评后改的原则。先对病句问题和成因进行综合分析,指出学生的错误所在,然后再提出修改的方法和建议。
例如:今天是他的生日,他请客我们。
这个句子是一个典型的离合词错用的句式,在修改这个句子时,必须先写明“‘请客是离合词,后面不能接宾语”,让学生能够清楚自己的错误所在,然后再把正确的用法写在其下。
3.引申示范原则
教师在改错的时候不能只是针对错误的句子进行改正,必须把学生所犯错误的原因进行分析,总结学生尚未完全掌握的语言知识点,并对这些知识点进行梳理和讲解,同时将正确的用法举例示范,多写几个不同类型的例句,这样才能真正起到充分发现问题、彻底解决问题的评改效果,也能让学生真正理解错误所在并将错误轻松改正。
4.精改少动原则
老师在在评改的时候要尽量精简地修改。改一处可以改对就不要改两处,能不打乱原句结构就尽量不打乱。这样学生更容易接受,也更容易树立自信心。
考虑到修改时常常会在学生习作上直接做修改,故而也必须考虑到如何能用最简明的圈点和补充使错误的句子变正确。
例如:跟中国朋友发短信,让我很多认识中文的口语。
在修改这个句子时,改为“让我认识了很多中文的口语”比改为“让我对中文的口语有了更多地认识”和“让我得到了很多关于中文口语方面的知识”更精简,也更清楚。
5.难度对等原则
在句子改错过程中,应当针对学生表达水平来进行评改。修改以后的句子要符合学生表达能力和表达习惯。切忌改为过于复杂、过于专业的句子。如果一个同级句子不能完全表达学生错误句子的原意,那就改为多个句子。虽然修改以后句子可能会显得笨拙、不够精炼,但是对于学生来说更容易理解,更容易掌握,更容易融入学生的语言系统。
例如:我希望我的汉语水平会提高,并且毕业后能把这知识来工作。
修改这个句子要先考虑到学生的现有水平,以及学生习作整体的表达水平。如果改为“我希望我的汉语水平会提高,并且毕业后能以此为业”不太符合学生的表达水平,和其他语句也不协调。
6.循序渐进原则
这里可以借鉴声乐教学的方法,鼓励学生表达,适度容忍学生部分错误的存在。语言教学不是一蹴而就的,第二语言学习者在语言习得初期语言表达中必然会带有很多错误。我们在面对这些错误的时候不能一味地把它们当作洪水猛兽一般急于处之而后快,而是在改正学生错误的时候分层分级进行。如果操之过急,往往会造成学生在表达时过度谨慎,左思右想不敢开口的窘境。
语言教学和声乐教学有相似之处,就是教师应作为一个有规划的调节者,对学生的第二语言语言状况进行逐步地、有计划地、长期地矫正。正如同儿童学语言初期一样,家长不应拘泥于一字一句的准确性,而应该着重培养孩子的表达能力和表达范围。在学生句子语法错误的评改中也是一样,先注重句子主干及表意情况,再注重学生的修饰能力和准确性。
三、结语
汉语习得过程是一个不断学习、不断发生错误并逐步修正错误的过程。所以这其中必然会有各种语法错误的产生,这些语法错误反映了学生汉语学习中出现的问题,也体现了学生对于汉语的掌握程度。在评改过程中归纳与分析学生的语法错误,对于学生接下来的汉语学习具有重要的指导作用。
教师对于语法错误的评改水平,直接影响了学生的学习进步情况。不正确的评改方式会让学生对汉语语法更加困惑,畏惧不前,也会严重打击学生的学习积极性。所以在评改过程中,必须遵循正确的原则,采取正确的评改方式、方法,这样才能保证教学的循序渐进,从而促进学生汉语水平的不断提高。
参考文献:
[1]黄伯荣、廖序东.现代汉语.下册 [M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[2]张彦群、高其良.现代汉语语法通论[M].郑州: 河南人民出版社, 2008.
