根据中国共产党章程

根据中国共产党章程（共9篇）（共9篇）

1.根据中国共产党章程 篇一

根据我国人口现状分析中国旅游业发展

摘要：我国是世界上人口最多的国家。现在人口总数已经接近14亿，占据世界人口总数的五分之一。人口基数大、人口增长速度快、年龄结构轻，向老龄化发展、人口分布不均是我国现阶段所面对的人口现状。人口问题是我国在社会主义初级阶段长期面临的问题，是关系我国经济社会发展的关键性因素。在此，仅就人口对我国旅游业发展产生的影响进行分析，以对旅游业的发展产生有利的促进作用同时也带动中国经济的持续快速健康的发展。

关键字：人口现状、旅游业、关系、影响、措施、发展

目前我国处于社会发展的关键时期，人口问题是我国当今社会一个较为重要的问题，人口基数大，人口素质低，人 口增长速度相对较高。进行人口状况分析是制定政策，促进国民经济可持续发展的必要条件。在此，就人口问题对服务业中的旅游发展方面进行阐述，分析人口对旅游的影响及国家应采取怎样的措施以最好限度的发挥积极作用而把消极作用降低。

一、人口数量对旅游业发展的影响

人口数量是直接影响潜在市场规模的最基本地因素之一。人口数量的增加预示着市场的扩大。人口是市场的基本的因素，在收入水平一定的情况下，一个国家总人口的多少，决定着市场容量的大小。我国人口基数比较大，人口的增长速度也较快。对经济的发展在一定程度上起着促进的作用，同时也在一定的程度上带动了中国旅游业的发展，人口基数大可以使旅游人数呈现上涨的趋势。旅游市场应对人口的增加的市场策略，打造经营品牌，做好市场细分。首先，要在景点开发上，注入新的文化内涵和新的科技含量。其次，要善抓热点，紧扣时代脉搏，推出新的旅游项目和旅游线路。再次，在服务接待方面，要满足不同游客的需要，开发新的旅游资源、创新旅游资源。

二、人口结构对旅游市场的影响及对策

倒金字塔结构显现，我国60岁及以上人口的比重为11.03%。其中，65岁及以上老年人口占总人口的比重为7.69%。显然，我国已经进入老龄化社会。老年旅游市场得到进一步的开发。2010年人口普查中，0-14岁人口为222459737人，占16.60%。再加上接受高中阶段的人口数量，意味着少儿群体在当今的旅游市场中占据着举足轻重的地位。少年儿童旅游市场得到进一步的开发。

老年人旅游市场开发策略：

1、要创新老年旅游业的发展模式在老年旅游产业结构上，要从以观光旅游为主向观光旅游、休闲旅游、宗教朝觐、疗养康复等复合型结构转变;

2、在旅游发展目标上，要从片面追求“数量型”向“数量+质量”型转变，即既要千方百计吸引更多的老年游客，更要注重提高老年游客的服务质量和经济效益，尤其是要在延长游客逗留时间和提高游客人均消费上做文章；

3、要做好老年旅游市场细分工作，要提供人性化的老年旅游服务。

少儿旅游市场的开发策略：

1、政府激励和规范旅游市场，政府各部门要积极配合，为少儿旅游提供便利；

2、企业让利和积极规划、推动市场成长，企业在开发少儿旅游产品时，价格要适中；

4、旅游企业要积极规划，做到：客源定群、产品定型、营销定位。

三、人口分布对旅游市场的影响

国家旅游局监测数据显示，目前旅游市场热点呈现出“一东一西”的基本格局，即东部的北京、上海、杭州和广州，西部的西安、云南和成都等成为区域性的热点，而中部地区相对平淡。

中部旅游市场的市场开发的策略：1，建立健全旅游投资引导机制；2，加强投资引导功能、管理功能、服务功能；3构建旅游投资项目信息平台；

4、调整和优化投资结构；

5、加大旅游景区的投资力度，注重专项旅游产品的发展；拓展旅游业融资渠道。

四、人口素质对旅游市场的影响

人口素质是指人们在生产实践和社会实践中积累的劳动生产经验以及在教育培训中学到的文化科学知识。一个国家的人口素质高低则是由社会经济发展状况决定的。人口的素质在物质文明和精神文明建设中占有重要地位，特别是在科技日新月异飞速发展的当代，人口素质的提高是促进社会经济迅速发展的条件。在旅游发展方面，人口素质的提高可以产生所谓的“明星效应”，提高当地旅游发展区的知名度和为开发新的旅游文化区提供了有力的先决条件，也对当地相关的产业和产品未来的市场提供了基础。

2.根据中国共产党章程 篇二

DMP模型是以三位诺贝尔经济学奖获得者Diamond、Mor tensen、Pissar ides的名字命名的一种失业搜寻与匹配理论, 是将搜寻理论应用在劳动力市场。这三位经济学家对劳动力市场的非出清状况, 即存在搜寻摩擦的市场进行了理论分析, 推动了这一领域的理论研究。

目前国内有关DMP模型的研究大多限于文字描述, 并未对模型理论进行详细介绍。国内学者邓理兵的《市场搜寻理论与DMP模型》文字上简单的介绍了该模型理论和三位模型创造者的观点;李小琼的《DMP模型在大学生就业市场中的应用型分析》, 文中利用匹配模型评估了影响大学生就业市场的各种因素, 研究和探讨完善大学生就业市场的措施;王增文, 何冬梅所著的《“民工潮”与“民工荒”并存经济学诠释》研究结果认为, 在就业匹配过程中, 信息不对称和非即时性问题是导致搜寻摩擦存在的关键。本文是建立在前面学者研究的基础上, 对模型函数进行一般推导和利用图形解释各种就业政策的有效性。

二、DMP模型介绍

(一) 假设条件

1.市场上有许多厂商和工人, 构成完全竞争。劳动力是固定的, 由N个工人构成, 并且每一个在职工人提供一单位的劳动 (假设每个工人工作的努力程度相同) 。

2.U为失业率, 是指没有工作的劳动力占总的劳动力比例。

3.V为空闲率, 是空闲职位在劳动力中占的比例。因此, 每一时刻, UN位失业工人与VN个空闲职位“试图找到彼此”。

(二) 具体公式推导

1.由上述假设可得定义函数:XN=G (UN, VN) (1)

XN是总的匹配数目, X是匹配率, G是线性齐次方程。 (1) 式的含义是每刻XN个匹配发生在特定的失业工人和特定的有岗位空闲的厂商间。该工人与该空闲职位是随机选择的。

考虑一段极短时间dt。有XNdt组匹配和VN个空闲岗位, 因而在dt间隔内一个空闲职位被填补的概率为 (XN/VN) dt。通常定义q=XN/VN, 具体表达式如下:

其中, θ=V/U是空闲-失业率, 在分析中扮演至关重要的角色。很明显, q (θ) dt衡量了一个空闲职位在时间间隔dt内被填补的概率, 因而q (θ) 可以被解释为空闲职位被填补的即时概率。

失业工人也是通过随机行为寻找一个匹配。对于工人, 找到一个有空闲职位厂商的即时概率由XN/UN给出, 即空闲职位在失业工人中的比例, 即时概率也可以写成带有θ的形式:

f (θ) 代表着一个失业工人找到一份工作的即时概率, 所以失业期的期望等于1/f (θ) =1/ (θq (q) ) 。当θ值比较高时, 例如空闲职位相对较多的情况, 失业工人会发现找工作容易。

假设在时间间隔dt内, 有比例s的岗位消失, 那么dt内平均失业工人数为s (1-U) Ndt, 平均找到工作的失业人数等于θq (θ) U Ndt。在稳定状态下失业率是一个固定值, 因而进入和离开的人数相等:

(4) 式即为劳动力市场均衡时的失业率。

2.从厂商的角度考虑。先假设:

Jo———一个有着非空闲岗位厂商的利润现值

Jv———一个有空闲职位厂商的利润现值

r———利息率

r o———厂商寻找工人单位时间成本

q (θ) dt———在时间dt内厂商找到一个工人的概率

F (K, 1) ———厂商使用K单位利率为r的物质资本, 生产的单位产出。生产函数规模报酬不变。

在完全套利条件下一个有着空闲岗位厂商的稳定状态如下:

对于准备好承担单位时间内固定搜寻费用的个人可以设立一个厂商 (有着一个空闲职位) 并着手于寻找一名工人, 直到空闲职位价值等于0之前, 厂商岗位都是可以自由进入的。相反, 假如一个空闲职位的价值为负, 厂商便会退出, 空闲职位就消失了, 从而可推出:

对于一个岗位非空闲的厂商, 可推导出稳态套利方程为:

其中 (r+δ) 是资本租金率, w是实际工资率。方程中一个非空闲岗位的资产价值是Jo并且它的资本费用等于r Jo。这必须等于由两部分构成的非空闲岗位回报。第一部分是生产剩余, 即扣除耗费的资本与劳动这两项生产要素后产出的价值, 第二部分是岗位被取消后的资本期望损失。将上式改写, 求出厂商投入使得厂商利润最大化的资本数量。再将 (9) 式和 (11) 式代入, 我们可以得到:

左边代表一个非空闲岗位的价值, 等于对未来租金用岗位取消风险的贴现因子 (r+s) 进行调整后的现值。右边等于搜寻的期望花费。在可以自由进入退出厂商的条件下, 一个非空闲岗位的价值等于期望搜寻成本。

3.从工人的角度考虑。假设:w为职工工资, z为失业工人获得的外生给定福利, YE为一份工作带来的收入现值, Yu为一个失业工人收入的现值, 模型中工人是风险中性, 有着无限长的寿命, 并且只关心贴现后的预期收入。那么一个失业工人的稳态方程:

(10) 式说明Yu是一个失业工人所拥有的一项人力资本, 该资本与回报相等, 回报包括失业福利z加上可能找到一份工作带来的期望收入增加, 即YE-YU。Pissarides指出, 可以两个方面解释r YU, 第一, 它是以为失业工人在搜寻过程中的人力资本收益, 衡量了工人愿意停止找工作的最低数额, 因此可以被解释为保留工资;第二种解释为“普通”或者“永久”收入:保持他人力资本完整的同时, 一名失业工人能够消费的数额。

对于一名在职职工的稳态套利方程为:

他的永久收入并不等于工资率, 因为他可能面临被解雇的风险, 从而造成YE-YU的损失。

4.工资。DMP模型中采用了纳什谈判理论, 因为在搜寻过程中, 参照现行的市面工资是不可能的, 因为具有非亲临市场交易的劳动力市场这一概念已经被摈弃, 发生在双方间的交换是一对一的, 并且租金的区别取决于二者的讨价还价的结果。所以工人得到两部分剩余的加权平均, 即失业补贴和包含劳动边际产量、交易达成所节约下来的期望搜寻成本的剩余。工资随着失业福利、工人谈判强势程度β、搜寻成本、劳动市场拥挤程度的增加而增加。公式表达如下:

5.市场均衡。将整个模型整合一下, 成为下列四个由内生变量K、U、w、θ均衡解的方程, 第一个是资本边际产出情形, 决定了每个有雇佣工人的厂商的最优资本量, 第二个是一个考虑到厂商可以自由退出进入市场的零利润情形的方程, 第三个是由一个空闲岗位的厂商与一个找寻工作的失业工人的纳什谈判所推导出的薪酬支付方程, 第四个是均衡失业表达式, 即贝弗里奇曲线。

这个模型在固定真实利率的假设条件下不断循环, 首先, 式 (13) 是一个利率方程, 它决定了每个开工生产企业的最优规模, 然后式 (14) 和式 (15) 是个最优资本量方程, 它决定了w和θ的均衡解, 最后, 式 (16) 是一个带有θ的方程, 决定了失业率U。一旦知道θ和U, 工作数目便由 (1-U) N+θUN给定了并且雇佣人数等于L= (1-U) N。

模型的图形解释在图1中, ZP曲线是零利润曲线, 即式 (14) , w与θ负相关;WS曲线是支付工资曲线, 表示式 (15) , w与θ正相关;LMTo是均衡空闲-失业率 (表示劳动力市场紧张程度的指标) , 引自原点;BC曲线即贝弗里奇曲线, 解释式 (16) 。

三、政策建议

(一) 失业保障

失业保障是主要指失业救济金, 即劳动者暂时丧失工作和劳动收入后, 在等待就业期间, 从国家和社会获得物质帮助的一种社会保障。西方国家的失业保障制度较为完善, 这使得失业者的生活质量得到保障, 但也造成了不利情况, 有些人选择自愿失业, 领取的失业救济金高于工资, 导致一方面国家资源浪费, 另一面社会不公平, 专家们对此褒贬不一。从欧债危机中可以很明显的看到西方国家该仔细思考该问题, 比如希腊政府当局为了解决债务问题, 不得不减少开支, 其中一部分就是缩减社会保障救济金额, 面对高职业率, 低迷的经济局势, 已经习惯了高补助的希腊人一次次的罢工游行, 无疑是雪上加霜。根据DMP模型解释, 同样能够得出高的失业补助会提高失业率。

从式 (15) 我们可以很清楚地知道, z上升会使得工人谈判失败后的境遇改善, 从而造成工资率上升的压力。见图1, 在a图中支付工资等式会从WS0上升到WS1, (a) 部分中均衡点从E0移至E1, 均衡工资率上升而空闲一失业率下降。直观地, 政策冲击会造成一个非空闲岗位的价值下降。在 (b) 部分中, 空闲一失业率的下降被表示为LMT线顺时针方向的移动, 从LMTo移至LMT1。由于贝弗里奇曲线并没有任何改变, 故 (6) 部分中均衡点从E0移至E1, 空闲率下降, 失业率上升。

就我国劳动力市场而言, 工会的力量很小, 也就是说劳动者在该市场中的谈判能力很低, 加上今年来经济不景气, 劳动者面临的压力巨大, 这使得求职者和雇佣者的地位不对等, 在工资、休假、工作环境等方面的谈判中, 雇佣者明显占有优势地位, 因此我国实际β值很小, 那么失业救济金z的上升可以引起WS曲线向上移动很多, 空闲/失业率将更大, 最终导致失业率上升, 这比西方发达国家的情况更糟糕。原因很容易理解, 劳动者本就在市场中占不利地位, 失业保障补助的提高, 增强了他们离开市场的决心, 所以, 我国试图通过增加失业补助来稳定百姓生活质量, 将付出高失业率的沉重代价。

当然, 失业补助是需要的, 保障失业者的生活水平, 稳定社会安定, 也同时减少他们的工作搜寻成本, 但我国想要降低其负面影响, 必须提高劳动者在雇佣市场中的地位。必须大力鼓励工会力量的崛起, 首先政府在法律上肯定其地位, 各种工会组织成立都需要在相关政府部门登记并进行法律培训, 提高法律意识, 即员工要积极利用法律手段保障自身利益;其次雇佣方不得插手工会组织, 尤其是不能指派工会管理人员, 保持工会独立性。其实金钱补助只是一部分作用, 关键是劳动者对于自身利益的保护能力, 技术培训的同时需要法律培训, 教会他们使用合理合法手段, 与雇佣者谈判条件。除此之外, 政府部门必须要求失业者进行求职登记, 每周提交寻找工作计划, 接受职业指导和培训, 保证能够立即上岗工作, 并同就业服务顾问签订求职协议等, 否则, 将停发失业保险金大部分发达国家建立了良好的失业保险金制度, 配合失业救济金共同完善就业市场, 我国可建立保险和救助双管齐下的“双轨制”, 根据家庭总收入的具体情况, 来分发救助金, 尽量减少其负面影响。

(二) 雇佣津贴

首先用个例子说明什么是雇佣津贴:有些人将空瓶子退还给商店, 因为他们觉得从环保角度来看将这些瓶子丢掉是不好的, 虽然大多数人的环保意识并不强, 而且只有当商店退回部分钱的时候才会将瓶子退还。雇佣津贴就是从这个角度考虑的, 既然为失业者提供补助, 会带来不利影响, 不如反方向补助, 这可以理解为当厂商解雇员工的时候需要支付一笔津贴, 并且当它雇用 (或者重新雇用) 那个工人 (或者其他工人) 时津贴会被退回, 假设一个厂商雇用一名工人时收到政府一次性的固定支付b, 但厂商解雇职员时也必须支付b给政府, 那么原来的WS曲线公式要改为:

同时ZP曲线改为:

可以从公式中看出, 由于津贴带来的利息收入使得非空闲岗位的价值上升, 零利润曲线上升[ (a) 部分中从ZPo到ZP1]。然而, 利息收入同样通过支付工资方程对工资率造成影响。因此, (a) 部分中的支付工资方程从WSo上升到WS1。该影响的结果工资和空闲一失业率都会上升, 即点E1位于原均衡Eo的右上方向。在 (b) 部分中, LMT曲线按逆时针方向从LMT。移至LMT1并且均衡点从Eo移至E1。均衡空闲率上升, 均衡失业率下降。如图2所示。

事实也可以证明这一点, 在美国, 奥巴马总统上台后, 推行了一系列的政策以减低失业率, 开发新能源, 宽松的货币政策, 贸易保护等, 直接干预劳动力市场的一项措施就是雇佣津贴, 美国的失业率正在下降, 说明该政策的有效性。韩国政府2000年对雇用老年工人 (55岁以上) 达到职工人数6%的企业, 每雇1人补贴9万韩元和工资的1/3。这些措施都体现了通过雇主角度来解决失业问题是有效的, 我们应该跳出以前的思想圈子, 从另一端思考, 也许能走通。现在国家在大力鼓励中小企业的发展, 其中一原因就是他们能够缓解劳动力市场的压力, 在融资方面已出台不少政策鼓励, 其实在就业面也可以给予帮助, 雇佣津贴就是很好的方法, 这有利于扩大小型企业的规模, 逐渐走向成熟长远化的具有竞争力的大企业。

(三) 完善就业服务体系, 减少搜寻成本

就业主体的信息传播是DMP模型搜寻匹配理论中匹配成功的关键因素之。信息不对称是劳动力市场上存在摩擦性失业的主要原因, 也是造成大学生就业市场中的搜寻匹配成功率低的重要原因。在大学生就业市场中, 由于信息传播效率的低下, 许多毕业生具备相应的就业能力, 但是却不能在第一时间找到理想的岗位相匹配, 企业有空缺职位, 却不能在第一时间找到合适的应征者, 故搜寻成本增加, 搜寻时间延长。相对来说大学生的网络知识较为丰富, 可是我国存在着大量的农民工, 他们知识水平普遍不高, 通过网络获得就业机会的这一渠道对他们还没有打通。美国已建起了企业、求职者、职业介绍机构等共同参与的信息网络系统。许多国家就业服务机构还利用报刊、电台、与企业建立多种联系等传统方式搜集就业信息。因此, 应该充分发挥网络信息传播的优势, 统一规划就业网络信息发布格局, 构建科学的就业信息发布平台, 将用人单位的招聘信息和毕业生的求职信息通过网络互联, 做到数据共享, 形成一个以就业服务为目的、具有公信力的、全国范围的就业信息平台。畅通就业信息渠道, 规范网络信息发布质量, 提高信息发布效率, 减少就业市场中的摩擦, 提高就业匹配率, 促进失业者们充分就业。

我们不可忽视弱势群体的就业, 比如残疾人, 老年人, 政府可以提供“个性化”服务模式, 个性化服务是根据不同求职者和雇主的需要提供不同方式的服务。如对年龄较大、技能老化、失业时间超过半年以上的求职者提供面对面服务, 对失业超过1年以上的长期失业得、残疾人或其他特困群体提供一对一的跟踪服务。

(四) 扩大以就业为主的经济增长

DMP模型是贝弗里奇曲线微观理论的基础。贝弗里奇曲线理论认为在工作机会和失业率之间存在一条向下倾斜的曲线:在一定经济条件下失业率高的时候工作机会就少, 而失业率低的时候工作机会就多。我国经济快速增长, 就业的总量也在增加, 但就业没有跟上经济增长的步伐, 经济增长提供的就业岗位不能完全满足大学毕业生对工作岗位的需求数量, 未就业的大学生人数不断增加, 就业率却在下降。为了解决这样的问题, 必须要拉动以就业为主的经济增长点, 即增加新的工作岗位。积极推进第三产业发展就是一个好方法, 各国促进服务业发展的措施, 一是根据本国家资源特点发展相关服务业。如埃及、新加坡、西班牙等国积极发展旅游经济, 创造了就业岗位, 各地政府因地制宜, 找准自身特点, 不可相互效仿, 重点是突出地方特色, 这样才能充分发挥增长点的作用。二是积极发展社区服务业, 满足社区多种需求。如美国美洲银行专门设立贷款项目用于支持社区发展, 为低收入者提供优惠住房贷款, 发展社区小企业, 发放消费贷款等。三是发展IT等高新技术产业, 带动第三产业发展。如美国近6年中有800万个新增就业岗位是由信息产业直接创造的;德国从2000年至2005年共引进2万名IT专业技术人员, 接下来几年每年都引进了5万名专业技术人员。

对中小企业的资金扶持也至关重要, 但眼下, 众所周知, 小企业生活在夹缝中, 很难从银行贷到资金, 而民间高利息又加速这些民企的衰退速度, 这是很不能健康的市场, 对于能够扩大工作岗位并推动新兴产业的企业, 政府应该设立专项资金支持, 减免小企业税赋。

四、总结

DMP模型创造性的发展了“搜寻理论”, 并且高度模型化, 为我们分析理解劳动力市场提供了有效工具。我国的就业市场发展不完善, 存在很多问题, 所以该模型对我国市场的意义很大, 文中提出四点政策建议, 一是适当的失业保障, 二是雇佣津贴, 三是完善就业服务体系, 四是扩大以就业为主的经济增长点, 还有一些发达国家的就业措施也值得我们思考和借鉴。

摘要：DMP模型是一种失业搜寻与匹配理论, 是用来分析就业市场的有力工具, 今年我国的大学生就业面临艰巨的形势, 因此急需解决出路。本文首先介绍DMP模型的基本理论, 再根据图形分析, 探讨缓解劳动力市场的策略。

关键词：DMP模型,就业,劳动力市场,雇佣补助

参考文献

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[2]赖德胜, 孟大虎.中国就业政策评论:1998-2008[J].北京师范大学学报.2011 (3) :110-124

[3]李小琼.DMP模型在大学生就业市场中的应用性分析[J].长春理工大学学报.2012 (2) :122-124

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3.根据中国共产党章程 篇三

这里要跟大家讲明一个历史事实：1949年，我们不是根据成文宪法来构建的人民共和国，不是按照后来的人民代表大会制度来选出的国家最高权力机关，宪法是后来制定的，1954年才颁布—中国共产党领导下的多党合作制度不能变，因为这是我们国家的“第一根本法”，是中华人民共和国的“绝对宪法”。“这一制度变了，从法理上讲，中国就变成了另外一个国家，就不是目前的中华人民共和国了”。强世功教授这个说法，讲得相当“强”，他讲到了问题的实质。

国外关于制度正义思考中的政党与国家关系理论，所秉持的是社会? ―政党―国家的理论路径，认为是民族国家基础之上孕育出了政党。但是，高兆明教授的研究则认为：“近代以来中华民族具体的生存境遇决定了：在中国，不是政党产生于现代民族-国家之后，而是政党承担了创建与缔造现代民族-国家的使命；政党通过对现代民族-国家的创建与缔造，获得了领导国家的合法性。”

“在中国乃至在大多数晚发民族-国家，政党与国家公共权力之间的关系，就特殊地表现为政党对国家的领导，以及政党在国家与社会生活中的核心地位。这种领导及核心地位的取得，实则缘于政党在这些晚发民族-国家现代化进程中担负起的现代国家建构的重任。”晚发民族-国家中的政党、社会、国家间关系，“不同于发达国家的社会-政党-国家这样的关系模式，而是体现为政党-国家-社会这样一种模式，表现为政党对国家、社会的领导。”

所以，“没有共产党就没有新中国”。这是一个亿万人民传唱至今的一首歌的歌词，乃为世所公认的客观事实。中国人民政治协商会议《共同纲领》和1954年《中华人民共和国宪法》颁布之后，这个事实既已化作法律的事实。这一法律事实与“中国共产党作为领导我们事业的核心力量”这个客观事实，一并带来了20世纪、21世纪中国乃至世界最激动人心的变化。这“两个事实”的客观性、正义性毋庸置疑。

后夹道六：党代表、人大代表，均体现人民主权

现在有一个普遍的误解，仿佛人民代表大会制度是人民主权的体现，而政党制度则没有体现人民主权。

事实上，人民主权的体现在中国有两个重要方面。第一，中国共产党领导的多党合作制度；第二，人民代表大会制度。不能说人大代表是代表人民的，党的代表就不是代表人民的。在中国，被选为党代表和被选为人大代表，均系代表人民意愿，体现民主权力，实现人民主权的实际行动。党代表（包括中共之外的其他党代表）、人大代表都是代表人民的，都是为人民的利益而工作的。

而两种代表之间，进而党的中央机构与人大常委会之间的关系，则是大目标大前提一致基础上的技术分工合作关系。所谓大目标大前提一致，即是在人民主权之下政治正确前提之下各尽所能各司其职。改革开放理论及实践、初级阶段理论及实践、科学发展观的理论及实践，无一不是沿着执政党决策、多党共识，人大确认，政府实施的路子在有序地推进。执政党决策，体现执政党的政治领导，多党共识，体现多党合作民主协商，人大确认，从法律上程序上体现最高权力机关的地位尊严，政府实施，则是千金铁锚沉到底落而实之也。

4.中国共产党章程试题 篇四

1、党的最高理想和最终目标是（）

A、实现共产主义

B、实现理想主义 C、实现社会主义

D、实现三民主义

2、中国共产党和各民主党派共同协商、管理国家事务的合作方式主要包括（）等几种形式。

A、中国人民政治协商会议

中国共产党召集的协商座谈会

共同参加国家政权 B、全国人民代表大会

中国人民政治协商会议

共同参加国家政权 C、全国人民代表大会

共同参加国家政权

中国共产党召集的协商座谈会 D、全国人民代表大会

共同参加国家政权

中国共产党召集的协商座谈会

3、以下哪部党章是我们党历史上唯一一次不是由党的代表大会通过的党章（）A、《中国共产党纲领》

B、《中国共产党第一次修正章程》 C、《中国共产党第三次修正章程决案》

D、《中国共产党第二次修正章程决案》

4、党员的先进性，党员与一般群众的根本区别，就在于党员具有高度的（）。A、组织纪律性

B、共产主义觉悟

C、历史使命感与责任感

D、全心全意为人民服务的品质

5、党的先进性是：（）A、抽象的B、一成不变的

C、随着时间的推移变化的D、具体的历史的

6、党的民主集中制的“四个服从”是指、个人服从组织，少数服从多数，（），全党服从中央。

A、党员服从干部

B、委员会服从代表大会

C、下级服从上级

D、地方各级委员会服从中央委员会

7、党章规定什么样的人面向党旗宣誓、（）A、申请入党的人

B、预备党员 C、正式党员

D、积极分子

8、党的纪律处分有、（）

A、警告、严重警告、撤销党内外一切职务、留党察看、开除党籍 B、警告、严重警告、撤销党内职务、留党察看、开除党籍

C、警告、严重警告、撤销党外职务、留党察看、开除党籍并开除公职 D、警告、严重警告、撤销党内职务、留党察看、开除公职

9、党的最高领导机关是：（）A、党的中央委员会

B、党的全国代表大会和它所产生的中央委员会 C、党的各级委员会

D、党的各级代表大会

10、邓小平理论的基本问题是（）。A、共同富裕 B、解放和发展生产力 C、社会主义初级阶段理论

D、在中国建设社会主义、巩固和发展社会主义

11、改革开放以来我们取得一切成绩和进步的根本原因，归结起来就是（）。A、坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导

B、开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，形成了中国特色社会主义理论体系 C、坚持以经济建设为中心

D、坚持解放思想，实事求是，与时俱进

12、《党章》把中国共产党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线中的奋斗目标表述为：（）。

A、把我国建设成为富强民主文明的社会主义现代化国家 B、把我国建设成为富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家 C、促进国民经济又好又快发展 D、全面落实科学发展观

13、坚持马克思主义指导思想，树立中国特色社会主义共同理想，要弘扬以（）为核心的民族精神和以（）为核心的时代精神。A、爱国主义、改革创新 B、自尊自信、自强不息 C、互助和谐、共同建设 D、诚信友爱、公平正义

14、中国共产党领导人民构建社会主义和谐社会，以（）为重点。A、安定有序 B、人与自然和谐相处 C、实行依法治国和以德治国 D、改善民生

15、中国共产党坚持（）道路，坚持（）的开放战略，统筹（），积极发展对外关系，努力为我国的改革开放和现代化建设争取有利的国际环境。A、和平发展、互利共赢、国内国际两个大局 B、自力更生、独立发展、国内外局势 C、对外开放、开拓创新、国内外局势 D、和平发展、共同繁荣、国内国际两个大局

16、使党员对党内事务有更多的了解和参与，党的各级组织要按规定实行（）。A、党务公开 B、党内民主 C、民主集中制 D、民主执政

17、各级党和国家机关中党的基层组织，协助（）完成任务，改进工作，对包括（）在内的每个党员进行监督，不领导本单位的业务工作。A、行政负责人、总支部委员会书记 B、总支部委员会书记、支部委员会书记 C、总支部委员会书记、行政负责人 D、行政负责人、行政负责人