11.语法错误的英文 篇十一
一、名词的单复数
中国词汇里经常出现的“多”字,在葡语里翻译成muito。中国学生,尤其没学过西方语言或没掌握一门西方语言的学生误认为,既然汉语中有“多”,就一定在外文中用复数表达。这是由于他们不了解西方语言中有“可数名词”和“不可数名词”之分。
1、葡语中的可数和不可数名词
1)一般具体的事物属于可数名词:
如:livro(书),revista(杂志),mesa(桌子),aluno(学生);
2)一般属于抽象概念和集合名词属于不可数名词,如:água(水),dinheiro(金钱),alma(灵魂),espírito(精神),disciplina(纪律)。比如:Bebi muitaágua.(我喝了很多水)O pai dele tem muito dinheiro.(他的父亲很有钱)
3)不可数名词也有复数的情况,这时的词义就变化了。比如:
2、经常出现的单复数词义不同的名词如下
Experiência(单数是经验,复数是经历),tempo(单数是时间,复数是时代),interesse(单数是兴趣,复数是利益),bem(单数是道德,复数是财产),vida(单数是生活,复数是性命),política(单数是政治,复数是政策);
3、学生经常把单数名词错用为复数的情况
Comida(饭菜),dinheiro(金钱),tempo(时间),impressão(印象),situação(形势),pontuação(分数),medicamento(药),vestuário(服装);
二、形容词的位置
1)一般来说,葡萄牙语的形容词作定语,习惯放在被修饰的名词或词组之后,我们看下边的例子:
Casa grande,homem alto,sala de aula clara,dormitórios novos
2)但有些单音节或比较级和最高级的形容词习惯放在被修饰的名词或词组之前,如:bom,mau,ótimo,pior,melhor等,例如:
Bom estudante,máideia,ótimo film,pior livro,melhor escola
3)有些形容词放在被修饰成分之前和之后意义有所不同,其规律是,放在名词之后一般表示形态、外观等具体含义,而放在名词之前一般表示被修饰名词性质、感情和强调的心理状态等,请比较:
4)指示代词、物主代词和表示次序排列的形容词和顺序数词放在名词前。如este livro,a tua aluna,prÓximo dia,última aula,segundo emprego;
5)两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时如何安排它们的位置。
将抽象或表示思想感情或强调意思的形容放在被修饰的名词之前,将表示具体、形态和外观的形容词放在被修饰的名词之后。如:futura empresa mista,querido ambiente escolar
放在被修饰的名词之后,两个或两个以上的形容词用连接词e连起来。如:uma semana alegre e divertida,uma criança obediente,simpática e bonita
两个以上形容作修饰定语时,允许使用复数或根据被修饰的名词变性数,也可以允许“就近法”,即根据修饰的最近的名词变性数,请看如下例子:
Livros e revistas novos,países e uma região nova(注意,nova实际上修饰了所有的名词。
三、前置词短语的错误使用
使用前置词短语容易出现的错误是含义和搭配的错误,就是理解和记忆出现的错误,例如:a fim de(为了)有人写成em fim de,这是记忆错了;àbase de,com base a(在XX基础上),是正确的用法,有人把两者弄错了,写成àbase em,em base de。
建议学生经常像念口诀一样朗读,并使用短语造句。如:com respeito a,a respetio de等等。
四、结论
本人在多年的葡语教学中,深感基础教学非常重要,教师在课堂教学和课外辅导中应引导学生正确使用葡语词汇和语法规则,摆脱汉语思维方式,通过大量阅读和书写等方式总结葡语的正确表达方式。
摘要:由于汉语和葡萄牙语在语言的表达形式上存在许多差别,这些差别给中国的葡语初学者在理解和使用上造成困难,在词汇的性数、形容词和前置词的使用等方面经常出现错误。本文尝试总结大学低年级学生在书面和口头表达中常见的错误,分析出现这些错误的原因,并帮助他们找到避免这些错误的方法,使他们从入学初期就逐渐养成正确使用葡语语法规则的习惯。
关键词:葡萄牙语,语法错误,改进方法
参考文献
[1]葡语语法,王琐瑛、鲁宴宾,上海外语教育出版社,1999
[2]翻汉翻译理论与实践,于翔,外语教学与研究出版社,2011.8
12.语法错误的英文 篇十二
(Elementary Educational College of Tianjin Normal University,Tianjin 300202,China
variant formed by nationality,etc.This paper gives a brief introduction of Black American English and General American English,then illustrates differences between them on phonetics and grammar.It is of great benefits for students to understand American English and read
During the past several decades,Black American English has gradually become an important social dialect.The most importan reason is that the Black Americans are a very spectacular socia stratum in social life.But Black American English is not simply a language variant formed by national differences,it is closely linked with some social factors such as social economic status standard of education(or cultural and educational attainments)sex,age,profession,etc.Another important reason why we say Black American English is a kind of social dialect is that not all Black Americans use Black English and Black English is not used only by blacks.As a kind of English variant,Black English is used by those blacks whose social economic status is low in American society or those blacks who are just of medium income but stil keep contact with original social stratum.During recent 20 years’Black American Movements,Black English has become a symbo of black nationality and even some black Congressmen or Congresswomen deliberately use it.Gradually,Black English has entered news,television and broadcasting.In vigorously growing postwar Black American novels,Black English was an importan means of characterization and story-relating.
In American English,we cannot find a single nation-wide standard English.In 1970s,American scholars had ever held several academic conferences discussing definition of Standard American English,but had not have any result in the end.
In American,the part of English which functions as Standard English is generally called"General American English"in linguistics.According to statistics in 1944,71%of today’s American people speak General American English,though not very prue(being of a log of local variation).At present,all American big television and broadcasting organizations,such as Voice of America,use General American English.Therefore,for the sake of convenience,General American English is sometimes called"Standard American English".
3 Differences Between Black American English And Genera American English on Phonetics and Grammar
Black American English had ever been regarded as a second-class or lower language variant.But in linguistics,this is utterly groundless.Black English differs from General American English,but the differences do not change arbitrarily;they are of some regularity.
Now let's see differences between Black American English and General American English on phonetics and grammar.