18、对党员的纪律处分，经过支部大会讨论决定后，应报（）批准。A、党的基层委员会 B、总支部委员会 C、支部委员会 D、纪律检查委员会

19、对党员的纪律处分，在特殊情况下，县级和县级以上各级党的委员会和纪律检查委员会（）。

A、在上级党的委员会和纪律检查委员会批准后，有权直接决定给党员以纪律处分

B、有权直接决定给党员以纪律处分，但要报上级党的委员会和纪律委员会备案 C、有权直接决定给党员以纪律处分

C、有权直接决定给党员以纪律处分，但要报上级党的委员会和纪律委员会备案 20、党的思想路线是（），在实践中检验真理和发展真理。

A、一切从实际出发，解放思想，实事求是、在实践中检验真理和发展真理 B、一切从实际出发，实事求是，与时俱进、在实践中检验真理和发展真理 C、一切从实际出发，理论联系实际，实事求是，在实践中检验真理和发展真理 D、一切从实际出发，实事求是，开拓创新、在实践中检验真理和发展真理

21、党的地方各级委员会的常务委员会定期向（）报告工作，接受监督。A、当地地方各级代表大会 B、党的地区委员会 C、委员会全体会议

D、党的地方各级委员会委员

22、党的领导干部在工作中必须坚持解放思想，实事求是，与时俱进，开拓创新，认真调查研究，能够把党的方针、政策同本地区、本部门的实际相结合，卓有成效地开展工作，讲实话，办实事，求实效，反对（）。A、教条主义 B、本位主义 C、宗派主义 D、形式主义

23、根据《党章》，对严重触犯刑律的党员如何处理？（）A、可以开除党籍 B、必须开除党籍

C、应当开除党籍或留党察看 D、可以开除党籍或留党察看

24、《党章》总纲指出，中国共产党在领导社会主义事业中，必须坚持以（）为中心，其他各项工作都服从和服务于这个中心。A、经济建设 B、科教兴国 C、科学发展 D、阶级斗争

25、《党章》总纲指出，要抓紧时机，加快发展，实施（）战略和可持续发展战略，充分发挥科学技术作为第一生产力的作用，依靠科技进步，提高劳动者素质，做到效益好、质量高、速度快，努力把经济建设搞上去。A、教育兴国 B、科教兴国 C、执政兴国 D、质量兴国

26、党员如果没有正当理由，连续（）不交纳党费，就被认为是自行脱党。A、三个月 B、半年 C、一年 D、两年

27、党是根据自己的纲领和章程，按照（）组织起来的统一整体。A、民主法制 B、民主集中制 C、民主分工 D、个人分工

28、党要实现共产主义必须在社会主义社会（）才能实现。A、充分民主和人人平等 B、充分发展和高度发达 C、充分发展和人人平等 D、充分发展和人人平等

29、中国共产党领导全国各族人民，经过长期反对帝国主义、封建主义、（）资本主义的革命斗争，取得新民主主义革命胜利。A、剥削 B、权贵 C、官僚 D、垄断

30、我国要逐步实现社会主义现代化，必须坚持和完善以（）为主体，多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度。A、公有制 B、发展生产力 C、共同富裕 D、共同富裕

31、我国所制定的经济发展的目标中指出，本世纪中叶人均国内生产总值达到（）水平。

A、初步发达国家 B、中等发达国家 C、发达国家 D、发达国家

32、《党章》指出，到建党一百年时，建成惠及（）人口的更高水平的小康社会。A、几亿 B、十亿 C、十几亿 D、几十亿

33、中国共产党在领导社会主义事业过程中，要抓紧时机，加快发展，必须实施科教兴国战略和（）发展战略。A、前瞻性 B、跨越式 C、推进式 D、可持续

34、坚持（），是我们的强国之路。A、“三个代表”重要思想 B、改革开放 C、社会主义道路 D、邓小平理论

35、《党章》指出，中国共产党领导人民发展社会主义民主政治，建设社会主义（）。A、物质文明 B、精神文明 C、民主文明 D、政治文明

36、中国共产党同全国各民族工人、农民、知识分子团结在一起，同各民主党派、（）、各民族的爱国力量团结在一起，组成最广泛的爱国统一战线。A、无党派人士 B、无党派民主人士 C、政协代表 D、人大代表

37、在国际事务中，我们要坚持（）的和平外交政策，维护我国的独立和主权，促进人类进步。A、自力更生 B、兼容并进 C、互利互惠 D、独立自主

38、我们要坚持（）、从严治党，发扬党的优良传统和作风。A、与时俱进 B、开拓创新 C、党要管党 D、民主集中制

39、坚持党的基本路线，必须把改革开放同四项基本原则统一，全面落实党的基本路线，执行（）。A、实现现代化的目标

B、党在社会主义初级阶段的基本纲领 C、“三个代表”重要思想 D、全面奔小康的目标

40、党员有（），选举权，被选举权。A、参与权 B、建议权 C、否决权 D、表决权

41、《党章》指出，党的上下级组织之间要互通情报、互相支持和（）。A、互相监督 B、互相批评 C、互相促进 D、互相提醒

42、党员预备期满，具备条件的，可以按期转正，但是需要继续考察和教育的，可以延长预备期，但不能超过（）。A、半年 B、一年 C、一年半 D、两年

43、党组织讨论决定问题，必须执行（）原则。A、少数服从多数 B、成员服从领导 C、个人服从集体 D、个人服从集体

44、党的基层组织是党在社会基层组织中的（）。A、战斗堡垒 B、领导核心 C、政治核心 D、思想核心

45、中国共产党党徽为镰刀和（）组成的图案。A、火炬 B、五星 C、锤头 D、砍刀

46、《党章》总纲规定，中国共产党是中国工人阶级的先锋队，同时是（）的先锋队。A、中国人民 B、中华民族

C、中国人民和中华民族 D、中国大众

47、《党章》总纲指出，（）的发展和完善是一个长期的历史过程。A、社会主义 B、社会主义制度 C、中国特色社会主义 D、社会主义经济

48、党章总纲指出坚持马列主义基本原理，走中国人民自愿选择的（）的道路，中国的社会主义事业必将取得最终的胜利。A、适合中国国情 B、中国式 C、中国特色 D、中国化

49、《党章》总纲指出，（），是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源。A、始终做到“三个代表” B、邓小平理论 C、毛泽东思想 D、马列主义

50、《党章》总纲指出，跨入新世纪，我国进入全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化的新的发展阶段。在新世纪新阶段，经济和社会发展的战略目标是，巩固和发展已经（）的小康水平。A、初步达到 B、总体达到 C、全面达到 D、达到

51、《党章》总纲指出，中国共产党领导人民发展社会主义民主政治，建设社会主义政治文明。坚持扩大社会主义民主，健全社会主义（），依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家，巩固人民民主专政。A、法制 B、法律 C、法治 D、政治

52、《党章》总纲指出，积极支持人民当家作主，切实保障人民管理（）事务和社会事务、管理经济和文化事业的权利。A、国家 B、政治 C、行政 D、社会

53、《党章》总纲指出，社会主义精神文明建设为经济建设和改革开放提供强大的（）和智力支持，创造良好的社会环境。A、精神动力 B、精神支撑 C、精神源泉 D、精神力量

54、《党章》总纲指出，应当大力发展教育、科学、文化事业，尊重知识，尊重人才，提高全民族的思想道德素质和科学文化素质，弘扬民族优秀（），繁荣和发展社会主义文化。A、传统文化 B、文化传统 C、文化 D、文化意识

55、留党察看最长不超过（）。A、半年 B、一年 C、一年半 D、两年

56、《党章》总纲指出，中国共产党坚持对人民解放军和其他人民武装力量的领导，加强人民解放军的建设，充分发挥人民解放军在巩固国防、保卫祖国和参加（）中的作用。A、社会主义现代化建设 B、经济建设 C、社会主义建设 D、精神建设

57、《党章》总纲指出，中国共产党要领导全国各族人民实现社会主义现代化的宏伟目标，必须紧密围绕党的（）加强和改进党的建设。A、基本路线 B、基本纲领 C、基本方针 D、政治路线

58、在党的建设必须坚决实现的第一项基本要求中，《党章》总纲指出，必须把改革开放同四项基本原则统一起来，全面落实党的基本路线，全面执行党在社会主义初级阶段的基本纲领，反对一切（）错误倾向，要警惕右，但主要是防止“左”。

A、“左”的和右的 B、“左”的 C、右的 D、教条

59、《党章》总纲指出，党的建设必须坚决实现的第二项基本要求是，坚持解放思想，实事求是，（）。A、求真务实 B、与时俱进 C、开拓创新 D、跨越发展

60、《党章》总纲指出，我们党的最大政治优势是（），党执政后的最大危险是脱离群众。A、理论联系实际 B、密切联系群众 C、批评和自我批评 D、民主集中制

61、《党章》规定，年满十八岁的中国工人、农民、军人、知识分子和（），承认党的纲领和章程，愿意参加党的一个组织并在其中积极工作、执行党的决议和按期交纳党费的，可以申请加入中国共产党。A、其他革命分子

B、其他社会阶层的先进分子 C、其他社会阶层的革命分子 D、青年力量

62、《党章》规定，党员必须贯彻执行党的基本路线和各项方针、政策，带头参加改革开放和社会主义现代化建设，（）群众为经济发展和社会进步艰苦奋斗，在生产、工作、学习和社会生活中起先锋模范作用。A、带动 B、发动 C、帮助 D、协助

63、当前我国社会的主要矛盾是（）。

A、一部分先富起来的人和一部分贫困人口之间的矛盾 B、先进的生产关系和落后的生产力之间的矛盾

C、人民日益增长的物质文化、精神文化的需要同落后社会生产之间矛盾 D、人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾 64、（）既是党的根本组织原则，也是群众路线在党的生活中的运用。A、人民代表大会制度 B、民主监督制度 C、民主集中制度 D、民主集中制度

65、党的领导主要是（）。A、在各种组织中发挥政治核心作用 B、制定路线和政策 C、政治、思想和组织的领导 D、经济的领导

66、中国共产党是中国特色社会主义事业的（）。A、领导力量 B、领导核心 C、坚强核心 D、主要动力

67、下列哪项不是我党各项工作总的出发点和检验标准：（A、有利于实现祖国统一

B、有利于发展社会主义社会的生产力 C、有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力 D、上述答案均不正确

68、下列不属于党的纪律处分的是：（）。A、严重警告 B、记过）C、留党察看 D、开除党籍

69、贯彻“三个代表”重要思想，必须以改革的精神推进()不断为党的肌体注入新活力。

A、精神文明建设

B、思想政治工作

C、党的建设

D、政治文明建设 70、贯彻“三个代表”重要思想，必须最广泛最充分地调动一切()，不断为中华民族的伟大复兴增添新力量。

A、有利条件

B、积极因素

C、社会资源

D、广泛能源

71、党的各级代表大会的代表和委员会的产生，要体现()的意志。选举采用无记名投票的方式。候选人名单要由党组织和选举人充分酝酿讨论。A、党员代表

B、选举人

C、党组织

D、人民群众

72、在新世纪新阶段，我们党要肩负起历史和时代赋予的庄严使命，就必须高举旗帜，与时俱进；发扬民主，团结统一；()，求真务实；清正廉洁，一心为民。A、艰苦奋斗

B、加快发展

C、昂扬向上

D、积极参与 73、党的（）都无权剥夺党员的权利。

A、上级组织

B、党中央

C、任何一级组织

D、任何一组织直至中央 74、发展经济的根本目的是提高全国人民的()。

A、生活水平和质量

B、物质和精神生活水平

C、富裕程度

D、物质生活

75、党的各级纪律检查委员会的主要任务是、维护党的章程和其他党内法规，检查党的路线、方针、政策和决议的执行情况，协助党的委员会加强党风建设和组织协调（）工作。

A、经济B、精神文明建设C、反腐败

D、政治文明

76、我国要逐步实现社会主义现代化，必须坚持和完善以（）为主体，多种经济成分并存的所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度。

A、生产资料公有制B、按劳分配C、发展生产力

D、生产资料私有制 77、党章指出，党的上下级组织之间要互通情报、互相支持和（）。

A、互相监督B、互相批评C、互相促进D、互相提醒 78、党的中央委员会总书记由（）选举产生。

A、中央委员会全体B、中央政治局

C、中央政治局常务委员会

D、中央政治委员 79、党的最高领导机关，是（）和它所产生的中央委员会。

A、党的全国代表大会B、党的全国代表会议

C、党的全国代表大会和全国代表会议

D、上述答案均不正确 80、对党的中央委员会和地方各级委员会的委员、候补委员，给以撤销党内职务、留党察看或开除党籍的处分，必须由本人所在的委员会全体会议()决定。

A、二分之一以上的多数B、三分之二以上的多数 C、四分之三以上的多数

D、绝大多数

81、党员个人服从（）,少数服从多数，下级组织服从上级组织，全党各个组织和全体党员服从党的全国代表大会和中央委员会，是党的民主集中制的基本原则之一。

A、党的组织

B、党委主要领导

C、行政主要领导

D、地方主要领导

82、党重视教育、培训、选拔和考核干部，特别是培养、选拔优秀()。积极推进干部制度改革。

A、少数民族干部

B、年轻干部

C、妇女干部

D、老年干部

83、（）的职权是讨论和决定重大问题，调整和增选中央委员会、中央纪律检查委员会的部分成员。A、党的政治局扩大会议

B、党的全国代表会议 C、党的地方各级代表大会

D、以上答案均不正确

84、凡是成立党的新组织，或是撤销党的原有组织，必须由（）决定。

A、市级上级党组织

B、县级以上党组织

C、上级党委

D、上级党组织 85、中央决定，从二00五年一月开始，用___的时间，在全党开展保持共产党员先进性教育活动。（）

A、一年半左右

B、半年左右

C、一年左右

D、两年左右

86、《党章》总纲中指出，马克思列宁主义揭示了人类社会历史发展的规律，它的什么是正确的，具有强大的生命力（）A、立场观点和方法

B、基本原理 C、基本结论

D、基本方法

87、党的先进性是具体的、历史的，必须放到（）去考察，放到维护和实现最广大人民根本利益的奋斗中去考察。A、保持党的工人阶级先锋队历史进程中 B、世界共产主义运动中

C、推动当代中国先进生产力和先进文化的发展中去 D、上述答案均不正确

88、“三个代表”重要思想，是在科学判断党的（）基础上提出来的。A、历史方位

B、历史地位C、执政地位

D、执政方位

89、统筹城乡经济社会发展，建设现代农业，发展农村经济，（），是全面建设小康社会的重大任务。

A、增加农村集体经济实力

B、加快城镇化进程

C、减少贫富差距

D、增加农民收入 90、判断一个政党的性质是否先进，是不是工人阶级先锋队，主要应先看它的（）。

A、阶级成分

B、理论和纲领

C、路线

D、方针 91、全面加强和改进党的建设，必须坚持把党的（）建设放在首位。A、思想理论

B、政治理论

C、作风

D、章程 92、十六届三中全会指出，所有制的核心和主要内容是什么（）A、所有权

B、产权

C、控制权

D、人权

93、党的十六大报告中指出,“三个代表”重要思想特点是什么（）A、系统的、前进的B、开放的、发展的 C、发展的、前进的D、开放的、前进的

94、加强和改进党的建设，一定要高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，全面贯彻“三个代表”重要思想，保证党的路线方针政策全面反映人民的根本利益和（）。A、时代发展的要求 B、形势发展的要求 C、历史发展的要求 D、政治发展的要求

95、实行行政领导人负责制的事业单位中，党的基层组织要发挥（）。A、领导核心

B、组织核心

C、政治核心

D、管理核心

96、中国共产党要领导全国各族人民实现社会主义现代化的宏伟目标，必须紧紧围绕党的基本路线加强和（）党的建设。A、推进B、改进C、促进

D、改善

97、以下不是我们各项工作的总的出发点和检验标准是：（）A、有利于发展社会主义社会的生产力 B、有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力 C、有利于强化社会意识形态 D、以上答案均不是

98、以下不是中国共产党党员的基本条件是：（）A、必须全心全意为人民服务，不惜牺牲个人的一切，为实现共产主义奋斗终身 B、必须经过党的支部大会讨论通过 C、永远是劳动人民的普通一员 D、上述答案均是

99、关于马克思列宁主义的观点，不正确的是：（）A、揭示了人类社会历史发展的规律 B、它的基本原则是正确的

C、它的所有观点都是放之四海而皆准的真理 D、它是历史唯物主义的

100、关于预备党员转正的说法不正确的有：（）A、只要预备党员的预备期满一年就可以转为正式党员

B、预备党员在预备期间认真履行党员义务，具备党员条件的，应当按期转为正式党员

C、预备党员转正必须经过支部大会讨论通过和上级党组织批准 D、预备党员期间需要交纳党费

101、（）以来，以（）为代表的中国共产党人，总结建国以来正反两方面的经验，解放思想，实事求是，实现全党工作中心向经济建设的转移，实行改革开放，开辟了社会主义事业发展的新时期。

A、十一届三中全会

华国锋

B、七届三中全会

华国锋 C、十一届三中全会

邓小平

D、七届三中全会

邓小平

102、坚持和完善（）的基本经济制度，坚持和完善按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度，鼓励一部分地区和一部分人先富起来，逐步消灭贫穷，达到（），在生产发展和社会财富增长的基础上不断满足人民日益增长的物质文化需要，促进人的全面发展。

A、公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展

共同富裕 B、公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展

集体富裕 C、公有制为主体、私有制并存

共同富裕 D、公有制为主体、私有制并存

集体富裕 103、我们党执政兴国的第一要务是（）A、解放生产力

B、以人为本 C、坚持科学发展观

D、发展

104、建设中国特色社会主义，总依据是（），总布局是（），总任务是（）和中华民族伟大复兴。

A、社会主义初级阶段

四位一体

实现共产主义 B、社会主义中级阶段

五位一体

实现社会主义现代化 C、社会主义初级阶段

五位一体

实现社会主义现代化 D、社会主义中级阶段

五位一体

实现共产主义 105、以下不属于坚持改革开放内容的是（）

A、改革束缚生产力发展的经济体制，坚持和完善社会主义市场经济体制 B、巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇地鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展 C、进行政治体制改革和其他领域的改革 D、吸收和借鉴人类社会创造的一切文明成果 106、以下不属于发展社会主义市场经济的是（）A、统筹城乡发展

B、区域发展

C、经济社会发展

D、管理国家事务和社会事务

107、建设社会主义精神文明，必须实行（）和（）相结合，提高全民族的思想道德素质和科学文化素质，为改革开放和社会主义现代化建设提供强大的思想保证、精神动力和智力支持，建设社会主义（）。

A、依法治国

以德治国

文明强国B、依法治国

以德治国

文化强国 C、依法治国

以理治国

文明强国D、以德治国

以理治国

文明强国 108、生态文明理念是指（）A、尊重自然、保护自然、顺应自然 B、保护自然、顺应自然、尊重自然 C、顺应自然、尊重自然、保护自然 D、尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然

109、建设社会主义生态文明，须坚持（）的方针，坚持生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路。A、节约优先、保护优先、自然恢复为主 B、保护优先、节约优先、自然恢复为主 C、节省优先、保护优先、人工恢复为主 D、节约优先、保护优先、人工恢复为主

110、中国共产党维护和发展（）的社会主义民族关系，积极培养、选拔少数民族干部，帮助少数民族和民族地区发展经济、文化和社会事业，实现各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展。

A、和谐平等团结互助B、互助和谐平等团结 C、团结和谐互助平等D、平等团结互助和谐 111、香港特别行政区于（）回归祖国，结束了长达155年（）的统治。A、1997.7.1

葡萄牙B、1997.7.1

英国

C、1999.12.20

葡萄牙D、1999.12.20

英国

112、澳门特别行政区于（）回归祖国，结束了（）的统治。

A、1997.7.1

葡萄牙B、1997.7.1

英国

C、1999.12.20

葡萄牙D、1999.12.20

英国 113、中国共产党和平外交五项原则为（）

A、互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处 B、互相尊重领土和主权完整、互不干涉、互不侵犯内政、和平共处、平等互利 C、互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不干涉、互不侵犯内政、和平共处、平等互利 D、互相尊重领土和主权完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处 114、立党为公，执政为民是中国共产党（）

A、根本宗旨的体现 B、根本性质的体现 C、根本任务的体现 D、根本要求的体现

115、（）是关系党生死存亡的问题。

A、廉政问题、反腐问题

B、党风问题、反腐问题

C、党风问题、党同人民群众联系问题D、廉政问题、党同人民群众联系问题 116、党坚持标本兼治、（）、惩防并举、（）的方针，建立健全惩治和预防腐败体系，坚持不懈地反对腐败，加强党风建设和廉政建设。A、综合查处

注重预防B、综合治理

注重预防 C、综合查处

注重严惩D、综合治理

注重严惩 117、下面对民主集中制的理解错误的是（）。

A、充分发扬党内民主，尊重党员主体地位，保障党员民主权利，发挥各级党组织和广大党员的积极性创造性

B、实行正确的集中，保证全党的团结统一和行动一致，保证党的决定得到迅速有效的贯彻执行

C、加强组织性纪律性，在党的纪律面前人人平等 D、以上均不对

118、党必须按照（）的原则，在同级各种组织中发挥（）作用。A、总揽全局、协调各方

领导核心B、总揽全局、协调各方

组织核心 C、总揽全国、协调地方

组织核心D、总揽全国、协调地方

领导核心 119、（）不是党员必须履行的义务。A、自觉遵守党的纪律

B、坚持党和人民的利益高于一切 C、切实开展批评和自我批评 D、坚持以人为本

120、预备党员的权利，除了没有（）以外，也同正式党员一样。

A、选举权和被选举权B、被选举权 C、表决权、选举权和被选举权D、表决权

121、党的各级代表大会的代表和委员会的产生应采用（）办法。

A、等额选举B、差额选举C、等额选举和差额旋紧均可D、以上都不对 122、党的全国代表大会每（）五年举行一次，由（）召集。A、五

中央委员会

B、三

中央委员会 C、五

中共中央

D、三

中共中央 123、以下不属于党的全国代表大会的职权的是（）

A、听取和审查中央委员会的报告 B、选举中央委员会 C、制定党的相关准则 D、讨论并决定党的重大问题

124、以下不属于党的全国代表会议的职权的是（）A、修改党的章程 B、讨论和决定重大问题

C、调整和增选中央委员会的部分成员

D、调整和增选中央纪律检查委员会的部分成员

125、（）是中央政治局和它的常务委员会的办事机构；成员由（名，中央委员会全体会议通过。

A、中央政治局

中央政治局常务委员会 B、中央书记处

中央政治局常务委员会 C、中央政治局

中央委员会 D、中央书记处

中央委员会

126、以下不属于党的地方各级代表大会的职权的是（）A、听取和审查同级委员会的报告

B、选举同级党的委员会，选举同级党的纪律检查委员会 C、选举中央纪律检查委员会

D、讨论本地区范围内的重大问题并作出决议 127、以下不属于党组的任务的是（）A、贯彻执行党的路线、方针、政策）提B、讨论和决定本单位的重大问题 C、做好干部管理工作 D、保障党员的权利

128、以下不属于各级纪律检查委员会的任务的是（）A、对党员领导干部行使权力进行监督 B、指导机关和直属单位党组织的工作

C、检查和处理党的组织和党员违反党的章程和其他党内法规的比较重要或复杂的案件，决定或取消对这些案件中的党员的处分 D、受理党员的控告和申诉

129、（）委员会要求委员党龄不需要在五年以上。

A、党的县（旗）、自治县、不设区的市和市辖区 B、党的省、自治区、直辖市、设区的市和自治州 C、中央 D、以上都不对

130、中国共产党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线是：领导和团结全国各族人民，以（）为中心，坚持四项基本原则，坚持改革开放，（），艰苦创业，为把我国建设成为富强民主文明和谐的（）国家而奋斗。

A、思想建设

自力更生

社会主义 B、政治建设

自给自足

社会主义现代化 C、经济建设

自力更生

社会主义现代化 D、经济建设

自给自足

5.自学中国共产党章程心得 篇五

(2009-04-21 20:29:08)

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教育

自学中国共产党章程心得

中国共产党章程是2002年11月14日党的第十六次全国代表大会通过的新的全党行动纲领。

通过对党章的学习，充分认识到中国共产党是中国工人阶级的先锋队，是中国人民和中华民族的先锋队，是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心。它代表着先进生产力发展的需求，代表着中国先进文化的前进方向，代表着中国最广大人民的根本利益。党的最高理想和最终目标是实现共产主义。

在新阶段，新形势新的历史条件下，党中央英明果断决定对全党进行党的先进性教育，以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”的重要思想作为我党的行动指南，充分提示了人类社会发展的规律具有强大的生命力，中国共产党人追求的共产主义最高理想，是一个社会主义长期的发展和完善的历史过程。

以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人把马列主义的基本原理同中国革命的具体实践相结合创立了毛泽东思想，这是被中国革命实践经验总结。证明了中国共产党的集体智慧的结晶。经过长期的艰苦革命斗争取得了新民主革命的胜利。建立了人民民主专政的中华人民共和国，完成了民主革命到社会主义的过渡，确立了社会主义的基本制度，发展了社会主义的经济、政治和文化。

十一届三中全会以来，以邓小平同志为代表的中国共产党人，解放思想、实事求是，总结正反经验，把全党的工作中心向经济建设转移，实行了改革开放，开辟了社会主义事业发展的新暑期是中国特色的社会主义道路，创立了邓小平理论。是当代中国实践和时代特征结合的产物，是对我党新的历史条件下的继承和发展。

十三届四中全会以来，以江泽民为主要代表的中国共产党人，在建设中国特色的社会主义的实践中，积累了治党治国的宝贵经验，形成了“三个代表”的重要思想。“三个代表”的重要思想是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论的继承和发展。是加强和改进党的建设，推进社会主义自我完善和发慌的强大理论武器。是中国共产党的集体智慧的结晶，是党

必须长期坚持的指导思想，是我们党的立党之本，执政之基，力量之源。

中国共产党在社会主义的初级阶段的基本路线是：领导和团结全国各族人民，以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则，坚持改革开放，自力更生，艰苦创业为把国我建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家而奋斗。

通过学习党章，使我更加深刻地认识到中国共产党肩负的伟大使命，要紧紧地团结在党中央周围。以胡锦涛主席为党的领导核心，在领导社会主义事业中，坚持以经济建设为中心，抓住了时机，加快了发展，实话了科技兴国，持续发展战略，依靠科学技术第一生产力的作用，只有高速度、高质量、高素质的把经济建设搞上去，才能实现四个现代化，从根本上解放生产力的发展体制。

在改革中大胆探索，勇于开拓，在实践中开创新路，坚持民主政治，使全社会主义法制，依法治国，巩固人民民主专政，加强党和人民群众的密切联系，努力建设社会主义精神文明和谐社会，为经济建设和改革开放创造良好的社会环境，尊重知识、尊重人才，大力发展教育，科学文化事业，提高全民族的科学文化素质和思想道德素质，张扬民族传统文化，繁荣发展社会主义文化，用党的基本路线和爱国主义、集体主义、社会主义思想教育全党是事在必行的，对抵御资本主义和封建主义腐朽思想的侵蚀的重大举措。

党章规定的共产党员的条件，体现了党的工人阶级先锋队的性质，体现了共产党员的先进性。共产党员是工人阶级的有共产主义常情的先锋战士，由于党的先进性的性质决定这是任何时候都不能改变的。但是随着时代的发展和形势任务的变化，党员先进性侧重点和具体要求也相应的有时代变化的要求。

6.中国共产党章程学习心得 篇六

作为共产党员，应该时时刻刻加强自我学习修养，更应该分分秒秒不忘用理论武装自我，在不断学习《中国共产党章程》(以下简称党章)过程中，个人的思想境不断提高，许多新的认识和感悟也在脑海中不断涌现。

一、共产党应坚定共产主义信念

党章中“中国共产党员是中国工人阶级的有共产主义觉悟的先锋战士”这一论断的本质含义是要求共产党员具有坚定地共产主义信念，坚信共产主义思想遭遇什么样的困境，都要坚信共产主义是永恒的真理：无论共产主义实践遇到什么样的挫折，都要顽强地为它而奋斗。

共产党员要树立共产主义的远大理想和共产主义信念，仅凭一时的激情和对理想社会的向往与追求是 远远不够的，必须建立在对人类社会发展规律的科学认识的基础上，这就要求我们每个共产党员要自觉地认真地学习马克思列宁主义，毛泽东思想，学习邓小平同志建设有中国特色社会主义的理论和实践，并用之指导自己实事求是地看待中国和世界的现实，看待我国社会主义革命和社会主义建设的伟大成就及存在的困难和不足，实事求是地看待资本主义社会的现象及本质，认清社会发展的必然趋势，澄清糊涂观念，正确认识和深刻理解资本主义必然灭亡，社会主义、共产主义必然胜利的客观规律，以此为指导，积极参加推进人类进步的伟大实践，投身各项改革的过程之中，不断完善、丰富、深化、充实自己的思想认识，只有这样才能逐步坚定共产主义信念，并为之而奋斗，那种既不认真进行理论学习，又不主动参与社会改革实践，坐而论道，空发理论的态度是不可取的，这样的共产党员，要坚定共产主义信念也是空的，假的