3.1 On Phonetics
1)Compared with General American English,a remarkable character of Black American English on phonetics is elision of/r/.It includes two points:
a)Elision of/r/which is behind a vowel or in front of a consonant.This is not peculiar in Black English,but it is an articulation trend of American lower strata.Owing to the elision of/r/,the articulation of groups of words below in Black English had no any difference:cat-cart;hop-horp;bid-bird;shot-short.But they are of difference in upper strata.
b)Elision of/r/which is between two vowels.This is peculia in Black English.For example,in Black English,there is no difference in articulation between the word"tore"and the word"toe".
2)Elision of/l/in Black American English.In Black American English,"l"which is in word"final"or in word"medial"is often elided.So we know that many groups of words like sickslick,sea-seal,pay-pail,flaw-four which have different pronunciation in General American English are of the same pronunciation in Black American English.
3)Simplification of Consonant cluster in Black American English.For instance,the word“tend”is pronounced as/ten/,so i has the same pronunciation with the word"ten".Elision of some consonants in consonant clusters can probably appear in Genera American English,but in Black American English,it is an outstanding phenomenon.
4)Conversion of/θ/and/e/in Black American English./θwhich is in word initial in General American English is usually converted into/t/in Black American English.For example,the word"thief"is pronounced as/tif/;"thorough"is pronounced as/tΛrэ/.When/θ/is pronounced in word final(sometimes in word medial)in General American English,it'll be converted into/f/in Black American English.For instance,the Black Americans pronounce the word"tooth"as/tuf/;"everything"as/′evrifiη/,etc.In any circumstances,/e/can bi converted into/d/in Black American English.So the word"that"in Black American English can be pronounced as/d?t/.
5)Confusion of/i/and/e/in Black American English./i/and/e/in front of a nasalized consonant are often of the same pronunciation in Black American English.For instance,the articulation of vowels in some groups of words like din-den,fen-fin,gengin,kin-ken is the same.They are all pronounced as the sound between/i/and/e/.
6)Intonation.As to the rise and fall of intonation,Black American English changes greater than General American English.High tone or even falsetto is often used in Black American English,esp.in intimate atmosphere of chatting among friends.In Black American English,the use of rising tone is very common.
3.2 on Grammar
1)A very common phenomenon in Black American English is the loss of the change of"s"which is in word final.We've talked about the simplification of consonant cluster which is in word final in Black American English,but it is not simply a phenomenon of phonetics.Owing to its affecting the change of the word final,it becomes a question of grammar.We know the word"expressed"is the past tense of the word"express".In Black American English,owing to the simplification of consonant cluste which is in word final,the past tense verb"expressed"is of the same pronunciation with its original verb"express".Thus the change of the word final which acts as the symbol of past tense disappeared.From the above-mentioned examples,we can get the following conclusions:Due to the simplification of consonan cluster which is in word final in Black American English,the change of the word final which expresses noun plural forms,noun-possessive cases,the third person singular+"s"disappeared.Some Black English users not only put"s"behind the third person singular,but also put"s"behind all verbs.Here are some examples,"they studies diligently",etc.As far as they are concerned,the verbal"s"is not the symbol of the third person singular,but the symbol of present indefinite.
2)Omission of linking verbs in Black American English.This is a very peculiar syntactic character of Black American English.If an action or a state is of fixed time,or it is motionless,not often happens or appears repeatedly,"be"in the sentence can often be omitted.Omission of"be"can appear before various predicatives.For instance,"I a college English teacher now."(the predicative is a noun.);"I glad to meet you."(The predicative is an adjective.);"I here."(The predicative is an adverb.);"He at home."(The predicative is a preposition phrase.)Auxiliary verb"be"in continuous tense can also be omitted.For example,"He studying now."
One we should point out is that in Black American English,the omission of"be"is of its regularity,it is not in utter disorder.
3)In Black American English,"ain't"is widely used to form negative sentences.When predicate is not acted as by lexical verbs,"ain't"is almost unexceptionally used to be the symbol of negative sentences.
e.g.She ain't gonna see no film with her mother.
She ain’t afraid of nothing.
"ain't"is often used in the sentences of continuous tense.
e.g.I ain't coming back.
He ain't working hard.
4)Universal use of double negative and multi-negation in Black American English.From examples above we can see that the negative sentences in Black American English often adopt double negative or multi-negation.From examples below we can see clearly differences between Black American English and General American English:
huangyonghong01.tif
5)In Black American English,"It's a"is used to replace"There's a"in General American English.
e.g.
It's(=There are)20 students in our class.It's(=There is)a book on the table.
Besides,"It's"can be used in the same way as"There
is"to form interrogative sentences.
e.g.
Is it(=Is there)a bird in the tree?
6)Way of expression of word order of possessive case.Possessive case"-'s"is often
omitted in Black American English on condition that word order itself is enough to show possessive relation.
参考文献
[1]Williams S T,Joseph M.Standards and Dialects in English[M].Cambridge,Mass:Winthrop Publishers,Inc,1980.
[2]Peter S.British and American English[M].London:Collier Mac-millan Publishers,1972.
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