二、共产党员应牢记党的全心全意为人民服务的宗旨

中国共产党是马克思列宁主义毛泽东思想武装起来的工人阶级先锋队。党的最终目标是带领全体人民群众实现共产主义社会制度。中国共产党的性质和奋斗目标决定了我们党与其他任何阶段的政党和派别有着本质的不同。历史上一切剥削阶级的党派，无论形式和主张多么不同，但究其本质而言是共同的，就是为少数人，为某个剥削阶级和集团谋求利益。中国共产党是中国工人阶级的政党，中国工人阶级与全体人民大众的根本利益是一致的，中国工人阶级只有解放全国各族人民，乃至解放全人类，才能最终解放自己，作为中国工人阶级先锋队的中国共产党任重而道远。

7.根据中国共产党章程 篇七

在中国现代大学制度是作为褒义词使用的, 它特指一种理想的大学制度。作为一种好制度, 人们把一切美好的价值都归于现代大学制度之中。柏林大学因重视“学术自由”以及“教学与科研的统一”而被认定为现代大学制度的源头活水, 美国大学因崇尚“3A原则” (学术自由、学术自治、学术中立) 而被推崇为现代大学制度的黄金标准。因此, 人们常常把现代大学制度等同于西方的大学制度。这种逻辑体现了“理想导向”政策范式, 较少考虑中国文化传统和具体问题。建立和完善现代大学制度应该坚持“问题导向”的政策范式, 政府倡导现代大学制度建设旨在解决中国高等教育领域存在的深层次问题。事实上, 现代大学制度建设问题是在当代中国社会三大转型的背景下彰显出来的, 即由计划经济体系向市场经济体系转型、由集权管理体制向分权管理体制转型、由大学的行政化运作向去行政化转型。我们所要建立的现代大学制度就是能够适应这三大转型的大学制度。

二、现代大学制度建设的评价标准

如何评价现代大学制度建设是一个必须认真思考的问题。有人认为, 评价现代大学制度是否建成的主要标准是:按要求制定大学章程、制定党委领导下的校长负责制议事规则、建立大学董事会或理事会 (咨询性) 、完善教授委员会和学术委员会等。这些当然是现代大学制度建设的评价标准, 但这只是形式标准而非实质标准、是阶段性标准而非终结性标准。我们认为, 更重要的标准应该包括两个。第一, 现代大学制度建设必须适应中国“由计划经济体系向市场经济体系、由集权管理体制向分权管理体制、由大学行政化运作向去行政化”三大转型。大学组织的变革应该回应宏观社会背景的变迁。第二, 现代大学制度建设必须有利于培养拔尖创新人才和产出高水平研究成果。人才培养是大学永恒的主题, 教学、科研、社会服务只是人才培养的三种不同方式, 科研活动和社会服务如果与人才培养无关, 就不应该纳入大学职能的范围。因此, 评价现代大学制度建设的有效性最终要看是否培养出拔尖创新人才。培养拔尖创新人才需要高水平的教师队伍, 建设高水平的教师队伍需要两个前提条件, 一是稳定而灵活的办学经费, 二是管理的体制机制。后者就是我们所说的现代大学制度。

三、现代大学制度的载体和内容

大学章程是现代大学制度的主要载体。大学章程是指大学最高权力机构, 依据国家法律法规、尊重大学组织特性、遵守行政法规制定程序, 制定出来的上承国家法律法规下启内部各项规章制度的大学最高纲领。作为大学的“宪章”, 一个完整的大学章程应该包括:Charter (特许状) 、Bylaw (决策机构的议事规则) 、Statue (大学管理规则) , 这些奠定了一个大学的基本秩序构架。根据世界通例, 大学章程具有两点共同特质。一是公立大学一般是在国家的法律框架内制定章程。世界各国的公立大学章程几乎都是基于国家的法律框架, 英国、美国一些公立大学章程甚至是由立法机关制定的, 这些为大学量身打造的章程本身就是国家法律的重要组成部分。二是大学章程的主要功用是规制大学权力运行。大学章程的主要内容是关于大学权力的分配和制约, 主要包括几个方面。第一, 规范大学与政府之间的权力关系。大学章程既规范大学办学行为也规范政府管理行为, 由于大学章程对政府也具有约束力, 故它具有一定的外部法律效力。第二, 规范大学内部各群体间的权力关系。这些关系包括党委与行政之间的权力关系、行政人员与学术人员之间的权力关系、行政人员与学生之间的权力关系。第三, 规范大学与院系之间的权力关系。保障院系等基层学术组织的自治权是激活学术的心脏地带的需要。当前中国大学存在两个突出的问题:一是权力过于集中于学校层面, 院系等基层学术组织基本没有权力;二是基层学术组织过多, 不利于资源共享和学科融合。解决这两个问题涉及大学内部的院系调整, 院系调整之所有艰难是因为背后是利益冲突, 要根本解决这些利益问题, 需要大学章程予以明确规定。

四、推动大学制度变革要尊重大学的组织特性

8.小组自学《中国共产党章程》心得 篇八

在发展对象培训课期间，我通过自学《中国共产党党章》，使我更加深刻认识到党章的涵义，及其对党员的职责要求。

党章是什么？党章是最根本的党规党法，主要是通过对党的性质、指导思想、理想信念、奋斗目标的各项规定体现出来的。总纲部分开宗明义地规定了党的性质：“中国共产党是中国工人阶级的先锋队，同时是中国人民和中华民族的先锋队，是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心，代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益”。十六大关于党章修正案的决议指出：“这样表述党的性质，切合我们党的历史发展和现实状况，符合时代要求，有利于最广泛地调动广大党员的积极性、主动性和创造性，团结和带领广大人民群众共同建设中国特色社会主义”。“三个代表”重要思想，集中反映了当代世界和中国的发展变化对加强党的建设，推进中国特色社会主义伟大事业的根本要求，是对马克思主义建党学说的新发展。十七大更是浓墨重彩的将科学发展观加入了党的章程，明确的共产党的发展方向。

虽然党章篇幅不长，但每段内容，每个观点甚至每句话，都是以科学的理论和宝贵的实践经验作支撑的，经过了高度概括和提炼，内涵丰富，寓意深刻。广大党员要遵照中央的要求，把党章摆上重要位置，自觉联系自己的思想实际和工作实际，认真学、反复读，细心领会，深入思考，融会贯通，学以致用。认真学习和履行党章，是每个党员的毕生要求。希望通过这次对党章的普遍的深入学习，全党几千万党员贯彻执行党章的自觉性普遍提高，先锋模范作用得到进一步发挥，进而带领人民群众更好的为实现党的历史使命团结奋斗。

近年来，我发觉，部分共产党员因组织观念的淡薄、党的观念的淡薄，对政治理论的学习，特别是对具有根本意义的党章的学习也逐渐淡化。这种情况与保持共产党员先进性不相称。有些党组织也有意无意疏忽了这一点，学习活动很多，却很难见一两次对党章的学习。不少党员对党的十七大修改党章一事不清楚，更不要说掌握党章里面的内容了。

似乎党章在某些党员的心目中变得可有可无，且将其束之高阁，这是非常糟糕的一种不良倾向。党章是什么？是中国共产党章程，是党的根本法规，是全体党员行动的准则。它对党的性质、指导思想、最终目的、基本路线及党的组织、党的纪律、党的干部、党的关系等

都作了具体详实的规定，具有很强的原则性、指导性和操作性。

9.中国共产党章程 英文版 篇九

(Amended and adopted at the Seventeenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China on October 21, 2007)

General Program

The Communist Party of China is the vanguard both of the Chinese working class and of the Chinese people and the Chinese nation.It is the core of leadership for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and represents the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of China’s advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people.The realization of communism is the highest ideal and ultimate goal of the Party.The Communist Party of China takes Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents as its guide to action.Marxism-Leninism brings to light the laws governing the development of the history of human society.Its basic tenets are correct and have tremendous vitality.The highest ideal of communism pursued by the Chinese Communists can be realized only when the socialist society is fully developed and highly advanced.The development and improvement of the socialist system is a long historical process.So long as the Chinese Communists uphold the basic tenets of Marxism-Leninism and follow the road suited to China’s specific conditions and chosen by the Chinese people of their own accord, the socialist cause in China will be crowned with final victory.The Chinese Communists, with Comrade Mao Zedong as their chief representative, created Mao Zedong Thought by integrating the basic tenets of Marxism-Leninism with the concrete practice of the Chinese revolution.Mao Zedong Thought is Marxism-Leninism applied and developed in China;it consists of a body of theoretical principles concerning the revolution and construction in China and a summary of experience therein, both of which have been proved correct by practice;and it represents the crystallized, collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China.Under the guidance of Mao Zedong Thought, the Communist Party of China led the

people of all ethnic groups in the country in their prolonged revolutionary struggle against imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism, winning victory in the new-democratic revolution and founding the People’s Republic of China, a people’s democratic dictatorship.After the founding of the People’s Republic, it led them in carrying out socialist transformation successfully, completing the transition from New Democracy to socialism, establishing the basic system of socialism and developing socialism economically, politically and culturally.After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Party Central Committee, the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Deng Xiaoping as their chief representative, analyzed their experience, both positive and negative, gained since the founding of the People’s Republic, emancipated their minds, sought truth from facts, shifted the focus of the work of the whole Party onto economic development and carried out reform and opening to the outside world, ushering in a new era of development in the cause of socialism, gradually formulating the line, principles and policies concerning the building of socialism with Chinese characteristics and expounding the basic questions concerning the building, consolidation and development of socialism in China, and thus creating Deng Xiaoping Theory.Deng Xiaoping Theory is the outcome of the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism-Leninism with the practice of contemporary China and the features of the times, a continuation and development of Mao Zedong Thought under new historical conditions;it represents a new stage of development of Marxism in China, it is Marxism of contemporary China and it is the crystallized, collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China.It is guiding the socialist modernization of China from victory to victory.After the Fourth Plenary Session of the Thirteenth Party Central Committee and in the practice of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Jiang Zemin as their chief representative, acquired a deeper understanding of what socialism is, how to build it and what kind of party to build and how to build it, accumulated new valuable experience in running the Party and state and formed the important thought of Three Represents.The important thought of Three Represents is a continuation and development of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory;it reflects new requirements for the work of the Party and state arising from the developments and changes in China and other parts of the world today;it serves as a powerful theoretical weapon for strengthening and improving Party building and for promoting self-improvement and

development of socialism in China;and it is the crystallized, collective wisdom of the Communist Party of China.It is a guiding ideology that the Party must uphold for a long time to come.Persistent implementation of the Three Represents is the foundation for building the Party, the cornerstone for its governance and the source of its strength.Since the Sixteenth National Congress, the Central Committee of the Party has followed the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents and, by pooling the wisdom of the whole Party to meet new requirements of development, formulated the Scientific Outlook on Development, which puts people first and calls for comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development.The outlook is a scientific theory that is in the same line as Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents and keeps up with the times.It is an important guiding principle for China’s economic and social development and a major strategic thought that must be upheld and applied in developing socialism with Chinese characteristics.The fundamental reason behind all of China’s achievements and progress since the reform and opening up policy was introduced is, in the final analysis, that the Party has blazed a path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and established a system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics.All Party members must cherish the path and the system that the Party explored and created after going through all the hardships, keep to the path and uphold the system for a long time to come and constantly develop them.They must hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics and strive to fulfill the three historical tasks of advancing the modernization drive, achieving national reunification, and safeguarding world peace and promoting common development.China is in the primary stage of socialism and will remain so for a long time to come.This is a historical stage which cannot be skipped in socialist modernization in China which is backward economically and culturally.It will last for over a hundred years.In socialist construction the Party must proceed from China’s specific conditions and take the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.At the present stage, the principal contradiction in Chinese society is one between the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people and the low level of production.Owing to both domestic circumstances and foreign influences, class struggle will continue to exist within a certain scope for a long time and may possibly grow acute under certain

conditions, but it is no longer the principal contradiction.In building socialism, the basic task is to further release and develop the productive forces and achieve socialist modernization step by step by carrying out reform in those aspects and links of the production relations and the superstructure that do not conform to the development of the productive forces.The Party must uphold and improve the basic economic system, with public ownership playing a dominant role and different economic sectors developing side by side, as well as the system of distribution under which distribution according to work is dominant and a variety of modes of distribution coexist, encourage some areas and some people to become rich first, gradually eliminate poverty, achieve common prosperity, continuously meet the people’s ever-growing material and cultural needs on the basis of the growth of production and social wealth and promote people’s all-round development.Development is the Party’s top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country.The general starting point and criterion for judging all the Party’s work should be how it benefits development of the productive forces in China’s socialist society, adds to the overall strength of socialist China and improves the people’s living standards.The Party must respect work, knowledge, talent and creation and ensure that development is for the people, by the people and with the people sharing in its fruits.The beginning of the new century marks China’s entry into the new stage of development of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and accelerating socialist modernization.The Party must promote all-round economic, political, cultural and social development in accordance with the overall arrangements for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.The strategic objectives of economic and social development at this new stage in the new century are to consolidate and develop the relatively comfortable life initially attained, bring China into a moderately prosperous society of a higher level to the benefit of well over one billion people by the time of the Party’s centenary and bring the per capita GDP up to the level of moderately developed countries and realize modernization in the main by the time of the centenary of the People’s Republic of China.The basic line of the Communist Party of China in the primary stage of socialism is to lead the people of all ethnic groups in a concerted, self-reliant and pioneering effort to turn China into a prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced and harmonious modern socialist country by making economic development the central

task while upholding the Four Cardinal Principles and the reform and opening up policy.In leading the cause of socialism, the Communist Party of China must persist in taking economic development as the central task, making all other work subordinate to and serve this central task.The Party must lose no time in speeding up development, implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the nation with trained personnel and the strategy of sustainable development, and give full play to the role of science and technology as the primary productive force.The Party must take advantage of the advancement of science and technology to improve the quality of workers and promote sound and rapid development of the national economy.The Four Cardinal Principles – to keep to the socialist road and to uphold the people’s democratic dictatorship, leadership by the Communist Party of China, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought – are the foundation on which to build the country.Throughout the course of socialist modernization the Party must adhere to the Four Cardinal Principles and combat bourgeois liberalization.Reform and opening up are the path to a stronger China.The Party must carry out fundamental reform of the economic structure that hampers the development of the productive forces, and keep to and improve the socialist market economy;it must also carry out corresponding political restructuring and reform in other fields.The Party must adhere to the basic state policy of opening up and assimilate and exploit the achievements of all other cultures.It must be bold in making explorations and breaking new ground in reform and opening up, make its reform decisions more scientific, better coordinate its reform measures and blaze new trails in practice.The Communist Party of China leads the people in developing the socialist market economy.It unwaveringly consolidates and develops the public sector of the economy and unswervingly encourages, supports and guides the development of the non-public sector.It gives play to the basic role of market forces in allocating resources and works to set up a sound system of macroeconomic regulation.The Party works to balance urban and rural development, development among regions, economic and social development, relations between man and nature, and domestic development and opening to the outside world, adjust the economic structure, and transform the pattern of economic development.It is dedicated to building a new socialist countryside, taking a new path of industrialization with Chinese

characteristics, and making China an innovative country and a resource-conserving, environment-friendly society.The Communist Party of China leads the people in promoting socialist democracy.It integrates its leadership, the position of the people as masters of the country, and the rule of law, takes the path of political development under socialism with Chinese characteristics, expands socialist democracy, improves the socialist legal system, builds a socialist country under the rule of law, consolidates the people’s democratic dictatorship, and builds socialist political civilization.It upholds and improves the system of people’s congresses, the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under its leadership, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of self-governance at the primary level of society.It takes effective measures to protect the people’s right to manage state and social affairs as well as economic and cultural programs.It respects and safeguards human rights.It encourages the free airing of views and works to establish sound systems and procedures of democratic election, decision-making, administration and oversight.It strengthens state legislation and law enforcement so as to bring all work of the state under the rule of law.The Communist Party of China leads the people in developing an advanced socialist culture.It promotes socialist cultural and ethical progress, combines the rule of law and the rule of virtue in running the country and works to raise the ideological and moral standards and scientific and educational levels of the entire nation so as to provide a powerful ideological guarantee, motivation and intellectual support for reform, opening up and socialist modernization.It adheres to Marxism as its guiding ideology, fosters the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics, promotes patriotism-centered national spirit and the spirit of the times centering on reform and innovation and advocates the socialist maxims of honor and disgrace.It works to enhance the people’s sense of national dignity, self-confidence and self-reliance, resist corrosion by decadent capitalist and feudal ideas and wipe out all social evils so that the people will have high ideals, moral integrity, a good education and a strong sense of discipline.It also needs to imbue its members with the lofty ideal of communism.The Party strives to develop educational, scientific and cultural programs, carry forward the fine traditional culture of the Chinese nation, and develop a thriving socialist culture.The Communist Party of China leads the people in building a harmonious socialist society.In accordance with the general requirements for democracy and the rule of law, equity and justice, honesty and fraternity, vigor and vitality, stability and order, and harmony between man and nature and the principle of all the people building and sharing a harmonious socialist society, the Party focuses its efforts on improving people’s lives by solving the most specific problems of the utmost and immediate concern to the people and strives to create a situation in which all people do their best, find their proper places in society and live together in harmony.The Party strictly distinguishes between the two different types of contradictions – those between ourselves and the enemy and those among the people – and works to handle them correctly.It will strengthen comprehensive measures to maintain law and order, and resolutely combat criminal activities that endanger national security and interests, social stability and economic development and bring criminals to justice in accordance with the law, so as to maintain lasting social stability.The Communist Party of China persists in its leadership over the People’s Liberation Army and other armed forces of the people, builds up the strength of the People’s Liberation Army, ensures that it accomplishes its historical missions at this new stage in the new century, and gives full play to its role in consolidating national defense, defending the motherland and participating in the socialist modernization drive.The Communist Party of China upholds and promotes socialist ethnic relations based on equality, solidarity, mutual assistance and harmony, actively trains and promotes cadres from among ethnic minorities, helps ethnic minorities and ethnic autonomous areas with their economic, cultural and social development, and ensures that all ethnic groups work together for common prosperity and development.The Party strives to fully implement its basic principle for its work related to religious affairs, and rallies religious believers in making contributions to economic and social development.The Communist Party of China rallies all workers, farmers and intellectuals, and all the democratic parties, personages without party affiliation and the patriotic forces of all ethnic groups in China in further expanding and fortifying the broadest possible patriotic united front embracing all socialist workers, all builders of the cause of socialism and all patriots who support socialism or who support the reunification of the motherland.The Party will constantly strengthen the unity of all the Chinese

people, including the compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions and in Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese.It will promote long-term prosperity and stability in Hong Kong and Macao and complete the great cause of reunifying the motherland in conformity with the principle of “one country, two systems.” The Communist Party of China adheres to an independent foreign policy of peace, follows the path of peaceful development and a win-win strategy of opening up, takes both the domestic and international situations into consideration, and vigorously develops relations with other countries in order to bring about a favorable international environment for China’s reform, opening up and modernization.In international affairs, it safeguards China’s independence and sovereignty, opposes hegemonism and power politics, defends world peace, promotes human progress, and pushes for the building of a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity.It develops relations between China and other countries on the basis of the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual nonaggression, noninterference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.It strives for the constant development of good-neighborly relations between China and the surrounding countries and for the strengthening of the unity and cooperation between China and other developing countries.The Communist Party of China develops relations with communist parties and other political parties in other countries in accordance with the principles of independence, complete equality, mutual respect and noninterference in each other’s internal affairs.In order to lead the people of all ethnic groups in China in attaining the great goal of socialist modernization, the Communist Party of China must adhere to its basic line, strengthen its governance capability and vanguard nature, and comprehensively carry forward the great new undertaking to build itself in a spirit of reform and innovation.The Party must steadfastly build itself for public interests, exercise governance for the people, practice self-discipline, be strict with its members, and carry forward its fine traditions and style of work.It must constantly improve its art of leadership and governance, raise its ability to resist corruption, prevent degeneration and withstand risks, constantly strengthen its class foundation, expand its mass base and enhance its creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness, so that it will stand forever in the forefront of the times and make itself a strong nucleus that can lead all the Chinese

people in the unceasing march along the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics.In building itself, the Party must be determined to meet the following four essential requirements: First, adhering to the Party’s basic line.The whole Party must achieve unity in thinking and in action with Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents and the Party’s basic line, thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development and persevere in doing so for a long time to come.The Party must integrate the reform and opening up policy with the Four Cardinal Principles, carry out its basic line in all fields of endeavor, implement in an all-round way its basic program for the primary stage of socialism and combat all “Left” and Right erroneous tendencies, maintaining vigilance against Right tendencies, primarily against “Left” tendencies.The Party must intensify the building of leading bodies at all levels, selecting and promoting cadres who have scored outstanding achievements in their public service and have won the trust of the masses in reform, opening up and the modernization drive, and train and cultivate millions upon millions of successors to the cause of socialism, thus ensuring organizationally the implementation of the Party’s basic theory, line, program and experience.Second, persevering in emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts and keeping up with the times.The Party’s ideological line is to proceed from reality in handling all matters, to integrate theory with practice, to seek truth from facts, and to verify and develop the truth through practice.All Party members must adhere to this ideological line, promote the truth-seeking and pragmatic spirit, explore new ways, boldly experiment with new methods, go in for innovation, work creatively, constantly study new situations, review new experience and solve new problems, enrich and develop Marxism in practice, and advance the endeavor to adapt Marxism to Chinese conditions.Third, persevering in serving the people wholeheartedly.The Party has no special interests of its own apart from the interests of the working class and the broadest masses of the people.At all times the Party gives top priority to the interests of the people, shares weal and woe with them, maintains the closest possible ties with them, and persists in exercising power for them, showing concern for them and working for their interests, and it does not allow any member to become divorced from the masses or place himself or herself above them.The Party follows the mass line in its work, doing everything for the masses, relying on them in every task, carrying out the

principle of “from the masses, to the masses,” and translating its correct views into action by the masses of their own accord.The biggest political advantage of the Party lies in its close ties with the masses while the biggest potential danger for it as a ruling party comes from its divorce from them.The Party’s style of work and its maintenance of ties with the masses of the people are a matter of vital importance to the Party.The Party will establish a sound system for punishing and preventing corruption by fighting it in a comprehensive way, addressing both its symptoms and root cause and combining punishment with prevention, with the emphasis on prevention.The Party will persistently oppose corruption and step up efforts to improve its style of work and uphold integrity.Fourth, upholding democratic centralism.Democratic centralism is a combination of centralism on the basis of democracy and democracy under centralized guidance.It is the fundamental organizational principle of the Party and is also the mass line applied in the Party’s political activities.The Party must fully expand intra-Party democracy, safeguard the democratic rights of its members, and give play to the initiative and creativity of Party organizations at all levels as well as its members.Correct centralism must be practiced so as to ensure the solidarity, unity and concerted action in the whole Party and prompt and effective implementation of its decisions.The sense of organization and discipline must be strengthened, and all members are equal before Party discipline.Oversight of leading Party organs and of Party members holding leading positions must be strengthened and the system of intra-Party oversight constantly improved.In its internal political activities, the Party conducts criticism and self-criticism in the correct way, waging ideological struggles over matters of principle, upholding truth and rectifying mistakes.Diligent efforts must be made to create a political situation in which there are both centralism and democracy, both discipline and freedom, both unity of will and personal ease of mind and liveliness.Leadership by the Party means mainly political, ideological and organizational leadership.The Party must meet the requirements of reform, opening up and socialist modernization, persist in scientific, democratic and law-based governance, and strengthen and improve its leadership.Acting on the principle that the Party commands the overall situation and coordinates the efforts of all quarters, the Party must play the role as the core of leadership among all other organizations at the corresponding levels.It must concentrate on leading economic development, organize

and coordinate all forces in a concerted effort to focus on economic development and promote all-round economic and social development.The Party must practice democratic and scientific decision-making;formulate and implement the correct line, principles and policies;do its organizational, publicity and educational work well and make sure that all Party members play an exemplary and vanguard role.The Party must conduct its activities within the framework of the Constitution and laws of the country.It must see to it that the legislative, judicial and administrative organs of the state and the economic, cultural and people’s organizations work with initiative and independent responsibility and in unison.The Party must strengthen its leadership over trade unions, the Communist Youth League, women’s federations and other mass organizations, and give full scope to their roles.The Party must adapt itself to the march of events and changing circumstances, improving its system and style of leadership and raising its governance capability.Party members must work in close cooperation with non-Party persons in the common endeavor to build socialism with Chinese characteristics.Chapter I Membership

Article 1.Any Chinese worker, farmer, member of the armed forces, intellectual or any advanced element of other social strata who has reached the age of eighteen and who accepts the Party’s program and Constitution and is willing to join and work actively in one of the Party organizations, carry out the Party’s resolutions and pay membership dues regularly may apply for membership in the Communist Party of China.Article 2.Members of the Communist Party of China are vanguard fighters of the Members of the Communist Party of China must serve the people wholeheartedly, Chinese working class imbued with communist consciousness.dedicate their whole lives to the realization of communism, and be ready to make any personal sacrifices.Members of the Communist Party of China are at all times ordinary members of the working people.Communist Party members must not seek any personal gain or

privileges, although the relevant laws and policies provide them with personal benefits and job-related functions and powers.Article 3.Party members must fulfill the following duties: 1)To conscientiously study Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, study the Scientific Outlook on Development, study the Party’s line, principles, policies and resolutions, acquire essential knowledge concerning the Party, obtain general, scientific, legal and professional knowledge and work diligently to enhance their ability to serve the people.2)To implement the Party’s basic line, principles and policies, take the lead in reform, opening up and socialist modernization, encourage the people to work hard for economic development and social progress and play an exemplary and vanguard role in production, work, study and social activities.3)To adhere to the principle that the interests of the Party and the people stand above everything else, subordinating their personal interests to the interests of the Party and the people, being the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts, working selflessly for the public interests and working to contribute more.4)To conscientiously observe the Party discipline, abide by the laws and regulations of the state in an exemplary way, rigorously guard secrets of the Party and state, execute the Party’s decisions, and accept any job and actively fulfill any task assigned them by the Party.5)To uphold the Party’s solidarity and unity, be loyal to and honest with the Party, match words with deeds, firmly oppose all factions and small-clique activities and oppose double-dealing and scheming of any kind.6)To earnestly engage in criticism and self-criticism, boldly expose and correct shortcomings and mistakes in work and resolutely combat corruption and other negative phenomena.7)To maintain close ties with the masses, disseminate the Party’s views among them, consult with them when problems arise, keep the Party informed of their views and demands in good time and defend their legitimate interests.8)To promote new socialist ways and customs, take the lead in putting into practice the socialist maxims of honor and disgrace, and advocate communist ethics.To step forward and fight bravely in times of difficulty or danger, daring to make any sacrifice to defend the interests of the country and the people.Article 4.Party members enjoy the following rights: 1)To attend relevant Party meetings, read relevant Party documents, and benefit from the Party’s education and training.2)To participate in the discussion of questions concerning the Party’s policies at Party meetings and in Party newspapers and journals.3)To make suggestions and proposals regarding the work of the Party.4)To make well-grounded criticism of any Party organization or member at Party meetings, to present information or charges against any Party organization or member concerning violations of discipline or the law to the Party in a responsible way, to demand disciplinary measures against such a member, or call for dismissal or replacement of any incompetent cadre.5)To participate in voting and elections and to stand for election.6)To attend, with the right of self-defense, discussions held by Party organizations to decide on disciplinary measures to be taken against themselves or to appraise their work and behavior;other Party members may also bear witness or argue on their behalf.7)In case of disagreement with a Party resolution or policy, to make reservations and present their views to Party organizations at higher levels even up to the Central Committee, provided that they resolutely carry out the resolution or policy while it is in force.8)To put forward any request, appeal, or complaint to higher Party organizations even up to the Central Committee and ask the organizations concerned for a responsible reply.No Party organization, up to and including the Central Committee, has the right to deprive any Party member of the above-mentioned rights.Article 5.New Party members must be admitted through a Party branch, and the principle of individual admission must be adhered to.An applicant for Party membership must fill out an application form and be recommended by two full Party members.The application must be accepted at a general membership meeting of the Party branch concerned and approved by the next higher Party organization, and the applicant must undergo observation for a probationary period before being granted full membership.Party members who recommend an applicant must make genuine efforts to acquaint themselves with the applicant’s ideology, character, personal record and

work performance and explain to each applicant the Party’s program and Constitution, qualifications for membership and the duties and rights of members, and must make a responsible report to the Party organization on the matter.The Party branch committee must canvass the opinions of persons concerned, inside and outside the Party, about an applicant for Party membership and, after establishing the latter’s qualification through rigorous examination, submit the application to a general membership meeting for discussion.Before approving the admission of applicants for Party membership, the next higher Party organization concerned must appoint people to talk with them, in order to get to know them better and help deepen their understanding of the Party.In special circumstances, the Central Committee of the Party or the Party committee of a province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the central government may admit new Party members directly.Article 6.A probationary Party member must take an admission oath in front of the Party flag.The oath reads: It is my will to join the Communist Party of China, uphold the Party’s program, observe the provisions of the Party Constitution, fulfill a Party member’s duties, carry out the Party’s decisions, strictly observe Party discipline, guard Party secrets, be loyal to the Party, work hard, fight for communism throughout my life, be ready at all times to sacrifice my all for the Party and the people, and never betray the Party.Article 7.The probationary period of a probationary member is one year.The Party organization should make serious efforts to educate and observe the probationary members.Probationary members have the same duties as full members.They enjoy the rights of full members except those of participating in voting and elections and standing for election.Upon the expiration of the probationary period of a probationary member, the Party branch concerned should promptly discuss whether he or she is qualified for full membership.A probationary member who conscientiously performs his or her duties and is qualified for full membership shall be granted full membership as scheduled;if continued observation and education are needed, the probationary period may be extended, but by no more than one year;if a probationary member fails to perform his or her duties and is found to be unqualified for full membership, his or her probationary membership shall be annulled.Any decision to grant a probationary

member full membership, extend a probationary period, or annul a probationary membership must be made through discussion held by the general membership meeting of the Party branch concerned and approved by the next higher Party organization.The probationary period of a probationary member begins from the day the general membership meeting of the Party branch admits him or her as a probationary member.The Party standing of a member begins from the day he or she is granted full membership on the expiration of the probationary period.Article 8.Every Party member, irrespective of position, must be organized into a branch, cell or other specific unit of the Party to participate in the regular activities of the Party organization and accept oversight by the masses inside and outside the Party.Leading Party cadres must attend democratic meetings held by the Party committee or leading Party members’ group.There shall be no privileged Party members who do not participate in the regular activities of the Party organization and do not accept oversight by the masses inside and outside the Party.Article 9.Party members are free to withdraw from the Party.When a Party member asks to withdraw, the Party branch concerned shall, after discussion by its general membership meeting, remove his or her name from the Party rolls, make the removal public and report it to the next higher Party organization for the record.The Party branch shall try to educate the Party member who lacks revolutionary will, fails to fulfill the duties of a Party member, or is not qualified for membership and require him or her to correct his or her mistakes within a prescribed time.If the member remains incorrigible after education, he or she should be persuaded to withdraw from the Party.The case shall be discussed and decided by the general membership meeting of the Party branch concerned and submitted to the next higher Party organization for approval.If the Party member being persuaded to withdraw refuses to do so, the case shall be submitted to the general membership meeting of the Party branch concerned for discussion to decide on the removal of the said member’s name from the Party rolls, after which the decision shall be submitted to the next higher Party organization for approval.A Party member who fails to take part in regular Party activities, pay membership dues or do work assigned by the Party for six successive months without good reason is regarded as having given up membership.The general membership meeting of the

Party branch concerned shall decide on the removal of such a person’s name from the Party rolls and report it to the next higher Party organization for approval.Chapter II

The Party’s Organizational System

Article 10.The Party is an integral body organized under its program and Constitution and on the basis of democratic centralism.The Party’s basic principles of democratic centralism are as follows: 1)Individual Party members are subordinate to the Party organization, the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower Party organizations are subordinate to the higher Party organizations, and all the constituent organizations and members of the Party are subordinate to the National Congress and the Central Committee of the Party.2)The Party’s leading bodies at all levels are elected except for the representative organs dispatched by them and the leading Party members’ groups in non-Party organizations.3)The highest leading body of the Party is the National Congress and the Central Committee elected by it.The leading bodies of local Party organizations are the Party congresses at their respective levels and the Party committees elected by them.Party committees are responsible, and report their work, to the Party congresses at their respective levels.4)Higher Party organizations shall pay constant attention to the views of lower organizations and the rank-and-file Party members, and solve in good time the problems they raise.Lower Party organizations shall report on their work to, and request instructions from, higher Party organizations;at the same time, they shall handle, independently and in a responsible manner, matters within their jurisdiction.Higher and lower Party organizations should exchange information and support and oversee each other.Party organizations at all levels should increase transparency in Party affairs in accordance with regulations to keep Party members better informed of these affairs and to provide them with more opportunities to participate in them.5)Party committees at all levels function on the principle of combining collective leadership with individual responsibility based on division of work.All major issues shall be decided upon by the Party committees after discussion in accordance with the

principle of collective leadership, democratic centralism, individual consultations and decision by meetings.The members of the Party committees should earnestly exercise their functions and powers in accordance with the collective decisions taken and division of work.6)The Party forbids all forms of personality cult.It is necessary to ensure that the activities of the Party leaders are subject to oversight by the Party and the people, and at the same time to uphold the prestige of all the leaders who represent the interests of the Party and the people.Article 11.The election of delegates to Party congresses and of members of Party committees at all levels should reflect the will of the voters.Elections shall be held by secret ballot.The lists of candidates shall be submitted to the Party organizations and voters for full deliberation and discussion.The election procedure in which the number of candidates nominated is greater than the number of persons to be elected may be used directly in a formal election or this procedure may be used first in a preliminary election in order to draw up a list of candidates for the formal election.The voters have the right to inquire about the candidates, demand a change or reject one in favor of another.No organization or individual shall in any way compel voters to elect or not to elect any candidate.If any violation of the Party Constitution occurs in the election of delegates to local Party congresses at all levels or to Party congresses at the primary level, the Party committee at the next higher level, after investigation and verification, should decide to declare the election invalid and take appropriate measures.The decision shall be reported to the Party committee at the next higher level for checking and approval before it is formally announced and implemented.A tenure system is adopted for delegates to Party congresses at all levels.Article 12.When necessary, the Central Committee of the Party and the local Party committees at all levels will convene conferences of delegates to discuss and decide on major problems that require timely solution.The number of delegates to such conferences and the procedure governing their election shall be determined by the Party committees convening them.Article 13.The formation of a new Party organization or the dissolution of an existing one shall be decided upon by the higher Party organization.When the congress of a local Party organization at any level or the congress of a Party organization at the primary level is not in session, the next higher Party

organization may, when it deems it necessary, transfer or appoint responsible members of that organization.The Party’s Central Committee and local Party committees at all levels may send out their representative organs.The Party’s Central Committee and committees of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government implement the system of inspection tours.Article 14.When making decisions on important questions affecting the lower organizations, the leading bodies of the Party at all levels should, under normal circumstances, solicit opinions of the lower organizations.Measures should be taken to ensure that the lower organizations can exercise their functions and powers normally.Except in special circumstances, higher leading bodies should not interfere with matters that ought to be handled by lower organizations.Article 15.Only the Central Committee of the Party has the power to make decisions on major policies of a nationwide character.Party organizations of various departments and localities may make suggestions with regard to such policies to the Central Committee, but shall not make any decisions or publicize their views outside the Party without authorization.Lower Party organizations must firmly implement the decisions of higher Party organizations.If lower organizations consider that any decisions of higher organizations do not suit the specific conditions in their localities or departments, they may demand modification.If the higher organizations insist on their original decisions, the lower organizations must carry out such decisions and refrain from publicly voicing their differences, but retain the right to report to the next higher Party organization.Newspapers, journals and other means of publicity run by Party organizations at all levels must disseminate the line, principles, policies and resolutions of the Party.Article 16.When discussing and making decisions on any matter, Party organizations must keep to the principle of subordination of the minority to the majority.A vote must be taken when major issues are decided on.Serious consideration should be given to the differing views of a minority.In case of controversy over major issues in which supporters of the two opposing views are nearly equal in number, except in emergencies where action must be taken in

accordance with the majority view, the decision should be put off to allow for further investigation, study and exchange of opinions followed by another vote.Under special circumstances, the controversy may be reported to the next higher Party organization for a ruling.When, on behalf of the Party organization, an individual Party member is to express views on major issues beyond the scope of the existing decisions of the Party organization, the content must be referred to the Party organization for prior discussion and decision, or referred to the next higher Party organization for instructions.No Party member, whatever his or her position, is allowed to make decisions on major issues on his or her own.In an emergency, when a decision by an individual is unavoidable, the matter must be reported to the Party organization immediately afterwards.No leader is allowed to take decisions arbitrarily or to place himself or herself above the Party organization.Article 17.The central, local and primary organizations of the Party must all pay great attention to Party building.They shall regularly discuss and examine the Party’s work in publicity, education, organization and discipline inspection, its mass work and united front work.They must carefully study ideological and political developments inside and outside the Party.Chapter III

Central Organizations of the Party Article 18.The National Congress of the Party is held once every five years and convened by the Central Committee.It may be convened before the normally scheduled date if the Central Committee deems it necessary or if more than one third of the organizations at the provincial level so request.Except under extraordinary circumstances, the Congress may not be postponed.The number of delegates to the National Congress of the Party and the procedure Article 19.The functions and powers of the National Congress of the Party are as 1)To hear and examine the reports of the Central Committee;2)To hear and examine the reports of the Central Commission for Discipline 3)To discuss and decide on major questions concerning the Party;governing their election shall be determined by the Central Committee.follows: Inspection;

4)To revise the Constitution of the Party;5)To elect the Central Committee;and 6)To elect the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.Article 20.The powers and functions of the National Conference of the Party are as follows: to discuss and make decisions on major questions;and to replace members and elect additional members of the Central Committee and the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection.The number of members and alternate members of the Central Committee to be replaced or newly elected shall not exceed one fifth of the respective totals of members and alternate members of the Central Committee elected by the National Congress of the Party.Article 21.The Central Committee of the Party is elected for a term of five years.However, when the next National Congress is convened before or after its normally scheduled date, the term shall be correspondingly shortened or extended.Members and alternate members of the Central Committee must have a Party standing of five years or more.The number of members and alternate members of the Central Committee shall be determined by the National Congress.Vacancies on the Central Committee shall be filled by its alternate members in the order of the number of votes by which they were elected.The Central Committee of the Party meets in plenary session at least once a year, and such sessions are convened by its Political Bureau.The Political Bureau reports its work to these sessions and accepts their oversight.When the National Congress is not in session, the Central Committee carries out its resolutions, directs the entire work of the Party and represents the Communist Party of China in its external relations.Article 22.The Political Bureau, the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau and the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party are elected by the Central Committee in plenary session.The General Secretary of the Central Committee must be a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau.When the Central Committee is not in session, the Political Bureau and its The Secretariat of the Central Committee is the working body of the Political Standing Committee exercise the functions and powers of the Central Committee.Bureau of the Central Committee and its Standing Committee.The members of the Secretariat are nominated by the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the

Central Committee and are subject to endorsement by the Central Committee in plenary session.The General Secretary of the Central Committee is responsible for convening the meetings of the Political Bureau and its Standing Committee and presides over the work of the Secretariat.The members of the Military Commission of the Central Committee are decided on by the Central Committee.The central leading bodies and leaders elected by each Central Committee shall, when the next National Congress is in session, continue to preside over the Party’s day-to-day work until the new central leading bodies and leaders are elected by the next Central Committee.Article 23.Party organizations in the Chinese People’s Liberation Army carry on their work in accordance with the instructions of the Central Committee.The political work organ of the Military Commission of the Central Committee is the General Political Department of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army;the General Political Department directs Party and political work in the army.The organizational system and organs of the Party in the armed forces are prescribed by the Military Commission of the Central Committee.Chapter IV

Local Organizations of the Party Article 24.The Party congress of a province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, city divided into districts, autonomous prefecture, county(banner), autonomous county, city not divided into districts, or municipal district is held once every five years.Local Party congresses are convened by the Party committees at the corresponding levels.Under extraordinary circumstances, they may be held before or after their normally scheduled dates upon approval by the next higher Party committees.The number of delegates to the local Party congresses at any level and the procedure governing their election are determined by the Party committees at the corresponding levels and should be reported to the next higher Party committees for approval.Article 25.The functions and powers of the local Party congresses at all levels 1)To hear and examine the reports of the Party committees at the corresponding 2)To hear and examine the reports of the commissions for discipline inspection 3)To discuss and adopt resolutions on major issues in the given areas;and 4)To elect the Party committees and commissions for discipline inspection at the Article 26.The Party committee of a province, autonomous region, municipality are as follows: levels;at the corresponding levels;corresponding levels.directly under the central government, city divided into districts, or autonomous prefecture is elected for a term of five years.The members and alternate members of such a committee must have a Party standing of five years or more.The Party committee of a county(banner), autonomous county, city not divided into districts, or municipal district is elected for a term of five years.The members and alternate members of such a committee must have a Party standing of three years or more.When local Party congresses at all levels are convened before or after their normally scheduled dates, the terms of the committees elected by the previous congresses shall be correspondingly shortened or extended.The number of members and alternate members of the local Party committees at all levels shall be determined by the next higher committees.Vacancies on the local Party committees at all levels shall be filled by their alternate members in the order of the number of votes by which they were elected.The local Party committees at all levels meet in plenary session at least twice a The local Party committees at all levels shall, when the Party congresses of the year.given areas are not in session, carry out the directives of the next higher Party organizations and the resolutions of the Party congresses at the corresponding levels, direct work in their own areas and report on it to the next higher Party committees at regular intervals.Article 27.The local Party committees at all levels elect, at their plenary sessions, their standing committees, secretaries and deputy secretaries and report the results to the higher Party committees for approval.The standing committees of the local Party

committees at all levels exercise the functions and powers of local Party committees when the latter are not in session.They continue to handle the day-to-day work when the next Party congresses at their levels are in session, until the new standing committees are elected.The standing committees of the local Party committees at all levels regularly report their work to plenary sessions of local Party committees and accept their oversight.Article 28.A prefectural Party committee, or an organization analogous to it, is the representative organ dispatched by a provincial or an autonomous regional Party committee to a prefecture covering several counties, autonomous counties or cities.It exercises leadership over the work in the given prefecture as authorized by the provincial or autonomous regional Party committee.Chapter V

Primary Organizations of the Party Article 29.Primary Party organizations are formed in enterprises, rural areas, government organs, schools, research institutes, communities, social organizations, companies of the People’s Liberation Army and other basic units, where there are at least three full Party members.In primary organizations, primary Party committees and committees of general Party branches or Party branches are set up as the work requires and according to the number of Party members, subject to approval by the higher Party organizations.A primary Party committee is elected by a general membership meeting or a meeting of delegates, the committee of a general Party branch or a Party branch is elected by a general membership meeting, and candidates for these committees are nominated on the basis of extensively soliciting opinions from Party members and non-Party persons.Article 30.A primary Party committee is elected for a term of three to five years, while a general Party branch committee or a Party branch committee is elected for a term of two or three years.Results of the election of a secretary and deputy secretaries of a primary committee, general branch committee or branch committee of the Party shall be reported to the next higher Party organization for approval.Article 31.The primary Party organizations are militant bastions of the Party in the basic units of society, where all the Party’s work proceeds and they serve as the foundation of its fighting capacity.Their main tasks are: 1)To disseminate and carry out the Party’s line, principles and policies, the resolutions of the Central Committee of the Party and other higher Party organizations, and their own resolutions;to give full play to the exemplary and vanguard role of Party members, and to unite and organize the cadres and the rank and file inside and outside the Party to fulfill the tasks of their own units.2)To organize Party members to conscientiously study Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, study the Scientific Outlook on Development, study the Party’s line, principles, policies and resolutions, acquire essential knowledge concerning the Party and obtain general, scientific, legal and professional knowledge.3)To educate, manage, oversee and serve Party members;raise their overall quality;strengthen their Party spirit;ensure that they regularly participate in the activities of Party organizations, make criticism and self-criticism, and maintain and observe Party discipline;see that they truly fulfill their duties;protect their rights from encroachment;and improve management of Party members among the floating population.4)To maintain close ties with the masses, constantly seek their criticisms and opinions regarding Party members and the Party’s work, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the masses and do effective ideological and political work among them.5)To give full scope to the initiative and creativity of Party members and the masses and to discover, nurture and recommend fine, talented people from among Party members and the masses and encourage them to contribute their skills and learning to reform, opening up and socialist modernization.6)To educate and train the activists who apply for Party membership, attend to the routine work concerning the recruitment of new members and attach great importance to recruiting Party members from among those in the forefront of production and work and from among young people.7)To see to it that Party and non-Party cadres strictly observe the law and administrative discipline and the financial and economic statutes and personnel

regulations of the state and that none of them infringe on the interests of the state, the collective or the masses.8)To encourage Party members and the masses to conscientiously resist unhealthy practices and wage resolute struggles against all illegal and criminal activities.Article 32.The primary Party committees in communities, townships and towns and the Party organizations in villages and communities provide leadership for the work in their localities and assist administrative departments, economic institutions and self-governing mass organizations in fully exercising their functions and powers.In a state-owned or collective enterprise, the primary Party organization acts as the political nucleus and works for the operation of the enterprise.The primary Party organization guarantees and oversees the implementation of the principles and policies of the Party and the state in its own enterprise and backs the meeting of shareholders, board of directors, board of supervisors and manager(factory director)in the exercise of their functions and powers according to law.It relies wholeheartedly on the workers and office staff, supports the work of the congresses of representatives of workers and office staff and participates in making final decisions on major questions in the enterprise.It works to improve its own organization and provides leadership over ideological and political work, efforts for cultural and ethical progress and the trade unions, the Communist Youth League and other mass organizations.In a non-public economic institution, the primary Party organization carries out the Party’s principles and policies, provides guidance to and oversees the enterprise in observing the laws and regulations of the state, exercises leadership over the trade union, the Communist Youth League organization and other mass organizations, rallies the workers and office staff around it, safeguards the legitimate rights and interests of all quarters and stimulates the healthy development of the enterprise.In an institution where the administrative leaders assume full responsibility, the primary Party organization acts as the political nucleus.In an institution where the administrative leaders assume full responsibility under the leadership of the Party committee, the primary Party organization discusses and decides on major issues and at the same time ensures that the administrative leaders are able to fully exercise their functions and powers.In offices of the Party or the state at all levels, the primary Party organizations assist the chief administrators in fulfilling their tasks and improving their work.They

exercise oversight over all Party members, including the chief administrators who are Party members, but do not direct the work of their units.Chapter VI Party Cadres

Article 33.Party cadres are the backbone of the Party’s cause and public servants of the people.The Party selects its cadres according to the principle that they should possess both political integrity and professional competence, adheres to the practice of appointing people on their merits and opposes favoritism;it exerts genuine efforts to make the ranks of the cadres more revolutionary, younger in average age, better educated and more professionally competent.The Party attaches great importance to education, training, selection and assessment of cadres, especially to the training and selection of outstanding young cadres.The Party actively promotes the reform of the cadre system.The Party attaches great importance to the training and promotion of women cadres and cadres from among the ethnic minorities.Article 34.Leading Party cadres at all levels must show exemplary performance in carrying out their duties as Party members prescribed in Article 3 of this Constitution and must meet the following basic requirements: 1)Know Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory well enough to perform their duties, earnestly put the important thought of Three Represents into practice, take the lead in applying the Scientific Outlook on Development, try hard to analyze and solve practical problems with the stand, viewpoint and methods of Marxism, keep stressing study, political awareness and integrity, and be able to stand the test of all trials and tribulations.2)Have the lofty ideal of communism and firm conviction in socialism with Chinese characteristics, firmly implement the Party’s basic line, principles and policies, be determined to carry out reform and opening up, devote themselves to the cause of modernization, work hard to start undertakings in socialist construction, foster a correct view on evaluating their performances and make solid achievements that can stand the test of practice and time to the satisfaction of the people.3)Persist in emancipating their minds, seeking truth from facts, keeping up with the times and blazing new trails in a pioneering spirit;conduct earnest investigations

and studies so as to be able to integrate the Party’s principles and policies with the actual conditions in their localities or departments and work efficiently;tell the truth, do practical work, seek tangible results and oppose formalism.4)Be fervently dedicated to the revolutionary cause and imbued with a strong sense of political responsibility, have practical experience, and be qualified for leading posts in organizational ability, general education and vocational knowledge.5)Properly exercise the power invested in them by the people, handle matters according to law, be upright and clean and work diligently for the people, set an example by their own actions, work hard and live simply, maintain close ties with the masses, uphold the Party’s mass line, conscientiously accept the criticism and oversight by the Party and the masses, improve their moral standards, exercise self-respect, self-examination, self-caution and self-motivation, combat bureaucratism, and fight against malpractices such as abuse of power for personal gain.6)Uphold the Party’s system of democratic centralism, maintain a democratic style of work, take the overall situation into consideration, and be good at uniting and working with other comrades, including those who hold differing opinions.Article 35.Party cadres should be able to cooperate with non-Party cadres, respect them and be open-minded in learning from their strong points.Party organizations at all levels must be good at discovering and recommending talented non-Party cadres with practical learning for leading posts, and ensure that the latter enjoy authority commensurate with their posts and can fully play their roles.Article 36.Leading Party cadres at all levels, whether elected through democratic procedure or appointed by a leading body, are not entitled to lifelong tenure, and they can be transferred from or relieved of their posts.Cadres no longer fit to continue working due to old age or poor health should retire according to the regulations of the state.Chapter VII Party Discipline

Article 37.Party discipline refers to the rules of conduct that must be observed by Party organizations at all levels and by all Party members.It is the guarantee that the unity and solidarity of the Party are safeguarded and that the tasks of the Party are accomplished.Party organizations must strictly observe and maintain Party discipline.A Communist Party member must conscientiously act within the bounds of Party discipline.Article 38.Party organizations should criticize, educate or take disciplinary measures against members who violate Party discipline, depending on the nature and seriousness of their mistakes and in the spirit of “learning from past mistakes to avoid future ones, and curing the sickness to save the patient.”

Party members who have seriously violated the criminal law shall be expelled from the Party.It is strictly forbidden in the Party to take any measures against a member that contravene the Party Constitution or the laws of the state, or to retaliate against or frame a member.Any offending organization or individual must be dealt with according to Party discipline and the laws of the state.Article 39.There are five measures for enforcing Party discipline: warning, serious warning, removal from Party posts, probation within the Party, and expulsion from the Party.The period for which a Party member is placed on probation shall not exceed two years.During that period, the Party member concerned has no right to participate in voting or elections or stand for election.A Party member who during that time truly rectifies his or her mistake shall have his or her rights as a Party member restored.Party members who refuse to mend their ways shall be expelled from the Party.Expulsion is the ultimate Party disciplinary measure.In deciding on or approving an expulsion, Party organizations at all levels should study all the relevant facts and opinions and exercise extreme caution.Article 40.Any disciplinary measure to be taken against a Party member must be discussed and decided on at a general membership meeting of the Party branch concerned, and reported to the primary Party committee concerned for approval.If the case is relatively important or complicated, or involves the expulsion of a member, it shall be reported to a Party commission for discipline inspection at or above the county level for examination and approval, in accordance with the specific situation.Under special circumstances, a Party committee or a commission for discipline inspection at or above the county level has the authority to decide directly on disciplinary measures to be taken against a Party member.Any decision to remove a member or alternate member of the Central Committee or a local committee at any level from his or her posts within the Party, to place such

a person on probation within the Party or to expel such a person from the Party must be approved by a two thirds majority vote at a plenary meeting of the Party committee to which he or she belongs.In special circumstances, the decision may be taken first by the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee or the standing committee of a local Party committee, pending confirmation at the plenary meeting of the Party committee.Such a disciplinary measure against a member or alternate member of a local Party committee is subject to approval by the higher Party committee.A member or alternate member of the Central Committee who has seriously violated the criminal law shall be expelled from the Party on decision by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee;a member or alternate member of a local Party committee who has seriously violated the criminal law shall be expelled from the Party on decision by the standing committee of the Party committee at the corresponding level.Article 41.When a Party organization is deciding on a disciplinary measure against a Party member, it should investigate and verify the facts in an objective way.The Party member in question must be informed of a decision regarding any disciplinary measure to be taken and of the facts on which it is based.The person concerned must be given a chance to account for himself or herself and speak in his or her own defense.If the member does not accept the decision, he or she can appeal, and the Party organization concerned must promptly deal with or forward his or her appeal, and must not withhold or suppress it.Those who cling to erroneous views and unjustifiable demands shall be educated by criticism.Article 42.If a Party organization fails to uphold Party discipline, it must be investigated.In case a Party organization seriously violates Party discipline and is unable to rectify the mistake on its own, the next higher Party committee should, after verifying the facts and considering the seriousness of the case, decide on the reorganization or dissolution of the organization, report the decision to the Party committee at the next higher level for examination and approval, and then formally announce and carry out the decision.Chapter VIII Party Organs for Discipline Inspection

Article 43.The Party’s Central Commission for Discipline Inspection functions under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Party.The Party’s local commissions for discipline inspection at all levels and primary commissions for discipline inspection function under the dual leadership of the Party committees at the corresponding levels and the next higher commissions for discipline inspection.The Party’s commissions for discipline inspection at all levels serve a term of the same duration as the Party committees at the corresponding levels.The Party’s Central Commission for Discipline Inspection elects, in plenary session, its standing committee, secretary and deputy secretaries and reports the results to the Central Committee for approval.Local commissions for discipline inspection at all levels elect, at their plenary sessions, their respective standing committees, secretaries and deputy secretaries.The results of the elections are subject to endorsement by the Party committees at the corresponding levels and should be reported to the next higher Party committees for approval.The question of whether a primary Party committee should set up a commission for discipline inspection or simply appoint a discipline inspection commissioner shall be determined by the next higher Party organization in light of the specific circumstances.The committees of general Party branches and Party branches shall have discipline inspection commissioners.The Party’s Central Commission for Discipline Inspection shall, when its work so requires, accredit discipline inspection groups or commissioners to Party or state organs at the central level.Leaders of the discipline inspection groups or discipline inspection commissioners may attend relevant meetings of the leading Party organizations in the said organs as non-voting participants.The leading Party organizations in the organs concerned must support their work.Article 44.The main tasks of the Party’s commissions for discipline inspection at all levels are as follows: to uphold the Constitution and other statutes of the Party, to check up on the implementation of the line, principles, policies and resolutions of the Party and to assist the respective Party committees in improving the Party’s style of work and in organizing and coordinating the work against corruption.The commissions for discipline inspection at all levels shall frequently provide education for Party members on their duty to observe Party discipline and adopt decisions for the upholding of Party discipline;they shall oversee Party members

holding leading positions in exercising their power;they shall examine and deal with relatively important or complicated cases of violation of the Constitution or other statutes of the Party by Party organizations or Party members and decide on or rescind disciplinary measures against Party members involved in such cases;they shall deal with complaints and appeals made by Party members;and they shall guarantee the rights of Party members.The commissions for discipline inspection at all levels shall report to the Party committees at the corresponding levels on the results of their handling of cases of special importance or complexity, as well as on the problems encountered.The local commissions for discipline inspection at all levels and primary commissions for discipline inspection shall also present such reports to the higher commissions.If a commission for discipline inspection at any level discovers any violation of Party discipline by a member of the Party committee at the corresponding level, it may take the initial step of verifying the facts and, if it is necessary to put a case on file, it should report to the Party committee at the corresponding level for approval, and if a member of the standing committee of the Party committee is involved, it should first report to the Party committee at the corresponding level and then to the commission for discipline inspection at the next higher level for approval.Article 45.Higher commissions for discipline inspection have the power to examine the work of the lower commissions and to approve or modify their decisions on any case.If decisions so modified have already been ratified by the Party committee at the corresponding level, the modification must be approved by the next higher Party committee.If a local commission for discipline inspection or a primary commission for discipline inspection does not agree with a decision made by the Party committee at the corresponding level in dealing with a case, it may demand the commission at the next higher level reexamine the case;if a local or primary commission discovers cases of violation of Party discipline by the Party committee at the corresponding level or by its members, and if that Party committee fails to deal with them properly or at all, it has the right to appeal to the higher commission for assistance in dealing with such cases.Chapter IX

Leading Party Members’ Groups

Article 46.A leading Party members’ group may be formed in the leading body of a central or local state organ, people’s organization, economic or cultural institution or other non-Party unit.The group plays the role of the core of leadership.Its main tasks are: to see to it that the Party’s line, principles and policies are implemented, to discuss and decide on matters of major importance in its unit, to do well in cadre management, to rally the non-Party cadres and the masses in fulfilling the tasks assigned by the Party and the state and to guide the work of the Party organization of the unit and those directly under it.Article 47.The composition of a leading Party members’ group is decided by the Party organization that approves its establishment.The group shall have a secretary and, if necessary, deputy secretaries.A leading Party members’ group must accept the leadership of the Party organization that approves its establishment.Article 48.Party committees may be set up in state organs which exercise centralized leadership over their subordinate units.The Central Committee of the Party shall provide the specific procedure for their establishment and define their functions, powers and tasks.Chapter X

Relationship Between the Party and the Communist Youth League of China

Article 49.The Communist Youth League of China is a mass organization of advanced young people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China;it is a school where a large number of young people learn about socialism with Chinese characteristics and about communism through practice;it is the Party’s assistant and reserve force.The Central Committee of the Communist Youth League functions under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Party.The local chapters of the Communist Youth League are under the leadership of the Party committees at the corresponding levels and of the higher organizations of the League itself.Article 50.Party committees at all levels must strengthen their leadership over Communist Youth League organizations and pay attention to selecting and training League cadres.The Party must firmly support the Communist Youth League in the

lively and creative performance of its work to suit the characteristics and needs of young people, and give full play to the League’s role as a shock force and as a bridge linking the Party with young people.Those secretaries of League committees at or below the county level or in enterprises and institutions who are Party members may attend meetings of Party committees at the corresponding levels and meetings of their standing committees as non-voting participants.Chapter XI

Party Emblem and Flag